Tbe Human Body: An Orientation

Tbe Human Body:
An Orientation
havc a ner.rral curiosit,v about our bodics, and a studv of anxtomy
an.l physiolos,- elabontes ()n this interest. -i\natomists hxve clevebpe.l x univer
sally acccptable set of reference terns fiat allos's body stfl(rtures b be located
an.l identrfied with a high clegree of cladty. Ioitially. st dents might have difficulties w'ith thc language usecL to clescdbe xnatorny and ph]'siology, but $ithout
such a speci ll vocebulary, confLrsi()n is bouncl to occur.
NI()st
of
LN
The topics in this chapter enlble stlrdents to tesl their masterv of tcnDinololl'
commonly uscd to dcscribc the body xn,:l its verious pa.is, and conccpts conceming funcrions !iae1 for life ancl homeostxsls. Body organizrtlon fiom sitnple
to coorple-\ lcvels and an introdlrctior to the ()rgan systcnN lorming thc Lrodr'
as a rvhole are also covcred.
AN OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
l.
\lntch the rerms in Column B to the appropri;rle clesoiplions provi.tecl
in Colunm A. [nrer dre corrccl ]etter or irs coffespon.ling te.m in the
:Lnswer blxnks.
Colurnn A
1.
Column
B
'Ihe bmnch of biological science ihet
studies ancl .lescribes how bocly parts
B. H()neostasis
The study of the shape enll snxcrlrre
of bod)- p:rfs
C. Metabolism
D. Phvslology
3
Thc tcndency of the boch's svstems to
InJln Jrn.r rcl.li\.) .ur.Ldnl orl.Ln., J
internal environmcn!
The term that indicares d//chernical
.eactrons occunirg in &e body
2
Claprer
1
The Hum,rn Rody: An Orienttrtlon
the tems ()r phases thxt conectly relate t() the srudy of p'lsiologl
Use a hi[ihlighter lo i.lentilJ those tems or phrxses that pertain to the stucly
2. Circle
a1l
weight H
I
B. Can be studicd in dead specimens
Dynemic
sllbiects
J
K
D. ChemistN principles
E. Measuring the acid content of the stomach L
Expeimeolation
A.
MeasurlnEi an organ's size, shape, aod
C. Often studied in living
M
F. PrinciPles of Physics
Dissection
obsen'ation
Directional terms
sretic
G. Obsefl-ing a hearl in action
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
more
3, The sttuctures of the body are o4ranized into successivcly larger an'l
for
terms
complex structlrres. Fill in the answer blanks with the correct
these increasingly larger stlalclures.
Chenicals
+
..+
4, Circle the term that does not belong in each of
Lhe
Organislll
following groupings
O+ian
Alive
Tissue
Eplthelium
St()mach Heaft Liver
3. Epitheiium He3rt l{uscle tissue Neivous tissue Connectlve tissue
Amoeba
Pine tree
.1. Humxn Digestive system Horse
Atom
2. grein
1.
Cell
5, Using the key choices, identily the or€aan systenN to Fhich the follolving
orlaans or functi()ns bel()ng lnsert thc correct letter or term in the ans\\-er
blaoks.
IG! Cboices
integumentaly
Digestire
C. Endocdne P Nluscular
B.
Nen'ous
J Skeletal
E. Lymphatic/Immune H. Reproductive K Urinary
A. CarcliovascLrlxr D.
G.
I
Respiraiory
Ch.rprcf
l.
I
The HLrnrxrl
Bod) .{n Odcnrrlion 3
llicis dre Lroclt of nilroElen contalning s,ast!'s
2. Is .rffectecL bv the removal of rhc rhyroicl glend
3. Prcr'idcs support xnd ievers on rhich the mrFculiu svstem can xct
'i. Incllr.les the
he:Ift
5. Protects unclclhinfi ogans fr()n dning out and mechxmcxl
danugc
6. Protects the boclyi
cLeshlJvs bacteria ancl
tumor cells
7. Breaks dor-n fbodstriffs inb small pa(k1es that can be xhso$ed
lJ. Removes ciubon dioxicle
tio'n thc bloocl
9. l)eli|crs ox)gen and nutrients to the bo.Ly lissues
10. Nloves rhe lirlbs; rllorvs ticial cxpressron
11 Consenes b()d1'$xter or ellminxtes e\cesses
ll fto\iJ, l. , r,-Ir,,r;rrl .lri. -,.rrrng
i3. Contrds the boclv with cilelrrirals cxlled ho.nrones
1.1. Is damaged
when
lqr
cut your fingef or llct
i
scvere sunburn
6. Llsing ke) ch()ices fmm Exercise 5. ch(x)se rhe orgxn s)-sren r() $Jrich each
of thc following sets of orgxlrs belongs. Enter rhe corrccr 1e(er or term in
the answer blxnks.
1 Blord
vessels. heart
2. Pancreas. pltuitarv. xclrenai glxnds
3. Ki.he\s. blecldcr. urcters
.1 Testis. \.xs .lefc.ens, Lrret]lli
5. ls(4rhagrjs. l.ugc jntcstine. rectrror
6. Breesdnne. r'_crtcbral column. sl<ull
7. Bfxin, neffes. scnsory receptors
7.
F'igures I 1 to 1 6, on pages 1 6, represenr tire vlrious LDCI| orsxn s].stcms.
First idcntifl and nxne each orgrn svsten by filling in the blank directlv
unclcr the rllustrrtion. Thcn select a diffefenr color for edch orcxn :Lnd usc it to
color dle coding circlcs .ncl coresponding stnrcNrcs ln rhe ilhrst|iltions.
, ,.ip
"r
tl F H | ,n B J\ \n O, r|r.,'io
Q
Blood lessels
Q
Nasal cavity
Q
H.n"
!,
runE{s
Q
trachea
ffi
risure
t-l
[!
rieure r-z
Clupler 1 The rluman Body: An Orienladon 5
Q
e'"irt
Q
ria,'t.y"
Q u..t"."
Q orraa.,
Q t.*".
fll
rie're r-r
ffi
rieure r-+
Lhpre_
| th- d' m"r Bo.l) \n Oriel_rlror
Q
Stomach
L_J rs'rln.rgLrs
O
htestines
[!
ris,rre r-s
Q
ovartes
Q
ut"tu"
[!
risure t-e
Chaprer
1 lhc
IIL|lnxn lloclr: An Orlent.riion
7
MAINTAINING LIFE
8. Mat.'h the terms pcrtaining to fiLnctional characteristics of orgenisms in
Colunn B wiih the approprlate descriptions in Cdumn A. Fill in the answcr
blanks vlith the aorrroorirte letter or lerm.
Column A
Column
1. Keeps the body s internal environment
distinct from the external environmenL
A. Digesdon
B
B. Lxcretion
2. Provldes nc$- cells fbr $ov'.th ancl repair
C. G{owth
3. Occurs when constructive activitics occur
xt x faster rrte than cleslnrctive activities
D. Maintenance
of boundaries
4. The luna sandwich you hare just eaten is
broken down to irs chcmical blrilding bl()cks E. I{erabolism
5. Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs
xnd climination of nitrogenous $-astes by
lhe kicloe)'s
6. Abilit)'to rcact to stimulii a mejor role
Ine nefvoLLs system
7
of
Il
Nlovenent
G. Responsi\.eness
H. Reproduction
\ValkinEi, throwing a bal1. riding e bicycle
8. All chemical reactions occnring in the body
9. -r\t dre cellulal level, membrancs; for the
s'hoie organisn, the skin
9. Using the key choices. correcd_v idenrify rhe suffivrl needs that corresponLl
to the follov'ing descriptions. Inset the correct letter or term in rhe ansl\'er blrnks
Kq) Cboices
A. Appropriate body
tenperrture
B. Atmosphcric plessure
C.
Nurdenrs
E, \X/ater
D. Oxl'llcn
1
Includes carbohidrates, proteios, lits, and mineflls
2. Essential for normal operation ot' dte respiratory s1-stem and
breething
3. Single substance accolrntlnli fbr over 60% of body weighr
'i. Required fi)r the releasc of ene.gy from foodstuffs
5. Providcs the basis for
br y fluids ol all rypes
6. \Xrhcn too hi[ih or loo lo$, phvsiologicel activiries cease. pdmlrily
because molecllles are destroycd or become flonfLrnctionxl.
chip er I Tne H r-'r".1 BoJy: \n Ofrnrar:u4
HOMEOSTASIS
control systems Complete
10. The follo$/ing statements refer to homeoslatic
st"t.-"itt by insefting your answers in the aos$/et bianks'
"".h
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
conThere are three essenlial componen6 of all homeostetic
The
effector
and
|rol mechanisms: control center, rcceptor,
rl) iense\ (hanqe' in lhe enviJotunenr and re-f'ondt b)
.end;ng i,rlom-rtion rirpurr lo rhe ':L;long rnc -!]lhe "ppfu^,'h*;, The 14) dnaL\ze\ the inpul, ocrermine\
hlorld
b\
i.i,. ll.o, '"..- ^ r ,c!i\ are, fie --:L 'cnJjngcauses
the
iion atong the -@- pathway when the rcsponse
is
lnitiai st;ulus to decline, the homeostatic mechanism
referred to as a (7) feedback mechanism \\'hen the
i'
re5oonse enhrnces lhe iniliJl -rimulu- lhe flichani'm
k
ncch"nleetlbrr
leedba'k mech,inism --]:l, eti..t .l lll
isms are much more cornmon in the body'
7.
9.
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
answer blanks
11. Complete the follos,/ing statements by filling in the
with the conect te.m.
1.
2.
3.
of
The abclominopelvic and lhotacic cavities are subdivisions
parts
are
body catifyi the cranial and spinal cavities
the
-!!of the -14 body cavity The -13I- body cavity is r(rally sur
rounded by bone and provides very good protection to the
structures it contains.
circle the term or phmse that does not belong in each of the following
groupings.
1. Transverse
2. Lumbar
3.
Sulat
L Epigrsrric
Distal
ThoIacic
Brachial
Hypogasmc
Frontal
Antecubital
Femoral
Right iliac
Sagittal
Abdominxl
PopliEal
LeIl upper quadranl
Chaprer
1
The Human Body: An Orientaiion
13, Select different colors for the clo\al and uentralbody
cavities. Color Lhe
., dirg cir,lis bcl, ,w Jnd rhe conespond:rg .rr
ities in pan A of fisure l_7
omplere lhe ligure hy l.heling rJrore budy , rr iry .uhdjvisions
rhaihar e a
:retoef
Inr..Complelc par B b) lrhcling erch of lhc Jhdo.ninJl
regron\ indr.
cated by a leader line.
C
Dorsal body caviry
C
Venrral body caviry
A
B
Figure
l-7
l
O
Chaptef
I
The Human Body: An Orientatlo'r
body pafts or ,rrees
the key choices that idenrjfy the follos'ing
'
term in the answer blanks
Enter the apPrcpdate letter or corresponding
1.4, Select
Ke! Cboices
I Inguinel M- Pubic
Abdominai E. Buccal
Lumbar N Scapulaf
B. Antecubital F Cervical J
G Femoral K occipital o Sural
C. Axillary
H Gluteal L Popliteel P Umbilical
I) Brachial
A.
1. Arlnpit
2. Thigh region
3. Bunock arex
4. Neck reglon
5. "Belly button' afea
6. Genital area
7. Anterior asPect of elbow
8. Posterior asPect of head
9. Area where trunk meels thigh
10. Beck arca ftom ribs |o hiPs
11. Penaining to lhe cheek
conectly lxbel all body areas indicxted
15. Using the key renrls from Exercise 14'
with leader lines on Figure l-tj
B in lhe iiglrre
In aclcLition. identiry the sectbns lxbeled A and
Section Al
Section B:
Chaprer
)l
I
i]-
r
Ir
The Human Body: An Orienretion
I
l/'
\
1
.J
I
vA
Figure
t-8
-\
1
--->
fI
B
12
Chaptef
1
The Hr.rm3n Bodyr An Oflenttrio'
16. From rhe key choices, ser:cr
---..,1'rpc
rle.,b:1l:;.iil?,n:f
,f lfJlxj:j'.t;::1,-"
$e cofi€
rr -"rmeot rhecarin sul'riiri'ion ifrprropfi't-
worLld oc.ur' Insen
"t:;::.'., :l' "1.:;
Ke! Cboices
A.
Abdominal C
B. Cranial
E.
Dorsel
Spinal
G
venffal
F. Thoncic
D. Pelvlc
1. Removal of the uterus' or womb
coronary b]?ass surgery (heait srrgeryt
2.
3. Removai
of a serio[s bram tultor
.1. Removal
of a "hof' aPPendi'<
5. A stomach ulcer oPeration
' ::ffi::i1",';,'::T:i;:i:,ffff [lJ5::ffi T il::ffi:itifif::-'n"
Ke! Choi.'es
B. Dislal
C.
Frontal
D.
Inferior
G
E.
Lateral
H. Proximal
l.
F. Nlectial
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
L
9.
10.
l1
Posterlor
J. Superior
K,
Transverse
Sagittal
face aod palns are on the
In the anxtomical Position, the
'-irl_
r'r"a".".fr.". the buftocks and shoulder blades are on
lhe lop uf rhe lreJJ L' lhe no'l
,r.'.lr- ,j, to,'t 'url.r. e, ino
boJy rheeartrrc lLro Ll_r -hoLrlder5
-n of ifl- no,".
-n" n"rn i. ru|u rh p'nL rnd
.o m.
,:-,1_!
rrr- ro dre lures fhe elbo$ i' :)L ro Lh- lingerc brrl
Ji5'
,c, ," t;'".tt._.'.j- ln ltuman' l\c dor'rl 'Lrflace 'Jn
however, in for.rr legged animals'
G ."U",f ,n. Ool surface:
(11)
surkLce
the dorsal surface is thc
Chxprcf
12.
,
,rr,
i<
t".
1
The HLunan Bo.iy An
]f an incisi()n cuts thc h€aft inio right end ieft parrs,
..riin_.., tl2, .d,:on.L,rrr jr _nL l.,.rrr ..,1ri-,.Jthe
Jrt(
ro. r lp^\r(ri..fD.n. F. lr. rhe.F...n i.n i,r, .r,tr.,1.
t' . . r, .oi,r ro , ,rr ,.r, -.. m-l ., orA tqo
lr.ln, . .,, In .. tr.r
,L.er"h,e;r I,orh.c,1ion.
P,i fcll \rlrr\-.1
lli.rr\o
sectons thrt lnect this rcqlrircmenr are rhc (1.i)
and lt5)
rhe bocty ceviries wherc the foflo\l.inE
::1il-*t,.lj,t:"".,idenrfy
are locared. Enter the rppropriatc lettcr
ot rerm in tltc
bocl].oryar,j
ansr,_er blanks.
Ke! Cboices
A. Abduninopelvic
U. Cmnial
C. Spinal
l)
l horxcr.
1. Stomach
2. Smxll intestine
-J.
Largc intcsrine
1.
Spleen
5. livcr'
6. Spinal cord
Bhdder
S. LJChr-l
9 Lungs
t1).
Pituitmy gl:rnd
11. Recturn
12. Or'_eries
19. Refe. ft) the organs listecl in Elercise 18.
In the spaces providccl, rccorcl the
nLrmbers of rhe org:Los rhar \\,.ould be founcl
in eech ofihe eb.Ll,"rr.i ..Si.".
oamcd hcre. S()ne orElxns ntay be foun.i in
more tlran one
"Lr.l"_i""I
1. H)'p()gashic region
2. i{ighr llrnbar region
3. Llnbilicxl regiorl
,1. Epigastric reEli()n
i.
Oficnrlton | 3
Lefi iliac reg()n
.";;;
t4
' \Jf.r
In'
H r-nrr
B LI) M Ori<n J ion
sprainecl his anl<le what svstems have
20. A jogEler has stepped in a pothole and
sufGred clemafie?
milk
21. A newboro bab-v is unable to hold do\\'n any
.Examinatti ::Yls'.l*
iiils to conncct to tne stomesophagr'rs
the
which
in
a"...toont.,-t,"t clisolcler
,.fr. wi"t."*it^t needs are mos! imnediately threatened?
'Ihe
'lhe Chan famity was traveling jn thet vxn ancl had x minor accideot
22.
--'
still sustained
.r.iia.""rn ,rt" ir"ck scat n_ere wearing lap belm but they injuries why is
internel o€an
bruises aro nd the abdomen ano uacliome
others?
than
this atea more \'allnerable to danuge
2J. Jul,-.
hi'
He hr' 'r l-e'ni'r in
, l"ricnr aL lJrP' I iq Hu'pir"l ' in l''rgh'h-pe
inJected kidney in his lumbar reflion' ancl severe
rngurnel tegr,rn, prm from ln
in his pubic region Explain where each of these region'
t
"r-rj'"*'"tiir-rg
is 1ocerc.l.
ii.""