Presentation

11th SFPE CASE STUDY
Shopping Mall - Poland
Marcin Cisek1
Alicja Berner2
Bartosz Bieniasz2
Jakub Okólski2
Łukasz Bałaga2
Grzegorz Cisek2
1 Main
School of Fire Service
2Protect – Fire Experts
Warsaw Poland
Scope of Presentation
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Main assumptions
Building layout comments
Polish requirements
Evacuation design and simulation
Smoke control assumptions
Smoke control calculations and simulations
Answers to survey
questions
Villaggio Mall, Doha, Qatar, 2012
At around 11:00 AM May 28,
2012, a major fire broke out in
the Villaggio Mall, triggering
an alarm described by an
eyewitness as being "a very
benign fire alarm, almost like
a door bell". At first many
were not worried as there had
been a recent false alarm.
Migone, Paloma; Field, Michael; Kirk, Stacey (May 29, 2012).
"Kiwi triplets among 19 killed in mall fire". stuff.co.nz.
Retrieved May 29, 2012.
www.rightnow.io
www.vosizneias.com
Villaggio Mall, Doha, Qatar, 2012
As the fire engulfed the Gympanzee
nursery, the entrances to the nursery
became blocked by smoke, trapping 13
children and four staff inside. Firefighters
from the Qatari Civil Defense force were
forced to break a hole in the roof of the mall
to attempt a rescue. Along with the 17
trapped in the nursery, two firefighters were
killed.
Main Assumptions
• Design according to Polish requirements with some exceptions
• One fire zone for mall and all shops
• People number calculations according tenants functions and area
and 10% of mall area
• Required solid suspended ceilings in mall
• Underground car park out
of scope of case study
Polish Fire Safety Requirements
• The facility has been qualified as a medium-rise building (with height of up to 25 m);
• Fire qualification of individual parts of the building is as follows:
– the supermarket, together with back-up facilities, stores, shopping malls,
the recreational section and cinemas is qualified under ZL I category of fire
hazard to occupants;
– the car parks and garages are qualified as zones with fire load density of up to
500 MJ/m2;
– maintenance premises on the underground storey are qualified as a fire zone
with fire load density of up to 500 MJ/m2;
– social and office sections — ZL III category of fire hazard to occupants.
– food court and restaurants — ZL I category of fire hazard to occupants;
– storage premises — production and storage zone with fire load density of up to
4,000 MJ/m2
Polish Fire Safety Requirements
• The facility is recommended to be constructed in B fire resistance class. Due to assumed
installation of sprinkler system the class can be lowered to C.
• The building’s components should comply with the following conditions concerning
the minimum fire rating:
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main load-bearing structure /walls, pillars, beams, frames/ — R 120;
slabs — REI 120;
internal walls — EI 30;
glazed shop fronts — no class;
external walls — EI 60;
roof load-bearing structure — R 30;
roofing — RE 30.
fire rating of staircase components — R 60.
fire rating of staircase walls — REI 60.
fire rating of designed mezzanines – at least REI 60 (the ceiling) and R 60 (the structure).
• Moreover, all of the building’s components are made of non-fire spreading materials.
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Polish Fire Safety Requirements
The permissible lengths of the evacuation route in the facility are 80 m.
The permissible lengths of routes to exits are 20 m (for one direction of access) and 80 m (for more than one
direction of access), taking into account the sprinkler and smoke extraction systems.
The minimum width of the flight of the staircase is 1.2 m, and the width of the landing — 1.5 m.
The total width of exits, corridors and stairs should be calculated on the basis of the coefficient of 0.6 m per 100
persons.
The minimum width of the corridors is 1.4 m (1.2 m for less than 20 occupants).
Exits should open in the direction of evacuation. The minimum width of the door is 0.9 m. Anti-panic devices should
be used in exits from rooms which may contain more than 300 occupants.
Sliding doors leading to the building exterior should be equipped with a mechanism ensuring their automatic
opening and leaving them open if evacuation is necessary in the case of fire or their malfunction.
At least 2 exits should be provided for each room in the building which may be occupied by more than 50 people or
with surface area of more than 300 m2.
All staircases should be encased with walls and closed with doors of 30-minute fire rating.
Escalators and moving ramps should not be treated as evacuation routes.
A sound alarm system (SAS) should be provided in the entire facility and it may be used to control evacuation.
Polish Fire Safety Requirements
• The following requirements should be fulfilled with regard to interior
design:
– floor and wall linings on evacuation routes — at least flammable with
difficulty;
– suspended ceilings made of non-combustible or non-flammable and
non-dripping materials which do not fall off when exposed to fire;
– no materials which emit intense smoke or whose products of thermal
decomposition are highly toxic should be applied in the interior
design.
Technical Fire Safety:
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sprinkler system
automatic smoke control systems in mall, corridors and staircases
fire safety power switches
fire signalling system, with signal transmission to the fire services
alarm buttons
indoor hydrants
emergency lighting systems
lightning protection
outdoor hydrants
extinguishers
fire road
Building Layout
Evacuation Design
Evacuation Design
Building Design
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Pink line – Corridors REI60
Red line
– Staircases REI60
Green line – Exits
Building Design
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Pink line – Corridors REI60
Red line
– Staircases REI60
Green line – Exits
Building Design
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Pink line – Corridors REI60
Red line
– Staircases REI60
Green line – Exits
Building Design
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Pink line – Corridors REI60
Red line
– Staircases REI60
Green line – Exits
Evacuation Simulation
• Two general simulations
– All exits available
– Top right corner to available
• Software: Pathfinder – Thunderhead
Evacuation Simulation – All Exits Available After 2 Minutes
Evacuation Simulation – Not All Exits Available After 2
Minutes
Total Occupants:
Evacuation Simulations Results
17046
– All Exits Available
Exit Times (s):
Min:
Max:
Average:
StdDev:
41,7
576,0
244,5
122,9
Travel Distances (m):
Min:
Max:
Average:
StdDev:
3,9
222,8
82,6
32,6
Total Occupants:
17046
Exit Times (s):
Min:
Max:
Average:
StdDev:
41,7
776,2
281,6
153,7
Travel Distances (m):
Min:
Max:
Average:
StdDev:
3,9
285,6
92,0
38,3
FLOOR
Floor 00
Floor 01
Floor 02
Floor 03
Last person leaving floor
(s)
576
549,4
515,9
482
Last person in place of
safety (corridor) (s)
241,9
262,9
339,5
424
– Top right corner not available
FLOOR
Last person leaving
floor (s)
Last person in place of
safety (corridor) (s)
Floor 00
Floor 01
Floor 02
Floor 03
776,2
750,2
714,1
677,8
297,7
277,7
355,9
657,6
Smoke Control
Smoke Control – Smoke Zones
Smoke Control – Smoke Zones
Smoke Control – Smoke Zones
Smoke Control – Smoke Zones
Smoke Control – Calculations
Smoke Zones
Index
SZ-01
volumetric flow
rate of smoke
exhaust [m3/h]
60 000
Kind of smoke
convective spill
plume
Symmetrical
SZ-02
900 000
Balcony
SZ-03
800 000
Balcony
SZ-04
1 000 000
Balcony
SZ-05
800 000
Balcony
SZ-06
120 000
Symmetrical
Food court
SZ-07
120 000
Symmetrical
Cinema foyer
SZ-I
Smoke Zones (shops >900m2)
120 000
Symmetrical
Smoke Control – Example
Smoke Zone SZ-04
Cross Section
Smoke Control
– Example
Smoke Zone
SZ-04
3D CFD Model
3D CFD Model
CFD Simulations
• Software: Smartfire – Greenwich University
• Two main simulations:
– Smoke zone SZ-04
– Smoke zone SZ-05
CFD Simulation Example SZ-04
CFD Simulation Example SZ-04
CFD Simulation Example SZ-04
CFD Simulation Example SZ-05
CFD Simulations - Conclusions
• SZ-04 After 3 minutes smoke reaches entrances to tenants on level +3
– an additional stair case added near nursery and fitness
• SZ-04 All other levels with acceptable smoke concentration
• SZ-05 Results acceptable for all levels
• Assumed make-up air from corridors overpressure systems
• All other smoke zones were not simulated
• Volumes of smoke exhaust system can be lowered – more simulations
needed
Answers to questions
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Maximum height of atrium with effective mechanical smoke exhaust.
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Maximum height of atrium with effective natural smoke exhaust
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All devices should be operational during stage of evacuation – but at this moment there are formal
and technical limitations
Possible and reasonable placement of kids play area in shopping mall
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Can be unlimited
Evacuation strategy containing use of elevators, travellators and escalators
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Calculated regarding time to start firefighters operations
Maximum area of fire zone
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At least 4 m2 per person for tenants area and 40m2 per person in mall. In restaurants, cinemas,
fitness – according to the architecture and technology
Fire strength / heat release rate curves for shops without sprinkler system
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Maximum 2 levels
Optimum 1 level
Principles for calculating people number and distribution in shopping malls.
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Maximum 3 levels (15 meters of smoke free zone)
Optimum 2 levels
It should be on ground floor.
Minimum area of shop with effective individual smoke exhaust system
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Around 900m2
Thank You for Your Attention
MAIN SCHOOL OF FIRE SERVICE (SGSP)
ul. Słowackiego 52/54
WARSAW POLAND
www.sgsp.edu.pl
[email protected]
PROTECT T. Cisek i Wsp. Sp. J.
ul. Rudnickiego 3A 13h
WARSAW POLAND
www.protect.pl
[email protected]
Marcin Cisek
Alicja Berner
Bartosz Bieniasz
Jakub Okólski
Łukasz Bałaga
Grzegorz Cisek