docgeology - Alberta, Canada
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geology - Alberta, Canada
GEOLOGY Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Definitions • Oil Shale (contains oil of any API) – Very fine consolidated grain, low porosity ~ 8%, very low permeability < 10md – Low viscosity, API • Bitumen (oil sands) (is typically 6 to 12 API) – Large uncemented sands, 32-34% porosity, Permeability 1-6 D – 200,000 to 2 million cp at reservoir temperature • No universal division between conventional oil and heavy oil – ~12-14 API • Carbonates (as related to bitumen) - Karst, limestone dissolved by water flowing through it Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca What are Oil Sands? • Thick, sticky mixture of sand, water, and bitumen • About 6 to 12 degrees API • Immobile at reservoir conditions (8-12 deg. C) • Unconsolidated – very porous & permeable • Exploited by mining & in situ techniques Source: Suncor Energy Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Where are Oil Sands and Heavy Oil Found in Canada? Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Canadian Oil Sands and Heavy Oil Resource (ERCB, 2013) Estimated Oil in Place (Billion Barrels) (ERCB, 2013) Canadian Heavy Oil Association Peace River 136 Athabasca 1525 Cold Lake 183 Lloydminster 80 www.choa.ab.ca 5 Geology Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Why does Alberta have Oil Sands? • Oil is derived from marine plants and animals, mainly algae. • High concentrations of organic matter within shale are called source rocks • Source rocks are heated between 50 and 150 degrees Celsius in the western side of the West Canadian Sedimentary Basin • Expelled as conventional oil from the source rocks and migrates up-dip in a northeasterly direction • Three main oil sands deposits –(1)Athabasca, (2)Peace River, (3)Cold Lake • Carbonate Triangle 4 Heavy oil in carbonate rocks Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.a www.choa.ab.ca 7 Why does Alberta have Oil Sands? (Ranger and Gingras, 2001) Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca 8 Why does Alberta have Oil Sands? (AGS Website) Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.a www.choa.ab.ca 9 Mining Operations Example Suncor Energy’s oil sands mining operation. Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Mining Operations Example Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca 11 SAGD Operations Example Cenovus Energy Foster Creek Commercial SAGD Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Optimal SAGD Reservoirs • 25+m thick • Consistent reservoir height • Continuous 1000m X 1000m blocks • Prefer no bottom water • Darcy-scale vertical permeability • Prefer no top lean zone (potential • Limited vertical permeability thief zones barriers 25+m 1000+m (Strobl, Fustic and Wightman, 2011) Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.a www.choa.ab.ca 13 Athabasca Oil Sands Deposit McMurray Formation ALBERTA ATHABASCA PEACE RIVER WABASCA Edmonton COLD LAKE LLOYDMINSTER 100 mile 125 km Calgary Canada U.S.A. Source: AEUB Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca McMurray Formation Depositional Model (Dalrymple et al., 2012) Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Present Day Analogue Present day analogues for ancient deposits. • Point bars on the Fly River – Papua, New Guinea Reservoir Sands Mud Plug Mud Plug “The Present is the key to the past.” Reservoir Sands Reservoir Sands Mud Plug Reservoir Sands Mud Plug Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Seismic Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca 3-D Seismic Interpretation Note similarity to modern day Fly River point bars. Time Slice 8ms below McMurray Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Point bars within the McMurray - Long Lake (Modified from Smith et al., 2009) Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Firebag Type Well 1AA/01-01-095-06W4/00 CORE.BMF_SO_1 0 V/V BITUMEN Clearwater Formation SHALE SAND 0.2 WIRE.RILD_1 WIRE.GR_FINAL_1 GAPI 150 METRES WIRE.DPHI_SS_1 0.6 WIRE.CALI_1 MILLIMETRES V/V 0 0.2 WIRE.NPHI_SS_FINAL_2 400 0.6 V/V 2000 OHMM 2000 WIRE.RSFL_1 0 0.2 OHMM 2000 250 Shoreface Tidal Flat 100 OHMM WIRE.RILM_1 275 300 McMurray Formation 0 Depth Channel Complex McMurray Fm 83.9 m Shoreface 2 m Tidal Flat 22.5 m Channel Complex 45.4 m – Net Pay 40.2 m – Core Porosity 35.7% – Core Sw 21.9% – Kh 8-10 D – Kv 4-5 D • Continental 14 m Steam Injector Bitumen Producer 325 Continental • • • • 0.2 Beaverhill Lake Gp. Elk Point Gp. Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca McMurray Formation – Depositional Model Bank Collapse - breccia Channel – Oil Sand Photo courtesy of Suncor Energy Inc. & Marston Canada Ltd. Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca McMurray Formation – Depositional Model Tidal Flat – Non reservoir Photo courtesy of Suncor Energy Inc. & Marston Canada Ltd. Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca McMurray Formation – Depositional Model Marine mud - Non reservoir Photo courtesy of Suncor Energy Inc. & Marston Canada Ltd. Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca McMurray Formation – Non Reservoir • Overbank: Non-reservoir Pond Mud Crevasse Splay Tidal Flat – Non reservoir & Caprock Photo courtesy of Suncor Energy Inc. & Marston Canada Ltd. Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Bitumen Saturated Sand MASSIVE BEDDING & TROUGH CROSSBEDS Static FMI Dynamic FMI Dip Vector TOP BASE Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Mudstone Clast Interval CLAST ZONE TOP BASE Canadian Heavy Oil Association Static FMI Dynamic FMI www.choa.ab.ca Lateral Accretion (IHS) MUD DOMINATED LATERAL ACCRETION BEDS GAS INTERVAL TOP BITUMEN TOP BASE Canadian Heavy Oil Association Static FMI Dynamic FMI Dip Vector www.choa.ab.ca Typical Geophysical Log Suite Representative McMurray Reservoir Wabiskaw Fm (~T21 Seismic marker) (~T11 Seismic marker) Top McMurray Formation Top SAGD Interval Reservoir Facies critical to determining SAGD thickness and extent Base SAGD? Base SAGD? Top Paleozoic Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Inclined Heterolithic Stratification (IHS) Fine Grained Oil Sands Mudstone 10 cm Steam rise barriers created by IHS Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Steepbank #7 Outcrop near Fort McMurray Lateral Accretion beds (IHS) Trough Cross Bedded sands Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Steepbank #7 Outcrop near Fort McMurray Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Mackay Outcrop Metre-scale cross beds at the base of a high quality reservoir succession Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca SAGD: Good Mud vs Bad Mud Good Steam flows easily through sands, mud drapes and mudstone breccia Canadian Heavy Oil Association Ugly …But there’s impeded steam flow associated with continuous mudstone (Strobl, Ray and Shang, 2009) www.choa.ab.ca Fluid Mobility vs. Barriers to Flow Good Steam flows easily through or around mud drapes and mudstone breccia Canadian Heavy Oil Association Bad …and there may be poor production potential without communication between injector and producer (Strobl, Ray and Shang, 2009) www.choa.ab.ca Reservoir Heterogeneity (bad mud) (Jablonski, and Dalrymple, 2013) Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Reservoir Heterogeneity (bad mud) Injector 5m Producer Poor communication due to low perm mudstone barriers Barriers between injector and producer delays steam chamber development may reduce effective pay length of the well pair Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Shell Orion Project Clearwater Reservoir Facies Source: Shell Hilda Lake/Orion Project EUB Report Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Shell Orion Project Clearwater Non-Reservoir Facies Source: Shell Hilda Lake/Orion Project EUB Report Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca The Grosmont/Nisku Carbonate Sinking Stream Sink Hole Shaft Tunnel Dry Cave Water Table Wet Cave Underwater Cave Courtesy of Laricina Energy Ltd. Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Bitumen Saturated Grosmont Core Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Grosmont Formation (Courtesy Chinook Consulting Services, 2012) (Courtesy Laricina Energy, Ltd., 2008) • Carbonate Play • Underlies/down dip of the “oil sands” deposits • Vuggy/Secondary porosity predominates Bitumen in Vugs • Average Pay Thickness 23.8 m • Average Porosity - 20% • Recovery Technique – CSS? SAGD? Cyclic SAGD? Canadian Heavy Oil Association Bitumen Saturated Dolomite www.choa.ab.ca Drill Bit from Laricina 10-27-85-19W4 penetrating a carbonate bitumen cavern Courtesy of Laricina Energy Ltd. Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Winter Drilling: Core Holes Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Suncor Firebag: SAGD Drilling Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Suncor Firebag: SAGD Drilling Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Winter Drilling Horizontal SAGD Well Pairs – Slant Rig Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca Geology Conclusions • Integrate in situ recovery fundamentals with reservoir characterization • Communicate across all disciplines • Know and understand the geometry and lateral continuity of reservoir barriers and baffles Canadian Heavy Oil Association www.choa.ab.ca
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