Management Plan for Tatlisu SEPA

Transcription

Technical assistance for management and protection
of potential Natura 2000 sites in the northern part of Cyprus
Management Plan for Tatlisu SEPA
W. J. Fuller, J. Seffer, V. Sefferova, O. Ozden, O. Dogan, C. Kara
Nicosia, 2011
This project is funded by the European Union under the Aid
Regulation for the economic development of the Turkish
Cypriot community (Council Regulation (EC) No 389/2006)
Project EuropeAid/125695/C/SER/CY/7
Implemented by consortium NIRAS - NEPCon - GOPA – Oikon
Project office: No. 8, Sehit Zeki Alp Soley Sokak, Kermiya, Nicosia
Tel: +90 533 874 4618, E-mail: [email protected]
Contents
Executive Summary ...............................................................................................................4
I Background ..........................................................................................................................5
1.1 Policy.............................................................................................................................5
1.2 Site Selection.................................................................................................................5
II Site Description ...................................................................................................................6
2.1 Location and site boundaries ........................................................................................6
2.2 Legal status and rights..................................................................................................6
2.2.1. Ownership .............................................................................................................6
2.2.2. Legal rights............................................................................................................6
2.2.3. Site Status .............................................................................................................6
2.3 Management and infrastructure ....................................................................................7
2.3.1 Organisations .........................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Facilities .................................................................................................................7
2.3.3 Services .................................................................................................................7
2.4 Climate..........................................................................................................................7
2.5 Geology and land forms ................................................................................................7
2.6 Soils and substrates .....................................................................................................7
2.7 Hydrology......................................................................................................................8
2.8 Habitats, vegetation and communities ..........................................................................8
2.9 Flora............................................................................................................................12
2.10 Fauna........................................................................................................................14
2.11 Human use inside and outside the site .....................................................................16
2.11.1 Nature conservation ...........................................................................................16
2.11.2 Agriculture ..........................................................................................................16
2.11.3 Forestry ..............................................................................................................16
2.11.4 Recreation and tourism ......................................................................................16
2.11.5 Hunting and fishing ............................................................................................16
2.11.6 Extraction ...........................................................................................................17
2.11.7 Water use ...........................................................................................................17
2.11.8 Mining and quarrying..........................................................................................17
2.11.9 Military activity ....................................................................................................17
2.11.10 Education, demonstration and research ..........................................................17
2.12 Economic aspects and populations ..........................................................................17
2.13 Past human land use ................................................................................................17
III. Evaluation and Objectives ...............................................................................................18
2
3.1 Ecological criteria........................................................................................................18
3.1.1 Evaluation of habitats ...........................................................................................18
3.1.2 Evaluation of plant species ..................................................................................21
3.1.3 Evaluation of Animal Species...............................................................................21
3.2 Management vision, ideal objectives for the site ........................................................22
3.2.1 Ideal Objectives....................................................................................................22
3.3 Socio-economic criteria ..............................................................................................22
3.4 Operational Objectives for particular zones ................................................................23
IV. Implementation – zoning and management strategies ...................................................24
4.1 Zoning .........................................................................................................................24
4.2 Management Strategies..............................................................................................27
4.2.1 Management Strategies for Strict Protection Zone: .............................................27
4.2.2 Management Strategies for Active Conservation Zone: .......................................27
4.2.3 Management Strategies for Use Zone: ................................................................28
4.2.4 Management Strategies for Buffer Zone: .............................................................28
4.3 Action plans ................................................................................................................29
V. Monitoring ........................................................................................................................32
5.1 Monitoring of habitats .................................................................................................32
5.2 Monitoring of Plants ....................................................................................................36
5.2.1. Monitoring threatened plant species ...................................................................37
5.2.2. Monitoring endemic plant species .......................................................................38
5.3 Monitoring of Animals .................................................................................................39
5.3.1 Marine turtles .......................................................................................................39
5.3.2 Birds .....................................................................................................................39
References .......................................................................................................................40
Figures ..............................................................................................................................42
3
Executive Summary
The Tatlisu SEPA is situated on the north coast of Cyprus beginning approximately 47 km
east of Girne (Kyrenia). The length of the SEPAs coastline is 9.4 km and covers a total
terrestrial area of 127.1 hectares. The marine part of the SEPA is 1,276.4 ha, therefore
making a total protected area of 1,403.3 ha. The southerly border for the most part, is the
new north coast road. The Tatlisu SEPA received official legal protection as a SEPA on
12/11/2008. Parliament decision no (K -11) 2287-2008 declared the area as a Special
Environmentally Protected Area (SEPA) for nature. Subsequently the subject plan “2004
Tatlısu–Büyükkonuk Region Ordinance” was drawn up by the Town Planning Department in
order to put legal restrictions in place regarding beach usage and future building
developments. The municipal functions of the site currently fall to the local municipalities of
Buyukkonuk and Tatlisu.
This site has primarily been selected because of its importance, as both a nationally and
internationally important sea turtle rookery. It is important due to the numbers of nesting
green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles. In addition to the presence
of nesting turtles, there is the rare Mediterranean monk seal and the existence of some
important habitats and plant species. Two important EU habitats such as Posidonia beds and
fragile dune systems exist within the SEPA.
There are four turtle nesting beaches within the borders of this SEPA, two of which are
heavily used during the summer months by tourist and locals. One of the beaches near
Kaplica village has experienced extensive damage to its dune areas to make way for a
caravan area.
During the surveying of this site a total of six different EU habitat types were recorded. One
of which is a priority habitat. Six endemic plants were also found during the survey period of
this project. Additionally, there are some EU Annex listed faunal species either breeding or
passing through the SEPA. Both of Cyprus endemic birds, the Cyprus Wheatear (Oenanthe
cypriaca) and Cyprus Warbler (Sylvia melanothorax) inhabit this SEPA.
The data from these surveys were analysed in order to assess particular localities
based on different biodiversity criteria (representativity, conservation status, level of
endemism, quantity of protected animal species). Based on these results, which were further
combined with socioeconomic factors, the proposal for zoning was developed. Four zones,
which were further divided into different sub-zones, describe different conditions for
management, conservation and/or use of the SEPA through operational objectives. This is
followed by a series of action plans which describes in detail the actions required for
implementation of the management plan. The vision of the protected area is to protect,
preserve and enhance the natural values of the Tatlisu SEPA and to raise awareness to
those who work, reside in or visit the site. Additionally, the site should enable the local
population to benefit from the numerous visitors who are attracted to the area for many
different reasons.
The long term objective of the SEPA, is to keep the favourable conservation status of
Annex I habitats and Annex II species. Turtles and their nesting habitats are already
protected under the current environmental law. Due to the narrow structure of the SEPA
future building developments should not be allowed within the SEPA and those adjacent to
the SEPA should be strictly controlled so as not affect the integrity of the site.
4
I Background
1.1 Policy
Tatlısu SEPA received official legal protection as an important natural resource for the
northern part of Cyprus and in 2008 was declared as a “Special Environmentally Protected
Area” by the TCc authorities.
Using the content of the 21/97 Environment Law – Item 11 the associated ministry made a
motion (81/2008) to the Parliament Council on 12 /11/2008, Parliament decision no (K -11)
2287-2008 declared the area as a Special Environmentally Protected Area (SEPA) for
nature. Its aim was to preserve the habitats found within the site together with minimising the
disturbance to nesting sea turtles and the marine mammal Monachus monachus.
Subsequently the subject plan “2004 Tatlısu – Büyükkonuk Region Ordinance” was drawn up
by the Town Planning Department in order to put legal restrictions in place regarding beach
usage and future building developments. The municipal functions of the site currently fall to
the local municipalities of Buyukkonuk and Tatlisu. The management of the site mainly falls
under the control of Department of Environment Protection and Department of Town
Planning.
1.2 Site Selection
This site has primarily been selected because of its importance, as both a nationally and
internationally important sea turtle rookery. It is of importance due to the numbers of nesting
green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles on four separate beaches.
In addition to the presence of nesting turtles, there is the rare occurrence of the
Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) and the presence of some important
habitats and plant species.
5
II Site Description
2.1 Location and site boundaries
The Tatlisu SEPA is situated on the north coast of Cyprus starting approximately 47 km east
of Girne and forms a narrow coastal strip of land with its western border situated just west of
Tatlisu municipality beach and its eastern border falls approximately along a line just a few
hundred metres east of the Kaplica beach approximately 55 km east of Girne. The total
length of the SEPAs coastline is 9.4 km covering an area of 127.1 hectares. The marine part
of the SEPA is 1,276.4 ha, making a total protected area of 1,403.3 ha. The southerly border
for the most part is the new north coast road. However, for the complete border of the Tatlisu
SEPA see satellite map Figure1. The area has been defined as a continuous area, rather
than discrete beaches in order to retain the integrity of the whole and to seek to reduce
disturbance which could cause an abandonment of the individual beaches.
2.2 Legal status and rights
2.2.1. Ownership
The land ownership within the SEPA consists of both privately and publicly owned properties.
2.2.2. Legal rights
The Tatlisu SEPA has recently received official legal protection as a SEPA. On 12 /11/2008,
Parliament decision no (K -11) 2287-2008 declared the area as a Special Environmentally
Protected Area (SEPA) for nature. Also the subsequent subject plan “2004 Tatlısu –
Büyükkonuk Region Ordinance” was drawn up by the Town Planning Department in order to
put legal restrictions in place regarding beach usage and future building developments
(Figure 2). The municipal functions within the site currently fall to the local municipalities of
Buyukkonuk and Tatlisu. The management of the site mainly falls under the control of
Department of Environment Protection and Department of Town Planning.
2.2.3. Site Status
Tatlisu SEPA has been put under the management of an ordinance after the realisation of a
possible construction threat to the area. An uncontrolled construction boom started in
northern part of Cyprus after April 2003. The ordinances of the site were drawn up in
accordance with article 38 (coastal zone protection), article 39 (Protection of historical,
cultural, natural resources and article 40 (environment protection) of the constitution. The
major pressure to the site is situated around Kaplica beach where the majority of the building
in the region has taken place. Also there has been some major damage to the dune system
on this beach during the preparation for a caravan park. In addition to the hotel and caravan
park at Kaplica beach there is a small tourist development at Tatlisu belediye beach which
consists of some wooden chalet type buildings. Furthermore, within the SEPA and also along
its southern border there are some agricultural practice, this mainly involves the growing of
cereal crops.
6
2.3 Management and infrastructure
2.3.1 Organisations
The Tatlisu SEPA falls under the jurisdictions of two municipalities; these are Tatlisu and
Buyukkonuk municipalities. Therefore all the required municipal functions will be shared
between the respective municipalities. The main north coast road borders the SEPA to the
south and runs in an east – west direction. Currently the old north coast road is still very
much in use and winds its way through the centre of the SEPA. Within the SEPA there are
four turtle nesting beaches, two of which have tourist developments within close proximity.
2.3.2 Facilities
Within the SEPA there are four turtle nesting beaches. One of these beaches, which is at the
western part of the SEPA, is part of a tourist development managed by Tatlisu Municipality,
together with some bungalows and a restaurant. There are some permanently placed
umbrellas on the beach. The other beach with a tourist development in proximity is at the
eastern part of the SEPA. Here there is a complex of restaurant, hotel and a caravan park
named Kaplica Hotel. The owner of the Kaplica hotel has also recently built new bungalows
at the southern part of the north coast road just outside the SEPA. In addition, there are
some other small developments around Kaplica beach. The SEPA also hosts two old derelict
historic Carob Warehouses.
2.3.3 Services
There is mains electric and water to most of the buildings within the SEPA. There are
telephone lines into the village of Kaplica and Mersinlik. Rubbish collection is carried out by
Tatlisu and Buyukkonuk municipalities from residential and business premises.
2.4 Climate
The climatic conditions at Tatlisu are typically Mediterranean, consisting of hot dry summers
and cool wet winters. Average daily summer temperatures are typically between 25-30°C,
with winter daily average temperatures around 10 -15°C. Rainfall occurs primarily between
the months of November – March. The Tatlisu SEPA is bordered to the south by the narrow
ridge of the Kyrenia range which receives approximately 550 mm of rainfall along its ridge, at
an elevation of 1,000 meters. Analysis of rainfall on Cyprus reveals a decreasing trend over
the past 30 years (Tsiourtic, 2002).
2.5 Geology and land forms
There are four major geological zones in Cyprus, this site falls in the zone known as the
Kyrenia Terrane. Within the SEPA there are three differing formation types: Kythrea,
Alluvium-Colluvium and Terrace deposits. The Kythrea formation, is from the Neogene
period. The Alluvium-Colluvium formations and Terrace deposits were created during the
Quaternary period (Constantinou 1995).
2.6 Soils and substrates
Kythrea consists of greywacke (type of sandstone), marls, sandstone, siltstones and basal
congromelate. The Alluvium-Colluvium formations consist of sands, silts, clays and gravels.
The Terrace deposits consist of Calcarenites, sands and gravels (Constantinou 1995).
7
2.7 Hydrology
There are numerous seasonal stream beds which run through the Tatlisu SEPA in a
northerly direction to the sea. For most of the year these remain dry and only run after heavy
rains. There are no permanent stands of water within the Tatlisu SEPA, however just outside
the SEPA border is the reservoir near Mersinlik village being the only permanent water in the
area.
2.8 Habitats, vegetation and communities
The vegetation structure of the site is of typically coastal Mediterranean nature, with a sandy,
rocky and shingle shoreline, which is very narrow at some places. Currently natural areas still
persist in much of the SEPA, these consist primarily of mattoral and sand dune systems,
which are very valuable and should be strictly protected.
Fields, arable land and transport network (construction of new road and soil extraction for
construction purposes) has bought some disturbance to the area. It has impacted on the
quality of these habitats, its species composition and increased the spreading of ruderal
species. Small scale dump sites were recorded directly along the coast.
Six habitat types were recorded within the SEPA which are included in the Habitats Directive
(Dir 92/43/EEC) one of which is listed as a priority habitat (Table 1).
8
Table 1. Description of habitats
Code Name: Included in Annex I of Directive 92/43/EEC. Importance: HD I - included in
Annex I, HD I* - priority habitat of Annex I. , in case that it is not Annex I habitat type use
EUNIS classification or "A classification of Palaearctic habitats" 1995 version.No localities:
States the number of different localities where each habitat type occurred. % of site: the
percentage of the site covered by the habitat. For marine habitats it is % of marine area of
SEPA.
No
Code Name
Importance
No localities
Area in ha
% of site
1
1120 Posidonia beds
HD I*
289.92
22.7
2
1170 Reefs
HD I
45.15
3.5
3
2110 Embryonic shifting dunes
HD I
9
11.14
8.8
4
2260 Cisto-Lavendulatalia dune
sclerophyllous scrubs
HD I
4
8.14
6.4
5
5210 Arborescent matorral with
Juniperus spp.
HD I
10
1.28
32.5
6
5420 Sarcopterium spinosum
phryganas
HD I
7
25.54
20.1
7
B 2.2 Unvegetated mobile shingle
beaches above driftline
EUNIS
4
4.43
3.5
8
B 3 Rock cliffs, ledges and shores
EUNIS
1
1.65
1.3
9
C 3 Littoral zone of inland surface
waterbodies
EUNIS
4
1.08
0.9
10
C 3.7 Unvegetated or sparcely
vegetated zones
EUNIS
1
0.53
0.4
11
I1.3 Arable land
EUNIS
12
29.01
22.8
12
J 2 Low density buildings
EUNIS
2
2.35
1.8
13
J 4 Transport networks
EUNIS
5
1.91
1.5
1170 Reefs
Submarine, or exposed at low tide, rocky substrates and biogenic concretions, which arise
from the sea floor in the sub-littoral zone but may extend into the littoral zone where an
uninterrupted zonation of plant and animal communities. These reefs generally support a
zonation of benthic communities of algae and animals species including concretions,
encrustations and corallogenic concretions (EC 2007).
*1120 Posidonia beds (Posidonia oceanica)
Beds of Posidonia oceanica are characteristic for the infra-littoral zone of the Mediterranean
Sea (depths: ranging from a few centimetres to 40 metres). On hard or soft substrate, these
beds constitute one of the main marine climax communities. They can withstand relatively
large variations in temperature and water movement, but are sensitive to desalination,
generally requiring a salinity of between 36 and 39‰ (EC 2007). P. oceanica is an endemic
species to the Mediterranean Sea that forms dense and extensive green meadows whose
leaves can attain 1 meter in length. These underwater meadows provide important ecological
9
functions and services. They require transparent, nutrient-poor waters and sediments devoid
of labile organic matter (Díaz-Almela and Duarte 2008). Beds of P. oceanica were identified
at Tatlisu along the whole coastal line in very good conservation status (Fig 3).
Embryonic shifting dunes are formations of the coast representing the first stages of dune
construction which are constituted by ripples or raised sand surfaces of the upper beach or
along the seaward fringe at the foot of the tall dunes (EC 2007). The essential criterion for
the delimitation of this habitat type is the presence of the relevant plant species and clearly
raised sand surfaces of normally between a few centimetres and >30 cm above the
surrounding beach. Embryonic shifting dunes are well developed at Tatlisu, north and northwest from Kaplica village. Grasses Elymus farctus and Imperata cylindrica dominate together
with annual species Eryngium maritimum and Pancratium maritimum. Typical species
composition is from the following species: Ipomea stolonifera, Euphorbia paralias and E.
peplis, Cakile maritima, Medicago marina, Salsola kali, Tribulus terrestris,
Echium angustifolium, Onobrychis venosa. Small population of threatened species Ambrosia
maritima and Otanthus maritimus was recorded in this habitat.
The main sandy beach below Kaplica village has been negatively impacted due to the
levelling of sand surface for caravanning purposes.
2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs
Sclerophyllous or lauriphyllus scrubs established on dunes of the Mediterranean and WarmTemperate Humid regions (EC 2007). Habitat type 2260, includes two types of communities
in Cyprus: phryganic communities (Cisto-Micromerietea) and also low or medium height
matorral
(Pistacio-Rhamnetalia).
http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/cy/eu/art17/envruy_3a/habitattype-2260.xml/manage_document.
Both types were recorded at Tatlisu, but when compared to Alagadi they are on a much
smaller scale, this is primarily due to the geological structure of the site. Habitat type 2260
includes low-grown calciphilous phryganic communities Cisto-Micromerietea julianae Oberd.
1954. This group comprises of communities which have an eastern Mediterranean
distribution (Mucina 1997). In an ecological gradient they represent the continuation of
Embryonic shifting dunes. The community is open and patches of bare sand and ephemeral
vegetation can be found.
Typical species are: Thymus capitatus, Teucrium micropodioides, Helichrysum conglobatum,
Phagnalon rupestre, Echium angustifolium, Pistacia lentiscus, Asparagus stipularis,
Rhamnus oleoides, Prasium majus, Calycotome villosa.
Arborised thickets of dunes (habitat 2260) with communities that belong to the order Pistacio
lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni Julve 1993 occur in Cyprus dunes. They belong to the class
Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex A. De Bolòs Y Vayreda 1950, which are Mediterranean evergreen
woodlands and maquis (Mucina 1997). This vegetation mainly consists of Rhamnus
oleoides, Pistacia lentiscus, Olea europaea, Ceratonia siliqua, Myrtus communis together
with other species.
5210 Arborescent mattoral with Juniperus
Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean evergreen sclerophyllous scrub organized around
arborescent junipers. Mixed dominance can be indicated by combination of codes.
Sub-types: 32.132 - Juniperus phoenicea arborescent matorral dominated by Juniperus
phoenicea s.l. (EC 2007). This subtype was identified in Cyprus on the lowest elevations
10
near the coast. This habitat is very well developed at Tatlisu, especially on the steep slopes
above the shoreline and road. Some rare and endemic species such as Allium autumnale,
Asperula cypria, Helianthemum obtusifolium and Carex halleriana were found in this habitat
type.
J. phoenicea forms open or dense maquis and thickets, rich in sclerophillous and rocky
chasmophytic species. These formations cover slopes, often in mosaic with other formations.
This habitat type can be both an arborescent pre-forestal stage (secondary matorral), or a
“permanent plant community’ when environmental conditions (aridity, rocky soils, etc.) do not
allow succession to a forest habitat (primary matorral) (Calaciura and Spinelli 2008).
Typical species are: Juniperus phoenicea, Pistacia lentiscus, Calycotome villosa, Cistus
creticus. Olea europaea, Hyparrhenia hirta, Helichrysum conglobatum and Phagnalon
rupestre. Compared to primary mattoral which is developed at Karpaz, density of Juniperus
phoenicea is lower at Tatlisu.
5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganas
Low, thorny formations of hemispherical shrubs of the coastal thermo-Mediterranean zone of
Aegean islands, mainland Greece and the Ionian islands, coastal Anatolia, much more
widespread and diverse than the western Mediterranean formations (EC 2007).
Sarcopoterium spinosum phrygana are abundant all over the island. They form the “climax”
vegetation at drier sites or on poorer soils, but they often develop as phases of degradation
or regeneration of maquis or forest vegetation after fire, cultivation, grazing or other
disturbance. It often occurs as a successional stage for other vegetation types
(http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/cy/eu/art17/envruy_3a/habitattype5420.xml/manage_document).
This habitat type was recorded also at Tatlisu and endemic species Helianthemum
obtusifolium and Teucrium micropodioides were recorded within this habitat type.
Typical species are: Sarcopoterium spinosum, Thymus capitatus, Lithodora hispidula, Noaea
mucronata, Pistacia lentiscus, Helianthemum obtusifolium, Cistus creticus, Cistus salvifolius,
Cistus parviflorus, Genista sphacelata, Rhamnus oleoides, Calycotome villosa, Helichrysum
conglobatum, Phagnalon rupestre, Teucrium micropodioides.
EUNIS habitats
B 2.2 Unvegetated mobile shingle beaches above the driftline. Vegetation is covering less
than 10%. (Davies et al. 2004). Mostly Cichorium spinosum and Crithmum maritimum can be
sparcerly found on shingle beaches, together with other species, not forming any habitat
type.
B 3. Rock cliffs, ledges and shores. Rock exposures adjacent to the oceans, their connected
seas. The faces, ledges and caves of sea-cliffs and the expanses of rocky shore are
important as reproduction, resting and feeding sites for seabirds, sea-mammals and a few
groups of terrestrial birds. Sea cliffs may also harbour highly distinctive, specialised salttolerant vegetation with associated terrestrial fauna (Davies et al. 2004).
C 3. Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies. Reedbeds and other water-fringing
vegetation by lakes, rivers and streams; exposed bottoms of dried up rivers and lakes; rocks,
gravel, sand and mud beside or in the bed of rivers and lakes (Davies et al. 2004).
C 3.7. Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with nonmobile substrates. Periodically
exposed rocks, pavements, and blocks beside rivers and lakes, and in the draw – down zone
of reservoirs (Davies et al. 2004).
I1.3 Arable land with unmixed crops grown by low-intensity agricultural methods.
11
Traditionally and extensively cultivated crops, in particular cereals, harbouring a rich and
threatened flora of field weeds (Davies et al. 2004). Generally most of the field areas in the
Tatlisu SEPA are not valuable from botanical point of view, however, there was one field
which contained nice examples of the segetal species Scandix pecten-veneris, Plantago
afra, Nigella spp., Papaver spp. This may indicate extensive and traditional uses of these
fields.
J 2. Low density buildings. Buildings in rural and buit-up areas where buildings, roads and
other impermeable surfaces are at a low density (occupying less than 30 % of the ground).
J 4 Transport networks . Includes roads, car parks, railways, paved footpaths (Hill et al 2004
b).
2.9 Flora
The listed plant species have been restricted to either endemic or threatened plants (Table
2).
Endemic plant species within the Tatlisu SEPA:
Allium autumnale: Is an endemic species of Cyprus (Viney 1994) and was found in one
location in the coastal maquis of the Tatlisu SEPA.
Asperula cypria: Is an endemic species of Cyprus (Viney 1994) and was also found within
the coastal maquis of the Tatlisu SEPA.
Helianthemum obtusifolium: Is an endemic species of Cyprus (Viney 1994) on was found
in the coastal maquis and rocky places of theTatlisu SEPA.
Teucrium micropodioides: Is an endemic species of Cyprus (Viney 1994). It is common
species in the Tatlisu SEPA, growing on sand dunes and rocky habitats.
Onobrychis venosa: Is an endemic species of Cyprus (Viney 1994) and is found growing on
the open sand dunes of the Tatlisu SEPA.
Onopordum cyprium: Is an endemic species of Cyprus (Viney 1994). It is a commonly
occurring species of disturbed places and open patches within the Tatlisu SEPA.
Threatened plant species within Tatlisu SEPA:
Threatened plant species were identified by using information from Tsintides et al. 2007, with
respect to IUCN categories.
Ambrosia maritima: Is considered as critically endangered plant of North Cyprus. Small
population of few individuals was recorded in the Tatlisu SEPA sand dunes. There are only
two know localities in North Cyprus, one at Tatlisu and the other at Alagadi. Conservation of
this species should be a priority for the site, as it is more endangered than any of endemic
species.
Otanthus maritimus: This (Achillea maritima subsp. maritima) is a vulnerable species of
Cyprus and a small population was found among the sand dunes of the Tatlisu SEPA.
Ipomea stolonifera: is endangered species of Cyprus, which is declining in numbers and
threatened by habitat loss due to tourism development and recreational activities, as well as
12
mechanical cleaning of sand beaches. It occurs among the sand dunes of Tatlisu near to
Kaplica, where it can be considered as threatened by tourism developments.
Euphorbia paralias : It is an endangered species of Cyprus, significant population of
species was found at Tatlisu sand beaches, close to Kaplica village. It is threatend by
tourism development and tourist use.
All threatened species are growing on the sand dunes in this SEPA, which are located close
to Kaplica village and growing in Embryonic shifting dunes habitat. Sand dunes are not so
extensive at Kaplica and their conservation and rehabilitation should be made a priority for
this site.
Table 2. Description of important plant species
No
1
Name
Allium
autumnale
Importance
Endemism
No of
localities
Population
Habitat
type
Specific
Management
NI
B
1
rare
5210
-
NI
B
1
rare
5210
-
NI
B
6
rare
5210,
5420
-
NI
B
19
common
2210,226
0,5210,
5420
-
NI
B
2
rare
2210,
2260
-
NI
B
13
common
1.3, J.4
-
(no local name)
Asperula cypria
2
3
4
(Kıbrıs
İnceciçeği)
Helianthemum
obtusifolium
(Kıbrıs
Güneşgülü)
Teucrium
micropodioides
(Küme Kurtluca)
5
6
Onobrychis
venosa
(Damarlı
Korunga)
Onopordum
cyprium
(Eşek Dikeni)
Name: The scientific name of the species (in brackets in Turkish if there is also a local
name). Importance: HD II - included in Annex II, HD II* - priority species of Annex II, HD IV included in Annex IV, HD V - included in Annex V, NI – national important species
Endemism: A: Local endemic (North Cyprus Endemic), B: Endemic to Cyprus, C: Endemic to
Eastern Mediterranean
No localities: Set number of localities with the species occurrence.
Population: State the size of the population and assess relative abundance.
Habitat type: State the codes of habitat types where the species occurs.
Specific management: requirements which differ from regular management of habitat.
13
2.10 Fauna
From the list of Annex II species found in the Habitat Directive, Tatlisu SEPA is principally an
important marine turtle rookery in a local, Mediterranean and European context. Two species
of marine turtle nest on the four beaches (numbered 69-72 Godley & Broderick 1992) found
within the SEPA, see Table 3 for total number of nest laid each season. The turtle nesting in
the Tatlisu SEPA is primarily carried out by the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta),
nevertheless, a few green turtle (Chelonia mydas) will nest on some of these beaches.
Table 3. The number of turtle nests deposited by green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead
(Caretta caretta) turtles at Tatlisu beaches from 1993 - 2008.
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Green
3
3
2
0
3
3
5
3
0
1
3
4
0
4
0
8
Loggerhead
16
52
50
54
59
63
65
23
69
50
46
46
56
53
78
40
Using this number of nests and dividing it by a factor of three (average number of nest per
female) equates to between 7-26 female loggerhead turtles and 1-2 green turtles nesting
annually. Globally the loggerhead turtle is categorised as endangered on the 2000 IUCN Red
List (Hilton-Taylor 2000).
Until recently the green turtle in the Mediterranean was considered a sub-population and was
therefore classified by the IUCN as critically endangered. This however, has been reclassified to endangered, as it was felt that there was not enough evidence to support its
sub-population status. As a result the green turtles found within the Mediterranean Sea are
considered, for the time being as the same population as those found in the entire Atlantic
Ocean. Both species are also protected under the Annex II of the Bern Convention (1979).
One of the beaches within this site in some years is probably the most densely nested beach
in Cyprus.
Also seen at this site from the Annex II list of the Habitats Directive (Table 4) is the Egyptian
Fruit Bat (Rousettus aegiptiacus) and very rarely the Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus
monachus). In addition, there are Appendix I species from the Birds Directive found within
the Tatlisu SEPA. Both of Cyprus endemic birds, the Cyprus Wheatear (Oenanthe cypriaca)
and Cyprus Warbler (Sylvia melanothorax) inhabit this SEPA and may also nest in the area.
Other species seen during either spring or autumn migrations include Little Egret (Egretta
garzetta) and Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea).
14
Table 4. Contains a list of Annex II faunistic species from the EC Habitats Directive
(92/43/EEC) and Birds Directive (79/409/ECC), previously recorded within the boundaries of
the Tatlisu SEPA (Kuskor reports 1998-2001, pers obs). (*) Denotes that the species is a
priority species under the terms of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC).
Zoological
group
Importance
Monachus
monachus
M
HD II*
2
Caretta caretta
R
HD II*
3
Chelonia mydas
R
HD II*
4
Rousettus
aegiptiacus
M
5
Grus grus
6
7
No
Name
1
8
9
No
localities
Population
Specific
management
Extremely
rare
No disturbance
4
10-30
No disturbance
during nesting
4
3-40
No disturbance
during nesting
HD II
Common
Protection of food
plants, breeding and
roosting sites
B
BD I
Common
Passing migrant
Oenanthe
cypriaca
B
BD I
Common
Protection of nesting
habitats
Sylvia
melanothorax
B
BD I
Common
Protection of nesting
habitats
B
BD I
Common
Passing migrant
B
BD I
Common
Passing migrant
B
BD I
Common
Migrant breeder
B
BD I
Common
Passing migrant
B
BD I
Common
B
BD I
Common
B
BD I
Common
Lanius collurio
Ardea purpurea
Coracias garrulus
10
11
12
Egretta garzetta
Ardeola ralloides
Phoenicopterus
13
ruber
Phalacrocorax
14
aristotelis
desmarestii
15
2.11 Human use inside and outside the site
2.11.1 Nature conservation
Since 1992 the local turtle conservation group (The Society for the Protection of Turtles
(SPOT) / Kuzey Kıbris Kaplumbagaları Koruma Dernegi (KKKD) in cooperation with the
Marine Turtle Conservation Project and the Environmental Protection Department has
carried out conservation work and nest monitoring. This is an annual event, with between 3040 volunteers coming to the northern part of Cyprus to help with the conservation efforts.
The four beaches within the SEPA are monitored daily throughout the turtle nesting season
(May-October). During some seasons a hatchery has been used to increase the hatching
success on some of the beaches in this SEPA. The reason for this is that during some
seasons one or more of the beaches experienced extremely high levels of predation by feral
dogs or foxes. However, these measures are reviewed each year and as many nest as
possible are left where they are naturally deposited.
2.11.2 Agriculture
Throughout the SEPA there are some agricultural practices, all of them are relatively small
scale and of a non intensive nature. There are few individuals, which grow cereal crops in
and around the SEPA, which consist of mainly barley or wheat (pers comm.).
2.11.3 Forestry
There is no forestry areas within the SEPA.
2.11.4 Recreation and tourism
Two of the beaches in the SEPA are popular recreation destination for both tourists and
locals alike. On a weekend during the summer months many people will visit the beach. For
the most part, recreation activities are mainly centred on the beach (i.e. swimming, and
sunbathing). Some of the recreational use involves a recently constructed caravan site on
the dunes that formed the backdrop to Kaplica beach.
On another beach within the SEPA there are some newly constructed wooden beach cabins.
Both of the aforementioned beaches have a beach restaurant and Kaplica beach has a small
hotel on it. Kaplica beach has recently experienced a relatively high level of development,
with the construction of holiday apartments.
2.11.5 Hunting and fishing
Hunting does occur in the forests close to the SEPA and around the villages. Sometimes
during the hunting season, the number of hunters is so high that inhabitants of Kaplica
Village are disturbed by the constant sound of gunfire (pers comm.). Some of the residents of
the Kaplica Village are involved in fishing and in the past have experienced damage to their
nets by turtles.
16
2.11.6 Extraction
In the past there has been some sand extraction, however, this has been on a relatively
small scale and is not currently a problem.
2.11.7 Water use
There is mains water supplied to all residential housing and business in the area. Some
water extraction from wells occurs, this is principally used for the irrigation of crops.
2.11.8 Mining and quarrying
See part 2.11.6 Extraction
2.11.9 Military activity
There is no military activity in or near the SEPA.
2.11.10 Education, demonstration and research
For many years there has been turtle conservation and research, this has mainly involved
the recording of nest hatching successes. Another avenue of research which has
investigated along this stretch of coastline is clutch sex ratios in relation to incubation
temperatures and durations (Fuller 2008).
2.12 Economic aspects and populations
Within the boundaries of the site there are a number of small businesses, these mainly
comprise of two restaurants, a caravan site, a small hotel and a few wooden chalets. One of
the main threats to the natural integrity of the SEPA is the recent building boom. This has
improved the economic situation of some local inhabitants. Already the construction of a
caravan site has resulted in the destruction of a large part of the dune system at the beach
site near Kaplica. There are no villages within the SEPA, however, the beaches are
frequently used by villagers from Kaplica, Mersinlik and Tatlisu.
2.13 Past human land use
The large proportion of the past human land use mainly involved agricultural practices. In the
past there has been some sand dune destruction in order to clear the site for the caravan
park at Kaplica beach. Also there are some old carob warehouses which were used to store
carobs before transportation. These building are currently in a state of disrepair.
2.14 Cultural Heritage
As previously mentioned there are two historic carob warehouses within the SEPA which are
no longer in use and are in need of renovation.
17
III. Evaluation and Objectives
3.1 Ecological criteria
3.1.1 Evaluation of habitats
The first step when evaluating habitats is the preparation of a habitat map, which forms the
basis for subsequent steps in the evaluation process. The situation in the field is we have to
deal with a mosaic habitat structure within particular localities. For simplification and
visualisation we analysed habitat structure and selected only dominant and subdominant
habitats occurring in the particular locality for depicting in legend of the map (Fig 3).
Evaluation of habitat importance is based on the criteria which are presented in the Standard
Data Form for habitats. For each habitat these criteria are: relative surface area,
representativeness and conservation status (degree of conservation of structure, functions
and rehabilitation potential). The values for particular habitat types are shown in each table.
In order to assess the habitat type importance in each locality (For polygon size and its
location see Fig. 1) we calculated the Index of Habitat Importance (IHI - Table 5).
IHI = C * (R + CS)
C – cover of habitat in percentage of locality area
R – representativity of habitat type (values 4 – 1)
CS – conservation status of habitat type (values 3 – 1)
Overall assessment of the area based on summary values for particular habitat types
occurring in localities (polygons) - Index of Locality Importance (ILI) we used following
formula:
ILI= ∑ Ci*(Ri + CSi)
Ci – coverage of habitat in percentage of local area
Ri – representativity of habitat type (values 4 – 1)
CSi – conservation status of habitat type (values 3 – 1)
Maximum value is 700 and minimum 2 points. The range of values can be split into five
categories of habitat/locality importance:
2 – 140
141 – 280
281 – 420
421 – 560
561 – 700
very low
low
average
high
very high
The evaluation of habitats is shown in Fig 4. This map is one of the most important tools for
delineation the protection zones in the SEPA.
Evaluation of marine and coastal habitats was based on two methodological approaches
“Semi-automated estimated depth mapping of shallow marine environment s using
multispectral imagery” (details see in Smith, F. 2009) and “Survey using a combination of inwater census technique, i.e. surface snorkeling and SCUBA” (details see in Witt, M. 2009).
The map of the coastal and marine habitat distribution resulted from the combination of these
approaches (Fig. 3).
18
Table 5a. Evaluation of habitat 2110 based on relative surface area (C), representativity (R)
and conservation status (CS), num – numerical values for categories, IHI – Habitat
importance
locName
C
R
R_num
CS
CS_num
IHI
T11
90
excellent
4
excellent
3
630
T30
40
excellent
4
excellent
3
280
T14
20
excellent
4
good
2
120
T4
20
good
3
good
2
100
T6
20
good
3
good
2
100
T18
10
good
3
good
2
50
T0
10 non-significant
1
average or reduced
1
20
T15
1
significant
2
average or reduced
1
3
T16
1
significant
2
average or reduced
1
3
Table 5b. Evaluation of habitat 2260 based on relative surface area (C), representativity (R)
importance
locName
C
R
R_num
CS
CS_num
IHI
T14
30
excellent
4
excellent
3
210
T4
40
good
3
good
2
200
T6
40
good
3
good
2
200
T11
10
good
3
good
2
50
5210 Arborescent mattoral with Juniperus spp.
Table 5c. Evaluation of habitat 5210 based on relative surface area (C), representativity (R)
importance
locName
C
R
R_num
CS
CS_num
IHI
T15
90
excellent
4
excellent
3
630
T16
90
excellent
4
excellent
3
630
T18
79
excellent
4
excellent
3
553
T14
40
excellent
4
excellent
3
280
T0
40
good
3
good
2
200
T3
100
nonsignificant
1
average or reduced
1
200
T7
10
excellent
4
good
2
60
19
Table 5d. Evaluation of habitat 5420 based on relative surface area (C), representativity (R)
importance
locName
C
R
R_num
CS
CS_num
IHI
T13
100
excellent
4
good
2
600
T17
70
excellent
4
good
2
420
T2
70
significant
2
average or reduced
1
210
T30
20
excellent
4
excellent
3
140
T0
20
good
3
good
2
100
T4
10
good
3
good
2
50
T6
10
good
3
good
2
50
20
3.1.2 Evaluation of plant species
The evaluation of plant species was based on previous studies (Viney 1994, Tsintides et al
2007) and current survey results. During the surveys of plant species the Tansley scale
method was used for each polygon. According to the Tansley scale, if the population of a
plant species was less than 1% it is considered as rare, if the population is above 1% but
less than 25% it is considered as common, and if it is more than 25% it is considered as
abundant.
During this project a total number of 9 plant species were considered as important plant
species. A total of 6 endemic plants recorded in the site (Table 2). In addition to this, four
threatened plant species were recorded within the SEPA, namely: Ambrosia maritima,
Otanthus maritimus, Ipomea stolonifera, Euphorbia paralias.
According to the EU Habitats Directive endemic species require particular attention due to
the specific nature of their habitat and / or the potential impact of their exploitation on their
conservation status. Therefore, the natural range of the endemic plant species at Tatlisu
SEPA needs to be monitored and kept in stable condition.
In addition, threatened plant species (Ambrosia maritime, Otanthus maritimus, Ipomea
stolonifera, Euphorbia paralias) at Tatlısu SEPA should be also monitored annually and
future improvements need to be made to their natural habitats.
3.1.3 Evaluation of Animal Species
The evaluation of animal species incorporated detailed information found in previous studies
(MTCP reports 1993-2008, Kuskor reports 1998-2001) and results from project surveys.
During surveys the numbers of individuals were recorded and either recorded as Individuals,
pairs or as a population range (i.e. 1-5, 6 -10). The number of nesting female turtles was
calculated by taking the total number of nests for each species and dividing it by a factor of
three (the average number of nests laid by a female turtle). A total of 13 Annex listed animal
species have been recorded for the site. These include three priority species green turtle,
loggerhead turtle and Mediterranean monk seal. For a complete list see Table 4. The total
number of individuals of all Annex listed species, were calculated for each polygon. These
were then categorised into areas of high, medium or low importance (See Fig 5 for details).
Areas with little or no information should not be considered as unimportant, as this is
probably an artefact of observer bias.
21
3.2 Management vision, ideal objectives for the site
The vision of protected area is to protect, preserve and enhance the natural values of the
Tatlisu SEPA and to raise awareness to those who reside in, use or visit the site.
3.2.1 Ideal Objectives
Purpose of protection is to keep the favourable conservation status of Annex I habitats and
Annex II species. Turtles and their nesting habitats are already protected under the current
environmental law. The target areas for this SEPA are the protection of Habitats Directive
Annex I habitats and Annex II species, Birds Directive Annex I species together with Cyprus
endemic plant and animal species. The priority animal species are two species of sea turtle
(Green turtle Chelonia mydas and Loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta), two endemic breeding
bird species (Cyprus Warbler Sylvia melanothorax and Cyprus Wheatear Oenanthe cypriaca)
together with other migrant Annex I breeders such as the Masked Shrike (Lanius nubicus).
The protection of the dominant habitat types within the SEPA should ensure their preferred
nesting habitats.
3.3 Socio-economic criteria
•
Habitat fragmentation or degradation usually occurs when man-made activities divide a
habitat into two or more parts, and in Tatlisu SEPA the destruction of the dunes to make way
for a caravan park at Kaplica beach has had a serious negative impact on the dune
vegetation. Also, the reduction in the size of the habitat area together with fragmentation is
another threat, thus development practices should be strictly controlled in and around the
SEPA. Habitat fragments are also more prone to disturbance and elimination since they are
smaller in size and bare more edges compared to the original habitat area.
•
Introduction of alien/exotic species such acacia can alter the population dynamics of native
species and may lead to the invasion of natural habitats. This effect can be magnified on
islands which can have fragile habitats and unique endemic species. The removal of exotics
should be a priority at fragile or important sites.
•
Erosion of soils and substrates can lead to the degradation of fragile habitats such as dune
systems, where the washing of silts and clays onto sandy areas reduce their quality and
change plant communities. Increasing human traffic to use beach areas could result in
increased damage to fragile dune systems.
22
3.4 Operational Objectives for particular zones
(See table 6 for details)
Zone 1a – Is a strict protection in order to protect fragile dune habitats (2260, 2110). This
zone includes the southern parts of polygons T6, T14 & T30. The construction of a
information pathway will help to restrict access to this zone and provide information about the
fragile habitats that occur within the zone. The will be no access into this zone and the
restoration of damaged habitats will include the removal of all exotic plant species such as
Acacia.
Zone 1b – This is a strict protection zone in order to protect the priority habitat of Posidonia
beds (*1120). This zone includes the coastal zone to a depth of 30 metres to a maximum
distance from the shore of 1.5 km. In this zone no fishing, motor craft (i.e. boats and jet ski)
or anchoring is allowed.
Zone 2 – This is an active conservation zone in order to protect the nesting habitats of
Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta. This zone includes the beach parts of T6, T14 &T30
from the high water line to the dune vegetation. This zone is partly open to escorted groups
and conservation volunteers only.
Zone 3a – This is a use zone in order to keep the current conservation status of habitats and
species. This zone includes the settlements, agricultural fields and recreation areas and is
fully open access to the public. No further building should be permitted
Zone 3b – This is also use zone in order to keep the current conservation status of habitats
and species. This zone includes the areas below the high water mark in polygons T6, T14 &
T30. This zone is also fully open access for beach uses, but restrictions to be enforced as in
zone 3c.
Zone 3c - This is also use zone in order to keep the current conservation status of habitats
and species. This zone includes the restaurant, hotel and car parking areas. This zone is
also fully open access for beach users; however, seasonal restrictions will be enforced.
During the turtle nesting season, this zone will be closed from public use from May until
October between the hours 20.00 – 08.00. In this zone lighting of fires is to be strictly
prohibited.
Zone 4a - This buffer zone is in order to conserve and enhance habitats 9320 and *6220. It
is fully open to the public, however, there should be some restrictions such as no lighting of
fires and driving of vehicles should be limited to current tracks and roads. There should be no
building allowed in this area.
Zone 4b – This is a marine buffer zone and it there to protect marine turtles and Posidonia
beds. All motorised craft should not be allowed in this zone.
23
IV. Implementation – zoning and management strategies
4.1 Zoning
There are many different types of zoning systems based on various criteria such as zoning
according to management intensity (e.g. maintenance versus restoration), level of acceptable
change, public use or access (quiet zones) etc. Usually zoning is made on the level of
protection required and follows a gradient from almost no human impact allowed to an
intensive use zone where the area may be considerably modified.
Within each zone the management prescriptions will be reasonably uniform and will differ in
terms of type and level of protection from the other zones in the plan. The zone system is not
static and will change over time with zones changing or combining with adjacent zones.
Zoning is done in terms of the level of protection required by the natural habitats and animal
communities, and the human activities allowed in an area. It follows a gradient from a
wilderness zone with almost no human impact allowed to an intensive use zone where the
natural site is considerably modified to accommodate facilities such as tourist
accommodation. It is important to keep the zoning system as simple as possible. We chose
to use four different types of zone (Fig 6, Zone Map):1. Strict Protection Zone
2. Active Conservation Zone
3. Use Zone
4. Buffer Zone
Additionally, some zones are divided into sub zones according to different conditions for
management, conservation and/or use of localities (Tab. 6). This table is result of logical
framework analysis of operational objectives, which could serve – in long term perspective –
to implement ideal objectives for the site.
Methodology for definition of zones:
Zone 1a – was delineated based on presence of fragile dune habitats 2260 CistoLavendulatalia dune sclerophyllous scrubs, 5210 Juniper mattoral and 2110 Embryonic
shifting dunes.
Zone 1b – was delineated based on presence of priority habitat 1120* Posidonia beds.
Zone 2a – was delineated based on presence of nesting of sea turtles.
Zone 3a – was delineated based on presence of settlements, agricultural fields and
recreation areas.
Zone 3b – areas below the high water mark.
Zone 3c – includes the restaurant, hotel and car parking areas.
Zone 4a and 4b – all other terrestrial/marine areas. To help protect habitats and species
mention in zone 1 & 2.
24
Table 6. Logical framework of operational objectives according to zones
Zone/
management
unit
Operational objectives
Location of
zone based on
polygon codes
Objectives of
interpretation and
visitor
management
Development
objectives
Measures
Indicator of
success
Assumptions and
risks
Zone 1a Strict
Protection zone
Protect/enhance fragile dune
habitats 2260, 2110
Polygons T6, T14
& T30
Restricted access
Develop
information
pathway
Prevent access of cars,
grazing, construction.
Restore the area between
caravan park and beach.
Remove any invasive exotic
species (i.e. acasia) and
encourage the use of native
species. Limit public
access. Provide board walk
from caravan park to beach
Improved CS of
2260 and 2110 in
polygons T6, T14 &
T30
Appropriate
information on
boundary of zone,
regular control,
restoration of habitat
Zone 1b
Strict Protection
Protect priority habitat *1120
Posidonia beds
Coastal zone to a
depth of 30 m to
distance from the
shore 1.5 km
Restricted access
Provide
information to the
different
stakeholder
groups
Prevent fishing by nets and
trawling, anchoring by all
boat users
Keeping habitat in
current area and
condition
Appropriate
information on
location of zone,
regular control.
Protect nesting habitats of
Caretta caretta and Chelonia
mydas
Beach parts of T6,
T14 &T30 from
high water line to
the dune
vegetation
Partially open or
zoned access, access
would be restricted to
conservation
activities
Place information
boards and raise
awareness of all
beach users
Prevent disturbance to turtle
nests, predation by dogs,
access of cars, construction.
Reduction in lighting at the
caravan park and hotel on
Kaplica beach
Increased nesting
and hatching and
emergence success.
Regular control,
awareness raising of
visitors and caravan
owners
Zone 3a
Use zone
Keep current conservation
status of habitat and species
Agriculture fields,
in polygons T8
&T9
Fully open access for
agricultural purposes
only.
Place information
boards
Prevent disturbance to
habitats to contiguous
habitats and prevent any
further habitat
fragmentation
Keeping contiguous
habitats in the area
at their current level
and if possible
improve some of
them.
Appropriate
information on the
human impact, regular
control, awareness
raising of the visitors
and local people
Zone 3b
Use zone
Areas below the
High water mark
in polygons T6,
T14 & T30 and
into the sea to a
distance of 100m
beach uses, but
restrictions to be
enforced as in zone
3c
Place information
boards and raise
awareness of all
beach users
Prevent damage to
contiguous zones
Keeping habitats in
the area at their
current level and
improve the status
of contiguous zones
Appropriate
information on the
control, awareness
and local people
zone
Zone 2
Active
Conservation
zone
25
Zone 3c
Use zone
Restaurant, car
parking areas,
picnic areas in
polygons T0, T14
& T30,
beach uses, but
seasonal restrictions
below to be enforced
Place information
boards and raise
awareness of all
beach users
Prevent damage to
contiguous zones
Keeping habitats in
the area at their
current level and
improve the status
of contiguous zones
Appropriate
information on the
control, awareness
and local people
There will be
seasonal restrictions
in this zone, it will be
closed to the public
from May-October
during the hours
20:00-08:00
Zone 4a
Buffer zone
Conserve/enhance habitats of
*1120, 5420, 5210 and 2260
Distributed along
the marine
coastline and in
polygons T0, T2,
T3, T4,T6, T7,
T10, T11, T12,
T13, T15, T16,
T18.
Fully open access,
however, any
activities which
would lead to
damage or
destruction of
habitats *1120, 5420,
5210 and 2260
should be strictly
forbidden
Place information
boards
Prevent intensive
agriculture, ploughing and
intensive grazing. No street
lighting to be allowed
which is visible from the
beach in polygon T6. Not
allow trawling by fishing
boats in the marine buffer
zone
Improvement of CS
of habitat in each
locality
Information to
farmers, fishermen
and other possible
stakeholders
Zone 4a
Buffer zone
Protection of the turtle nesting
beach in polygon T16. Due to
the narrow nature of the SEPA
it was thought that to provide
adequate protection to the most
important turtle nesting beach
in this SEPA a significant
buffer zone behind the nesting
beach would be required,. This
polygon also contains excellent
example of mattoral habitat
5210.
Land south of
polygons T3, T16
and T7 up to and
just beyond
Mersinlik
reservoir.
Fully open access,
however, any
activities (i.e.
building construction
or street lighting)
which would lead to
disturbance of the
turtle nesting should
be strictly forbidden.
Place information
boards and raise
awareness of
stakeholders
Prevent the construction of
buildings disturbance of
turtle nesting. No street
lighting to be allowed
which is visible from the
beach
Keep the current
activities in the area
(i.e. agriculture and
forestry)
Appropriate
information on the
control
Zone 4b
Buffer zone
Protect priority habitat *1120
Posidonia beds and nesting
turtles
Coastal zone
All motorised craft
should not be
allowed in this zone
Placement of
buoys for
demarcation of
the zone
Prevent f, disturbance. All
motorised craft should not
be allowed in this zone
Keeping habitats in
the current localities
and condition and
nesting of turtles at
current levels,
Appropriate
information on the
control
26
4.2 Management Strategies
4.2.1 Management Strategies for Strict Protection Zone:
There are two zones under the Strict Protection Zone in Tatlisu SEPA: Zone 1a aiming the
protection and enhancement of fragile juniper and dune habitats 2260, 5210 and 2110, and
Zone 1b where the objective is protection of priority habitat 1120 Posidonia beds (Sea Grass
Beds).
In the Strict Protection Zone 1a, the target area is the dune habitats found in polygons T6,
T14 & T30. These dune habitats are very fragile ecosystems, and are also very prone to
human impact. On the other hand, there has been degradation and fragmentation in the
area. Therefore, apart from conservation alone, there should be some restoration activities in
order to enhance the conservation status of the dune habitats 2260 and 2110. In that
respect, management strategy involves preventing the access of people, cars, grazing, and
construction, so that the conservation status is not further decreased. Driving cars and
grazing are harmful to the newly growing vegetation; while the construction causes
degradation and fragmentation of the dune habitats. Moreover, for restoration purposes,
management strategy requires restoration of the dune habitats at Kaplica beach, adjacent to
the caravan park, as well as removal of invasive exotic species such as Acacia spp., and the
use of native species, if replanting is required. Above all, restriction of public access,
especially the walking of people broadly from the caravan park to the beach, is also crucial
for improving the conservation status of dune habitats 2260 and 2110. Furthermore there
should be no building development allowed in this zone.
For Strict Protection Zone 1b, where the objective is protection of the Posidonia beds,
which constitute the coastal area to a depth of 30 m and to a distance of 1.5 km from the
shore. In this zone the management strategy is to prevent disturbance and damage to the
Posidonia beds by means of fishing by nets or trawling and anchoring by all boat users.
Therefore, different stakeholder groups should be provided with necessary information, and
regular controls should be in place to keep the Posidonia habitat in current area and
condition. On the other hand, placement of buoys placed 500m apart in order to delineate
the protected zone boundaries along the use zone and 30m bathymetry line, is a crucial step
for the protection of Posidonia beds and for awareness raising of all possible user groups.
4.2.2 Management Strategies for Active Conservation Zone:
The purpose of Active Conservation Zone is to prevent disturbance to nesting habitats of
Caretta caretta and Chelonia mydas and to protect turtle nests and hatchlings. This zone
covers the beach parts of polygons T6, T14 and T30 from high water line to the dune
vegetation. The Active Conservation Zone will be a seasonal zone.
From May to October it will be closed to the general public during the hours 20:00-08:00 and
access should be restricted to scientists and escorted groups only. The management
strategy includes the placing of information boards in the area, in order to raise awareness of
all beach users. Prevention of several disturbing situations such as predation of nests by
dogs, access of cars to the beach, construction in or nearby the area, is also an important
step for conservation of turtle nests and for achieving increased levels of turtle nesting.
Moreover, the amount of the lighting during the night around the beach is another disturbing
factor to the turtles. Thus, reduction in the lighting at the caravan park and hotel on Kaplica
beach is an important issue and at this point management strategy is provision of necessary
information to the stakeholders. Furthermore there should be no building development
allowed in this zone.
27
4.2.3 Management Strategies for Use Zone:
The objective in the Use Zone is to prevent any further damage to habitats and species and
to keep the current conservation status of habitats and species. This zone contains three
different sub zones: Zone 3a which covers the agriculture fields in polygons T8 &T9; Zone
3b covering the areas below the high water line and into the sea in polygons T6, T14 & T30;
and Zone 3c which covers the restaurant, car parking areas, picnic areas, hotel and
bungalows in polygons T0 &T30.
All three zones in the Use Zone are fully open to the public use but the current code of
conduct should be strictly enforced to restrict certain activities during the turtle nesting
season (from May to October). The beach is closed to public at night during the nesting
season and it is forbidden to use vehicles, walk dogs, or to have barbeques on the beach.
The management strategies for the Use Zone are the prevention of damage to contiguous
habitats. Also, for Zone 3a (Use zone-Agriculture), to promote ecologically sensitive farming
techniques and to prevent high levels of pesticide and fertilizer applications are also among
the management strategies. By the prevention of disturbance to habitats and prevention of
any further habitat fragmentation, it is planned to keep the present habitats in the area at
their current level and to improve the status of the contiguous zones. Moreover, through the
placement of information boards, awareness raising of visitors and locals alike could be
achieved.
The management strategies for the Use Zone are the prevention of damage to contiguous
habitats and with this in mind to promote the restoration of old buildings and some
sympathetic development. . Due to the general structure of the site it is proposed that no
developments be allowed within the boundaries of the SEPA.
4.2.4 Management Strategies for Buffer Zone:
The Buffer Zone’s operational objective is to conserve and to enhance, wherever needed,
the habitats and species in the zone or contiguous zones. For the Tatlisu SEPA there are
different functions of a buffer zone. The target habitats in the Buffer Zone are *1120
Posidonia beds, 5420 phrygana, 2260 dune and 5210 mattoral, distributed in polygons T0,
T2, T3, T4, T6, T7, T10, T11, T12, T13, T15, T16, T18. In 2260 dune, 5420 phrygana, and
5210 mattoral habitats, access is partially allowed, and lighting of fires is to be strictly
prohibited. For the marine buffer zone, trawling should be forbidden. The function of the
other buffer zone on land south of polygons T3, T16 and T7 up to and just beyond Mersinlik
reservoir is to protect the most important turtle nesting beach in the SEPA against any
disturbance from building construction or street lighting. Due to the general structure of the
site it is proposed that no developments be allowed within the boundaries of the SEPA.
28
4.3 Action plans
Description of measures and budget
Measure 1
Prevent access of people, cars, grazing and construction.
Where does it apply? Zone,
management unit, location
Zone 1a
Objectives
Protection and enhancement of fragile and degraded dune
habitats 2260, 2110
Description of activities
Time
schedule
Implementing Costs Indicator of
Body
success
Who
controls?
Place information boards
1st year
Natura 2000
project
???
Improvement
of
conservation
status of
dune habitats
Rangers
Improve and maintain car park
and caravan boundaries to
prevent vehicular access to beach
areas. Also put in place barriers
to stop vehicles driving onto the
beach from the road in polygon
T6
1st year
and
ongoing
Natura 2000
project and
Dept of
Environment
???
Restored
dune areas
with natural
habitats and
species
Rangers
Provide beach access points for
with board walks to encourage
beach users to only access the
beach at certain locations. Rope
fences to show areas under
protection
1st year
and
ongoing
Natura 2000
project and
Dept of
Environment
???
Restoration
of dune
habitats and
no further
damage to
other areas
Rangers
Prevent grazing, awareness
raising of local shepherds
1st year
and
ongoing
Natura 2000
project and
Dept of
Environment
???
No grazing in
dune areas
Rangers
29
Measure 2
Remove exotic plant species.
Zone 1a
Objectives
Protection and enhancement of fragile and degraded dune
habitats 2260, 2110.
Time
schedule
Implementing Costs Indicator of
Body
success
Removal of invasive exotics such 1-5 years Forestry
as acacia from polygons T0 &
Department
T30
???
No exotics
Who
controls?
Rangers
and
Forestry
Dept
Measure 3
Protect priority habitat Posidonia beds *1120
Where does it apply?
Zone, management unit,
location
Zones 1b & 4 Areas offshore to a depth of 30m of all coastal polygons
to a maximum distance from the shore of 1.5km
Objectives
Protecting the conservation status of this priority habitat
Time
schedule
Implementing
Body
Costs
Indicator of
success
Who
controls?
Awareness raising among
all possible stakeholder i.e.
tour boats, scuba diving
businesses, fishermen etc.
1st year
and
ongoing
Natura 2000
project,
Governmental
departments
???
Habitats
remain in their
current
condition
Rangers,
Tourism,
Environment,
Fisheries
Depts
Placing of buoys to
delineate the protected area
boundaries
1st year
and
ongoing
Government
Departments
???
Reduced level
or no boat
traffic
Rangers,
Dept of
Environment
30
Measure 4
Prevent disturbance of nesting turtles
Zone 3c (polygons T6, T14 &T30)
Objectives
Protection of nesting turtles
Time
schedule
Implementing Costs Indicator Who
Body
of success controls?
Improve the current system to
prevent access to the beach areas
during the months of May-October,
between the hours of 20:00-08:00.
1st year
and
continuing
Natura 2000
project, local
NGO and
Dept of
Environment
1st year
and
continuing
Natura 2000
project, local
NGO and
Dept of
Environment
Patrols to be carried out by Rangers
Reduce the amount of light
pollution reaching the turtle nesting
zone at Kaplica beach
31
???
Reduced
access to
beach
area at
night
Rangers,
NGO
volunteers
and Dept
Environment
Reduced
or the use
of more
sensitive
lighting
Rangers,
NGO
volunteers
and Dept
Environment
V. Monitoring
5.1 Monitoring of habitats
The monitoring of habitats will focus on Annex I habitat types listed in Table 1 and evaluated
in chapter 3.1.1. The proposed methodology is to repeat the inventory previously carried out
by this project using the “Habitat mapping manual” (Seffer et al. 2008). Data gathered will be
stored in a relational database developed by the project, which will hold baseline data as the
starting point for evaluation of monitoring results.
The periodicity of monitoring depends on the dynamics and variations in species
composition of particular habitat types. For more stabile habitat types like forests, the period
of five years is sufficient, for more dynamic habitat types such as dune ecosystem, the
monitoring period should be shorter i.e. two years.
Evaluation of the data will be based on a rapid assessment of area, representativity and
conservation status using IHI (Index of Habitat Importance) and ILI (Index of Locality
Importance) indices (see chapter 3.1.1). Further evaluation of monitoring results should be
based on the evaluation of species composition changes. Different techniques could be used
taking into account variety of ordination and classification methods widely used in vegetation
science (eg ter Braak et Smilauer 1998, Gauch 1982, Peet 1980).
Monitoring of the distribution of Posidonia oceanica meadows should be realised using
satellite remote sensing and/or aerial photography. Given the inherent interconnectivity of all
habitats, remote sensing techniques should be used to map all meadows occurring along the
northern part of Cyprus. Imagery should be purchased on a yearly basis so to quantify the
change in Posidonia oceanicae coverage through time.
Monitoring plan for habitats
*1120 Posidonia beds (Posidonion oceanica)
Common, in the coastal zone dominant habitat.
Period of monitoring: each year
Location of monitoring localities: coastal zone till depth 30 m
Very dynamic habitat type, endangered, in Tatlisu it is well developed
Period of monitoring: each year
Monitoring localities: polygons T11, T14, T30.
Well distributed in Tatlisu SEPA, dynamic habitat type.
Period of monitoring: each 2 years
This habitat type is stabile and has a large area of distribution within the site.
32
Is stabile and well distributed in area.
Table 7 shows the list of habitat types to be monitored, proposed localities for monitoring
and period of sampling. Decisive period for sampling of particular locality is the shortest one,
which is needed for the more dynamic habitat types.
Proposed time schedule for sampling (Table 8) is based on previous analysis. It shows
sampling plan of monitoring localities for a 10 year period. No of polygons shows how many
localities will be sampled in each particular year. B – means time of baseline sampling,
which was done this year, S – means sampling of locality.
Required capacity for sampling of 10 localities is 4 person-days for field work, 1 day for
determination of plant species, 1 day for input to database.
33
Table 7 An overview of terrestrial habitat types, proposed localities for monitoring and periodicity of sampling (years). Decisive period for
sampling is the shortest one.
Habitat types with proposed period for monitoring (years)
T2
T4
T6
T11 T13 T14 T15
1
2
Proposed period for monitoring of localities (polygons)
5
2
2
34
T30
2
5
5
2
T18
1
5
5
T17
1
T16
1
5
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
1
Table 8. Time schedule for sampling of monitoring localities over a 10 year period. The No
of polygons shows how many localities will be sampled in each particular year. B – means
time of baseline sampling, which was done this year, S – means sampling of locality.
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
T2
B
T4
B
S
S
S
S
S
T6
B
S
S
S
S
S
T11
B
T13
B
T14
B
T15
B
S
S
T16
B
S
S
T17
B
S
S
T18
B
S
S
T30
B
No polygons
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3
5
3
5
9
5
3
5
3
11
35
5.2 Monitoring of Plants
Monitoring of plant species will be focused on Annex II listed plant species, threatened plant
species and endemic plant species. The proposed methodology for monitoring is sampling of
permanent plots (Fig 7).
If the species occurs in more than one locality (polygon), two permanent plots will be
monitored. In a case of abundant species – more than 20 specimens in permanent plot,
species population will be counted in 6 randomly localised squares with size 0.5x0.5 m.
Later the size of population will be estimated using statistical methods.
Figure 7. Permanent plot with size 5x5m. In the case of abundant species (i.e. more than 20
specimens), the species population will be counted in 6 randomly localised squares with size
0.5x0.5 m.
36
5.2.1. Monitoring threatened plant species
Ambrosia maritima (Uzum Otu)
It is a critically endangered plant in Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007). It flowers between July
and December. A very small population of this species was recorded at one locality in the
Tatlisu embryonic shifting dunes habitat (2110) sand.
Period of monitoring: each year (during flowering period)
Location of monitoring: polygon T14
Otanthus maritimus (no local name)
This is classed as a vulnerable species for Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007). A small population
was found at only one location in Embryonic shifting dunes habitat (2110). The flowering
period for this plant species is June-August.
Location of monitoring: polygon T30
Ipomea stolonifera (Kum Sarmaşığı)
This is classified as an endangered species of Cyprus (Tsintides et al. 2007). Very good
population occurs along Tatlısu beaches on sandy locations. The flowering period for this
plant species is June – August.
Location of monitoring: T30
Euphorbia paralias (Deniz Sütleğeni)
According to Tsintides et al. (2007) it is endangered plant species of Cyprus. But According
to Viney (1994) it is common on the east coast between Salamis and Iskele and at many
points along north coast. A small population was found in Embryonic shifting dunes habitat
(2110) at Tatlisu. The flowering period for this plant species is between February and
December.
Location of monitoring: polygon T18, T30.
37
5.2.2. Monitoring endemic plant species
The endemic plant species listed below should be monitored.
Period of monitoring: each 2 years (during flowering period)
Location of monitoring: related polygons listed below.
Plant Name
Flowering Period
Polygon Number
Allium autumnale
October-November
T15
Asperula cypria
May-June
T15
Helianthemum obtusifolium
February-May
T11, T17
Onobrychis venosa
February-May
T4
Onopordum cyprium
April-July
T2, T14
38
5.3 Monitoring of Animals
5.3.1 Marine turtles
The monitoring of marine turtles should be carried out annually and should begin during the
second half of May and continue daily until the beginning of October (Table 9). This will allow
for the complete coverage of the turtle nesting season in Cyprus and therefore will capture
from the laying of eggs to the hatching of nests. Ideally, the beach should be checked daily
for signs of laying and hatching of eggs. Details of clutch size, hatching success, number of
live and dead hatchlings, reasons for non hatching of eggs; such as infertile, dead embryo all
should be recorded. Also if the clutch totally fails reasons should be noted. This will enable
the management team to thoroughly assess the protocols in place and if necessary adjust
them accordingly.
5.3.2 Birds
Bird surveys ought to be performed on a monthly basis to assess both the species presence
and their relative abundance (Table 9). Probably the most economic way to survey birds is to
carry out a series of point counts at predefined sites for a certain period of time throughout
the SEPA. These locations should be sited in the different habitat types and zones found
within the boundaries of the SEPA. This will allow for comparison between the different
habitats and zoning types. It would also be advantageous to perform more frequent counts
(i.e. weekly) during the breeding season, autumn and spring migrations. Breeding bird
counts would be better performed by walking stratified transects along tracks, which
encompass most of the habitats found inside the SEPA. These stratified transect counts can
also be used for general bird monitoring. It is imperative that for these counts to be
comparable that the same routes, time of day (preferably early morning) and time is spent on
each individual count.
Table 9. Details of the number of days monitoring required for each taxa during different
months of the year.
Taxa
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Birds
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
30
31
31
30
Turtles
39
References
Tatlisu Ozel Cevre Koruma Bolgesi (1999) Sehir Planlama Dairesi. Lefkosa
Broderick, A.C., Coyne, M.C., Fuller, W.J., Glen, F. & Godley, B.J. 2007. Fidelity and overwintering of sea turtles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274:1533-1538.
Broderick, A.C., Glen, F., Godley, B.J. & Hays, G.C. (2002). Estimating the number of
Green and Loggerhead Turtles nesting annually in the Mediterranean. Oryx 36: 227236.
Calaciura B. & Spinelli O. 2008. Management of Natura 2000 habitats. 5210 Arborescent
matorral with Juniperus spp. European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu
/environment/nature/natura2000/management/habitats/pdf/5210_Arborescent_matorra
l_Juniperus.pdf
Constantinou, G 1995. Geological map of Cyprus.
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of
wild fauna and flora. Official Journal L206, 22/07/1992 0007-0050 (The Habitats
Directive)
Davies C.E., Moss, D. & Hill, M.O. (2004) EUNIS Habitat Classification Revised 2004.
Report to the European Topic Centre on Nature Protection and Biodiversity, European
Environment Agency. October 2004. 307pp.
Díaz-Almela E. & Duarte C.M. (2008). Management of Natura 2000 habitats. 1120
*Posidonia
beds
(Posidonion
oceanicae).
European
Commission.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/habitats/pdf/1120_Po
sidonia_beds.pdf
European Commission, (2007). Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats - EUR27.
DG Environment. July 2007.
Flint P, 1998-2001 Kuskor Annual Report, North Cyprus
Fuller WJ, Broderick AC, Phillips RA, Silk JRD, Godley BJ. (2008). Utility of geolocating light
loggers for indicating at-sea movements in sea turtles. Endangered Species
Research4, 139-146.
Fuller, W.J., 2008. The Ecology and Conservation of Mediterranean Marine Turtles. PhD
Thesis Exeter University, Exeter, UK.
Gauch, H. G., Jr. 1982. Multivariate Analysis and Community Structure. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Godley, B.J, & Broderick, AC. (1992). Glasgow University Turtle Conservation Expedition to
North Cyprus 1992, Expedition Report.
Godley, B.J., Broderick, A.C., Glen, F. & Hays, G.C. (2003). Post-nesting movements and
submergence patterns of loggerhead marine turtles in the Mediterranean assessed by
satellite tracking. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 287, 119-134.
Hill, M.O., Moss, D. & Davies, C.E. (2004) Eunis Habitat classification descriptions.
European Topic Centre on Nature Protection and Biodiversity, Paris.
Hilton-Taylor, C. (Compiler) (2000) 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN,
Gland, Switzerland.
40
Jackson A., Broderick, A.C., Fuller W. J., Glen F, Godley B.J. (2008) Sampling design and
its affect on population monitoring: how much monitoring do turtles really need?
Biological Conservation 141: 2932-2941
Kasparek, M., Godley, B.J., Broderick, A.C. (2001). Nesting of the Green Turtle, Chelonia
mydas, in the Mediterranean: a review of status and conservation needs. Zoology in
the Middle East 24, 45-74.
Mucina L. 1997. Conspectus of Classes of European Vegetation. - Folia Geobot. Phytotax.,
Praha, 32/2: 117-172 p.
Peet, R. K. 1980. Ordination as a tool for analyzing complex data sets. Vegetatio 42:171-4
ter Braak, C. J. F., and P. Šmilauer. 1998. CANOCO reference manual and User's guide to
Canoco for Windows: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4).
Microcomputer Power, Ithaca.
Seffer, J, Lasak, R., Kara, C., Özden, Ö., Fuller, W., Mut, K. (2008). Habitat and Species
Inventory Manual (Ms.). Technical assistance for management and protection of
potential Natura 2000 sites in the northern part of Cyprus. Nicosia.
Smith, F. 2009. Semi-automated estimated depth mapping of shallow marine environment s
using multispectral imagery. Ms.
Tsintides T., Christodoulou C.S., Delipetrou P. & Georgiou K. (eds). (2007) The Red Data
Book of the Flora of Cyprus. Lefkosia: Cyprus Forestry Association.
Tsiourtis, N. (2002). Cyprus - water resources, planning and climate change adaptation.
Mediterranean Regional Roundtable, Athens, Greece, December 2002.
Viney, D. E., 1994. An Illustrated Flora of North Cyprus. Published by Koeltz Scientific
Books, Koenigstein, Germany.
Witt, M. 2009. Marine habitats and species of coastal waters adjacent to Special
Environmentally Protected Areas in the northern part of Cyprus. Ms.
41
Figures
Figure 1. Location of Tatlisu SEPA (west & east).
42
43
Figure 2. Ordinance map of the Tatlisu SEPA
44
Figure 3. Shows the dominant habitats found in the Tatlisu SEPA (west & east).
45
46
Figure 4. Evaluation of habitat importance (west & east).
47
48
Figure 5. Fauna assessment map (west & east)..
49
50
Figure 6. Zoning Map (west & east).
51
52
53

Management Plan for Tatlisu SEPA

Transcription

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