vizija i misija jednog naučnika - dr kosta

pregledni naučni članak
UDK 33:929 Stojanović K.
dr Vesna Matić
Udruženje banaka Srbije
[email protected]
VIZIJA I
MISIJA
JEDNOG
NAUČNIKA
- DR KOSTA
STOJANOVIĆ
(1867 - 1921)
Rezime
Ugledni srpski naučnik iz oblasti
matematike, fizike, mehanike, sociologije i
ekonomije, jedan od pionira kibernetike, Kosta
Stojanović, bio je, kao što je to rekao publicista
Dimitrije Boarov, "čovek koji se srećom bavio
i srpskom ekonomijom" (Dimitrije Boarov,
165). U tom poslu bio je uspešan i dao je veliki
doprinos realizaciji dva prioritetna pravca u
njenom razvoju u drugoj polovini XIX veka
- restrukturiranju privrede i ekonomskoj
emancipaciji Srbije, u smislu otvaranja srpskog
tržišta prema tržištima evropskih i zemalja iz
drugih delova sveta.
Ključne reči: strategija privrednog razvoja,
ekonomska emancipacija Srbije, restrukturiranje
privrede, Carinski rat
Rad primljen: 02.08.2011.
Odobren za štampu: 30.08.2011.
bankarstvo 7 - 8 2011
JEL klasifikacija: N73, F51, L92
122
scientific review article
UDC 33:929 Stojanović K.
Vesna Matić PhD
Association of Serbian Banks
[email protected]
Summary
A renowned Serbian scientist in the field of
mathematics, physics, mechanics, sociology and
economy, one of the pioneers in cybernetics,
Kosta Stojanović was, as the publicist Dimitrije
Boarov said, “a man who, fortunately, dealt
with the Serbian economy”(Dimitrije Boarov,
165). He was successful in that work, having
largely contributed to the implementation of
two priority lines of its development in the
second half of the 19th century - restructuring
of the economy and economic emancipation of
Serbia, in terms of opening the Serbian market
towards the markets of other countries in
Europe and worldwide.
VISION AND
MISSION OF
A SCIENTIST
- DR KOSTA
STOJANOVIĆ
(1867-1921)
Key words: strategy of economic development,
economic emancipation,economy restrucruring,
Customs war
bankarstvo 7 - 8 2011
JEL Classification: N73, F51, L92
123
Paper received: 02.08.2011
Approved for publishing: 30.08.2011
Stojanović pristupa novoj masonskoj loži
"Ujedinjenje" 1909. godine, što istovremeno prati
i promena u njegovim političkim uverenjima.
Sve je bliži takozvanim samostalnim radikalima
Ljube Stojanovića, da bi nakon prvog svetskog
rata prešao u Demokratsku stranku.
Značajan deo svoga života Kosta Stojanović
posvetio je naučnom radu i objavio mnogobrojne
radove iz matematike i fizike. Sa istom strašću
međutim, bavio se i praktičnim radom u oblasti
ekonomije, u kom pravcu ga je usmerio njegov
politički rad i podrška dr Mihaila Vujića,
takođe umerenog radikala, visokog i uspešnog
državnog poslenika i vrlo obrazovanog čoveka.
Neobičan razvojni put jednog
naučnika
Borba za ekonomsku emancipaciju
srpske privrede
Kosta Stojanović je rođen 1867. godine
u Aleksincu, a diplomirao je na odseku za
matematiku Filosofskog fakulteta Visoke
škole u Beogradu 1889. godine, kao najbolji
student. Školovanje je nastavio u Parizu 1893.
godine gde je pohađao časove iz matematike,
astronomije, mehanike i fizike, a potom i u
Lajpcigu 1897. godine, gde je stekao zvanje
doktora matematičkih nauka.
Kao honorarni profesor predavao je
primenjenu matematiku na Visokoj školi u
Beogradu 1903. godine, a potom kao pridruženi
profesor na Filosofskom fakultetu, kada se
Visoka škola transformisala u Beogradski
univerzitet.
Političku karijeru
počeo je kao radikal
i član masonske lože
"Pobratim", koja je
formirala
"Srpsku
interparlamentarnu
grupu" sa ciljem da
se bori za "pravičnost
u
međunarodnim
odnosima
i
upotrebu
izbornih
sudova u rešavanju
međunarodnih
razmirica " (Dimitrije
Boarov, 166).
Nakon
deobe
među
srpskim
masonima,
Kosta
Kosta Stojanović bio je čovek jasne političke i
ekonomske orijentacije. Kao strastveni i do kraja
opredeljeni poslenik ekonomske emancipacije
Srbije, on je koncept ekonomskog osamostaljenja
Srbije, gradio na tri bitna segmenta:
• restrukturiranju srpske privrede, pre svega
industrijske proizvodnje,
• ukidanju monopolskog položaja Austro
Ugarske u trgovinskim transakcijama sa
Srbijom i pronalaženju novih tržišta za
plasman robe iz Srbije, kao i
• razvoju železničkog saobraćaja, kao
komplementarne privredne grane koja bi
značajno pospešila razvoj trgovine i izvoza
srpskih proizvoda na inostrana tržišta.
Kosta Stojanović
je intenzivno radio u
praksi na realizaciji
ovog koncepta i
zabeležio
dobre
rezultate. Na mesto
ministra
narodne
privrede postavljen je
1906. godine, u vreme
početka Carinskog
rata
sa
Austro
Ugarskom. Odmah
je javno pokazao da
ga ovaj rat ne brine
preterano i da za
novo nastalu situaciju
postoje alternativna
i bolja rešenja. Sa
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B
rojni talenti jednog od najuglednijih
srpskih naučnika obogatili su njegovu
životnu priču dobrim rezultatima
njegovog rada u praksi i koncept privrednog
razvoja Srbije u drugoj polovini XIX veka
podigli na nivo strateškog razvoja. Kao što je u
naučnoj sferi svoje intelektualne napore usmerio
u pravcu pronalaženja efikasne metodologije
koja bi objedinila odvojene pristupe prirodnim
i društvenim naukama, tako je i svoj potencijal
naučnika matematičara, prirodni talenat i
logiku razmišljanja, primenio u privrednoj
praksi, vođen ciljevima strategije za ekonomski
oporavak Srbije, koju je sam razvio.
124
N
umerous talents possessed by one
of the most distinguished Serbian
scientists enriched his life-story with
sound results of his work in practice, and raised
the concept of economic development in Serbia
in the second half of the 19th century to the level
of strategic development. Just as he, in the
scientific sphere, invested his intellectual efforts
in the direction of finding efficient methodology
that would combine the separate approaches
to natural and social sciences,
he also applied his potential
of a scientist-mathematician,
natural talent and logic of
thinking, in economic practice,
governed by the objectives
of strategy for economic
recovery of Serbia, which he
had himself developed.
bankarstvo 7 - 8 2011
Unusual development
path for a scientist
125
towards the so-called independent radicals of
Ljuba Stojanović, only to shift to the Democratic
Party after the First World War.
Kosta Stojanović devoted a considerable
part of his life to scientific research, having
published numerous academic papers in
mathematics and physics. With the equal
passion, however, he dealt with practical
issues in the sphere of economy - the direction
he took due to his political engagement and
support by Dr Mihailo Vujić,
also a moderate radical, highranking and successful state
official and highly educated
man.
Struggle for
emancipation of the
serbian economy
Kosta Stojanović was a man
of clear political and economic
orientation. As a fervent and
Kosta Stojanović was born
fully devoted advocate of
economic emancipation of
in 1867 in the city of Aleksinac,
Kosta Stojanović
Serbia, he built the concept
and graduated in 1889 from
the Faculty of Philosophy,
of economic independence of
Serbia on three significant segments:
Department of Mathematics, of the High School
• Restructuring of the Serbian economy, first
in Belgrade, as a valedictorian. He continued his
and foremost, industrial production;
schooling in 1893 in Paris, where he attended
• Abolishment of the monopoly of Austrialessons in mathematics, astronomy, mechanics
and physics, and subsequently in Leipzig, in
Hungary in trading transactions with Serbia,
1897, where he gained the title of a Doctor in
and finding new markets to place goods
Mathematical Sciences.
from Serbia; and
As a part-time professor, he taught applied
• Development of railway transport, as a
mathematics at the High School of Belgrade in
complementary branch of economy that
1903, and later on, as an associate professor at
would considerably foster the development
of trade and export of Serbian products into
the Faculty of Philosophy, after the High School
foreign markets
had been transformed into the University of
Belgrade.
Kosta Stojanović worked rather intensely
on practical implementation of this concept
He began his political career as a radical and
and achieved some sound results. He was
a member of the Masonic lodge “Pobratim”,
appointed Minister of National Economy in
which formed the “Serbian Inter-parliamentary
Group” with the objective of struggling for
1906, at the time of outbreak of the Customs War
“fairness in international relations and practice
with Austria-Hungary. Having publicly shown
of selected courts in solving international
that this war does not worry him that much, he
disputes” (Dimitrije Boarov, 166).
indicated that there are some alternative and
After the Serbian masons split up, in 1909
better solutions for the new situation. With the
precision of a mathematician, he supported his
Kosta Stojanović entered a new Masonic lodge
position by stating that Austria-Hungary is not
“Ujedinjenje”, which was accompanied by a
the ultimate consumer of goods imported from
change in his political beliefs. He was leaning
Stojanović je video u izgradnji železničkog
saobraćaja, posebno pravca prema Jadranskom
moru. Na ovo pitanje je gledao kao strateški
značajno ne samo za Srbiju, već i širi region,
tim pre što saobraćajna podrška trgovinskim
transakcijama Srbije u liku rečnog saobraćaja
ni približno nije bila zadovoljavajuća. Zalagao
se da se iz zajma za naoružanje i železnicu
izdvoji 150 miliona dinara za izgradnju pruge
Dunav-Niš, u kontekstu Jadranske pruge.
Vidno razočaran što ova inicijativa nije uspela,
jer je od traženih 150 dobio samo 16 miliona
dinara, izjavio je: "Jadranske željeznice nema.
Nema je, jer su važniji razlozi, koji treba da
očuvaju koaliciju i da dadu satisfakcije bolesnim
ambicijama kratkovidih umova. Dovoljno je za
nas što ćemo se kao pijani plota držati fraze:
"Balkan balkanskim narodima", i što ćemo
govoriti o potrebi balkanskog saveza, ne hoteći
uvideti nikada, da se od fraza ne živi." (Dimitrije
Boarov, 171)
Kosta Stojanović je preko Ministarstva
narodne privrede dao snažnu podršku
restrukturiranju industrijskih preduzeća i
razvoju industrijske proizvodnje u Srbiji.
Izmenom čitavog seta regulative kojom
su davane subvencije preduzećima, on je
pojednostavio sistem davanja povlastica i
favorizovao industrijsku proizvodnju. Rezultati
su bili vrlo dobri, obzirom da je u periodu od
1906-1910. godine broj industrijskih preduzeća
povećan sa 110 na 438, a broj zaposlenih u ovoj
grani sa sa 5,6 na 16 hiljada.
Čvrst stav Srbije u Carinskom ratu sa Austro
Ugarskom uz uspešno vođenje resora privrede
od strane Koste Stojanovića i briljantno vođenje
resora finansija od strane dvojice ministara,
Laze Pačua i Stojana Protića, dali
su dobre rezultate. Srpska privreda
ne samo da je opstala, već je izašla
osnažena iz ove krize:
•
već 1909. godine državni
budžet
Srbije
potpuno
je
konsolidovan i pokriven sa 103
miliona zlatnih dinara,
•
u periodu od 1906-1910. godine
ukupan izvoz iz Srbije povećan je za
26,8 miliona dinara, a uvoz za 40,4
miliona dinara,
•
u
posmatranom
četvorogodišnjem periodu došlo
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preciznošću jednog matematičara svoje stavove
potkrepio je podacima da Austro Ugarska i
nije potrošač robe koju uvozi iz Srbije, već
posrednik u njenom daljem izvozu na druga
tržišta, i odmah počeo da praktično radi na
njihovom pronalaženju (Grčka, Egipat, Italija).
Sve vreme trajanja Carinskog rata, Stojanović je
imao snažnu podršku svojih partijskih saboraca,
velikana Radikalne stranke, koji su se upravo
u tom periodu smenjivali na funkciji ministra
finansija i sami zagovarali ideju ekonomskog
osamostaljivanja Srbije - dr Lazi Pačuu i Stojanu
Protiću.
Kao ograničavajuće faktore izlaska na druga
tržišta, Kosta Stojanović je odmah evidentirao
nedovoljno iskustvo domaćih izvoznika, koji
su poznavali samo tržište Austro Ugarske, ali
i veoma mali obim prometa domaćih dobara
za izvoz preko Produktne berze u Beogradu
(3,38% godišnjeg prometa berzanskih artikala),
što je upućivalo na zaključak da Beogradska
berza ne može da utiče na politiku cena, kako
u zemlji, tako i izvoznih. Učeći na pozitivnim
iskustvima drugih zemalja sa kojima je Austro
Ugarska takođe bila u Carinskom ratu, Kosta
Stojanović je već 1906. godine podneo Skupštini
predlog Zakona o osnivanju trgovinskih
agentura, koje bi omogućile lakši prodor
robe iz Srbije na svetska tržišta. Već naredne
1907. godine osnovana je Glavna trgovinska
agencija u Beogradu, 12 trgovinskih agencija u
zemljama Evrope i jedna u Egiptu. Iako je ova
vrsta državne intervencije izazvala nevericu
kod domaćih trgovaca, vrlo dobri rezultati u
osvajanju novih tržišta u potpunosti su potvrdili
njenu opravdanost.
Drugu važnu potporu rastu srpskog izvoza,
126
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127
Serbia, but only an intermediary in its further
export to other markets, thus immediately
undertaking some practical activities to find
these markets (Greece, Egypt, Italy). During the
entire Customs War, Kosta Stojanović enjoyed
the strong support of his party comrades, the
leading figures of the Radical Party, who at
that same period took turns at the position of
Minister of Finance and themselves advocated
the idea of economic independence of Serbia Dr Laza Paču and Stojan Protić.
As the restrictive factors when it comes
to entering other markets, Kosta Stojanović
promptly pinpointed the insufficient experience
of domestic exporters, who were familiar only
with the Austro-Hungarian market, but also the
extremely small turnover of domestic export
goods at the Commodity Exchange in Belgrade
(3.38% of annual turnover of stock exchange
items), which led to the conclusion that the
Belgrade Stock Exchange cannot influence
the policy of prices, either domestic or exportrelated. Learning from positive experiences of
other countries with whom Austria-Hungary
also waged the Customs War, Kosta Stojanović
already in 1906 submitted to the National
Assembly the Draft Law on Establishment of
Trading Agencies, which would enable easier
penetration of goods from Serbia into the global
markets. Already in the following year, 1907,
the Main Trading Agency was established in
Belgrade, 12 trading agencies in Europe and
one in Egypt. Although this type of government
intervention caused disbelief with domestic
traders, excellent results in conquering new
markets fully confirmed its justifiability.
The second important form of support to the
Serbian export, according to Kosta
Stojanović, was the development of
railway transport, especially the line
towards the Adriatic Sea. He viewed
this issue as strategically important
not only for Serbia, but for the wider
region, all the more given that the
support to trading transactions of
Serbia in the form of river transport
was far from satisfactory. He
campaigned for 150 million dinars
to be allocated from the armament
and railway transport loan for
the development of a railway line
Danube-Niš, in the context of Adriatic railway
line. Utterly disappointed because this initiative
failed - out of the requested 150 he was allowed
only 16 million dinars, he stated: “There is no
Adriatic railway. This is so, because there are
reasons more important than that, which are
supposed to preserve the coalition and provide
satisfaction to the twisted ambitions of shortsighted minds. For us, it is enough to stubbornly
stick to the slogan: “The Balkans belongs to
the Balkan peoples!”, and to talk about the
necessity of a Balkan federation, being unable to
realize that one cannot live on empty slogans.”
(Dimitrije Boarov, 171)
Through the Ministry of National Economy,
Kosta Stojanović provided strong support to the
restructuring of industrial companies and to the
development of industrial production in Serbia.
By amending the entire set of regulations
concerning the provision of subsidies to
companies, he simplified the system of facilities
in the favour of industrial production. The
results were excellent, given that in the period
from 1906 to 1910 the number of industrial
companies increased from 110 to 438, and the
number of employees in this branch from 5.6
to 16 thousand.
The firm position of Serbia in the Customs
War with Austria-Hungary, accompanied
with the successful government over the
economic sector by Kosta Stojanović and
brilliant handling of the finance department
by two ministers, Laza Paču and Stojan Protić yielded sound results. Not only did the Serbian
economy survive, but it also came out of this
crisis reinforced:
• Already in 1909 the state budget of Serbia
Literatura / References
1. Dimitrije Boarov, Apostoli srpskih finansija,
Stubovi kulture, Beograd 1997. godine
2. Petrović Aleksandar, Kosta Stojanović
(1867-1921), www.mi.sanu.ac.rs/History/
Stojanovic.htm
3. Dimitrije Đorđević, Carinski rat Austro
Ugarske i Srbije 1906-1911, Beograd, 1962
bankarstvo 7 - 8 2011
je do značajnog prestrukturiranja spoljne
trgovine Srbije, u svetlu osvajanja novih
tržišta i povećanja obima izvoza na ova
tržišta - u Nemačku, Belgiju, Tursku,
• u
periodu
od
1906-1909
(period
provizorijuma), izvoz u Austro-Ugarsku u
apsolutnom iznosu iznosio je u proseku 81
milion dinara, da bi u 1909. godini porastao
na 93 miliona dinara,
•u strukturi ukupnog izvoza Srbije u
posmatranom periodu međutim, učešće
izvoza u Austro-Ugarsku iznosilo je u
proseku 29,2% u odnosu na 86,5% iz perioda
kada je Srbija imala zaključen trgovinski
ugovor sa ovom zemljom,
•takođe je zabeležen i trend pada učešća
uvoza iz Austro-Ugarske u Srbiju u
posmatranim periodima sa 56,0% na 24,0%.
Ovako dobri rezultati u radu Koste
Stojanovića bili su zapaženi, pa je on postavljen
za ministra finansija u prvoj Vladi Kraljevine
SHS. Na mesto ministra finansija Kraljevine
SHS postavljen je ponovo 1921. godine u nadi
da će on biti u stanju da svojim znanjem i
stručnošću obuzda inflaciju u Srbiji. Na žalost,
posle samo četiri meseca od postavljenja, Kosta
Stojanović je umro, 4. januara 1921. godine.
128
•
•
•
•
bankarstvo 7 - 8 2011
•
129
was fully consolidated and
covered with 103 million
golden dinars;
In the period from 1906 to
1910, the overall export of
Serbia was increased by 26.8
million dinars, and import by
40.4 million dinars;
In the observed four-year
period there was some
considerable restructuring
of foreign trade of Serbia,
in light of the conquering of
new markets and increasing the volume of
export to these markets - Germany, Belgium,
Turkey;
In the period from 1906 to 1909 (provisorium
period), the absolute amount of export
to Austria-Hungary was, on average, 81
million dinars, whereas in 1919 it increased
to 93 million dinars
In the structure of total export of Serbia in
the observed period, however, the share of
export to Austria-Hungary amounted, on
average, to 29.2%, compared to 86.5% from
the period when Serbia had a concluded
trading agreement with this country;
A declining trend was also recorded in the
share of import from Austria-Hungary into
Serbia in the observed periods, which fell
from 56% to 24%.
Such admirable results in the work of Kosta
Stojanović did not go unnoticed, and he was
appointed Minister of Finance in the first
Government of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats
and Slovenes. He was re-appointed Minister of
Finance of the Kingdom of SCS in 1921, in the
hope that, with his knowledge and expertise,
he would be able to restrain inflation in Serbia.
Unfortunately, only four months after this
appointment, Kosta Stojanović passed away,
on January 4th 1921.