of late kimmeridgian age from the s\tabian alb

Rivist;r Italiana di Paleontologia c Strltigrafia
VOIUlìle I I u
2 pls
pp. 303-309
April 2004
THE NUSPLINGEN LITHOGRAPHIC LIMESTONE - A "FOSSI LAGERSTAETTE'
OF LATE KIMMERIDGIAN AGE FROM THE S\TABIAN ALB (GERMANY)
GERD DIETL' & GUNTER SCH\íEIGERT'
Receited October 10,2002: accepted October l,2003
Kq'i;'ords:
Iilssil l;rgerstirettc, protected excavarion arca, Up-
per Jurrssic, Kimnrericl gi;rn, lithographic limestone, Srvabian Alb,
S\l
Gernrlnr'.
Abstract. A short overvicl' is given on the actual excrvarions
rvithin a lossilifcrous lithoerlphic linrcsrone site near Nusplingen (western Srvlbiln Alb, S\l Ccrnr;rny). In conrr;rst to the betrer knorvn Elrlv Tithonirrn Solnhofcn Lithographic Lirlestone, it is much richer in
fossils irnd 0.5 mv oldcr (Late Kinrnreridgian, Beckeri Zone, Ulmense
Subzone). Mrnv of the fossils exhibit ,rn cxcellent preservarion, sonretinrcs cvcn of the org;rnic rratter. Morc thln 7.000 specinlens have been
recordccl bclonging to .rlnrost 300 taxl (plants, microfossils, inverrebrates, ichnofossils, ;rnd vc'rtebratcs).
Vicnc fornita una brc,r'c rassegni degli atturli scavi
lirografico fossilifcro r.icino a Nusplingen (Alb
Svcvo occiclenurle, Gcrrnlnia sudoccidenrale). In contrirsto con il più
noro ClrlciÌr'c Litografico di Solnhofcn del Tithoniano inferiore, questo è nrolto piir ricco di fossili, ed è piir vecchio di 0.5 milioni di anni
Riassr.ntto.
in un sito di
dle of the 19'r'century (O. Fraas 1855; Quenstedt 1843,
Dietl et al. 2000). Several excavation campaigns took
place, at first with commercial aspects, prospecting for
limestones to be used for lithography or for roofs, bur
later restricted to scientific interests. A bibliography on
the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone with all refer1855;
ences
until 1997 was published by Schweigert (1997).
In contrast to Solnhofen, the Nusplingen Litho-
graphic Limestone is of Late Kimmeridgian age (Fig. 2).
It represents a stratigraphical equivalenr to rhe "Liegende
Bankkalk" Formation which belongs to the Ulmense Subzone, BeckeriZone (Fig. 3), thus about 0.5 my older than
c,rlcarc.
Niirnbero
o
?
\è
(Kimnreridgi;rno superiore, Zona a Beckeri, Sottozona ad Ulmense).
eccellente, a volte perfino
della rlatcri,r orsanic;r. Sono stati documentati più di 7000 esenrplari
:rpplrtencnti a quasi 300 taxa (piante, microfossili, invertebrati, icnofossili c vcrtebrati).
Molti fossili nrosrrrno una consen'azione
a
Solnhofsn
stuttsart
ó
)
r'o,,g
Introduction
The Nusplineen Lithographic Limestone is a fossil lagerstaette similar to the famous Tithonian Solnhofen
Lithographic Limestone of southern Franconia in Bavaria. It is located in the western part of the Swabian Alb,
few kilometers north of the Upper Danube Valley (S\l
Germany) (Fig. t). The first fossils from the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone were reporred since the mid-
Staatf iches Museum
I
2
Freiburg
o
1--\_Èkt
Konstani
Fig.
I
fùr Naturkunde, Rosenstein 1,D-70191 Stuttgart, Germany:
s.dietl.srnnsC. naturkundenruseunr-bw.de,
schrvcigert smns(r nlturkundenruseunr-bw.de
-?,
Nusplingen
./ o
iililnchen
50 km
('otttnn, t
t.q
r'\ /\
i--
Map showing the location of the fossil site Nusplingen,
few km N of the River Danube. SV Germanv
a
G. Dietl
304
k
G. Schweigert
#
o
Hangende Bankkall
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Fomatlon
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a"a"n,r"tn",to-"ffi
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0
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Ct
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Fomation
Lacunosamorgel
ÈE
af
4
F.l!.nk.lk _
Lower Felscnkalk
.9
:E
E=
:-7--L
I
Fomation
o
f
c
o
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ttEt
o,
E
.E
Y
o
o
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o
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o
Wohlgeschichtote Kalk Formation
\
lmpr€s3amaagal Fomation
o
=-ì-
I
o
N at,=
o (,
-v o
C
Í t,l,/._l
F-.-K- |
limestones
q,
@
ffi
turbidites
:l
laminitès
reef
o o
.E
f
CL
CL
:)
f]-l-Tl
ffi
Fig.
3
- The gener.rl stratigraphical position of the Nusplingen Lithographic Lirrestone (Nusp. Pl. Fm.) within the UpperJurassìc
of the southwestern Ss'abian Alb/S\l Germanv.
beddod
limestones
Environment
Fig.
2 - Dc'triled section of the
I
Nusplinr:cn Lithoeraphic Lime-
stone ;rncl its stratigraphic;rl posirion u,ithin the Upper Kim-
nreridgìrn. The thickncss of the Nusplingen Lithographic
l.imestone in the figured section ìs of lbout 10.5 nr.
the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone famous for the
oldest bird, ArcbaeopterTx. This is confirmed by the ammonite fauna, which allows
a
high resolution biostratigra-
phy (Schweigert 1998b; Schweigert tr Zeiss '1999).Today,
the outcrop of the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone
is not larger than 1.5 kmt; its thickness reaches a maximum of 1Z m. Several sections from drillings, from two
snrall quarries and from natural outcrops were reported
by Dietl et al. (1998) and by Bantel et al. (1999). Since
1983 the whole area has become a Protected Excavation
Area ("Grabungsschutzgebiet") by the Monument Protection Law (see Bloos, this volume) of the "Land" BadenWuerttemberg because of its extraordinary fossils. The
Nusplingen Lithographic Lirnestone is actually exposed
in two small quarries. For the public it is not allowed to
excavate or to take away fossils from the two quarries
or from evervwhere in the protected area. To visitors local instructions about the importance of this fossil site
and about the above nentioned prohibitions are given
directly at the quarries. Visitors and excursions cxn visit
at any time the quarries of the Nusplingen Lithographic
Limestone.
The laminated limestones were deposited in
a
more
or less anoxic environment of a lagoon surrounded by
sponge/microbial bioherms, some of them partly tectonically uplifted over the sea level as smallislands (Fig. a).
The minimum depth of the lagoon was approximately
80-100 m. At the seafloor of the lagoon living conditions
were unfavourable for most organisms apart from very
few exclusions. Hence, an exceptional preservation was
possible which is normally prevented by bioturbation.
Vithin the succession of laminated limestones, several
turbidites with graded bedding ("allodapic limestones")
and few thicker bioturbated beds indicating a better oxygenation are intercalated. The turbidites comprise angular lithoclasts and other components like calcareous
ooids, sponge spicules, and even some fragments of hermatypic corals from shallow areas surrounding the lagoon. It is possible to correlate the outcrops in the quarries with the help of these thicker beds. Besides, some
silica layers also occur throughout the basin. The deposition of laminated limestones ended abruptly. From the
nearby sponge/microbial reefs, a lot of boulders had been
broken off, gliding into the central parts of the lagoon,
where they were deposited directly above the laminated
limestones with a thickness of several meters. The allochthonous nature of these boulders is indicated by g.opetal fillings in hollow fossils and several finds of am-
monites significantly older in age than the underlying
laminites. Below the boulder beds, the original stratification of the laminites is strongly disturbed, with folding, boudinage, lateral compression, and repetition by
tWe
presume that a strong seaquake was the reason for this dramatic event. No data are available from
the younger Upper Jurassic in the closer area because
of Cenozoic erosion.
stapling.
N usp Lingen
Litbographic Ltm estone
305
Fìo
4
Reconsrrucrion rnd paheogeogr.rphic setting of the Nusplingen lagoon. wirhout scale.
o
'G
J.
o
o
2
md Baiera), which are derived from nearby uplifted islands, are still preserved with
their organic tissue showing finest details
like cell-structures and stomata. Recently, we were even able to identify amber
(Schweigert & Dietl 2003). This amber
occurs still in situ within the resin vessels
of some araucariacean cone scales. Marine
algae are restricted to bituminous layers.
They closely resemble recent brown algae
like Cystoseira. Calcareous algae have not
been recorded at all.
The fossils from the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone
New excavations by the Natural History Museum
of Stuttgart (SMNS) in two small quarries accompanied by
several drillings proliferate new data on the sedimentology,
palaeoecology, taphonomy, biostratinomy, and especially
the fossil content of the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone (Dietl & Schweigert 1999b,2001). Since 1,993 more
than 7.000 fossils were recovered and are going to be registered in an electronic database. They belong to almost
300 taxa, many of them new. Some of the fossils which are
embedded in bituminous layers occurring in the upper part
of the succession exhibit an extraordinary preservation of
organic matter. They tell us interesting stories about sea life
in or around the Nusplingen lagoon and in the surrounding shallow sea of the Upper Jurassic in SW Germany, far
away from larger continental islands like the Ardennian
and Bohemian Massifs in the north and in the north-east.
Microfossils
The Nusplingen Lithoeraphic Limestone yields a significant
amount of debris from the nearby reefs and from rhe water column. A
high percentage is made up of coccolithophorids and their debris characterizes the laminites as marine alginires (Bantel et al. 1999). Surface
structures of some bedding plains poinr to a terlporàry development of
microbial mats. More than 60 species of radiolarians rvere ìdentified in
thin sections or by dissolving the limestone with acid (Zùgel et al. t 998;
Bantel et aI. 1999). Together with the amnronites, the radiolarians allos'
an integrated biostratieraphical approach in the larest Kimmeridgian.
Other common microfossils are Saccocoma skeleton elements and various sponge spicules, namely of the Rhax type.
Plants
In bituminous strata occurring in rhe higher part of the succession land plants (Pl. 1, fig. 1) (e.g. Cycadopteris, Brachypln,llary,Zamites,
Invertebrates
Completely preserved specimens
of non-rigid sponges like the Rlax-bearing Codites (formerly often misidentified
as brown algae and better known as " Phyllothallus") are rather common (Pl. 2, fig.
1). Bivalves are mostly documented by different species of pectinids,
lìmids, and oysters. Apart from a single layer with small nuculids, all bivalves are allochthonous. Thev were brought into the laminated facies
by predators or passively living on drifting ammonites before they finally sank to the sea floor. The most frequent and typical macrofossils of
the Nusplingen Lithographic Lìmestone are ammonites and aptychi. The
ammonite fauna comprises Lithacoceras ulmense (Oppel), Silicisphinaes
hoelderì (Sapunov), Sìlicispbinctes rzssi (Schweigerr), Hybonoticeras sp.,
Phlts616sst'rt nattheimense Schweigert, Sutneria cf. rebholzi Berckhemer,
Ocbetoceras zio (Oppel), G lochiceras lens Berckhemer, lin gulaticeras pseudopercevali Schweigert etc., characteristic of the hoelderi faunil horizon
ol the Ulmense Subzone, Late Kimmeridgian (Schweigert 1998b; Schrveigert & Zeìss 1999). Some ammonites are very spectacular because
thev are preserved with their complete jax'apparatus and stomach content
(Schweisert Er Dietl 1999a, 2001). The lower jaw is represented bv the
calcitic Aptychus, whereas the upper jaw which was originally chitineous
is preserved in carbon. AÌso nautilids (Pseudaganides) have been found
with both jaws (rhyncolithes : upper jaw and conchorhynchus = lower
jaw) still in the body chamber, together with sromach-conrenrs consìsting
of decapod or ophiuran remains (Dietl & Schweigert 1999a) (Pl, 2, fig.
3). Belemnites occur frequently in all ontogenetic srages of a sìngle specres, Hibolithes sentisulcatus (Mùnster) (Schweigert 1999).The guards are
very often bitten bv predarors. Teuthids (Trachyteuthis, Plesioteuthis, Leptotheuthis etc.) are also mostly bitten but often preserved with their inksacs.
An.rong the arthropods, marine polychaetes sometimes exhibit
a soft-part preservation (Schweigert & Dietl 2OO0). A very well known
fossil of UpperJurassic lithographic limestones is the limulid.Mesolimulus ualchi (Desmarest), but in the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone
it is quite rare. The newly exclvated fossils include the first record of a
centipede, Eogeopbilus jurasslczs Schweigert Ec Dietl, from the Jurassic
(Schweigert Et Dietl 1997). Other remarkable fossils are several insects
such as beetles and dragonflies (U rogomphws, Stenopblebia, Aeschnidium,
Cymatophlebia) (Pl. I, fig. 2). Thev are also partly presen'ed in organic
matter (Schweigert et al. 1996; Bechìy 1998). Many well-preserved decapods are typical of the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone and more
than 20 taxa have been recorded: Antrimpos, Cycleryon, Hefriga, Aeger,
Bylgia, Dusa, Coleia, Eryma, Glyphea, Palaeopentacheles, Pustulina erc.
(Schweigert et al. 2000; Schweigert 200 1 b) (PI. 2, fig. 2) . Coleia longipes
G. Dietl
306
k
G. Schi,ceigert
Fig.5-Angelshark-Squatinttacanthodernao.Fra;ls'd'Nr-rsplinuenLithogr;rphicI-jnrestone,Nusplinr:enqu;rrrr'''length
(O. Fraas), a prinritive eryonid, only knorvn fronr Nusplingen, still shos's
its conrpound e1'es (Schrveigert & Dictl 1999b) (Pl. 2, îig.*;.
Brrchiopods ;1re present with rare specinrens of the gerrer:r C-leiroth)o'is, Lacunosella,Ornithella,tndTorquirlt,nch,r
(Dictl c\ Sclrrvcigcrt
2O0O). Other benthic organìsnrs such as echinoids (Sroneclsinus, Rlttbdocidaris, Polycidaris, Plegiocidaris, Paracidaris, Nenoticittaris, Diplopodia, tnd Diplocidaris), ophiurans (Sinosura), and crinoids (Pterocom,t,
Solanocrinites, tnd Plicatocrinus),rlso occur onh. sporldicallr' (Grau,eBaurneister et al. 2000). In contrrsr, the planctonic crinoid Saccocom"t
tenella (Coldfuss) is rather frequent on sonle bedding planes, bur much
less conspicuous than in the Tithoni;rn of Solnhofen.
Vertebrates
Anrong the vcrtebr.rte î;runa the fishes are predorrinant. Thev
are represented by elasn.robranchii (Squatìtt a, Eon ot i dLln u t, H et erod on tLts, Sphenodus etc.) (Schu'eizer 1964; Bóttcher .\ Duffin 2000), holocephilr (I schl,od u s, Elasrnodectes) (Hcinrbcrg I 9491 Schweizer I 96"1),
crossopter,vgii (Coccodernt,t, U n dina), and nunrerous .rctinoptervgii
like ALlothrissops. Anaethalion, As\idorhtnchus, CLlturus, Eut1,s6y777t,t,
Furo, C1n'odus, Leptolepides, Ophiopsis, SientensichtbT,s, SolnboJbnania,
Tharsis etc (Heineke 1906). The nrost t1.pic'rl fish of thc Nusplingen
fossil site, horvever, is the angeÌ shtrk Squatind deuúboderlilLt (l'-ir. 5),
typicallv preserved s,ith its conrplete skeleton and skin outline. DLrring the nes' erc;rr';rtions, l0 s'ell preserved specimens. juveniles, males,
;rnd fenr;rles. rvere discoverecl.
Reptiles rarel;- occur. but thìs m;rv be due to the snrall sìze of the
excavirtions. Thev lre reprcscnted bv marinc crocodiles (Geos,turus, D'tcosaurus) (8. Fr:ras 1902) :rncl J senera of pteros,rurs, Pterodactylus,Callod"tc
o,lus, and RhamphorhJ,nclns (Quenstedt 1 855; Plienini:er 1907). Durins the
nerv excavrtlions, only several isol;rtcd bones lnd teeth s'crc found.
Ichnofoss ils
In contrast to the typical l-ithogr;rphic Linrestones of the Solnhofen
rrree, the ichnof;run,r
of the Nusplinge n Lithogrrphic Limesronc
is :.nuch nrore dir,crse, althou!Ìh restricted to speciîic Irrl'ers. Its conrprìs-
|lke Chondrites, Haentzschelinìd. Parahaentzscbelinia,
m, lnd nrovin g trails such x Se4tenti chn oi des, Tb I son i chn u s,
es fceding Lrurron's
Rh i zocora / I i u
Undiclna (Schs,ei:lert l998al 2OOla). Coprolites arc ge ne ralll' frequent
in the l;inrinites indicating th;rt there u,as marine life in thc \vàter colunrn
above the i.ì.noxic sea floor. Some phosphoritic ones are attributed to fishes
and reptiles, whereas the very coÍìmon Lwnbricrtria is interpreted as the
fncces of aspidoceratid anrmonites (Dietl & Schrveigert 2001).
Remarks
Both the diversity of the fossil fauna and flora and
its exceptional preservation make the UpperJurassic Nusplineen Lithographic Limestone an outstanding fossil lagerstaette which opens a window into the past of the
earth. Some interesting parts of the section, however, have
been exploited only for few n-r:, which provides hardly any
statistical database. Thus, we hope the excavations can be
continued successfully in the following years.
A c kn ot;, I edgetn en r,r.
The enormous h,
en largecl
knou.led ge on this
fossil l;rgerstrette r.ould hlve been impossible without the engrged
rvork of our technicians, n,rmelr. M. Kepitz-ke, M. Rieter, O. Ma;rss (all
SMNS), rrnd of our enthusiilstic volunteers R. Hugger (Albstrdt-Onstnretringen), B. Russ (Nusplingen) end O. Dietl (Stuttgrrt). The excil\'rìtions lnd the contenlporlneous scientific rvork rvere generouslv
funded bv the Deutsche Forschunesgenreinscheft (DI 680/1). Many
th;rnks should also go to all others r.-ho engaged thenrselves in our
pro ject. \We rrre grrteful to K. Page and U. Nicosia for their corrrnents
rrnd suugcstions.
347
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