Experimental Results of PARIS Measurements using X-Band

Experimental Results of PARIS Measurements using
X-Band Digital Satellite TV Opportunity Signals
Reflected on the Sea Surface
S. Ribó1 , J.C. Arco1 , S. Oliveras1 , E. Cardellach1 and A. Rius1
C. Buck2
1 Institut
de Ciències de l’Espai (CSIC/IEEC)
Space Agency (ESTEC/ESA)
2 European
Space Reflecto 2013
3rd Conference on Passive Reflectometry
November 4-5, 2013
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
1 / 25
Outline
1
Introduction
2
Experiment
3
Instrument
4
Data Analysis
5
Conclusions
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
2 / 25
Introduction
Support to explore scientific uses of future C-band GALILEO signals
(European GNSS Evolution Program, EGEP)
Extend the PARIS concept to other sources of opportunity and
frequency ranges
Reduced ionospheric delay error on space-borne PARIS systems
Better SNR due to stronger TX power
Smaller antennas without reducing directivity (shorter wave-length)
Sensitivity to small scale waves (ocean applications)
Build and test a versatile PARIS instrument
Multi-band operation (L, C, X, Ku)
Sub-band selection
Multi-bit signal quantization
Basic Instrumental calibration
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
3 / 25
Band Selection for Experimental Demonstration
X-band opportunity sources
Commercial Communications Satellites
E
80.0°E
78.5°
180°
MEO
ICO-A1
TDRS-5
(I)
12
3.0
°W
12
1.0
°W
11 Ec
9.0 ho
sta
11 °W r
7.0
VII
°W
, XIV Echo
Blu
es
; DI sta
115 , Ro
RE r IX
.0° ck
CT /G
113 W , Ro
V-7 ala
ll;
.0°
S; xy
So
W
An 23
lid
ari
.0°
Sa ik F3
da
W An
tM
d2
ex
ik
(I);
.0°W
5
Ech F2, Wil
Via
ost
107
Sa Sat-1
ar dBlue
.5°W
tM
X,
1,
ex
XI;
106.
DIR Terres 6
5°W
EC
105.
TV- tar-1
0°W
Ani 5, -1R
103
k F1,
AMC .5°W
-1; Spac
MS 1R
AM
103.
C-1 AT-1
0°W eway
5, -18
101.5
1; DIRE
°W
MSA
CTV
10,12 T-2
101.0 DIRECTV;
°W
4S, -8, SkyT SES-3
99.0°W
erra
1
Galaxy -9S, -11;
16, Space SES-1
98.0°W
Inmars way 2
97.0°W
at IV F3
Galaxy
96.0°W
19
Sirius
Galaxy 3C,
95.0°W
Spaceway 5
Galaxy 25, DBSD-G13
93.0°W
89.0°W
85.0°W
85.5°W
87.0°W
111
12
Galaxy 17; Nimiq 1, 2, 6
90˚W
°W
84.0°W
* Includes Eutelsat-leased S/C:
Sinosat-3 (Eutelsat 3A) and AM 22 (Sesat 2)
C-7 0
C-1
AM
y 15 1
lax
Ga AMC-1 L-2
, CIE ons-1 21
C- 18
riz
y 12
lax
/Ho , AM laxy
Ga
y 13 y 14 Ga
lax
lax
Ga
Ga
AM
5.0
XM-5
SES-2
Galaxy 28
W
.0°
W
133
.0°
°W
131
9.0
°W
12
7.0
12
91.0°W
C-8
AM
W
AMC-9 B4
t
Brasilsa
Rhythm
AMC-16; XM
.0°
135
110
W
.0°
137
Sirius 3
W
.0°
58
W
.0°
61 W
.5°
61
W
.0°
63 W
R
.0°
14
65 W
.0°
I, XV tar
67 W
XI els
.0°
2/T
68
r III, l
sta Su
0°W
ho do
70.
Ec trela E C1
ON
°W
Es
72.0
AR -4 (I)
ST C-3, at B2
°W
AMasils E C2
73.0
Br
ON
AR
ST
°W
C-6
75.0
AM
iq 5
VI, VIII
(I)
Nim
r I, 77.0°W
at B3A
osta
W
sils
Ech
78.0°
Bra
t-1;
tzSa
Que ESAT-1
W
81.0°
VEN
82.0°W
-5
AMC 4
83.0°W
Nimiq
.0°W
63˚ Inclination between 140˚W and 60˚W
Sirius 2
.0°W
139
Space Reflecto 2013
F-2
XM
arsa
Inm
142
Boeing 67
Others 236*
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Sirius 1
135˚W
t II
Eu lsaicasat t-12 2 (I) (I),
n
InteAfr lsa a
t-2A 2
Daw
InteThurayksa Sat
,B
New
Tur las36A
lsat
Hel
lsat t 2B
Inte
Eute bsas-1 33A,
AraHyla lsat
Eute a 1G 24 (I)
Astr sat sat 5A
IntelArab EUR
2D
Xtar- lsat 28A2A, 2B,
Eute 1N, -5, -6
Astra -4, 25A
BADR sat IV F2
LMI AP 2 (Gorizont 30)
31.5° E
31.0° E
30.5° E
29.0°
28.5°E
28.2°E
26.0°E
25.5°E
25.0°E
24.5°E
23.5°E
21.5°E
2A (I)
Eutel sat III F-5
THOR
21.0°E
Inmar sat (I), 3A, 3B;
20.0°E
Inmar 1D
Astra at 21A
19.2°E
Eutels
17.0°E
Afristar 5C
2C
Arabsat1H, 1KR, 1L, 1M,
16.0°E
Astra 5
13.0°E
(I)
Amos
C
16A, B, C
11.5°E
Eutelsat Hot Bird 13A, B,
Eutelsat 603 (I)
10.0°E
Intelsat 10A
9.0°E
Eutelsat
9A
7.0°E
Eutelsat 9A, KA-SAT
5.0°E
Eutelsat 7A AMC-2
Astra 4A, 1E;
4.0°E
Eutelsat 4A
Rascom 1R; Eutelsat 3A, C
3.0°E
Astra 1C (I)
2.0°E
0˚
Intelsat 10-02; Thor 5, 6
1.0°W
ABS-3
3.0°W
Amos 2, 3
Thor 3
4.0°W
Eutelsat 5 WEST A
4.5°W
Nilesat 101, 102, 201;
5.0°W
Eutelsat 7 WEST A
Telecom 2D (I),
Eutelsat 8 WEST
7.0°W
Eutelsat
A
Telstar 12 WEST A
8.0°W
Inmarsa 12
t III F-2
Intelsa
12.5°W
NSS-5 t 901
15.0°W
SES-4 , -7
16.0°W
Intels
Intels at 905
18.0°W
Intels at 907
at
Hisp
20.0°W
801
45˚W
Intel asat 1C,
22.0°
sat-2
1D, 1E;
W
5
Inte
24.5°
XTAR
W
NSS lsat 903
-LAN
-10,
27.5°
T [Spain
NSS
Tels
sat]
29.5° W
-806
tar
Inte
11N
30.0° W
lsa
Inte
W
t-11
lsa
31.5°
NS
t-14
W
Int
S-7
els
03
Int
34.5
atInm els
°W
1R
Int
37.5
Int
els ars at 70
°W
Am
els
at at III 7
40.5
80
ataz
°W
5 F-4
9,
on
43.
-16
as
0°W
-1,
45.
-2
0°W
47.
0°W
50.
0°W
53
.0°
54
55 .0°W W
.5°
W
45˚E
NSS-9
Broad BW & flat spectrum (up to
≈27.5MHz)
Correlations waveforms significant
compared to GNSS-R waveforms
[Kore
asat
Esiafi
1 (I) [Comsta
r D4]
Thaic
om 5
Apst
ar 2R,
7
90˚E
135°E
174.0°W
Amos 5i [Asiasat 2]
E
.0° E
57 56.0° .5°E E
55 55.0° .0°E E E
53 52.5° .5° E
51 .0°
51
0°E
50. 0°E
1F
48. 5°E
47. 0°E
M]
tra AM-22]
NU
46. 0°E
; As ss
45. 5°E °E
pre
43.
12 [BO
26
42.0 °E
S- -1 y 11 , 4G [Ex
at39.0
NS MOSTlax at 3E T 2 1A 1A (I)
1B
els
°E
Ga Ins SAhsat r 3
Int , B sat t 1]
36.0 °E °E
SE Ya sta
34.5
Ap Sirius
y 26, 48A ; Yah asa 27
33.5 °E
lax at 702 1 [MeGalaxy
33.0 E
,
-3A
Ga tels t
ABS
Insa -1, -1A
t5
Asiasa
MEASAT 3, 3A
Chinasat-9
Insat 3A, 4B
NSS-6
(I)
Thuraya 3
Inmarsat III F-3, Intelsat 602 (I)
Intelsat-18
177.0°W
DRIFTING:
Inte t 3C,
76.5
lsat 4CR
2] (I)
°E
Eut
706
Int elsat , 709
75.0
els
Int at- 70A , 22; Lea
74.0 °E
els
Inm at- 7, -10
sat
°E
F-5
Int ars 17
72. (I)
els at
0°E
Int at III F-1
70.
els 90
5°E
Int at 6
els 90
68.
5°E
at 2
90
66
4
.0°
E
64
.5°
E
64
.0°
62 E
.0°
60 E
.0°
E
98.5°E
91.5°E
92.0°E
93.5°E
95.0°E
tar 1
E
Asias3S, 7
100.5°
sat
Asia
-7
SES
-11,
1, NSS
om
110
1, Telk
AT; N-S APR-2
-3C
t
, -3B Intelsa sat 5
-3A
rea
2C, osat-1/
Ko
6B
ATSin
sat t 6
BS
a D,
ina
lap
.0°E
Pa
Ch reasa 2
110
m
.5°E
, Ko lko 4
110
S-7 Te om
AB
E
aic
.0°
Th
113
178.0°E
°E
105.0
°E
105.5
162.0°E
164.0°E
166.0°E
169.0°E
180.0°E
JC Ga As
Sa ru ias
t 4A da at
, 13 1 4
Aps
172.0°E
Digital modulations (flat spectrum)
JC
JC
Sa
Sa
t 3A
t 5A
, 12
; Vin
(IO
asa
S)
Ap t 1,
tar
5/T N-S star 2
Sup
erb Inm Aps elstar tar C 6
tar 18
ird
C2, arsat
1
MB IV F1 (I)
SAT
1
Pala JCSat
pa
Optu C2 (I)1B
s D2
Optu JCSat 2A
Intels s C1, D3
at
Super
bird A3 701
Optus (I)
D1
Superbi
rd B2
Optus
Intelsat-8 B3
, -19
Intelsat-5
GE-23
150
150 .0°E
.5°E
152.0
154.0 °E
156.0 °E
°E
157.0
°E
158.0°
E
160.0°E
Plenty of commercial hardware
°E
arta
raw
Cak 0°E
108.
°E
2.0
12 °E
3.0
12 °E
4.0
12
.0°
134
E
136 .0°
138 .0° E
142 .0°E E
.0°E
144 .5°E
.0°E
143
E
.5°
E
115
.0°
116
E
.0°
118
°E
9.5
11
Plenty of sources (TV broadcast satellites)
8.0
ST-1, -2
88.0°E
Chinastar-1
Intelsat-15
87.5°E
Insat 4A /JCSat-85; Horizons2
85.0°E
83.0°E
Geosynchronous Orbit
12
132
Note: (I) Inclined orbit
Based on best public information
available at the time.
30 Jun 2012 / 228265-001.ai
Nov 2013
4 / 25
Band Selection for Experimental Demonstration
X-band opportunity sources
Plenty of sources (TV broadcast satellites)
Plenty of commercial hardware
Digital modulations (flat spectrum)
Broad BW & flat spectrum (up to
≈27.5MHz)
Correlations waveforms significant
compared to GNSS-R waveforms
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
4 / 25
Experiment
July 2012
UP
Ground-based experiment at
coastal area
DW
Cap de Begur, West
Mediterranean, h ≈ 105m
Pointing towards ASTRA
satellite cluster (19.2E)
PARIS−MB
GPS
Source elevation: 38.9◦
Source Azimuth: 156.8◦
cliff
Direct signal: Offset dish
antenna 60cm diameter
Reflected signal: circular horn
(LNB without dish)
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
5 / 25
Experiment Location
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
6 / 25
Experiment Location
Source: Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
7 / 25
Experiment Location
Source: Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
7 / 25
Experiment Location
Source: Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
7 / 25
Experiment Set-up
Antennas are mounted on top of a scaffold with direct view to the sea
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
8 / 25
Experiment Set-up
Antennas are mounted on top of a scaffold with direct view to the sea
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
8 / 25
Experiment Set-up
Antennas are mounted on top of a scaffold with direct view to the sea
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
8 / 25
Instrument Block Diagram
19inch rack
Power
Supply
GPS Receiver
GPS Antenna
GPS
Dish antenna
LNB
Coaxial cable
Bias−T
Downconverter
A/D converter
100MHz clk
80MHz
Bias−T
LNB
Downconverter
10MHz
A/D converter
ctrl
Down−c. ctrl.
20MHz
ctrl.
10MHz
20MHz
80MHz
FPGA 1
FPGA 2
Development
Development
Board
Board
Clock
distribution
20MHz
Data
ctrl
10MHz
80MHz
Bias−T
LNB
Downconverter
A/D converter
Adaptor board
Feedhorn
LNB
Coaxial cable
Bias−T
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Downconverter
A/D converter
Space Reflecto 2013
Signal Processor
User back−end
Nov 2013
9 / 25
Instrument
Principal Instrument Aspects
Architecture L-band receiver with external coherent down-conversion LNB at
C/X/Ku-band. Baseline implementation at X-band
Heritage Design based on previous architectures
COTS usage intensively
Multi-bit quantization to handle high (positive) SNR values. Quantization to
10bits per sample at 80Msamples/s. Signal processor at 3bits per
sample
Sub-band selection to choose one between many 27.5MHz TV channels being
transmitted in a 1GHz bandwidth. Instrument channel bandwidth
adjustment also possible from 4MHz to 40MHz.
Power adjustment to compensate for different power levels at different TV channels
Calibration of instrumental errors (DC signal offset)
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
10 / 25
Data Analysis and Processing Steps
Data processing steps (real time)
Real time coherent integration at 1ms
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
11 / 25
Data Analysis and Processing Steps
Data processing steps (real time)
Real time coherent integration at 1ms
Real time DC offset measurement at 1ms
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
11 / 25
Data Analysis and Processing Steps
Data processing steps (real time)
Real time coherent integration at 1ms
Real time DC offset measurement at 1ms
Data processing steps (post-processing)
Offset calibration at 1ms complex waveforms
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
11 / 25
Data Analysis and Processing Steps
Data processing steps (real time)
Real time coherent integration at 1ms
Real time DC offset measurement at 1ms
Data processing steps (post-processing)
Offset calibration at 1ms complex waveforms
Non-coherent integration of power waveforms
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
11 / 25
Data Analysis and Processing Steps
Data processing steps (real time)
Real time coherent integration at 1ms
Real time DC offset measurement at 1ms
Data processing steps (post-processing)
Offset calibration at 1ms complex waveforms
Non-coherent integration of power waveforms
Altimetric delay (derivative method)
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
11 / 25
Instrumental ADC Offset Calibration
Improves waveform shape and dynamic range
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
12 / 25
Instrumental ADC Offset Calibration
Improves waveform shape and dynamic range
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
12 / 25
Instrumental ADC Offset Calibration
Improves waveform shape and dynamic range
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
12 / 25
Waveforms as function of bandwidth
BW = 4MHz, Ti = 10s
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
13 / 25
Waveforms as function of bandwidth
BW = 8MHz, Ti = 10s
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
14 / 25
Waveforms as function of bandwidth
BW = 12MHz, Ti = 10s
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
15 / 25
Waveforms as function of bandwidth
BW = 16MHz, Ti = 10s
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
16 / 25
Delay Estimates
Altimetric delay
The SNR of the power waveforms w (τ ) is high
The relative delay τspec between the direct and reflected signals is
determined as the lag delay where the waveform derivative is maximum
A large number M of power waveforms are averaged to reduce the speckle
noise (exponential distribution)
1
w (τspec )
S=√ ·
is an approximate estimate of the minimum
dw
M
dτspec
detectable delay
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
17 / 25
Delay Estimates as a function of BW
Delay estimation bias is function of BW [1]
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
18 / 25
S Parameter and precision as a function of BW
S < 5cm for T = 10s and BW> 16MHz
S parameter improves with increasing BW
Increasing system’s BW beyond signal’s BW does not improve S
σ = 10cm for T = 10s and BW=20MHz (from measurements)
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
19 / 25
S Parameter and precision as a function of BW
S < 5cm for T = 10s and BW> 16MHz
S parameter improves with increasing BW
Increasing system’s BW beyond signal’s BW does not improve S
σ = 10cm for T = 10s and BW=20MHz (from measurements)
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
19 / 25
Waveform lag-statitistics
Statistics of the lags reveal signal origin
Useful for analysis and interpretation of experimental data
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
20 / 25
Waveform lag-statitistics
Statistics of the lags reveal signal origin
Useful for analysis and interpretation of experimental data
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
20 / 25
Waveform lag-statitistics
Statistics of the lags reveal signal origin
Useful for analysis and interpretation of experimental data
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
20 / 25
Waveform lag-statitistics
Statistics of the lags reveal signal origin
Useful for analysis and interpretation of experimental data
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
20 / 25
Conclusions
Plenty X-band digital TV satellite opportunity signals available
Larger available power than with GPS (more EIRP & directive antennas)
High SNR at 1ms coherent integrations.
ADC offset calibration needed to maintain waveform shape and dynamic range
Altimetric delay estimates (derivative method) improve with increasing signal
bandwith
Bias on delay estimation depends on the used bandwith
Demonstrate delay precision of 10cm
Noise statistics reveal signal origin
Acknowledgement
This work has been sponsored by the ESA European GNSS Evolution Program (EGEP):
AO6311-May 2010. ESA Contract: 4000103500/11/NL/CVG.
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
21 / 25
Suitability of Higher Bands
Ionosphere
Ionospheric delay effects are reduced with increasing frequency.
L-band: ≈200cm
C-band: ≈20cm
X-band: ≈4cm
Higher bands better suited for delay measurement applications
(altimetry) from space.
Antennas
Antenna size can be reduced maintaining gain constant
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
22 / 25
Suitability of Higher Bands
Water & Rain at X-band
Attenuation in the range of
0.1dB/km–1dB/km for rain
intensities between
10mm/h-25mm/h
Received Power not severly
affected by moderate rain
Altimetry still possible in
areas with low to moderate
rain intensities
With generous power budget
also possible with heavy rain
Figure from [2]
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
Nov 2013
23 / 25
GNSS-R vs Satellite TV-R
Parameter
EIRP [dBW]
Range [km]
Directivity [dB]
Noise figure F [dB]
Signal bandwidth [MHz]
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
GNSS-R L1 C/A,P,M
24.5
20,200
15
3
24
Space Reflecto 2013
X-band (11GHz)
51
38,000
36
0.8
27
Nov 2013
24 / 25
References I
Antonio Rius, Estel Cardellach, and Manuel Martin-Neira.
Altimetric Analysis of the Sea-Surface GPS-Reflected Signals.
Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 48(4):2119
–2127, Apr 2010.
Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Richard K. Moore, and Adrian K. Fung.
Microwave Remote Sensing Active and Passive, volume I.
Artech House, Inc., 1990.
(ICE-CSIC/IEEC – ESTEC/ESA)
Space Reflecto 2013
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