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Of Sea and Shore
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Of Sea and Shore
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Of Sea and Shore
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Of Sea and Shore
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Of Sea and Shore
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A DREDGING TRIP IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
Emilio Fabi n Garc a
115 Oak Crest Dr
Lafayette, LA 70503
USA
[email protected]
In the early 1980’s I heard that a research ship was
being built in Louisiana for the use of Louisiana
universities and other scientific institutions. It was very
exciting for me because I knew that sooner or later I
would find a way to get on board. It took a while, but
the vessel was eventually finished in 1985, and was
named the R/V “Pelican” (Fig. 1). It would be the most
important research tool for LUMCON, the Louisiana
Universities Marine Consortium, and it would be my
fantasy tale.
The”Pelican” is 116 ft. long, has built-in laboratories,
and is capable of taking 16 scientists for periods of up
to three weeks at a time. For dredging and trawling, it
has a winch that holds 3,000 meters of cable 1/3 of an
inch in diameter (Fig. 2). In other words, one may go
dredging to a depth of 1000 meters of water.
It wasn’t until 1993, 8 years after the ship was built,
when my fantasy became a reality and I had my first
opportunity to go dredging on the “Pelican”. The
experience was all I dreamed of, and more. Moreover,
I have had the opportunity of repeating the experience
on seven other occasions. The remarkable discoveries
that were made during these cruises have been
published by Garc a (1996, 1999a, 1999b, 2000, 2002a,
2002b, 2002c) and Garc a & Lee (2002, 2003, 2004).
My story today is from my last trip, in June 2004.
It all began when my friends and colleagues, Drs. Darryl
Felder and Suzanne Fredericq, asked me to join them
on a two-week cruise to southwest Florida. The plans
were to depart from the LUMCON laboratory complex,
located in the middle of the swamps in southwest
Louisiana (and where the “Pelican” is docked), and
head towards the Dry Tortugas, at the very tip of
southwest Florida, where the collecting would begin.
It would take over a day of uninterrupted cruising to get
there.
Once in Dry Tortugas we started a northerly series of
drags, two to three drags per station, and in a zig-zag
pattern. We would dredge roughly from 50 m to 100 m
of water, and back to around 50 m. At times we would
go as deep as 300, 400, and even 500 m, particularly
once we got to the latitude of Tampa. Because my
colleagues were collecting very fragile marine life and
were afraid the specimens might get damaged if they
dredged too long, the drags would only last
approximately 15 minutes each. If we hit hard bottom,
the dredging time would be somewhat longer.
Obviously, a number of hauls came up empty.
The dredged material was first dumped on a large table
top (Fig. 4), around which every one would impatiently
gather (Fig. 5) after the O.K. to rush to the table was
given by those operating the winch. About one half of
my friends were interested only in crustaceans, and
the other half only in sponges (Other phyla were
collected and preserved for other colleagues). And then
there was I, the lone shell collector. You can imagine
the hardships that I had to go through. My friends would
not leave me alone: “Here is a shell, Emilio.” “Emilio,
would you like these shells?” “Emilio…ooo, I have
something for you…uuu!” As I said, it was pure hell!
.Moreover, since I also wanted to photograph the live
shells, I kept running back and forth to the lab to place
the specimens in water. No sooner had I taken care of
one batch than they already had more specimens
waiting for me. It was just not fair!
After all the “visual” collecting was done, including
breaking up sponges or large pieces of rubble,
everyone disappeared into the lab “to do their thing”
with their specimens. But not I, not the sole shell
collector in the bunch. If the “grunge” was promising, I
had to pick up a shovel and start shoveling all the
sediment into different size sieves. After inspecting the
larger pieces of rubble and discarding them, I would
place the more promising portion in a sac with a label.
Some 20 such sacs, about one third full, weighing
probably a total of around 300 pounds, went home with
me. Once at home, I would wash the sediment from
each sac with fresh water, let it dry thoroughly, and then
inspect it, a handful at a time, first with my x10 Optivisor,
and then under the microscope. Obviously, it was
collecting shells all over again, and just as exciting.
Once we finished our last haul off Tampa Bay, we began
our cruise back to Louisiana. We started the return trip
somewhat earlier, because we wanted to make a final
stop at a very interesting area off the Mississippi River
Delta called Sackett Bank. This bank, like many other
banks located off the Louisiana coast, raises from the
seafloor to some 60 to 70 meters from the surface. The
top of Sackett Bank is silty with calcareous rubble,
and it has large concentrations of sponges and masses
of the tube worm Vermicularia.
The three drags that we managed to make at Sackett
Bank produced very interesting species. One was a
Calliostoma similar to C. scalenum Quinn, 1992 but
with a dark umbilicus and wider in profile (Fig. 7). There
were also a large Fusinus that seems to be
undescribed, a Psilaxis krebsii 14.3 mm in length
Of Sea and Shore
(largest reported size: 10.5 mm); a Niso hendersoni 35
mm in length (largest reported size27.8 mm), and a
white cone, similar in shape to C. amphiurgus.
The material from the hauls off the southwest coast of
Florida also produced interesting results. Four of the
species collected had never been reported from the
Gulf of Mexico: the naticid Sigatica carolinensis Dall,
1889, the muricid Favartia richardbinghami Petuch,
1987, the rissoid Microstelma vestale (Rehder, 1943)
and the ranellid Cymatium rehderi A. H.Verrill, 1950.
The latter was collected alive, as was a specimen of
Chicoreus consuela A. H. Verrill, 1950 (Fig. 13a).
Although C. consuela is not uncommon off the coast of
Texas and Louisiana (See fig. 13b), it had never been
reported from the west coast of Florida. A number of
species collected are yet to be identified and may be
undescribed.
Collecting by dredging has some draw- backs, the most
important of which are the intrinsically haphazard
method of collecting, and the lack of a clear picture of
the microhabitat of a particular species. On the other
hand, it is arguably the most efficient way of finding out
the composition of the molluscan fauna of an area, since
the collector has the luxury of carefully inspecting the
sediment at home, under a microscope, and obtain
many species of small mollusks, alas empty in 90% of
the cases. This microfauna would be next to impossible
to spot with the naked eye while SCUBA diving, or with
the use of a submersible.
During the two-week cruise we pulled some 70 hauls.
At an average of 15 minutes per haul, the total dredging
time was approximately 17 hours. The molluscan
material alone obtained during this process has been
catalogued in 464 lots. Not too shabby.
REFERENCES.
Garc a, E.F. 1996. Frustrations and extensions:
Problematic and ignored species and redefinition of two
geographical boundaries- Part II. American
Conchologist 24(1): 3-5.
Garc a, E. F. 1999a. New molluscan records for the
northwestern Gulf of Mexico. ibid. 27(2): 27-28.
Garc a, E. F. 1999b. Three new gastropod species from
the New World. Apex 14 (3-4):59-65, 2 pls.
Garc a, E. F. 2000. Surprising new molluscan records
for Louisiana and the northwesternGulf of Mexico.
American Conchologist 28(3): 5-6.
Garc a, E. F. 2002a. More discoveries from a collecting
expedition off the LouisianaCoast ibid. 30(1): 6-7, 10.
Garc a, E. F. 2002b. And yet more discoveries from a
collecting expedition off the Louisiana coast. ibid. 30(2):
25.
27:1:6
Garc a, E. F. 2002c. Unexpected molluscan finds from
the hydrocarbon vents off theLouisiana coast. ibid.
30(4): 28.
Garc a, E. F. & Lee, H. G. 2002. Report on Louisiana
species found in the offshore Louisiana waters,
including many extensions of known range and
unnamed species. ibid. 30(4): 10-13.
Garc a, E. F. & Lee, H. G. 2003. Report on Louisiana
species found in the offshore Louisiana waters,
including many extensions of known range and
unnamed species II. ibid. 31(1): 26-29.
Garc a, E. F. & Lee, H. G. 2004. Report on the
malacofauna of offshore Louisiana waters - including
many range extensions and unnamed species. III. ibid.
32(3): 21-24.
Note: this material is based upon work supported by
National Science Grant #0315995.
Color pages 4, 7 and 8
FIGURES 1-5 ( See page 4 )
1.The Research Vessel “Pelican.” .2. Winch with 3,000
meters of 1/3" cable . 3. Dredge on board, half- filled
with rubble. 4. Dumping rubble on collecting table. 5.
Faculty and post-graduate students collecting
specimens.
6. Anatoma crispata Fleming, 1828 ( 2 mm). 7.
Calliostoma sp. aff scalenum Quinn, 1992 ( 26 mm).
8.Dentystila dentifera (Dall, 1889)(3.6 mm). 9.
Lamellitrochus lamellosus (Lamarck, 1822)(3.5 mm).
10. Trivia (Pusula) maltbiana. (Schwengel, 1942) 11.
Bursa granularis (R ding, 1798) ( 48 mm). Collected
alive at a record depth of 256-271 m. 12. Inella triserialis
(Dall, 1881)(11.1 mm).
13. Chicoreus consuela.(Verrill, 1950):13a. First
reported specimen from southwest Florida ( 68 mm).
13b. A rare yellow color form from off Louisiana (72.3
mm). 14. Mitra florida Gould, 1856 (73.4 mm). 15.
Pecten chazaliei.(Dautzenberg, 1900). 16. Terebra
lindae Petuch, 1987 (80mm).. 17. Conus juliae Clench,
1942 (22 mm). 18. Hyalina sp. (10.1 mm) 19. Prunum
hartleyanum Schengel,1941(6.8 mm).
Of Sea and Shore
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Of Sea and Shore
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Of Sea and Shore
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A PHOTO STUDY OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC
HYBRID ABALONES (GENUS HALIOTIS)
Buzz Owen
P.O. Box 601
Gualala, California 95445
[email protected]
Part 7
1) Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis Dall, 1878 x H. sorenseni Bartsch, 1940
2) Haliotis rufescens Swainson, 1822 x H. walallensis Stearns, 1899
3) Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis x H. walallensis
ABSTRACT
Three of the four known specimens of three
extremely rare, hybrid abalone are illustrated with highresolution color photography. Two specimens of each
of the respective parent species are also illustrated for
comparison purposes. Reasons for the necessity of this
review of the West American hybrid Haliotis are
discussed.
INTRODUCTION
The present work is the seventh in a series of
ten papers that will illustrate each of the fourteen
interspecific Eastern Pacific Haliotis hybrids that are
currently known to have been retrieved from natural
populations. Parts 1 and 2 treated H. rufescens x H.
corrugata Wood, 1828 (Of Sea and Shore, Vol. 25, No.
2); and H. corrugata x H. walallensis (Vol. 25, No. 3).
Parts 3 and 4 covered H. corrugata x fulgens Philippi,
1845 (Vol. 25, No. 4), and H. rufescens x H.
kamtschatkana assimilis (Vol. 26, No. 2), while part five
treated H. corrugata x H. sorenseni (Vol. 26, No. 3).
Part 6 concluded our review of the more common
hybrids with the treatment of H. rufescens x H.
sorenseni (Vol. 26, No. 4). The present report will begin
our examination of the ultra-rare forms, and the series
will be concluded with a tenth paper which will illustrate
three unique specimens that represent hybridization of
two of these hybrid varieties with a third Haliotis species.
Hybridization of the Eastern Pacific Haliotis has been
well documented. Owen (1961) presented a report on
six varieties found in Southern California and the
adjacent Channel Islands. Owen et al. (1971) expanded
this report to include six additional hybrids. These 12
crosses involved all west coast species with the
exception of H. cracherodii Leach, 1814, however Owen
and Leighton (2002) described two hybrids of H.
cracherodii crossed with H. corrugata and H. fulgens.
Additionally, hybrid Haliotis have been reported in South
and Western Australia, by Owen and Kershaw (2002,
2003). Finally, a report by Owen (2005) cites the
laboratory culture of a “four-species” hybrid resulting from
crossing two hybrids of dissimilar parentage: H. corrugata
x H. walallensis and H. rufescens x H. sorenseni.
Beginning in the early 1980s, a severe
population decline was noticed in all Haliotis species
native to the Southern California Channel Islands.
Simultaneously, few, if any, of these hybrids were
retrieved by commercial Haliotis divers (C. Sites, J.
Marshall pers. comm.). The reasons for this decline
remain unclear. Commercial over-fishing doesn’t
appear to be a major factor as two species that were
never taken commercially in that area, H. walallensis,
and H. kamtschatkana assimilis, suffered a severe
decline during the same period as well.
This severe population decline continued in all
Haliotis species throughout Southern California and the
adjacent Channel Islands and finally led to closure of
the sport and commercial fisheries in these areas in
1997. This closure is still in effect. It appears clear that
few, if any, of the very rare hybrid varieties (hybrids
other than the most common: H. rufescens x H.
sorenseni) were taken after the period from 1975 to
1980. Thus, virtually all known specimens exist in either
the Buzz Owen Collection (BOC), Gualala, California,
or in the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
(LACM). The LACM specimens were deposited by
Owen as reference for the earlier paper on Eastern
Pacific hybrids (Owen et al. 1971). The primary purpose
of this first work was to prove the actual existence of
hybrid Haliotis specimens. Thus, only a single shell
specimen was photographed in black and white for each
hybrid variety illustrated. This led to much confusion in
subsequent years when Haliotiphiles tried to use this
paper as an identification guide during searches of
commercial Haliotis shell piles, where the vast majority
of hybrid Haliotis specimens have been found to date.
This has proven to be especially true in Lower
California, Mexico, where a commercial fishery still
exists (2005). Therefore, the primary impetus for this
reappraisal is to illustrate a number of specimens of
each hybrid in color so as to facilitate a greater
understanding of each variety and make it possible to
accurately identify hybrid Haliotis shell specimens.
Of Sea and Shore
27:1:10
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Abbreviations of Collections: LACM: Los Angeles
County Museum of Natural History; BOC: Buzz Owen
Collection.
All illustrated specimens of these three rare
forms are from the BOC and were taken from the
California Channel Islands or adjacent coastal areas
by Owen or by commercial abalone divers with whom
he worked. Where noted, (which was the case in most
instances) the identity of a specimen was confirmed by
study of the animal as well as the shell.
Photography was performed with a Canon A70
digital camera and the resulting images processed with
an iMac computer using Adobe Photoshop version 8.
RESULTS
1) H. kamtschatkana assimilis x H. sorenseni.
Three of the four known specimens of this
hybrid were live-taken, and one was found in a
commercial shell pile in Goleta, California (Owen et al.
1971). Three are in the BOC and one was placed in
the LACM as a reference specimen to the 1971 paper
on Eastern Pacific Hybridization. The single specimen
without animal bears more of a resemblance to H.
sorenseni crossed with the northern ssp. H. k.
kamtschatkana, while the remaining three more
resemble H. kamtschatkana assimilis. Three of four
shell specimens show, to a varying degree, the genetic
markings in later stages of growth of H. kamtschatkana
assimilis - especially Plate 1B. For more details of this
extremely rare form, the earlier paper is suggested for
further study (Owen et al. 1971).
2) H. rufescens x H. walallensis.
All five specimens of this hybrid were live-taken,
with three having very precise locality data. The two
specimens without data were identified by both animal
and shell morphology, but the locality data was lost.
The larger of these two is from San Miguel Island, while
the smaller specimen was taken near Point Conception.
All specimens are in the BOC except for a single
example that was placed in the LACM as a reference
specimen for the 1971 hybrid paper. (Owen et al. 1971)
3) H. kamtschatkana assimilis x H. walallensis
Four specimens of this hybrid are currently
known, however only one was retrieved from natural
populations. The three remaining examples were
cultured by Owen in a marine shellfish hatchery. In all
four specimens, both parent species were clearly and
equally visible in the morphology of the animal –
particularly in the epipodial structures and pigmentation.
This is also largely true of the shells in respect to shell
proportions and spiral ribbing – however this would often
be a very difficult hybrid to positively identify without the
animal present. All three hatchery specimens are in the
BOC. The specimen taken near Point Conception was
deposited in the LACM as the reference specimen to the
1971 hybrid paper (Owen et al. 1971).
DISCUSSION
1) Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis x H. sorenseni.
This hybrid may be more common than the
known number of examples (four) would indicate. One
reason for this may be that most specimens are
probably too small to enter into the commercial abalone
catch, and thus are unavailable for study. Another more
likely reason is that the two parent species resemble
each other sufficiently that overlap of certain
characteristics occasionally occurs. This could make it
difficult to identify some shell specimens without animals
available for study (the same problem without doubt
occurs with H. kamtschatkana assimilis x H. walallensis,
only more so, due to its even smaller size). Curiously,
the single specimen of H. kamtschatkana assimilis x
sorenseni recovered without animal, bears more of a
resemblance to the northern ssp. H. k. kamtschatkana
crossed with H. sorenseni. As H. k. kamtschatkana and
H. sorenseni differ greatly in shell morphology, this
hybrid specimen is easy to identify as both species are
equally and strongly represented. This hybrid was also
cultured in a marine shellfish hatchery by Owen in 1969.
Higher than average rates of fertilization were achieved,
and subsequent development of juvenile abalones
(>200,000) proceeded normally.
2) Haliotis rufescens x H. walallensis.
Four of the five known specimens of this
extremely rare form came from two well-separated
areas of the Southern California coastline; Point Loma/
La Jolla (two), and Point Conception (two). Only one
came from an offshore channel island (San Miguel
Island). It could be expected to occur from north of
Point Conception to central Oregon – a distance of well
over 1000 km – yet none have ever been found in this
area. Perhaps the huge numbers of abalones exposed
to knowledgeable commercial divers is a factor: For
example, the five known specimens were all live-taken
over a 15 year period by friends of Owen who were
closely watching for such unusual Haliotis. As with most
of the rarest hybrids, it is only through exposure to huge
quantities of material that specimens are occasionally
found.
3) Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis x H. walallensis.
The single example of this hybrid found in
natural populations was almost ignored by Owen, who
upon first examining it thought it was an atypical specimen
of H. kamtschatkana assimilis. Closer inspection of the
animal under low-power magnification clearly showed the
Of Sea and Shore
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Of Sea and Shore
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Of Sea and Shore
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morphology of both parent species, however. This form
may be more common than one known specimen would
seem to indicate, due to a combination of factors: 1)
With extremely few exceptions, H. kamtschatkana
assimilis is too small to be harvested commercially, while
H. walallensis is never taken for commercial purposes –
thus few specimens of the hybrid would ever be available
for study. 2) The small size and somewhat similar animal
pigmentation of the parent species, on casual
examination, would make identification of the hybrid in
natural populations difficult. By contrast, the hybrids of
H. rufescens are often large and easily recognized at a
considerable distance due to the morphology of the
animal being extremely different from that of the species
it hybridizes with. This results in a hybrid that is easily
visible, vividly demonstrating the characters of both parent
species. 3) Very few commercial divers pay any attention
to the parent species due to their small size and thus
wouldn’t notice the hybrid.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank David Leighton for his
constructive review of the manuscript, and Stephen
Browning and Tom Grace for providing helpful
comments. I also want to thank Bob McMillen, who
provided many of the shell specimens used in this study.
Part 2: H. corrugata Wood, 1828 x H. walallensis
Stearns, 1899. ibid. 25:3:177-180.
Owen, B. and R. Kershaw. 2004. A New Hybrid Haliotis
From Western Australia.ibid. 26:1:50-53.
Owen, B. and D. Potter. 2003. A Photo Study of the
Eastern Pacific Hybrid Abalones (Genus Haliotis).
Part 3: H. corrugata Wood, 1828 x H. fulgens
Philippi, 1845. ibid. 25:4:246-250.
Part 4: H. rufescens Swainson, 1822 x H.
kamtschatkana assimilis Dall, 1878. ibid. 26:2:119123.
Owen, B. 2004. A Photo Study of the Eastern Pacific
Hybrid Abalones (Genus Haliotis). Part 5: H.
corrugata Wood, 1828 x H. sorenseni Bartsch,
1940. ibid. 26:3:154-157;212.
Owen, B. 2005. A Photo Study of the Eastern Pacific
Hybrid Abalones (Genus Haliotis). Part 6: H.
rufescens Swainson, 1822 x H. sorenseni Bartsch,
1940. ibid. Vol. 26, No. 4.
LITERATURE CITED
Owen, B. 2005. The Culture of a “Four Species” Haliotis
Hybrid in a Marine Shellfish Hatchery. ibid. Vol. 26,
No. 4.
Owen, R. S. 1961. Hybridization in Western American
Haliotis (Abstract). American Malacological Union
Annual Report. 28:34.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
Owen, B., J. H. McLean and R. J. Meyer. 1971.
Hybridization in the Eastern Pacific Abalone
(Haliotis). Bulletin of the Los Angeles County
Museum of Natural History. Science 9:1-37.
Owen, B. and R. J. Meyer. 1972. Laboratory Studies of
Hybridization in California Abalones (Haliotis).
Unpublished MS. Pacific Mariculture, Inc., Pigeon
Point, California. 38 pp.
Owen, Buzz R. S. and D. L. Leighton. 2002. Shell
Specimens from Natural Populations Identified as
Hybrids of the Black Abalone, Haliotis cracherodii
Leach, 1814. Of Sea and Shore 24:3:135-138.
Part 1: Haliotis rufescens Swainson, 1822 x H.
corrugata Wood, 1828. ibid. 25:2:103-106.
Owen, B. and R. Kershaw. 2002. Hybridization in the
South and Western Australian Abalones (Genus
Haliotis): A Photo Study and Guide to the
Identification of Shell Specimens. ibid. 25:1:55-66.
Cox, K. W. 1962. California Abalones, Family Haliotidae.
California Department of Fish and Game Fisheries
Bulletin 118:1-131, pls. 1-8.
Geiger, D. L. 1998. Recent Genera and Species of the
Family Haliotidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda:
Vetigastropoda). The Nautilus 111:85-116.
Geiger, D. L. 2000. Distribution and Biogeography of
the Recent Haliotidae (Gastropoda:Vetigastropoda)
World Wide. Bollettino Malacologico 35:57-120.
Geiger, D. L. and Poppe, G. T. 2000. Family Haliotidae.
In: Poppe, G. T. and Groh, K. (Eds). A Conchological
Iconography. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, Germany.
135 pp., 83 pls.
Mu oz Lopez, T. 1975. Descripci n de los H bridos
Interspec ficos
del
Genero
Haliotis
(Mollusca:Gastropoda). Tesis Bi logo. Universidad
Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, M xico. (In Spanish)
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Harold Street, West End. Glenda Rowse, 19 Farrell
Street; Kirwan 4814, Queensland, Australia
(7) 4773-2817
Aug. 19-21 JERSEY CAPE SHELL SHOW, Stone
Harbor, New Jersey. Wetlands Institute, Stone Harbor.
Jersey Cape Shell Club, P.O. Box 124 Stone Harbor,
NJ 08247 (609) 653-8017
DONALD DAN, COA Award Chairman
• 6704 Overlook Drive • Ft. Myers, FL 33919 • U.S.A.
Tel. Voice & Fax (941) 481-6704
• E-mail: [email protected]
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RED SEA URCHIN - FROM THE OCEAN FLOOR
TO THE SUSHI RESTAURANT
Mark Reekie
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (Agassiz, 1863)
Range/Habitat:
DOMAIN:
EUKARYA
KINGDOM:
ANAMALIA
PHYLUM:
ECHINODERMATA
ORDER:
ECHINOIDEA
FAMILY:
ECHINOIDAE
GENUS:
Strongylocentrotus
SPECIES:
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
COMMON NAME: RED SEA URCHIN:
From Kodiak, Alaska to Southern Baja, California. They
live on rocky shores in moderate to heavy current. They
reside from the low inter-tidal zone to approximately
300 feet. They don’t like mud or silty gravel bottoms
and avoid wave action.
Description:
Red Sea Urchin are members of the phylum
Echinodermata, which means spiny skinned animal.
Other members of the phylum include Sea Stars, Sea
Cucumbers, Sea lilies and Brittle Stars. All of these have
a bilateral radial symmetry. Red Sea Urchins have a
domed top and flat bottomed spherical hard calcareous
shell called a test .The shell has a thin layer around it
called epithelium. Inside the shell there are five skeins
of roe which are the gonads or sexual organs. These
are the most predominant mass inside the shell. In
between the gonads are gills which belong to their water
vascular and respiration system .They also have a gut
sack that is full of chewed up plant food. The test is
made of 10 plates covered with three kinds of
appendages: spines, tube feet and pedicellarine. The
spines are for locomotion, protection and trapping food
that is floating by in the current. The spines on mature
adults are 3 inches long. If a spine is broken off, a new
one can be generated. The tube feet are between the
spines and are shorter. The Red Sea Urchin uses its
water vascular system to operate the tube feet by
controlling water movement to and from the feet through
muscular tubes. As tube feet press against an object,
removal of water from the tubes creates a vacuum.
When the tube is refilled with water, the vacuum is
broken and the grasp of the foot lets go. They have
little suction cups on the ends that are also used for
capturing food, locomotion and holding on to the ocean
floor and kelp. They also have pedicellarine which are
pincher like and are located on the bottom of the shell
near the mouth. These small spines are armed with
three jaws and are used for defense. Each has a poison
gland and a rigid sensory hair. Each hair is destroyed
after the urchin attacks a predator and inflicts a wound.
The mouth has five very complex teeth on the bottom
of the shell for grasping food. The food is taken in by
the teeth and goes to the digestive tract and out to the
anus which is located on the top of the dome. The urchin
has no anterior or posterior and also has no eyes.
Predators:
Humans, Wolf Eel, Sea Stars, Brittle Stars, Octopus,
Crab, Sea Otter
Feeding:
Red Sea Urchin graze on kelp. Their favorite is the
Macrocystis (Giant Kelp) in southern California and
southward and the Nereocystis (Bull Kelp) in northern
California and northward. If kelp, their favorite delicacy
is not abundant, they will eat algae, sea grasses and
dead carrion and almost anything that will fit into their
mouth. The mouth is also known as Aristotle’s Lantern
for its appearance.
Reproduction/Life Span:
Red Sea Urchin has separate sexes. The female
secretes orange eggs and the male secrets white sperm
through the gonopores. The five gonads are on the
opposite side of the mouth. Eggs are released into the
water column and mass external fertilization takes
place. Several million eggs are released. Usually Sea
Urchins spawn between June and September peaking
in July, however it can vary from area to area. Only
about 1% will make it to fertilization. Fertilized eggs
become free swimming larvae, they drift and eat
plankton. At 6 to 8 weeks they settle to the bottom and
start their juvenile life cycle. They hide under the adults
for protection from predators until they are about 1.5
inches in size. It is unknown how long a Sea Urchin
can live but it is now believed they can live as long as
200 years! Scientists use radiocarbon testing to get
these age results.
Size/Color:
The Red Sea Urchin is the largest species of urchin in
the world. For the most part Red Sea Urchin are in the
4 - 6 inch range but have been found as large as 8 - 9
inches. The color ranges from a blood red to burgundy to
a dark purple. The growth rate is fast in infancy. The
urchin will reach a sexual reproductive size in 2 years
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27:1:20
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and will be of harvest size in 5 years. The growth slows
rapidly after reaching harvestable size.
Harvesting/Commercial Fishery:
In the 1960’s it was believed that Sea Urchins were a
nuisance. Divers gathered together in large groups to
go diving and destroy them using quicklime and
smashing them with hammers to hopefully stop them
from destroying the massive kelp beds off the California
coast. The kelp beds are the stronghold for the entire
ocean floor system.
In the 1970’s, a commercial market was established
with Japan. The Yen to dollar ratio in Japan became
strong and the industry took off. Divers running small
ocean going boats use a surface supplied air system
for breathing and staying on the ocean floor for as long
as the physics of diving is in their favor. Urchins are
harvested with a stainless steel rake that is worn on
the arm of the diver. The urchins are pried loose from
the rocks and crevices and placed into a ringed net
bag that holds approximately 300 lbs. The entire time
the diver is harvesting, the giant washing machine of
the oceans surges and currents tug and push the divers
back and forth. After floating the bag to the surface they
are winched onto the boat and are placed into a fish
hold or left on the deck and tarped to keep sun and rain
off of them. The boats will usually unload at the
processing plant’s dock or sometimes buyers will
purchase urchins from divers that are not in their home
port so they will truck the urchins back to their plant for
processing.
During the 90’s, Sea Urchin was the number one marine
resource in California far outdistancing Salmon and
Dungeness Crab. Recently the entire Sea Urchin fishery
on the USA Pacific Coast has been in decline due to
the huge influx of countries closer to Japan unloading
large amounts onto the market through an unmanaged
fishery. In the USA a great deal of research was done
to sustain the future of the Red Sea Urchin by regulating
the number of permits, the poundage quota, revolving
harvest locations, size limitations and seasonal
openings. It is hard to compete with countries with very
little resource regulations for the future.
Processing:
After being purchased from the diver, the processor
will refrigerate the urchins in a cooler and hold them at
approximately 35 degrees. The Urchins are then
cracked delicately into two halves so as not to break
the five pieces of roe. The roe is then spooned out of
the shell with a small kitchen spatula. The processor
hopes to get a minimum of 8% roe to live weight
purchase. In other words if they buy 100 lbs of live Sea
Urchin from the diver they need to have at least 8
pounds of roe on the trays. The next step is to get the
gut sack away from the roe and get the pieces of broken
27:1:21
shell cleaned away. Roe is then held in a brine solution
for a predetermined amount of time. Processors will
purchase urchins from different countries or areas
where they cannot be trucked to their own plant. A semi
processing procedure is done with all of the preceeding
procedures. Instead of going onto the wooden trays
the roe is shipped in a brine solution in one gallon plastic
jugs. They are packed in Styrofoam boxes, then into a
cardboard box and shipped to the main plant by
airplane. This process is known as jet jugging. After
arriving at the plant the roe goes back into the brine
tanks and final processing takes place from here. The
roe is then placed on paper towels to drain. After cooling
the roe, very experienced tray-pack personnel will
artistically place the roe on the different sized wooden
trays, these are then stacked 6 to 10 high. The
processor marketing label is placed on the end of each
tray, a wooden lid is put on the top tray, a piece of twine
is then wrapped ornately around the entire stack. The
next step would be packing them in a Styrofoam box
with gel ice to make the trip to Japan or newly emerging
local markets.
Tsukiji Market:
The Tsukiji Market (pronounced skee-gee) is located
in the Ichiba district in Tokyo Japan and is the largest
marine and seafood market in the world. After making
the long trip to Japan, the roe is picked up by a Customs
house broker, where it must clear Customs before
moving on to the market where it will be auctioned off
to wholesalers. The urchin trays are placed in one large
room with other urchin from all over the world for
potential buyers to view before the bidding starts. After
the bidding ends the roe is taken and sold to grocery
stores, restaurants and sushi bars.
Cuisine:
Sea Urchin roe is now a prized delicacy. The gonads or
sex organs are used and are more commonly referred to
as Roe and called Uni in Japan. The buyers look for a
bright yellow gold color, tight eggs, firmness, freshness,
roe size, artistic roe orientation on the tray and a well
respected market label. In the USA sushi bars have
become very popular and grocery stores have begun to
sell sushi. In Japan, the price of uni soars to high levels
during Golden Week, first week in May and at the
Christmas holiday time. The bright yellow roe color has
a sweet, paste like flavor that melts in the mouth, However
it is definitely an acquired taste. Uni is eaten raw and is
usually placed on top of rice and wrapped with Nori
(seaweed). Most of the world production of the 12
commonly used species that are harvested for
consumption come from the USA, Japan, Canada, China,
Chile, Russia, Korea and Mexico. Uni is also used Fresh
(Nama Uni), Baked (Yaki Uni), Steamed (Mushi Uni)
Frozen (Reito Uni), Salted (Shio Uni), Lower grade Sea
Urchin is also sold as a bulk paste and can be frozen.
Of Sea and Shore
Sushi Restaurant:
Don’t knock it till you try it! Yes it is an acquired taste.
Most sushi that I have tried is extremely good. So get
out there and give it a try.
MARK REEKIE
SEASHELL CREATIONS
www.seashellcreations.net
I will be offering a trip to Thailand in the near future to
go shelling, with a two day stop in Tokyo, to go to the
Tsukiji Market. Please check my web page for further
details.
27:1:22
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Common Ripple Marks on Dutch Beaches
Willem Krommenhoek
Dr. Letteplein 1; 3731 JR De Bild, The Netherlands
To most beachcombers sandy beaches with low angle
ripple marks are very famililar. Unfortunately, when
looking for shells or other bio-materials, these ripples
do not get the attention they actually deserve. That is a
pity, because they have a beauty of their own,
representing the always changing pattern of interaction
between sand and water, or sand and wind, coming
and going wih the changes of tide and weather, differing
in shape, size and symmetry. In this article I will present
some common ripple marks and their origin. First a short
description of the beach profile is given.
Beach and Beach Profile
The North Sea beaches of Holland are, nearly
everywhere, composed of loose sand. Ripple marks
can be found both in the foreshore – the area exposed
at low tide and covered twice each day by seawater –
and the backshore – covered by water only during
exceptionally high tides and strong gales.
The foreshore, especially, which is characterized by
the wet conditions of the sea bottom shows all kinds of
ripple marks. Practically all ripple marks are formed
during the ebb stage and the greater part just before
the final retreat of the water.
The backshore is normally quite dry and only wind
ripple marks and small sand dunes are usually seen.
minimum depth. The water, pushed over the ball by
the waves, slows away in two opposite directions. See
Fig. 2.
Ordinary Current Ripples
Where waves act on a horizontal bottom, symmetri8c
wave ripple marks will be produced as a product of
unidirectionally flowing water. When the waves reach
the shore and the water becomes shallower, they
become asymmetrical, the shoreward movement of the
water particles being stronger than the backward
movement. Then asymmetric wave ripples will be the
result, with their steeper sides pointing to the slope.
On the beach the waves give rise to swash and
backwash and ordinary current ripples and true current
ripples a continuous series of transition stages exists.
Ripples of this series are abundant on beaches, both
in the lows and on the balls. On the latter they often
occur together with rhomboid ripple marks (see below).
Both kinds have the same orientation and their height
and wave lengths are approximately equal. The ripples
on the balls and those in the lows often differ in their
relative height. Ordinary current ripples have a height
which is generally about one-tenth of the wave length.
On the balls much smaller values and in the lows much
bigger values are often found.
Rhomboid Ripple Marks
The position and properties of the subaquateously
produced ripple marks in the foreshore are entirely
dependent on the relief features. Along the Dutch coast
these3 consist mainly of flat topped ridges or balls and
shallow troughs or lows, of which two to four systems
may be observed in the intertidal zone. The total number
of lows and balls is dependent on the bottom slope,
gentle beaches being particularly favourable for the
development. See Fig. 1.
The lows and balls generally increase both in width
and height from th high tide level downwards. The
seaward slops of the balls are usually less steep than
the landward slopes with the exception of the uppermost
ridge where the reverse condition seems to be more
common. The general pattern of lows and balls is rather
stabile over a period of time.
] The balls do not form continuous ridges along the
length of the beach, but are interrupted by shallow cross
channels or outlets, which occur at regular distances
from each other. Strong seaward currents can develop
in these outlets, which form the so called rip currents.
Halfway between the outlets the lows may show a
Where the water spreads out in a shallow layer over
the smooth seaward slope of the ball, rhomboid ripples
are produced, see Fig. 3. These ripples posses a very
flat rhomb shapes stoss side and two steep lee sides.
The longer axis of the rhomb corfrespoinds to the
current direction. This direction may be marked also
by systems of straight groovings. The ripples travel
downstream by deposition of material on the lee sides.
The two lee sides are not always of equal development.
The only necessary co9nditions for the development
of rhomboid ripples appear to be shallow water, rapid
flow and a smooth bottom.
Linguoid Ripple Marks
Linguoid ripple marks are formed in shallow water
flowing with moderate velocities. Where ordinary
transverse current ripples have been formed and the
water depth in subsequently reduced, so far that the
crest5s of the ripples are about to be uncovered,
linguoid ripples may develop. The water may then still
be passing over the crests, but the flow is concentrated
through gaps and lower places, which become widened
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27:1:26
by erosion. Immediately downstream of these troughs
with concentrated flow cutting scross the current ripple
crests, the flow line diverge, sediment is dropped and
miniature deltas are built up. After a certain time the
original current ripple relief is transformed into a new
type of regular pattern; that of the linguoid ripples is
frequently seen when lows have run dry for the greater
part during the falling tide.
Longitudinal Ripple Marks
These are of a minute size, with heights not exceeding
1mm and show little regularity in interspacing. Instead
of ripple marks the term lineation or striation is more
appropriate. They are frequently found on the smooth
surfaces of the balls, where their formation is due either
to swash or backwash. Often they are noticed only by
the concentration of fine shell detritus.
Fig. 1. General cross section of the Dutch beach. Lows
and balls generally increase both in width and height from
the high tide level downwards. The seaward slopes of
the balls are usually less steep than the land-wards slope,
with the exception of the up-permost ridge where the
reverse condition is more common.
Beach Cusps
Beach cusps are mostly seen on comparatively steep
beaches together with a coarse composition of the
desiment. Along the Dutch coast with its gently sloping
sandy beaches they are not very common and if
present, only of small elevation.
Wind Ripples
Wind ripples are mainly restricted to the backshore,
where the water comes only rarely. Normally the surface
is quite dry, a necessary condition for the formation of
these ripples. The wave length of these ripples
increases with the wind velocity, their height and shape
depending on the grading of the sand.
Fig. 2. Circulation of seawater in the presence of lows
and balls. A: water pushed over the shoals; B: water flowing down the lows towards the outlets; C: wa-ter producing rip currents.
Sand Dunes
Besides ripples also small sand dunes are usually
present on the backshore. Both longitudinal and
transverse dunes are encountered. The transverse
dunes which may have a typical barchan shape are
higher, usually a few decimeters. The wind ripples on
the crests of these dunes show generally a greater wave
length, probably the result of higher wind velocities.
Wind Ripples on the Wet Backshore
Ripples of this kind originate where a sand loaded
wind passes over smooth and moist sand surfaces. The
most favorable place for the formation of these ripples
is just below the high tide line. The initial ripples are
only small isolated rolls of sand, formed at
comparatively irregular interspaces. The crests migrate
against the wind. Once deposited, the new grains
become very soon moistened by capillary action. Only
freshly deposited grains, concentrated in streaks
parallel to the wind show up in a light color. Full grown
stages develop a wave length in the range of 2mm to
2cm, with the steeper side facing the wind.
Fig. 3. Distribution of different kind of ripples between lows
and balls. In the relatively deep water in the low ordin-ary
current ripples will be formed. In the outlet the water is of
smaller depth and here linguoid ripples can be found.
Where the water leaves the outlet and spreads out in a
still shallower layer over the seaward slope of the ball,
the linguoid ripples make place for rhomboid ones.
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THE IDENTITY OF THE LECTOTYPE SPECIMEN OF
HALIOTIS CREBRISCULPTA SOWERBY, 1914
Buzz Owen
P.O. Box 601
Gualala, California 95445
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The identity of the lectotype of Haliotis
crebrisculpa Sowerby, 1914, is resolved, and the
circumstances leading to the discovery of its synonymy
with H. squamosa Gray, 1826, are described and
discussed. A number of photographs are presented on
two color plates that illustrate the similarities between
H. squamosa and the lectotype specimen. As animal
specimens of both the lectotype of H. crebrisculpta and
H. squamosa are unknown to science, conclusions are
drawn solely through the comparison of the shell
morphology of the lectotype of H. crebrisculpta and a
large number of specimens of H. squamosa.
INTRODUCTION
The three syntypes of H. crebrisculpta Sowerby,
1914, belong to two species (Stewart and Geiger, 1999).
Two specimens in the syntype series are referable to
H. clathrata Reeve, 1846, while the lectotype
designated by Stewart and Geiger (1999) remains
known from a single specimen. This has caused much
confusion and many malacologists and shell dealers
have referred to H. clathrata incorrectly as H.
crebrisculpta due to Sowerby’s error.
Prior to 1975, only three specimens of H.
squamosa, described as being from “Australia”, were
known to exist to most malacologists: the two syntypes
in the British Museum of Natural History, and a single
specimen in a marine station in Tulear, Madagascar
(R. R. Talmadge, pers. comm.). The only illustration of
a specimen was of one of the syntypes – a drawing of
which appeared in Reeve’s monograph of Genus
Haliotis (1846). As a result, few malacologists were
familiar, or even aware, of the species. That changed
in 1975, when Jos Aubert, a Madagascan foreign
exchange student, presented Owen with two Haliotis
specimens discovered on a beach near Fort Dauphin,
located at the southeast corner of Madagascar. Unable
to identify the specimens, Owen took them to R. R.
Talmadge who immediately recognized and identified
the specimens as H. squamosa. As the news of the
discovery of the true locality of this elusive species
spread among the malacological community, a number
of malacologists and shell dealers went to southeast
Madagascar and retrieved a large number of shell
specimens of H. squamosa. These were beachcollected by local natives who were shown photographs
of the species. Attempts to find living specimens were
unsuccessful as the sea conditions in the vicinity of
Fort Dauphin were so rough as to make SCUBA diving
impossible (D. Pisor, pers. com.). The animal of H.
squamosa remains unknown to science. Within a short
time, it was possible for Owen to obtain a large number
of specimens for study, including numerous smaller
shells less than fifty millimeters in length. It was during
the examination of these latter juvenile and sub-adult
specimens that the similarity to the lectotype specimen
of H. crebrisculpta was first noted. Geiger and Poppe
(2000) (citing Owen, pers. comm.) suggest the
possibility that H. crebrisculpta is a juvenile specimen
of H. squamosa with erroneous locality data and that a
careful comparison of the lectotype of H. crebrisculpta
with small specimens of H. squamosa could resolve
the question. The results of this study effectively resolve
this issue.
In addition to the two shells obtained from Jos
Aubert, 105 specimens of H. squamosa were obtained
from three shell dealers. All originated from the vicinity
of the Fort Dauphin area of southeast Madagascar and
were recently dead beach shells collected by local
natives. An additional 35 specimens from the collection
of Katherine Stewart were also made available for study.
The shells all ranged in size from 24.3 to 102.4 mm.
Details of sculpture, particularly spiral ribbing, were
studied, both at natural size and under 10X
magnification. Comparisons were made to two
photographs of the lectotype specimen of H.
crebrisculpta supplied by D. L. Geiger. These
photographs were taken with extremely fine grain 35
mm film and enabled the images to be enlarged to 250
mm with a very fine degree of resolution. This permitted
the close study of the fine scales covering the spiral
ribs on the exterior shell surface. Similarities were noted
and described.
RESULTS
Although 140 shell specimens were available for
study, only 79 smaller specimens (<80 mm) were used
for many of the comparisons. Specimens over 80 mm
were not included in some comparisons as they bore
little resemblance to the 30 mm holotype of H.
crebrisculpta in several aspects of shell proportion, in
addition to spire placement.
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27:1:31
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27:1:32
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The detailed examination of the photographs of
the lectotype specimen of H. crebrisculpta under 10X
magnification showed the spiral ribbing to have
considerable erosion of the high points of the uplifted
and somewhat regularly spaced scabrous scales. This,
together with the milky, non-reflective nacre of the
interior and the dull, yellow ochre dorsal coloration,
suggest that the shell spent considerable time on the
beach in the sun, in addition to suffering erosion in the
shallow intertidal zone where it was likely found. By
contrast, a large percentage of the H. squamosa
specimens examined appeared fresh dead, having little
or no erosion, and very reflective nacreous interiors.
Additionally, the scabrous scales on the uplifted and
more regularly spaced segments of the spiral ribs
exhibited sharp details. In the lectotype, the raised scaly
areas are considerably worn and the details on the
highest points are often missing.
After studying the spiral ribbing and other details
of sculpture on 140 specimens of H. squamosa, in
addition to two excellent photographs of the lectotype
specimen of H. crebrisculpta, the following conclusions
were made:
1) The number of major, spiral cords from the suture
between the apex and the body whorl to the row
of tremata averaged fifteen. The range varied from
fourteen to sixteen. The lectotype of H.
crebrisculpta has fifteen. A variable number of
minor cords will occasionally alternate with ribs of
greater width.
2) Uplifted scales occur on the spiral cords of the
lectotype along radial rows as localized shell
deposition events on the dorsal shell surface. In
the comparison group of H. squamosa, the number
of sharp, intermediate, cross serrations or “minor
scales” between these major uplifting events
averaged between six and seven. The range
varied from five to ten. This is similar to the
lectotype. Forty-four specimens out of seventyeight (56.4%) had seven open tremata, as does
the lectotype. (The remaining shells all had six
open).
3) The pair of ribs circumscribing the tremata of the
lectotype is present in 19 of the 78 specimens
(24.3%) of H. squamosa.
4) Spire location was calculated as a quotient of the
distance from the posterior margin to the apex
divided by the overall length. This quotient
averaged 16.2% for 12 specimens of H. squamosa
measured at 30mm, and measured 15.7% on the
lectotype of H. crebrisculpta. This difference is very
slight, and may be largely due to a slightly different
camera/shell angle used when photographing the
holotype. By comparison, another elongate
species, H. squamata Reeve, 1846, has a quotient
of 5.8% (average of 12 specimens), and H.
clathrata has a quotient of 23.4% (average of 12
specimens). These extreme differences
27:1:33
5)
6)
7)
8)
accentuate the nearly identical quotients of H.
squamosa and the H. crebrisculpta holotype.
The three to four strong, wide, and scaly, spiral
ribs on the carina, the area between the row of
tremata and the exterior edge of the columella are
identical in the lectotype and H. squamosa.
The columellar shape and interior sculpture of the
lectotype of H. crebrisculpta and those of the 140
specimens of H. squamosa studied exhibit a
striking degree of similarity (See plate 1, figures
3-5).
Geiger and Poppe (2000) suggest the straight
anterior margin of the lectotype of H. crebrisculpta
as a means of differential diagnosis from H.
squamosa. Of the 78 specimens of H. squamosa
examined, 11 specimens (14%) had a straight
anterior margin similar to the lectotype of H.
crebrisculpta. This percentage would undoubtedly
have been greater had all specimens measured
been approximately 30 mm in size.
Geiger and Poppe (2000) further differentiate the
lectotype of H. crebrisculpta from H. squamosa
by having the scabrous scales on the exterior ribs
arranged in “more or less radial rows”, with those
of H. squamosa appearing in an “almost random
fashion”. Of the 78 specimens of H. squamosa
examined, >50% exhibited the scabrous scales
arranged in radial rows very similar to the lectotype
of H. crebrisculpta, especially in earlier stages of
growth (shells <50 mm).
On the basis of the above conclusions I hereby
contend that the lectotype specimen of H. crebrisculpta
Sowerby, 1914, is, in fact, a misidentified juvenile
specimen of H. squamosa Gray, 1826 and propose that
the binomen H. crebrisculpta be henceforth relegated
to the status of a junior synonym of H. squamosa.
DISCUSSION
Previous error in the identification of this species
is directly attributable to Sowerby’s provision of
erroneous locality data in his description (published in
1914) and his apparent unfamiliarity with the preexisting type specimens of both H. squamosa Gray,
1826, and H. clathrata Reeve, 1846, in the BMNH. The
lectotype specimen measures only 30 mm and small
Haliotis are notoriously difficult to identify (Geiger, 1998;
Owen, pers. obs.). It is also obviously a beach
specimen, having undergone considerable erosion in
addition to having faded from exposure to the sun. Had
the specimen been 60-70 mm and fresh dead, its
identity probably would have been obvious to one
familiar with H. squamosa. In 1914 however, H.
squamosa was virtually unknown except for the two
syntypes in the BMNH. As Sowerby also misidentified
two specimens of H. clathrata as syntypes of the
lectotype of H. crebrisculpta, it is entirely possible that
he was unfamiliar with both H. clathrata and H.
squamosa, as well as the BMNH type collection itself.
Of Sea and Shore
Additionally, one of the syntypes of H. squamosa is
atypical of this species, having only 4 open tremata,
and unusual spiral ribbing with irregularly arranged and
uplifted scabrous scales. More typically, these uplifted
scales are arranged in more or less radial rows as in
the lectotype specimen of H. crebrisculpta. Close
examination of this syntype specimen of H. squamosa,
illustrated in Stewart and Geiger (1999), suggests the
possibility that this irregularity was caused by incidents
of crab predation which damaged the growing margin
of the shell during different stages of growth. The
examination of 78 specimens of H. squamosa indicated
such damage, in varying degrees, in 42 specimens
(53.8%). Any slight disruption of the growing edge will
cause the scabrous scales to become irregularly
arranged. It follows that larger, more mature specimens
(over 30 mm), would accrue and exhibit such damage
far more commonly than younger small juveniles and
sub-adults.
Although extensive collecting has occurred since
1914 at the type locality of New Caledonia, no second
specimen similar to the lectotype of H. crebrisculpa has
ever been found (Stewart and Geiger, 1999; J. H.
McLean, Mark Jones, pers. comm.). In addition, the
two H. clathrata syntypes are very different from one
another. The specimen with the broken anterior margin
has fairly smooth spiral ribs, which are very weaklydeveloped, fine scales, very weak radial lamellae,
strong blotchy chevron-like markings, and is very similar
to specimens of this species from Queensland. The
other syntype has strong spiral ribs with sharply-defined
cross serrations (scales), strong radial lamellae, is a
rather uniform color with little or no chevron-like
markings, and is more typical of specimens from the
Timor Sea, Guam, and other locations scattered
throughout the northern Indo-Pacific basin. This
suggests the possibility that the two syntypes may have
come from considerably separated locations. How
Sowerby obtained a specimen of H. squamosa from
southeast Madagascar is unknown.
The fact that two specimens of H. clathrata from
possibly well-separated localities should be combined
in the type lot of a species description, together with a
specimen of H. squamosa from southeast Madagascar,
exemplifies the problem of poor and erroneous locality
data that was rampant in the nineteenth century and
which continued to occur even into the twentieth century.
Examples of the former include H. squamosa described
by Gray in 1826 as being from “Australia”, but which is
actually indigenous only to Madagascar; H.
stomatiaeformis Reeve, 1846, described as being from
“New Zealand”, but which actually occurs at Malta and
Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea (Geiger and Owen,
2001); H. rufescens, indigenous to the west coast of
North America, being listed as occurring in “Ceylon”
(Reeve, 1846), and H. unilateralis Lamarck, 1822,
described as being from “Australia”, but which occurs
in the Red Sea, and parts of East Africa (Geiger, 1996).
27:1:34
In the early twentieth century, H. Hemphill deposited
eight juvenile specimens of “H. fulgens from Monterey,
California” in the collection of the California Academy
of Sciences (Talmadge, 1964). However, close
examination of these specimens in 1969 revealed the
group to consist of three species, none of which were
H. fulgens (Owen, pers. obs.).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This effort would not have been possible without
the contributions of many people over a period of almost
three decades. The author wishes to thank Jos Aubert
for providing the rediscovery specimens of H.
squamosa and the late Robert R. Talmadge for correctly
identifying them. Daniel L. Geiger provided the
photographs of the lectotype of H. crebrisculpta, copies
of the descriptions of H. crebrisculpta and H. squamosa,
and greatly appreciated editorial guidance. Katherine
Stewart provided key specimens from her vast
collection of Haliotis. The manuscript was improved
through the critical review of Steve Browning, Tom
Grace, and David Leighton.
LITERATURE CITED
Geiger, D. L. and G. T. Poppe. 2000. Family Haliotidae.
In: Poppe, G.T. and Groh, K. (Eds). A Conchological
Iconography. Conchbooks, Hackenheim,
Germany. 135pp, 83pls.
Geiger, D. L. and B. Owen. 2001. The Identity of Haliotis
stomatiaeformis Reeve, 1846, from the
Mediterranean Sea (Gastropoda:Vetigastropoda:
Haliotidae). The Nautilus 115(3):77-83.
Geiger, D. 1996. Haliotids in the Red Sea, with neotype
designation for Haliotis unilateralis Lamarck, 1822
(Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Revue Suisse de
Zoologie 103:339-354.
Lamarck, J. B. 1822. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux
sans Vertebres (Natural History of the animals
without Vertebrae). T. 6(2):1-232.
Gray, J. E. 1826. Narrative of a Survey of the
Intertropical and Western Coast of Australia
Performed Between the Years 1818 and 1822 by
Captain Phillip P. King. Vol. II, Appendix B:474-496.
Reeve, L. 1846. Monograph of the Genus Haliotis, 22
pp., 17 pls.
Sowerby, G. B. III. 1914. Descriptions of New Mollusca
from New Caledonia, Japan, Philippines, China and
West Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural
History Ser. 8, Vol. 14:475-480, pl. 19.
Stewart, K. 1994. Notes on Haliotis squamosa Gray,
1827. Shells and Sea Life 16:92-95.
Stewart, K. A. and D. L. Geiger. 1999. Designation of
Lectotype for Haliotis crebrisculpta Sowerby, 1914,
with a Discussion of H. clathrata Reeve, 1846 (non
Lichtenstein, 1794). The Veliger 42: 85-96.
Talmadge, R. R. 1964. The Races of Haliotis fulgens
Philippi (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Transactions of the
San Diego Society of Natural History. Vol. 13, No.
18, pp. 369-376.
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27:1:35
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27:1:36
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27:1:37
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27:1:38
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27:1:39
THE “BUZZ” ON ABALONES
AN UNUSUAL AND POPULAR TERATOLOGICAL
FORM FOUND IN GENUS HALIOTIS.
Buzz Owen
In this issue, I thought it would be interesting
to explore an aberrant shell morphology that occurs
occasionally, particularly in the “black abalone” (H.
cracherodii Leach, 1814). This variant actually had a
“name” ascribed to it almost 100 years ago when it was
described as: Haliotis cracherodii holzneri Hemphill,
1907. The shell malformation is caused by a downward
shift (change in the angle) of newly formed tremata,
with a pronounced arching and uplifting of the new shell
growth deposited subsequent to the injury (Plate 1). In
most cases, it appears to be initiated by an injury to the
mantle, affecting its function at the growing edge of the
shell. It is quite rare, especially in its more extreme
forms. As stated, it is most often found in the black
abalone, which is endemic to the coast and off shore
islands of northern Baja California, Mexico, and
California. This is probably because this species is
distributed in the shallow intertidal zone, and thus is
often exposed to damage caused by severe wave shock
and tumbling stones etc. It is most noticeable when
this downward shift of the newly formed tremata is quite
severe. In instances where the shift is only a few
degrees, the change in shell morphology may be barely
noticeable. In cases where the shift is considerable,
the resultant change in morphology can often be bizarre
and extreme. Rarely, the condition may even result in
a specimen suddenly ceasing to form open holes – thus
becoming imperforate (such was the case with
Hemphill’s type specimen). Often, the injury occurs at
a very early stage of growth, and is thus not visible,
obscured by erosion and/or incrustation. When it occurs
in later phases of development, the damage that caused
the abnormality is often clearly visible, as an area of
severely damaged and irregular shell increment. Rarely,
the downward shift occurs in an area of shell that
appears perfectly normal (Plate 1, bottom row), as if
the downward shift occurred without visible cause.
Although this condition may well be most commonly
found in H. cracherodii, it occurs in other species as
well – not surprisingly – most often those which are
frequently distributed at shallow depths, such as H.
fulgens and H. rufescens (the latter often occurring
intertidally in northern California), where shell damage
induced by rough sea conditions is more likely. Another
factor that may account for this is that large commercial
and sport fisheries in Baja California, Mexico, and
Southern California (prior to 1997 in Southern
California) have resulted in far more material being
available for study. Other species (besides H.
cracherodii, H. rufescens and H. fulgens), which
demonstrate this peculiar abnormality, are illustrated
on Plates 2 and 3. These include: H. corrugata Wood,
1828; H. kamtschatkana assimilis Dall, 1878; H. discus
hannai, Ino, 1952; and H. marmorata Linnaeus, 1758.
Curiously, the holotype specimen of H. sieboldii Reeve,
1846 (now classified as H. gigantea, Gmelin, 1791) is
such an aberration (Plate 3). A living example (~40 mm)
of H. fulgens cultured by Dave Leighton is illustrated
on Pl. 2, and, additionally, one specimen (of H.
cracherodii) obtained from shell dealer Wm. Naylor in
1954 is imperforate like Hemphill’s type of H. cracherodii
holzneri (Plate 1).
World Record Specimen of
Haliotis fulgens Philippi, 1845.
Based on material I have examined since 1949
(and in accord with other Haliotis specialists I have been
in contact with in the past 55 years), H. fulgens is the
world’s second largest species of Haliotis. The
specimen illustrated with this month’s column is the
largest ANY of us have ever measured, and thus lays
claim to the title of the “World’s Largest Known Green
Abalone”. Actually, I know of few specimens that
measure in excess of 235 mm (about 9.25 inches) –
perhaps as few as 5 or 6 – all but one or two of these in
my own collection. Four of these latter examples are
illustrated on Plate 4 below the world record specimen.
This largest shell (255.3 mm) was given to me in
October, 1959, by Gustar “Swede” Armann, at the same
moment that he also gave me a huge specimen of H.
rufescens Swainson, 1822 (293 mm/11.5 plus inches).
This latter specimen of the “red abalone” was the world’s
largest known Haliotis shell from 1952 to 1983 (see
article “A Brief History and Photo Study of the World’s
Six Largest Haliotis Shells, With Notes on Possible
Factors Causing Gigantism” [this issue]). This huge
“green abalone” (known to Mexican fishermen and
collectors as “abul n azul”) had been given to Armann
originally by D. D. “Darrell” Forman around 1955. It was
reportedly found by Forman as a long dead shell on
the beach at Isla Asunci n, Baja California, Mexico in
the late 1940’s. I have personally always been
suspicious of this locality data, as all information I have
accumulated over the years I have been exposed to
and studied Baja Californian (Mexican) Haliotis strongly
suggests H. fulgens from this area attains maximum
sizes which are much smaller than this at maturity
(seldom over 200 mm). The truth here will probably
never be known, as Forman passed away over 40 years
ago – I never met the man – and Armann, whom I
worked with and came to know very well, was a
legendary “story teller” regarding locality data and
maximum sizes (an understatement)!! (“Swede” passed
away about 35 years ago). Actually, the huge H. fulgens
specimen may have come from the colder waters in a
Of Sea and Shore
part of northern Baja California between Soledad Bay
and Punta Banda (which includes Santo Tom s). Some
very large examples of H. fulgens, H. rufescens, H
corrugata, and H. cracherodii, have been found in the
area, where conditions are often ideal for Haliotis to
reach very large sizes. These conditions include, but
are certainly not limited to, cold water (10-15 degrees
C), excellent water circulation, growth of superior algal
food species for Haliotis, plus low population densities
of animals found in specific localities throughout this
area.
RECENTLY DESCRIBED
SHELLED MARINE MOLLUSKS
Calliostoma philippei Poppe, 2004 [page 41, fig.1]
Type locality: off Aliguay Island, Philippines
Distribution: known only from type locality,
dredged 80-200m
Size: 13+mm
Calliostoma guphili Poppe, 2004 [page 41, fig.3]
Type locality: off Sendingan, Loon, Bohol,
Philipines
dredged 56-90m
Size: 6mm
Calliostoma vilvensi Poppe, 2004 [page 41, fig.4]
dredged 80-200m
Size: to 22mm
Tectus magnificus Poppe, 2004 [page 41, fig.5]
dredged 80-200m
Size: to 50+mm
Poppe, G. Descriptions of spectacular new species from the
Philippines 9Gastropoda – Trochidae, Cypraeidae). Viscaya 1: 419. July
Nassaria perlata Poppe & Fraussen, 2004
Distribution: known only from type locality, 80-200m
Size: to 31+mm
[page 42, fig.1]
Poppe, Guido T. & Koen Fraussen. A new species of Nassaria
from the Central Philippines. Vesaya 1: 48-50, July
Visaya in an ocasional periodical available from
Conchology, Inc. (see ad page 70).
27:1:40
Notovoluta gerondiosi
Bail & Limpus, 2005 [page 42, fig.2]
Type locality: 100 km west of Shark Bay,
Western Australia
Distribution: central continental shelf from
type locality north to off North West Cape
Size: adults 80-100mm
Bail, Patrice and Allan Limpus. A new species of Volutidae
(Gastropoda) from Western Australia. Visaya 3: 47-54. January
Engina ignicula Fraussen, 2004 [page 42, fig.3]
Type locality: off Richards Bay, Natal, South
Africa from stomach of the fish
Chrysoblephus puniceus
Distribution: known only from off Richards Bay
Size: 8mm
Frausen, Koen. A new Engina from South Africa (Gastropoda:
Buccinidae). Visaya 1: 44-47. July
Morula (Habromorula) whiteheadae
Houart, 2004 [page 42, fig.4]
Type locality: Houtman Abrolhos, Gun
Island, West Australia
Distribution: from Pelsart Island to North
West Cape, West Australia
Size: to 44+mm
Houart, Roland. Review of the Recent species of Morula
(Oppomorus). M. (Azumamorula) and M. (Habromorula)
(Gastropoda: Muricidae: Ergalataxinae).: Novapex 5(4): 91-130
Neocancilla rikae de Suduiraut, 2004
Type locality:Balicasag Island, Bohol,
Philippines
[page 42, fig.5]
Distribution: Balicasg, Bohol and Aliguay
Island, Mindanau
Size: 40 mm
De Suduiraut, Emmanuel Guillot. Description d’une nouvelle
espece de Mitridae des Philippines Dans le genre Neocancilla
(Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Mitridae). Gloria Maris 43(2-3): 1418
Fusinus rolani Buzzurro & Ovalis, 2005
Type locality: Saronikos Gulf, Greece
Distribution: Saronikos Gulf and Kithnos,
Greece, 22-36m
[page 42, fig.6]
Size: under 15mm
Buzzurro, G. and P. Ovalis. Fusinus rolani: A New
Medeiterranean Species. Triton, 11:1-3. March.
Conus (Kermasprella) suduirauti [page 42, fig.7]
G. Raybaudi Massilia, 2004
Type locality: Calituban Island, north of
Bohol Island, Philippines
Distribution: from type locality and Laing
Island, near Bogia, Papua New Guinea
Size: to 21mm
Raybaudi Massilia, Gabriella. An “Old” New Species of Conus
from the Philippines.Visaya 1, 2:38-41
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27:1:41
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27:1:42
Of Sea and Shore
Alvania annobonensis Rolan, 2004 [page 45, fig.1]
Type locality: Isla Tortuga, Annobon, Guinea
Equatorial
Distribution: known only from Annobon
Island
Size: approx. 1.5mm
Rolan, Emilio. Another new species of Alvania (Mollusca:
Rissoidae) from Annobon (Gulf of Guinea, West Africa. Novapex
5(4): 139-141
Chicoreus (Triplex) allaryi
[page 45, fig.2]
Houart, Quiquandon & Briano, 2004
Type locality: off Cape Sainte Marie, Fort
Dauphin, Madagascar
Distribution: known only from type locality
Size: to 98+mm
Houart, Roman, Philippe Quiquandon and Bruno Briano.
Description of a new species of Chicorfeus (Triplex)
(Gastropoda:Muricidae) from Madagascar. Novapex 5(4): 143-146
Leptochiton (Leptochiton) pepezamorai
Zalvide, Urgorri & Garcia, 2004
Type locality: off A Quiniela, Galicia,
northwestern Spain, 753-840m
Size: to 2.5mm
[page 45, fig.3]
Leptochiton (Leptochiton) troncosoi
Zalvide, Urgorri & Garcia, 2004
Type locality: off A Quiniela, Galicia,
northwestern Spain, 753-832m
Size: 8.5mm
[page 45, fig.4]
Zalvide, Pilar Carmona, Victoriano Urgorri and Francisco J.
Garcia. Two new species of Leptochiton Gray, 1847
(Polyplacophora) from the Iberian Peninsula (eastern Atlantic
coast). The Nautilus 118(4): 144-151
Diplodonta bogii van Aartsen, 2004
Type locality: Zeit Bay, Egypt
[page 45, fig.5]
Distribution: Red Sea, Yemen,
Mediterranean coast of Israel
Size: 10mm
van Aartsen, J.J. Diplodonta bogii spec. nov.: a new species from
The Red Sea living along the Mediterranean coast of Israel
(Bivalvia: Diplodontidae). Basteria, 68 (4-6): 73-76
Calliotropis pulvinaris Vilvens, 2005
Type locality: west Madagascar, 640-660m
Distribution: west and northwest coast of
Madagascar, 640-800 meters
Size: 15-18+mm Pg 47, fig. 1
Vilvens, Claude. Description of Calliotropis pulvinaris new species
(Gastropoda: Trochidae: Eycyclinae: Calliotropini) from West
Madagascar. The Nautilis 119(1): 50-54. March
27:1:43
Brookula megaumbilicata
Absalao & Pimenta, 2004 Page 47, fig. 2
Type locality: off Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Distribution: 1200m off Rio de Janeiro State
Size: 1.5mm
Brookula olearia
Absalao & Pimenta, 2005 Pg. 47, fig. 3
Distribution: deep water off Rio de J State
Size: 1 mm
Brookula proseila
Absalao & Pimenta, 2005 Pg. 47, Fig. 4
Type locality: off Bahia State, Brazil
Distribution: Bahia and Sergipe States,
Brazil, 50 to 900 m
Size: to 1.91 mm
Vetulonia parajeffreysi
Absalo & Pimenta, 2005 Pg. 47, fig. 5
Distribution: off R d J State, 1157-1600m
Size: 2.8mm high, 3.0mm wide
Absalao, Ricardo Silva and Alexandre Dias Pimenta. New Records
and New Species of Vetulonia Dall, 1913 and Brookula Iredale, 1912
from Brazil (Gastropoda: Trochidae). The Veliger 47(3): 193-201.
March
Orbitestella patagonica
Simone & Zelaya, 2005 Pg. 47, Fig. 6
Type locality: Beagle Channel, Tierra del
Fuego, Argentina
Size: 1.1 mm
Simone, Luiz R.L. and Diego G. Zelaya. A New Orbites-tella
(Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Orbitestellidae) from Tierra del Fuego,
Argentina. The Nautilus 119(1): 160-166. March
Akera julieae Vald s & Barwick, 2005
Type locality: SW corner of Santa Catalina
Island, California
[page 47, fig.7]
Distribution: type locality south to Bahia de
Salinas, Costa Rica, 1.5-40 meters
Size: 2.5 mm (Holotype)
Vald s, Angel and Kelvin Barwick. First record of Akera M ller, 1776,
from the eastern Pacific, with th description of a new species. The
Nautilus 119(1): 43-49. March.
Niveria brasilica Fehse & Grego, 2005
Type locality: off Guarapari, Espirito Santo
State, Brazil, 33m
[page 49, fig.1]
Distribution: thus far only type locality
Size: about 5mm
Of Sea and Shore
Pusula macaeica Fehse & Grego, 2005
Type locality: Maca , Rio de Janeiro State,
Brazil, trawled by shrimp boats, 150m
Size: around 10mm
[page 49, fig.1a]
Dolichupis virgo Fehse & Grego, 2005
Type locality: off Guarapari, Espirito Santo
State, Brasil, 33m
[page 49, fig.2]
Size: about 7mm
Fehse, Dirk and Jozef Grego. Contributions to the Knowledge of
the Triviidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) X. New TRIVIIDAE from
Brazil. Visaya 3: 16-42 (note includes 18 full page color plates)
Calyptraea inexpectata Rolan, 2004
Type locality: Ile de Los, Guinea Conakry
Distribution: Western Sahara and Mauritania
to Benin in depths of 25-53m [page 49, fig.3]
Size: up to 12mm
Calyptraea africana Rolan, 2004 [page 49, fig.4]
Type locality: Luanda, Angola
Distribution: west coast of Africa from south
of Western Sahara down to Angola
Size: up to 35mm in diameter
Rolan, Emilio. The genus Calyptraea (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae) in the East Atlantic. Iberus, 22 (2):
51-79
Volvarina nealei
[page 49, fig.5]
Wakefield & McCleery, 2004
Type locality: Anchorage Island, Suwarrow,
Northern Cook Islands
Size: to 4.5mm
Wakefield, Andrew and Tony McCleery. The genusVolvarina
(Gastropoda: Marginellidae) in Polynesia Novapex 5(4): 131-139
Guildfordia superba
Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2005
Type locality: Balut Island, Philippines
Size: Diameter without spines 40+mm, with
spines 81+mm
[page 49, fig.6]
Poppe, Guido T., Sheila Tagaro and Henk Dekker. Discovery of a
New Guildfordia (Gastropoda, Turbini-dae) near Balut Island,
South of Mindanao, the Philippines. Visaya 3: 4-10. January
Olivella (Janaoliva) amoni
Sterba & Lorenz, 2005 [page 49, fig.7]
Type locality: Lissenung Island, New Ireland,
Papua New Guinea, 5-64m
Distribution: type locality, northern Sulavesi,
and Pulau Radja, Indonesia and,
possible, New Caledonia
Size: up to 4.3mm
27:1:44
Sterba, G nther H. W. and Felix Lorenz. Olivella (Janaoliva)
amoni, A new subgenus and species from the Bismark
Archipelago and Indonesia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Olivellidae).
Visaya 3: 43-46. January
Conus medeoci Lorenz, 2004 [page 49, fig.8]
Type locality: Lavonono, Madagascar
Size: to 60mm
Conus chiapponorum Lorenz, 2004
Type locality: between Fort Dauphin and
Lavonono, Madagascar
[page 49, fig.9]
Distribution: known only from the above area
Size: to 58+mm
Lorenz, Felix. Two New Species of CONIDAE from Southern
Madagascar. Visaya 1, No. 2:19-23
Conus vulcanus Tenorio & Afonso, 2004
Type locality: Porto Ferreira, east coast of
Boavista, Cape Verde Islands
Distribution: north and east coasts of
Boavista
[page 49, fig.10]
Size: to 25+mm
Conus crioulus Tenorio & Afonso, 2004
Type locality: Praia Real, north coast of
Maio Island, Cape Verde Islands
Distribution: found only at type locality
Size: to 23mm
[page 49, fig.11]
Conus claudiae Tenorio & Afonso, 2004
Type locality: Praia Real, north coast of
Maio Island, Cape Verde Islands
Distribution: north coast of Maio Island
Size: to 26mm
[page 49, fig.12]
Conus isabelarum Tenorio & Afonso, 2004
Type locality: Baia de Pau Seco, west coast
of Maio Island, Cape Verde Islands
Distribution: from area of type locality
Size: to 30mm
[page 49, fig.13]
Tenorio, Manuel J. and Carlos M. L. Afonso. De-scription of Four
New Species of Conus from the Cape Verde islands (Gastropoda,
Conidae). Visaya 1, 2: 24-37
Dentiovula lissemungensis Lorenz, 2005
Type locality: Lissenung Island, Kavieng,
New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
Distribution: type locality, 30-35m
Size: to 18+mm
[page 49, fig.14]
Lorenz, Feloix. A new species of Ovulidae from New Ireland
(Gastropoda – Prosobranchia). Visaya 3: 11-15
Visit our website
www.ofseaandshore.com
for other publications and news
Of Sea and Shore
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27:1:46
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27:1:47
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27:1:51
Tom’s Hermit Crab
FIG. 9. Nematopagurus ricei n. sp., holotype, male (3.0 mm), BERYX 11 stn DW 18 (MNHN Pg 6118):
a, shield and cephalic appendages; b, chela and carpus of right cheliped; c, chela and carpus of left
cheliped; d, right second pereopod (lateral view); e, telson. Scales = 1.0 (e) and 2.0 (a-d).
In Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos, Volume 23, Bruce A.
Marshall and Bertrand Richer de Forges, editors., Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris 2004, p151230
Nematopagurus A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier,
1892 and the descriptions of five new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Paguridae) Patsy A. McLAUGHLIN
Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Road, Anacortes, Washington, 98221-9081B, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT
The hermit crab genus Nematopagurus, erected by A.
Milne-Edwards & Bouvier (1892) for a single Atlantic
species, has vastly larger reported representation in the
Indo-Pacific region. However, the majority of species
have been described on the basis of one or only a few
specimens. The Musorstom expeditions to the south
central Pacific and Philippine Islands, supplemented
by the surveys of the United States Fish Commission
steamer Albatross in Hawaiian, Philippine and Japanese waters, have provided not only a substantial
amount of new material, but sufficient representation of
Continued on page 64
Of Sea and Shore
27:1:52
Trophon geversianus - A Photo Study
(See pages 53-57)
Trophon geversianus Pallas, 1774 was amongst
the first species of mollusks described from the
southern tip of the South American continent, the
species occurs in both Argentine and Chilean waters;
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. And it occurs from Tierra
del Fuego (Fire Land) north to the 45th parallel south.
It’s variability is legendary amongst those who collect
the mollusks of the area. Helen Racz Lorenz has
amassed quite a collection of this species showing all
its variations and we are pleased to present here her
photographs, including a specimen (112mm!) that far
exceeds the published world record size – see T55
and T56 on page 56, from the Pacific coast of Chile.
Locality Information:
Specimen of note: T2 (page 56) has brachiopods
[Magellania venosa] attached; T 56 (page 53, )
northernmost specimen; T59 (page 53) with T.
geversianus eggs attached; T57 and 57a (page 53) are
a unique color form. And, of course T55 and T56 (page
56) mentioned previously.
Figures (“T” not included here): 1, 14, 24, 31, 32, 35,
36, 40, 45 and 49 Trawled, 140 m, Beagle Channel,
Argentina
Figures: 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17, 20, 22, 26, 27, 28, 34,
37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 53, 54, 63
By divers, to 34 m, off Cabo San Diego, Argentina
(South Atlantic Ocean)
Figure: 18, by diver, 18 m, Beagle Channel
Figures: 23 and 58. Isla Estados, dark chocolate
color only from this locality.
Figure: 56, Pto. Madryn, Argentina, parallel 40 S.,
most northerly locality
Figures: 5 and 66. Tierra del Fuego, South Atlantic
Ocean
Figures: 2, 29, 30, 48, 52, 55, 56, 59, 60. Pacific
coast, southern Chile (59 by diver at 30 meters)
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A NEW CONUS SPECIES FROM THE PHILIPPINES
(GASTROPODA – CONIDAE)
R. M. Filmer*
ABSTRACT: Conus moncuri sp. nov is described and
compared with C. litteratus Linnaeus, 1758 and C.
leopardus R ding, 1798.
Introduction
In the last twelve months, the well known, shell dealer
Alistair Moncur has obtained seven specimens of an
unusual cone. These specimens have come from
Filipino divers and sub dealers who have obtained them
from locations as far apart as Palawan Island and Bohol
Island in the southern Philippines.
A question remains as to whether these specimens are
indeed a new species in the Genus Conus, a new
subspecies or merely a variety. However there seems
to be enough evidence to justify new species
status.Conus moncuri species novum.
Description
The holotype, which has been selected from the type
material, displays the variations in the colour patterns
found in the rest of the type material.
The holotype is in The British Museum of Natural History
(BMNH), registration number 20050091, it measures
98.5 x 54 mm and weighs 124 grammes.
The spire is low with a concave outline, there are five
whorls below the badly eroded apex. Despite the
erosion of the protoconch the apex is dome shaped.
There is a raised ridge or step on the outer side of the
latter whorls at the suture. The latter whorls are concave
and contain some spiral cords. The off-white ground
colour has pink tinges and there are numerous curved
axial brown-black strips.
The shoulder is relatively angulate. The axial brownblack strips, present on the spire whorls, cross the
shoulder. The body whorl is convex just below the
shoulder and then straight to the base. The sculpture
consists of axial growth marks and some vague well
separated spiral grooves near the base. The ground
colour is vaguely pink with brown-black squares and
flecks in spiral rows. Most of the dorsal side has very
few brown-black marks while the ventral side has
numerous ones. There are two pale yellowish bands
with numerous axial brown-black flecks crossing them.
The base is marked with a very distinctive purple-brown
stain. The body whorl is smooth and tends to be shiny.
The aperture is relatively wide and straight. It is white
except for the basal stain described above. The
columeIla is rather straight and has only one pleat. The
lip is strong and straight and the notch at the spire end
is rather shallow.
Paratype No..1 is with A. Moncur. It measures 181 x 92
mm and weighs 532 grammes. It is more sparsely
marked on the body whorl than is the holotype. There
are some narrow pale orange-yellow bands between
the two broad bands. There remain touches of a
thinnish, yellowish periostracum on the spire whorls.
There is a large (49 x 13 mm) elongated ovate
operculum. The sides are slightly concave in the middle
and there are a number of large repaired breaks on the
body whorl.
Paratype No.2 is with A. Moncur. It measures 155 x 85
mm and weighs 334 granges. Like the holotype it is
more sparsely marked on the dorsal side of the body
whorl. There are many large breaks most of which have
been filled with a waxy substance by the Filipino
provider.
Paratype No.3 is in the collection of R.M. Filmer. It
measures 145 x 75mm. and weighs 248 grammes. It
has more brown-black marks on the dorsal side than
the holotype or paratypes 1 & 2 have. It has one large
repaired break on the dorsal aide.
Paratype No.4 is in The Zoological Museum, University
of Amsterdam (ZMUA). It measures 120 x 66 mm. and
weighs 190 grammmes. It is full of huge repaired breaks
and the dorsal side is partly eroded. The dorsal side
has fewer brown-black marks than the ventral side
does.
Paratype No.5 is with A. Moncur. It measures 110 x 59
mm. and weighs 144 grammes. This is by far the most
beautiful specimen of the type lot (another similarly
beautiful specimen was disposed of before this
description was prepared). There are numerous
somewhat irregular brown-black squarish markings on
both sides of the body whorl and there is a rich orangeyellow tinge to the body whorl. Unlike the rest of the
type material, this specimen has a third orange-yellow
band below the shoulder. On the interior side of the
spire whorls, the pinkish colour turns to purple. There
is one repaired break line near the aperture. There is a
cluster of small wormholes on part of the spire.
There is clear consistency in the shape, sculpture and
colouring of all the type material, all of which has been
live collected. The species is very large and rather
heavy. It is clear that the larger and presumably older
specimens begin to lose their bright colours and brownblack markings especially on the dorsal side as they
age
Of Sea and Shore
The animal was not available for study, as the animals
were removed before the shells become available for
study. The periostracums were also removed from all
the type material, except for a trace found on Paratype
No. 1. One operculum was provided with Paratype No.
1 (but it may well have come from another shell).
Habitat
The true habitat is unknown. According to the provider,
Alistair Moncur, the material does not come from tangle
nets nor does it come from trawling or dredging. The
species was probably obtained by deep diving, using
compressors, at 30 to 50 meters. It seems this type of
diving is relatively new in The Philippines. This is
perhaps the reason these shells have not appeared
before. It is apparent from the heavy scaring of nearly
all specimens that they live amongst rocks or coral,
most likely the former in areas with strong currents.
Type locality
Precise details of the type locality are not available,
but the Holotype and Paratype No. 5 come from off
northern Bohol Island in the Philippines. The other
paratypes come from Palawan Island and the species
is also thought to occur off Samar Island, in fact it is
possibly widespread throughout the southern
Philippines .
27:1:60
broader. It differs from it in having regular spiral grooves
on the spire, which has only very vague sutural ridges
and does not have the dome shaped apex. The spiral
grooves are almost obsolete at the base. It has a more
rounded shoulder and smaller, more regular brownblack spots, these axe usually axially aligned on the
body whorl and there are no yellow or orange bands.
All white specimens also occur. The aperture and the
base are pure white with not a hint of purple brown
evident. The lip is thinner. C leopardus lives in sand
and weed on large flat areas or reef flats from just below
tide level to about 45 meters. It is not subject to rough
water and therefore possesses very few break marks.
C. eburneus Hwass (in Bruguiere), 1792. This is a
much smaller species. It differs from the new species
by having a much rounder shoulder, a more convex
outline, more pronounced grooves on the spire whorls
and at the base of the body whorl, which is pure white.
C, eburneus lives in sand or muddy substrate, not
amongst rocks. It ocurrs commonly intertidally and down
to about 70 meters. It is not subject to rough water and
very rarely has break marks.
C. virgo Linnaeus, 1758. The only common feature C.
virgo has with the new species is its pronounced purple
base stain. Otherwise it has no brown or black
markings, it is more elongated and has a course
surface. C. virgo lives in sand and rubble from less than
a meter to about 15 meters.
Comparison
Summary
There are only four species with which it is appropriate
to compare the new species, all four occur in the same
Philippine waters. They are:
C. litteratus Linnaeus, 1758. This is definitely the
closest to the new species. It differs by having much
more regular and even dark brown-black squarish
marks on the body whorl, which are always present on
both the dorsal and ventral sides. (The author has never
seen a specimen of C. litteratus lacking the marks.)
Although the aperture is usually white, on a few
specimens a tinge of dark purplish-brown appears on
the base, but can only be seen on the external aspect
and on the edge of the lip, never within the aperture.
The spire is lower and is straight rather than concave
in outline. The apex is not dome shaped and there are
no sutural ridges. C. litteratus is broader at the shoulder
than the new species arid very rarely grows to anything
like the new species. C. litteratus is most often found in
very shallow water although it also occurs down to 60
meters. It lives in sand and weed or in coral rubble and
silt, but not
Amongst rocks and is almost never subject to rough
water and consequent breaks.
C. leopardus R ding, 1798. This species approaches
the new species in size, but is heavier and slightly
All four of the above species are common throughout
the Indo-Pacific and are very well known and
established species. In C. moncuri, C. litteratus, C.
leopardus and C. virgo the early whorls and protoconch
are nearly always heavily eroded; only in C. eburneus
is this not so. In summary the five most distinguishing
features of the new species are: the large size, the
slightly more slender shape, the very pronounced
purple-brown basal stain, the sutural ridge on the spire
whorls, the dome like apex and its probable rocky and
turbulent habitat.
There are precedents, in at least two cases, to
distinguishing species by the presence of a strong basal
stain alone. Firstly C. virgo Linnaeus, 1758 and C.
coelinae Crosse, 1858 and secondly C. ferrugineus
Hwass, 1792 and C. planorbis Born, 1778. In these
examples specimens can sometimes only be separated
by the basal stain .
Table 1 contains data on dimensions and weight of the
three main species C. moncuri, C. lltteratus and C.
leapaxdus. The specimens if the latter two species were
chosen as they represent these species well. From the
data included it is clear that the new species is the
largest, lightest in weight and most slender of the three,
while C. leoparaus is the heaviest.
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Table 2 - contains comparative data on C. moncuri, C.
litteratus and C. leopardus.
Graph 1 displays the comparative size of C, moncuri,
C. leopardus and C. litteratus. See page 61.
Graph 2 displays the comparative size versus weight
of the same three species. See to right.
Plate 1 (page 58) displays the Holotype of C. moncuri.
Plate 2 (page 61) displays the paratypes of C. moncuri.
Plate 3 (page 62) displays a comparison of C. moncuri
with C. litteratus and C. leopardus.
Etymology
The species is named after Alistair Moncur, who first
brought this new species to the attention of the author.
Acknowledgements.
Thanks are due to Alistair Moncur for providing the
material and for much good advice and assistance.
Thanks are also due to Robert Moolenbeek (ZMUA)
for reviewing the manuscript and giving his advice.
Finally special thanks are due to William Moncur of
Camberley, United Kingdom, for the photography.
References.
Hwass C.H. (in Bruguiere), 1792 Encyclopedia et
Methodique, Histoire Naturelle des Vers 1 (2).
Linnaeus (Linne), C. von. 1758 Systema Naturae per
Regna Tria Naturae 10th edition.
D. R ckel, W. Korn & A.J. Kohn, 1995 Manual of the
Living Conidae, volume 1: Indo-Pacific Region.
R ding, P. F. 1798 Museum Boltenianum 2, I-VIII.
Springsteen F.J. & Leobrera F.M. 1986 Shells of the
Philippines.
* R. M. Filmer, Winterbourne House, Chobham Surrey.
OU24 8AL England,
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Of Sea and Shore
27:1:64
Continued from page 51
most described species to permit the evaluation of intraspecific morphological variation. As a result, although
five new species have been recognized, three recently
described species have proven to be junior synonyms
of previously known, but poorly represented, species.
Nematopagurus holthuisi McLaughlin & Hogarth and
N. pilosus Komai are synonymous with N. gardineri
Alcock, while N. shinnyoae Komai is synonymous with
N. kosiensis McLaughlin. The range of N. diadema
Lewinsohn, reported previously from the Red Sea, the
eastern coast of South Africa, and the South China
Sea, has been extended to Fiji, while that of N. meiringae
McLaughlin, known from eastern South Africa and the
South and East China Seas, has been extended to the
Philippine Islands. Nematopagurus kosiensis
McLaughlin, previously known only from eastern South
Africa has been found not only in Japanese waters, but
also as far east as the Hawaiian Islands. Species identified by several authors as N. squamichelis Alcock and
N. muricatus (Henderson) have been reexamined and
correctly reassigned to other taxa. Descriptions and illustrations are presented for all species, together with
a key for their recognition.
Nematopagurus ricei n. sp.
ETYMOLOGY.It is a pleasure to dedicate this species
to Thomas C. Rice, internationally recognized
malacologist, and founder of the Pacific Northwest Shell
Club of Seattle, Washington, and the Of Sea and Shore
Museum in Port Gamble, Washington. He is also the
publisher of the popular of Sea and Shore Magazine,
and has been instrumental in attracting students to
marine biology for many years.
Tell our advertisers you saw their ad in
Of Sea and Shore
27:1:65
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A LITTLE KNOWN HALIOTIS SUBSPECIES FROM MAGDALENA BAY,
LOWER CALIFORNIA, MEXICO: A RE-EXAMINATION AND PHOTO STUDY OF
H. FULGENS TURVERI BARTSCH, 1942.
Buzz Owen
P.O. Box 601
Gualala, Calif. 95445
[email protected]
Haliotis fulgens turveri Bartsch, 1942
ABSTRACT
MATERIAL EXAMINED:
Sixteen specimens of H. fulgens turveri, a
poorly-known and somewhat contentious ssp. of H.
fulgens Philippi, 1845, are illustrated with highresolution color photography. Several specimens of H.
fulgens fulgens and H. fulgens guadalupensis
Talmadge, 1964, are illustrated for comparison. Factors
for the justification/validity of the ssp. including its
different shell morphology and isolation from the
nominate race are presented.
1) Haliotis fulgens turveri
The earliest material examined for this study
consisted of approximately 220 specimens obtained
from a number of sources between 1954 and 1959. An
additional group of approximately 125 specimens were
retrieved in 1995-1996 from small curio stores in Cabo
San Lucas, at the southern tip of Lower California,
Mexico. Finally, in 1999, approximately 650 specimens
were obtained from the small commercial fishery at
Santa Margarita Island at the south end of Magdalena
Bay. These latter specimens were obtained by Abel
Serrano, a Mexican fisheries biologist, packed in heavy
burlap bags tied closed with sisal twine, and brought
directly to Ensenada from Magdalena Bay.
2) Haliotis fulgens fulgens.
Several hundred thousand specimens of the
nominate race have been examined between 1949 and
2003. These specimens represent populations found
between Punta Abreojos, Lower California, Mexico, and
Santa Rosa Island, California.
3) Haliotis fulgens guadalupensis.
Approximately 1500 specimens of this ssp.,
which is endemic to Guadalupe Is., Lower California,
Mexico, have been studied between 1964 and 2003.
The locality data for all specimens of both H. fulgens
turveri and H. fulgens guadalupensis is very accurate,
as is a large percentage of the H. fulgens fulgens
included in this study.
Shell specimens used for the photo plates were
selected to show excellent details of sculpture, and then
cleaned with a hand wire brush and an X-Acto knife.
Photography was accomplished with a Canon A70
digital camera, and the resultant images processed with
an iMac computer using Adobe Photoshop version 8.
INTRODUCTION
Seven species of Haliotis are known to occur
on the Pacific Coast of North America. In addition, five
ssp. have been described – only one of which has
received much attention in the literature and is widely
considered valid; H. kamtschatkana assimilis Dall,
1878, which occurs from central California to northern
Lower California, Mexico.
This will be the third in a series of papers
treating the ssp. found on the west coast of Lower
California, Mexico. Two earlier papers dealt with two of
the three ssp. endemic to one of its offshore islands;
Isla Guadalupe (Owen, 2003; 2004). The present work
will focus on H. fulgens turveri, a form that is almost
unknown in collections and whose validity has been
questioned; Talmadge (1964) considering it valid, and
Geiger (1998) and Geiger and Poppe (2000) treating it
as a synonym of H. fulgens. The ssp. occurs at the
extreme southern point in the distribution of H. fulgens
on the Pacific Coast: Magdalena Bay (Bahia
Magdalena) to Punta Conejo, Lower California, Mexico.
Long-term field observations by biologists and workers
in Mexican commercial abalone fisheries (Fed. Reg.
de. Sociedades Cooperativas de la Industria Pesquera
Baja California, F.C.L.) demonstrate this small
population of H. fulgens as being isolated from contact
with the closest population further north (at Punta
Abreojos) by >200 km (F. Fonseca; A. Serrano, pers.
comm.)
Abbreviations of Collections: BOC: Buzz Owen
Collection.
RESULTS
As this extremely large amount of material from
Magdalena Bay was being examined to select
specimens that exhibited good detail for photography,
a number of differences in shell morphology became
apparent when comparisons were made to specimens
of H. fulgens fulgens and H. fulgens guadalupensis:
1) The very strong, deep, and often extremely
wide, spiral ribbing of the Magdalena Bay shells was
perhaps most noticeable. Typical specimens of H. f.
Of Sea and Shore
27:1:68
fulgens and H. fulgens guadalupensis have narrower
ribbing which is not as deep or pronounced.
2) The shells of H. fulgens turveri tend to be
thinner, with the spiral ribbing being very pronounced
when viewed from the ventral side.
3) Frequently, younger specimens of H. fulgens
turveri exhibit a highly silvered, nacreous interior
compared to H. f. fulgens and H. fulgens guadalupensis,
Also, in H. fulgens turveri, the muscle scar often doesn’t
begin until the shell is much more mature.
4) In fairly mature specimens of H. fulgens turveri,
the muscle scar often tends to have more “clumping”
of patchy, nacreous material, than the more “flowing”
linear pattern found in the area of attachment of the
other two ssp. (Plates 1 and 2).
These differences become more apparent in
direct proportion to the size of the study group being
examined. When over 500 specimens of each of the
three ssp. are available for study, the differences in the
isolated Magdalena Bay population become very clear
and obvious.
DISCUSSION
The examination of this large amount of
material took place over a period of >40 years, with the
differences in the extreme southern population
becoming more convincing and distinct as time passed
and greater amounts of material became available for
study. Of particular interest were the comparisons made
between the Santa Margarita Island/Magdalena Bay (H.
fulgens turveri) population and the large number of H.
f. fulgens taken at Punta Abreojos, the first point to the
north of Magdalena Bay where Haliotis reappear (after
a gap in distribution of >200 km). The Punta Abreojos
specimens are easily separated from the Magdalena
Bay shells, and are as different as populations found
much further north (i.e. Bahia Tortugas and Cedros
Island, Lower California). Careful study of these
mainland and near-shore coastal islands populations,
(not including Guadalupe Island), suggests they differ
greater morphologically from H. fulgens turveri than they
do from H. fulgens guadalupensis. Stated differently,
H. fulgens turveri is the most different in shell
morphology of the three ssp. The isolation of this small
population near the southern tip of Lower California,
Mexico, plus its very different shell morphology from
populations existing further north, strongly support the
validation of this subspecies. A final thought: As a point
of interest, conversations with Mexican fisheries officials
and commercial abalone divers extremely familiar with
the distribution of West Coast Haliotis species in Lower
California, Mexico, have revealed that the furthest south
Haliotis occur in North America is the very tiny
population of H. fulgens turveri that exists at Punta
Conejo, a miniscule point of rock about 80 km south of
the southern extreme point of Magdalena Bay. A
specimen from this population is illustrated (Plate 1A:
from Biol. Francisco Fonseca). The spiral ribbing on
this specimen is extremely strong and deep, though
not particularly wide. It has the highly silvered, interior
nacre common to the ssp., and the odd, rather
pronounced semi-translucent “orange” dorsal color
peculiar to occasional specimens of H. fulgens turveri
- not to be confused with a more brownish-orange,
NON-translucent color found in some specimens of the
other two ssp.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank David Leighton, Stephen
Browning, and Tom Grace, for reviewing the manuscript
and offering useful comments and suggestions. I also
wish to thank Francisco Fonseca and Abel P rez
Serrano for their invaluable help in obtaining specimens
from Magdalena Bay, and for sharing their knowledge
of extreme southern populations of H. fulgens with me.
LITERATURE CITED
Bartsch, Paul. 1942. A New Subspecies of Haliotis (H.
fulgens turveri). The Nautilus 56:57.
Geiger, D. L. 1998. Recent Genera and Species of the
Family Haliotidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda:
Vetigastropoda). The Nautilus 111:85-116.
Geiger, D. L. and G. T. Poppe. 2000. Family Haliotidae.
In: Poppe, G.T. and Groh, K. (Eds). A Conchological
Iconography. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, Germany.
135pp, 83pls.
Owen, Buzz 2003. The Haliotis Subspecies Endemic
to Guadalupe Island, Lower California, Mexico: A
Re-examination and Photo Study – Part 1: Haliotis
corrugata oweni Talmadge, 1966. Of Sea and
Shore. 25:4:272-275, 288; 2 pl.
Owen, Buzz. 2004. The Haliotis Subspecies Endemic
to Guadalupe Island, Lower California, Mexico: A
Re-examination and Photo Study – Part 2: Haliotis
cracherodii californiensis Swainson, 1822. ibid.
26:1:70-75; 3 pl.
Talmadge, R. R. 1964. The Races of Haliotis fulgens
Philippi (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Transactions of the
San Diego Society of Natural History. Vol. 13, No.
18, pp. 369-376.
Talmadge, R. R. 1966. A New Haliotid from Guadalupe
Island, Mexico (Mollusca:Gastropoda). Los Angeles
County Museum Contributions in Science No. 9: 5
pp., 2 Fig.
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