This document was prepared as an internal report for circulation

This document was prepared as an internal report for circulation within the then Australian Road
Research Board and to selected stakeholders.
It may have received a level of internal review at the time of compilation but was not intended to
be an externally published document.
For historical purposes it has now been included within the ARRB Knowledge Base.
ARRB Group, 2015
AIR 155--5
ARRBINTERNAL REPORT
AIR 155-5
August 1981
AUSTRALIAN ROAD STATISTICS
by
T. THORESEN
Research Scientist
Project 155 Transport Statistics
AUSTRALIAN ROAD RESEARCH BOARD
INTERNAL REPORT
AUSTRALIAN ROAD RESEARCH BOARD
500 BURWOOD HIGHWAY
VERMONT SOUTH, VICTORIA
AUSTRAUAN ROADRESEARCHBOARD
THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT
1.
To compile from readily available published and unpublished data a collection of basic road statistics to form
the basis of the proposed NAASRA publication 'Australian Road Statistics'.
2.
To critically review road statistics data utilised and make recommendations regarding desirable improvements
to data and additions to the set of tables presented.
THIS REPORT SHOULD INTEREST
NAASRA Publications Committee
2.
Planners, economists and administrators concerned with the collection of aggregated road transport data and its
use in monitoring trends in road provision and use and determining resource allocation.
THE MAJOR CONCLUSIONS OF THE REPORT ARE
1.
That available Australian data on roads and road use is sufficient to support a separate statistical publication
solely describing this data.
2.
The data set compiled provides an adequate statistical collection in terms of coverage, reliability and detail
to form the basis of the proposed NAASRA publication 'Australian Road Statistics'.
AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE WORK REPORTED, THE FOLLOWING ACTION IS RECOMMENDED
1.
The publication be submitted to NAASRA Publications Committee for examination and comment.
2.
That consideration be given to improvements in statistics recommended in the text of the report. Particular
issues are:
reconciliation of the road inventory data of ABS and of the Australian Road Survey (ARS)
extension of ARS road count data to include vehicle type and size
better data on local government
better data on Commonwealth road user tax receipts
RELATED ARRB RESEARCH
155
Transport Statistics
253
Vehicle Operating Costs
368
Impact of Heavy Freight Vehicles
1:1,';r./\HCll
f',«f\\�Y
THORESEN, T.
(1981) : AUSTRALIAN ROAD STATISTICS. Australian Road Research
155-5. 75 pages including 33 tables.
Board. Internal Report AIR
KEYWORDS :
Statistics/tax/vehicle ownership/fuel consumption/highway/ton mile/
investment
ABSTRACT
: This report presents and describes a basic set of road statistics designed to
furm the basis of the proposed NAASRA publication 'Australian Road Statistics'. Aspects
of roads and road use covered comprise road network, vehicles on register, road utilisation,
road finance and expenditure, road user taxation, aggregate fuel consumption by motor
vehicles and motoring and road construction price indexes. Data utilised has been drawn
primarily from the publications of the Australian Bureau of Statistics, NAASRA,
CUT OUT INFORMATION
RETRIEVAL CARD.......... .
BTE
and the former Commonwealth Bureau of Roads. Data is presented at an individual State
and Territory level where available or appropriate. Statistics are also presented in both a
benchmark and time series format to facilitate tracing of trends in addition to cross­
sectional analysis. Limitations experienced with data are described and recommendations
made describing desirable improvements. The data presented indicates that Australia's
road system is relatively extensive but mostly single carriageway and unsealed. Higher
standard roads are concentrated in urban areas and along inter-regional routes. Increases
in the length of high capacity and other sealed roads indicate continued development of
the network.
"Non IRRD Keywords
THORESEN,
AI R 1 5 5 - 5
T.
CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT
1.
BACKGROUND
1
2.
INTRODUCTION
1
3.
ROAD NETWORK
2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
2
4
9
10
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
General
Benchmark data
Annual road network data
Road network data : Summary and Further Work
THE AUSTRALIAN MOTO R VEHICLE POPULATION
11
4 .1
4 .2
4 .3
4.4
11
12
14
16
General
The vehicle population
The vehicle population
The vehicle population
all vehicles
commercial vehicles
summary and further work
ROAD UTILISATION
17
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
17
17
18
23
General
Australian road survey data
Surveys of motor vehicle usage
Road utilisation : summary and further work
ROAD FINANCE AND EXPENDITURE
24
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
24
24
25
27
General
Road funding
Expenditure on roads
Road finance and expenditure
work
summary and further
ROAD USER TAXATION
28
7.1
7 .2
7.3
7.4
28
29
30
General
State and territory taxation of road transport
Commonwealth taxation of road transport
Road user taxation : summary and further work
28
ROAD TRANSPORT PRICE INDEXES AND FUEL USAGE
31
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
31
General
Motor vehicle fuel consumption
Motor vehicle and road construction price indexes
Price indexes and fuel usage : summary and further
w ork
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
TABLES
APPENDICES
31
32
33
34
36
T. THORESEN
AIR 155-5
ABSTRACT
This report presents and describes a basic set of road statistics
designed to form the basis of the proposed NAASRA publication
Aspects of roads and road use
'Austra lian Road Statistics'.
covered comprise road network, vehicles on register, road
utilisation, road finance and expenditure, road user taxation,
aggregate fuel consumption by motor vehicles and motoring and
road construction price indexes.
Data utilised has been drawn
primaril y from the pUblications of the Australian Bureau of
Statistics, NAASRA, BTE and the former Commonwealth Bureau of
Data is presented at an individual State and Territory
Roads.
level where available or appropriate.
Statistics are also
presented in both a benchmark and time series format to
facilitate tracing of trends in addition to cross-sectional
analysis.
Limitations experienced with data are described and
recommendations made describing desirable improvements.
The
data presented indicates that Australia's road system is
relatively extensive but mostly single carriageway and unsealed.
Higher standard roads are concentrated in urban areas and along
inter-regional routes.
Increases in the length of high capacity
and other sealed roads indicate continued development of the
network.
. ,
1
AIR 1 5 5 - 5
1.
BACKGR O UN D
Th e
d a ta
c o n t a i n ed
in
th i s
r epo r t
h a v e b e e n pr epa r e d a t t h e
behest o f the
Na t i o n a l
As s o c i a t i o n. o f
Au s t r a l i a n
State
Ro a d
Au t h o r i t i e s
( NAASRA )
to
p r ov i d e
t h e' b a s i s
of
o ne
of t h r e e
pUb l i c a t i o n s d e s i g n ed
to
r epl a c e
the
p Ub l i c a t i o n
' Au s t r a l i an
Ro a d s '
( NA A S RA 1 9 7 � ) .
G i v e n t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y a nd l i m i t a t i o n s o f
d a t a , t he f o rm a t a d o p t e d f o l l o ws
as
c losely
as
po s s i b l e
tha t
r e c o m m e nd ed
by a s ub - c om m i t t e e a ppo i n t ed b y NAA S RA t o r ev i ew t h e
pUb l i c a tio n ' Au s t r a l i a n Ro a d s ' .
On e s i g n i f i c a n t
va r i a t io n
made
wa s
to
c om b i n e t h e r e s u l t s o f b en c hm a r k s u r v e ys o f r oa d n e t wo r k
a nd r o a d u s e i n t o s i ng l e c o n s o l i d a t ed t a b l e s .
Th i s h a s b e e n d on e
to
enable
r e ad e r s
to
have
r e fe r ence
to
these
s t ud i e s i n a
c o n so l i d a t e d c ompa r a b l e f o rm .
Th i s r epo r t i n
i ts
prese n t
f o rm a t
is
un s u i t a b l e
fo r
g en e r a l
p Ub l i c a t i o n
un d e r t h e a u s p i c e s
o f NAASRA .
Ho we v e r , a n
a t t em p t h a s b e e n m a d e t o wr i t e t h e r epo r t i n s uc h a wa y s o t h a t a
s u i t a b l e d o c um e n t c o u l d b e p r o v i d ed w i t h m i n i m um e d i t i ng .
2.
INTRODUC TION
Th e p u r po s e o f t h i s pUb l i c a t i o n i s t o
prov i d e
a
c ompe n d i um
of
bas i c
Au s t r a l i a n
Ro ad
S t a t i s t i c s u n d e r o n e cov e r .
Co v e r age i s
c h i � f l y a t t h e Nat i o n a l a nd S t a t e l ev e l r a t h e r t h a n a t a r eg i o n a l
or
sma l l
a rea
bas i s .
D a t a u t i l i s e d h a v e b e e n d r a wn p r i ma r i l y
f r om f o u r s o u r c e s :
( 1 .)
t h e Au s t r a l i a n Bu r ea u o f S t a t i s t i c s
(2)
t h e Bu r e a u o f T r a n spo r t Ec o n om i c s
( 3)
the
Na t i o n a l
As s o c i a t i o n
Au t ho r i t i e s ( N A A S RA ) , a nd
(4)
t h e n ow d e f un c t C o m m o n we a l t h B u r e a u o f Ro a d s
of
( AB S ) ,
(BTE ) ,
Aust r a l i a n
State
Ro a d
( CBRd s ) .
Many
o f t h e f un c t i o n s o f t h e l a s t o rg a n i s a t i o n h a v e s ub s e q u e n t l y
b e e n a b s o r b ed b y B T E .
Da t a
ut i l i sed
a re
b o th
p ub l i s h e d
a nd
u n p ub l i sh e d ,
u n pub l i sh e d
d a t a b e i ng r e s t r i c t e d t o t h a t g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e t o
Wh i l e t h i s p ub l i ca t i o n i s n o t i n t e n d ed t o b e a
u se r s o n r eq ue s t .
r e s e a r c h d o c um e n t , t a b u l a t i o n s a nd d a t a s o u r c e s r e f e r e n c ed s ho u l d
p r o v i d e a s t a r t i ng po i n t f o r f u r t h e r i nv e s t i g a t i o n s .
Th e r a nge o f t o p i c a r e a s c ov e r ed c om p r i s e s :
( 1)
t h e phys i ca l ro a d n e t wo r k ,
(2)
v e h i c l e popul a t i o n s u s i ng t h a t n e t wo r k ,
2
AIR 1 5 5-5
(3)
m e a s u r e s o f r o a d n e two r k u t i l i s a t i o n ,
(4)
s o u r c e s of r o a d f i n a n c e ,
(5 )
l ev e l s o f e x pe nd i t u r e o n r o a d wo r k s ,
(�)
l ev e l s o f r o a d u s e r t a x a t i o n ,
(7)
a u t o m o t i v e p e t r o l e um fue l u s ag e , a nd
(8 )
road
i nf r a s t r uc t u r � a nd
t r a v e l p r i c e i n d ex e s .
B o th b en c hm a r k a nd t i m e s e r i e s d a ta a r e u t i l i s e d .
As s o m e of t h e
d a ta
p r e s e n t e d v a r y i n c o v e r a ge a nd c o n s i s t e n c y o v e r t i m e , b r i ef
n o t e s o n d ef i c i e n c i e s h a v e
been
i n c l ud ed
in
the
a c c o m p a n y i ng
t ex t .
3.
3.1
ROAD NETWORK
G ENERA L
In t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e n e t wo r k o f r o a d s i n Au s t r a l i a
o pe n
a nd
to
used
by
t he
p ub l i c i s d e s c r i b ed , u s i ng r o a d l e ng t h a s a c ommo n
d e n o m i n a to r .
Th i s c r i t e r i o n h a s i t s l i m i t a t i o n s
wh i c h
be
wi l l
o u t l i n ed
l a te r .
In
p r e s e n t i ng
these
d a ta ,
road
five
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s h a v e b e e n em p l o y e d t o v a r y i ng d eg r e e s :
(1 )
l eg a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ,
(2)
s u r fa c e t ype ,
(3)
o pe r a t i o n a l c l a s s ,
(4)
fun c t i o n a l c l a s s , a nd
(5 )
fi nanc i a l c la s s ifi c a t i on .
' Leg a l
Cl a s s if i ca t i o n '
i nd i c a t e s
wh i c h
l ev e l
of
g ov e r n m e n t
is
r e s po n s i b l e ,
in
who l e
or
in
pa r t ,
fo r
the
c o n s t r uc t i o n a nd m a i n t e n a n c e of r o a d s .
Un d e r t h i s s ys t em ,
there
a re
t wo
t yp e s
of
r o a d s - ' De c l a r ed
or
P r o c l a i m ed ' r o a d s a nd
'
'O t h e r '
road s .
Th e
fo r me r
r efe r s
to
roads
wh i c h
a re
the
r e s po n s i b i l i t y
of
S t a t e'Ro a d A u t h o r i t i e s ( S RA ' s ) a n d s uc h r oa d s
a r e i nd i v i d ua l l y s pe c i f i e d i n S t a t e l eg i s l a t i o n
or
in
a tt a c hed
r eg u l a t i o n s
a nd
o rd e r s . ,
State
Ro ad
Au t ho r i t i e s a r e t a k e n t o
c o m p r i s e t h e s i x s t a t e r o a d a u t ho r i t i e s p l u s
the
De pa r tm e n t
of
Ho u s i ng
a nd
Co n s t r uc t i o n
in
the
Au s t r a l i a n Ca p i t a l Te r r i t o r y
( A . C . T . ) a nd
the
De pa r tm e n t
o f T r a n s po r t
a nd
Wo r k s
in
the '
No r t h e r n
Te r r i t o r y .
Th e
c a t eg o r y
' O t h e r Ro a d s ' i s a r e s i d u a l
i t em a nd i n c l ud e s r o a d s wh i c h a r e
the
r e s po n s i b i l i t y
of
Lo c a l
G o v e r nm e n t
o r o th e r g ov e r nm e n t a l a ut h o r i t i e s .
A s e ac h S t a t e h a s
a d i ffe r e n t b a s i s fo r c l a s s i fy i ng d ec l a r e d
or
p r oc l a imed
road s
( C B Rd s
1969)
it
i s n o t po s s i b l e a t a Na t i o n a l l e v e l t o d i s s e c t
A IR 1 5 5 -S
3
r o a d s i n this s ub - c a teg o r y i n t o
c lasses :
' S u r f a c e type '
f u r t h e r s Ub - c a t eg o ri e s .
inv o l v e s c l a s sific a tio n o f r o a d s in t o fo u r
(1)
bi t um e n o r c o n c r e t e
(2)
g r a v e l , c r u s h ed s t o n e o r o t h e r im p r ov ed s u r f a c e ,
(3)
f o rmed s u r f a c e o n l y ,
(4)
n a t u r a l sur f a c e
( c lea red )
road s .
This
sys t e m
d e sc rib e s
m o r e t h a n j u s t p a v em e n t type .
Th e fir s t
t wo r o a d s u r f a c e c a t eg o rie s a r e a s s o cia t e d wi th
o th e r
r o a d wo r k s
c om p r I s I ng
d r a i n ag e ,
b rid g e wo r k s ,
c u l v e r t s , e tc .
Fo r m e d r o a d s
c om p r i s e r o a d s 'wi th fo rm a tio n , minim um d r a in a g e a nd n a t u r a l e a r t h
or
im p r ov ed
r un ning
surfac e .
N a t u r a l s u r f a c e ( c l e a r ed ) r o a d s
c om p r i s e t r a c k s m a in t a in e d by g r a d e r s o r o t h e r e q uipm e n t .
' Op e r a tio n a l c l a s s ' i s u s e d t o c l a s si f y
r o ad s
a c c o r d ing
to
n um b e r
of
s e pa r a t e
c a r riag eways a nd a c c e s sibi l i ty f r om t h e
r o a d n e t wo r k by m o to r v e hic l e s .
Th e r e a r e
three
s Ub - c a t ego r i e s
u n d e r t his c l a s si fic a tio n :
(1)
F r e e way
(2)
Divid ed r o a d
(3)
U n d ivid e d r o a d
' F u n c tio n a l
C l a s sific a tio n '
i nv o lv e s
c l a s si fic a tio n o f
r o a d s i n t o n in e c a t eg o r i e s - f iv e r u r a l a nd f b u r u r ba n
a c co r d ing
to t h e r o l e t h e s e r o a d s pe r f o rm .
Th e c a t eg o rie s a r e a s f o l l o ws :
R URAL
Cl ass 1
Class 2
I n t e r - r eg io n al Ro a d s
. Th r o ug h Ro a d s
( n o t b eing C l a s s 1 )
Cl ass 3
C o n n e c t ing a nd Di s t r ib u ting Ro a d s
Cl ass 4
L a nd Ac c e s s Ro a d s in Ru r a l A r e a s
Class 5
S p e cia l
Pu r po s e Ro a d s
( in Ru r a l A r e a s )
U R BAN
Cl ass 6
A r t e ria l Ro ad s in U r b a n A r e a s
Cl ass 7
S ub - A r t e ria l Ro a d s in U r ba n A r e a s
Class 8
R e sid e n tia l Ro a d s in U r ba n A r e a s
Class 9
S p e cia l
Fu r th e r
p u r po s e Ro a d s
( in U r b a n A r e a s ) .
d e t a i l s a r e s up p l ied i n App e ndix A .
This c l a s si fica t io n
4
AIR 155-5
wa s a d o p t ed i n t h e 196 9 Commo nwe a l t h B u r ea u o f
Ro a d s
r e po r t
to
p r o v i d e a un i f o rm c l a s s i f i c a t i o n b e twe e n t h e S t a t e s ( C BRd s 1 96 9 ) .
It h a s been
r e o rg a n i s e d
a nd
mod i f i ed
s l i gh t l y
in
s ub s e q ue n t
B u r e a u o f Ro ad s a nd B T E r e po r t s ( C BRd s 1 9 7 5 c , 1 9 7 3 , B T E 1 9 7 9 ) a nd
h a s b e e n u t i l i s e d by NAASRA i n c om p i l i ng
some
sec t i o n s
of
i ts
u n i f o rm
r o ad
s ta t i s t i c s .
S u b s e q ue n t
c h a ng e s
to
th i s
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n by NAASRA d o n o t r e l a t e t o t h e d a t a
pr�se n t ed
in
th i s
r e po r t .
Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n
b y r o a d f un c t i o n a l c l a s s h a s b e e n
emp l o yed i n t h i s r e po r t i n d e s c r i b i ng r oa d
u t i l i sa t i o n ,
f inance
a nd
e x p e n d i t u r e b e c a u s e i t i s t h e o n l y s ys t em a v a i l a b l e c ov e r i ng
t h e s e d i f f e r i ng a s pe c t s o f r o a d s a nd r o a d u s e .
A
s e pa r a t e
' f i n a nc i a l '
c l a ss i f i cat ion
fo r
road s
is
r eq u i r ed
fo r
three r easons f i r s t l y , b e c a us e m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o
t h e ' f u n c t i o n a l ' c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s p r ev i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d
have
b ee n
m ad e
by
C B Rd s
a nd
BTE
in
the i r
r e po r t s t o t h e C o mmo nwe a l t h
Go v e r nm e n t r e c om m e nd i ng v a r i o u s i ev e l s
of
r oad
f i nance
( C BRd s
1 9 7 5 c , 1 9 7 3 , B T E 1 9 7 9 ) ; s e c o nd l y , b e c a u s e t h e s e a nd o t h e r c h a ng e s
have
b een
embod i e d
in
s uc c e s s i v e
Commo nwe a l t h
Leg i s l a t i o n
r e l a t i ng
to
road
f un d i ng ;
a nd
t h i rd l y ,
b e c a u s e Commo nwe a l t h
f un d i ng h a s b e e n g i v e n w i t h r e s pe c t t o a d d i t i o n a l r o a d i t e m s s uc h
as
Na t i o n a l
H i g h wa ys ,
Be e f
r oad s ,
Sp e c i f i c
r oad s
a nd M i no r
Im p r o v em e n t s f o r T r a n s po r t Ope r a t i o n s a nd Ro ad
Sa f e t y
( MITOR S ) .
A
d esc r i pt i o n
of
the
cur rent
' f inanc i a l '
c l a ss i f i c a t i o n
is
p r o v i d ed
in
Appe nd i x
A,
wh i l e
a
d esc r i pt i o n
of
pa s t
c l a ss i f i c a t i o n s
can
be
fo u n d
in
BTE
Oc c a s i o n a l Pa pe r No .
8
( Bu r k e 1 9 7 7 ) .
Th e f i n a n c i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n h a s a l s o b e e n
t e rm e d
Commo n we a l t h Leg i s l a t i v e c l a s s .
Wh i l e
ava i l ab l e
s ta t i s t i c s
on
r o a d n e two r k l eng t h c a n
p r ov i d e a n a pp r ec i a t i o n o f t h e
e x t en t ,
rate
a nd
d i rec t ion
of
c h a ng e
in
t h e Au s t r a l i a n r o a d s ys t em , a n um b e r o f f a c t o r s l i m i t
F r om
a
t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t c a n b e p l a c e d o n s uc h a n a l ys i s .
m e t ho d o l og i c a l po i n t o f v i e w , a v a i l a b l e d a t a s u f f e r f r om a. n um b e r
o f d r a wb a c k s , p r i n c i pa l l y b e c a u s e t h e u s e o f
the
d a ta
i nv o l v e s
the
a s s um p t i o n tha t un i t r o a d l eng t h s w i t h i n s Ub - c a t eg o r i e s h a v e
s o m e e q u i v a l en c e .
Th i s n e ed n o t b e s o , a s v a r i a t i o n s i n
n a t u r al
obstac les ,
s uc h
as
terra in ,
g e o l og y
a nd
c l i m a t e , a s·we l l a s
d es i g n
s t a nd a rd s ,
c an
vary
s ig n i f i c a n t l y
b e twe e n
n om i n a l l y
c om p a r a b l e
road s .
Such
va r i a t ions
wo u l d . b e
r e f l ec t e d
in
e q u i v a l e n t v a r i a t i o n s i n r e s o u r c e s e m p l o ye d i n
c o n s tt u c t i o n
a nd
ma i n t enance ,
a nd
t h u s t h e r a t e o f c h a ng � o f t h e r b a d s ys t em a nd
i t s e l em e n t s .
P r o b l em s
a re
a l so
e x p e r i e n c ed
wi th
ava i l ab i l i ty
a nd
presenta t i on
of
d a ta .
It w i l l b e s h o wn l a t e r t h a t p r o b l e m s a r e
e n c o un t e r ed w i t h t i m e s e r i e s d a t a , wh i l e
a n a l ys i s
of
b e n c hm a r k
d a ta
is
a l s o l i m i t e d b y r e s t r i c t ed u s e o f c ro s s - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
a nd l a c k o f a d e q ua te p e r i o d i c c om p l e t e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n s .
Many o f
these
p r o b l em s
s h o u l d b e r e s o l v ed a s t h e NAAS RA Da t a B a n k s u i t e
o f c om p u t e r p r og r am s b e c om e s o pe r a t i o n a l w i t h i n e a c h S RA
( N AA S RA
197 9 ) .
3. 2
B ENC HMARK D A TA
Th e Au s t r a l i a n Ro a d S u r v e y s ( A R S ) p r ov i d e o n e o f t h e b e s t s o u r c e s
o f d a ta f r om wh i c h a c om p r e h e n s i v e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e
Au s t r a l i a n
r o ad
n e t wo r k
i n t e rm s o f r o u t e l e ng t h c a n b e d ev e l o pe d .
An n ua l
AIR 155-5
5
t i m e s e r i e s d a ta a s p r od u c ed b y NAA S RA a nd A B S h a v e
d e f i c i enc i es
of
d e ta i l
wh i c h
w i l l b e d e s c r i b ed l a t e r i n t h i s r e po r t .
Th e s e
s o u r c e s c om b i n ed a r e s u f f i c i e n t t o b u i l d u p a c omme nta r y
on
the
s i ze ,
c o mpo s i t i o n
a nd
rate
of
c hang�
o f t h e s ys t e m i n b ro a d
n a t i o n a l terms .
Two c om p l e t e Au s t r a l i a n Ro a d S u r v e y s
c ov e r i ng
all
road
c l a sses
have
been
c o n d uc t ed
( t he
1 9 6 7/ 6 8 A R S a nd t h e 1 9 6 9 - 7 4
A RS) , wh i l e pa r t i a l u pd a t e s we r e c a r r i e d o u t i n
1975
a nd
1 9 77 .
Th e s e
S u r v e ys
p r o v i d ed
i nv e n t o r y
d a ta c u r r e n t a s a t 3 0 t h Jun e
1 9ry 9 , 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 4 a nd 1 9 7 7
r espec t i v e l y .
Th e
1975
u pd a t e
wa s
c o n f i n ed
t o m a j o r u r ba n a nd r u r a l a r t e r i a l r o ad s , wh i l e t h e 1 9 7 7
S u r v e y wa s r e s t r i c t ed
to
road s
c l a s s i f i ed
as
Ar te r i a l
r oad s
( i n c l ud i ng
Na t i o n a l H i g hwa y s ) a nd c e r t a i n l o c a l r o a d s .
A f ul l e r
a c c o un t o f t h e s e S u r v e y s i s a v a i l a b l e i n
a pp r o p r i a t e
C B Rd s
a nd
BTE
r e po r t s
( C BRd s
1 96 9 ,
1 9 7 5a ,
1 9 7 5 b , BTE 1 9 7 8 a ) .
Fo r e a c h
S u r v e y a c o - op e r a t i v e e f f o r t wa s i nv o l v e d , d a t a
b e i ng
c o l l ec t ed
b y C B Rd s o r BTE i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i th NAA SRA .
Ro u t e
l e ng t h s
of
r o a d o p e n t o t h e p ub l i c c om p r i s e o n l y
o n e i t em c o ll e c t ed i n t h e c o u r se o f e a c h
ARS ,
g iven
tha t
each
Su rvey
wa s
i n t e n d ed
to
yi eld
data
on
t h e e x t en t , u s a g e a nd
c o nd i t i o n
of
the
i nv e n t o r y
of
roads
a nd
r o ad
Au s t r a l i a ' s
s t r uc t u r e s .
Da t a
on
some
of
these
o the r i t ems a re u t i l i se d
e l s e wh e r e i n t h i s p a p e r .
Ta b l e s 1 . 1 a nd 1 . 2 p r o v i d e a
b ro a d
d e sc r i pt i o n
of
the
Aust rali an
road
n e t wo r k
as
at 30th June 1 9 7 2 .
In add i t i o n to
d e sc r i b i ng t h e Au s t r a l i a n
road
s ys t e m
as
a
wh o l e ,
the
d a ta
c o n t a i ned
i n t h e s e t a b l e s s h o w a n um b e r o f c ommo n a l i t i e s a s we l l
a s d i ffe rences
b e twe e n
the
r e spe c t i v e
s ta t e
s y s t em s .
Th e s e
r e fl ect
t h e c om b i n ed e f f e c t s o f e c o n om i c d ev e l o pm e n t pa t t e r n s o f
l a nd s e t t l em e n t
a nd
phys i c a l
g e og r a ph y
on
pa t t e r n s
of
r oad
d ev e l o pm e n t .
In
t e rm s
of
route
l e ng t h ,
most
of
Au s t r a l i a ' s r o ad
n e t wo r k l i e s o ut s i d e t h e U r ba n a r e a s .
An i nd i c a t i o n o f
th i s
is
s h o wn
by
d a t a i n Ta b l e s 1 . 1 a nd 1 . 2 wh i c h i nd i c a t e t h a t i n 1 9 7 2
o v e r 9 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e Au s t r a l i a n r o a d n e t wo r k
c om p r i s e d . r u r a l
r o ad s .
On
an
i nd i v i du a l
State
a nd Te r r i to r y b a s i s , h owe v e r ,
v a r i a t i o n s a r o un d
th i s
f ig ur e
occ ur red .
Th e
p r o po r t i o n
wa s
e x c e e d ed
by
So u t h
Au s t r a l i a , We s t e r n Au s t r a l i a , Qu e e n s l a nd a nd
t h e No r t h ern Te r r i t o r y , wh i l e V i c to r i a , N e w So u t h Wa l e s , Ta sm a n i a
a nd t h e A . C . T .
r e c o r d e d l o we r p r o po r t i o n s .
Ta k i ng t h e s ys t em a s a wh o l e , t h e d a t a c on t a i n ed i n Ta b l e
1 . 1 a l so i nd i c a t e t ha t , i n 1 9 7 2 , o n l y s o m e 2 5 . 2 p e r c e n t
of
the
wa s
s e a l ed
a nd
24.6
per
c en t -c o n s t r uc t ed t o g r a v e l
s y s t em s
p a v em e n t s t a nd a rd .
Th e r e fo r e , j u s t und e r
50
pe r
c en t
of
the
ent i re
n e two r k
c om p r i s e d
s ub s t a n t i a l l y
i m p r ov e d r o a d s u r f a c e .
Th e p r o po r t i o n o f i nd i v i d ua l S t a t e a nd Te r r r i to r y n e t wo r k s s e a l e d
s ho we d
s ig n i f i ca n t
va r i a t i ons
o c c u r r i ng ,
w i th
p r o po r t i o n s
a pp r o a c h i ng o n e - t h i r d i n N e w S o u t h Wa l e s , v i c to r i a
a nd
Ta sm a n i a
but
f a l l i ng
be l o w 2 0 p e r c e n t i n We s t e r n Au s t r a l i a , Qu e e n s l a n d ,
So u t h
Au s t r a l i a
a nd
the
No r t h e r n
Te r r i to r y .
D r a w i ng
a
d i st inction
b e twe e n
u r ba n
a nd
rural
r o ads, t h e p r o po r t i o n o f
Au s t r a l i a n s e a l ed u r b a n r o a d s i s s ub s ta n t i a l l y g r e a t e r t h a n
that
in
rural
a reas ,
80
pe r
c e n t c o mpa r e d t o 2 1 p e r c en t .
S e a l ed
AIR 15 5 - 5
r u r a l r o a d c om p r i s e d 76 p e r c e n t o f t h e
s e a l ed r o a d s .
n e t wo rk
l e ng t h
of
all
As
p r ev i o u sl y
n o t ed ,
n e t wo r k
s i ze
a nd
sur face
t ype
Th u s
c om po s i t i o n t e nd s to v a r y b e t we e n S t a t e s a nd
Te r r i t o r i e s .
Ta b l e
1. 1 s h ows
t h a t i n 1972, i n o v e r a l l t o t a l n e t wo r k s h a r e s ,
t h e t wo mo s t p o p u l o u s
a nd
e c o no m i c a l l y
d ev e l o pe d
St a te s ,
New
So u t h
Wa l e s
a nd v i c t o r i a , a c c o un t ed f o r some 4 3 p e r c e n t o f the
Au s t r a l i a n r o a d n e t wo r k
a nd , m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y , f o r o v e r 5 5 p e r
c en t
of
all
s e a l ed
a nd
g ravel
road s .
By
contrast ,
the
g e og r a ph i c a l l y l a rg e r , l e s s po p u l o u s
a nd
less
c losely
s e t t l ed
States
of
We s t e r n
Au s t r a l i a
a nd
Qu e e n s l a n d , wh i c h
tog e the r
a c c o un t e d f o r a l m o s t t h e s am e p r o po r t i o n o f t h e t o t a l n e t wo r k ( 4 0
pe r
c en t) ,
a c c o un t e d
fo r
50
pe r
cen t o f t h e r o u t e l e ng th o f
r e l a t ively
un i m p r ov e d
road s ,
c om p r i s i ng
fo rmed
a nd
natural
s u r f a c ed r o a d s .
A
f u r th e r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e A u s t r a l i a n r o a d n e t wo r k
f o r a h i g h e r p r o po r t i o n o f a r t e r i a l r o a d s t o b e
s e a l ed
c ompa r e d
w i th
l ocal
r oad s
is
a l so
e x h i b i t ed
by
t he
r o a d f un c t i o n a l
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ad opted i n Tabl e
1.1.
Th i s
t e nd e n c y
wa s
mo re
p r o n o un c e d
in
1972 f o r r u r a l a s o ppo s e d t o u r ba n r o a d s .
Ag a i n ,
t h e r e a r e v a r i a t i o n s b e twe e n t h e r e s p e c t i v e S t a t e
a nd
Te r r i t o r y
r o ad n e t wo r k s .
In
Ta b l e
1.2,
the
Au s t r a l i a n
r o a d n e t wo r k a s a t 3 0 t h
Ju n e , 1972 i s a n a l y s e d b y
operat ional
c l a ss .
Th e
o pe r a t i o n a l
c l a ss i f i c a t i on
ad o pt ed p r ov i d e s
a m e a s u r e o f r e s o u r c e s e m bo d i ed
i n r o a d s , r o a d c a pa c i t y a nd s t a nd a r d o f c o n s t r u c t i o n .
G i v e n tha t
the
o pe r a t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n h a s j u s t t h r e e s ub - c a t eg o r i e s , i t
p r ov i d e s
only
a
r o ug h
mea sure
of
s uc h
charac ter i st ics .
Neve r th e l e s s ,
the
d a t a p r e s e n t e d i nd i c a t e a n um b e r o f i m po r t a n t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e r o a d n e t wo r k i n
1972.
Th e
o v e r wh e l m i ng
bul k
of
the
Au s t r a l i a n
road
s ys t em
c o n s i s t ed
of
u n d i v i d ed
r o a d wa y .
F r e e w a y s a nd d i v i d ed r o a d s t o g e t h e r a c c o un t ed f o r
only
o n e - q ua r t e r
of
o ne
pe r
c e n t o f t h e t o t a l r oa d n e t wo r k l eng t h ,
h o weve r t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n wa s c o n c e n t r a t e d i n u r ba n a r e a s , t h e s e
b e i ng
a reas
of
h ighest
t r a f f i c l ev e l s a nd h e n c e r o a d d em a nd s .
S o m e 6 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e c om b i n e d l eng t h o f f r e e wa y s
a nd
d i v i d ed
road s
wa s
l o c a t e d i n u r ba n a r e a s i n 1972, c a us i ng s uc h r o a d s t o
a c c o un t f o r j us t o v e r two pe r c e n t o f t h e u r ba n r o a d n e t wo r k .
A s wa s t h e
case
fo r
road
s ur fa c e
t ype s ,
s ig n i f i c a n t
va r ia t ions
o c c ur r ed
b e t we e n
S t a t e s a nd Te r r i to r i e s i n t e rm s o f
each
o pe r a t i o n a l
road
class
and
b o t h p r o po r t i o n s o f r o a d s i n
sha res
of
the
Na t i o n a l
tota l .
P r opo r t i o n s
of
u r ba n
road s
c om p r i s i ng f r e e wa ys a n d d i v i d ed r o a d s we r e h i g h e s t i n t h e
A.C.T.
in
1972 ( 8 . 8 p e r c e n t) , f o l l o we d by So u t h Au s t r a l i a a nd v i c t o r i a
( 2 . 4 p e r c e n t) .
Lo c a t i o n
of
f r e e wa ys
a nd
d i v i d ed
roads
wa s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o n c e n t r a t ed i n N e w So u t h Wa l e s a nd V i c t o r i a , t h e s e
two S t a t e s c om b i n e d a c c o un t i ng f o r . a b o u t
90
pe r
cent
of
the
Au s t r a l i a n
f r e eway
n e t wo r k
a nd
5 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e n e t wo r k o f
d i v i d ed r o a d s .
Th e c r o s s - c l a s s i f i · c a t i o n o f r o a d o pe r a t i o n a l t ype b y r o a d
f un c t i o n a l c l a s s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , i n Ta b l e 1.2, d em o n s t r a t e s t h a t
f r e e wa ys we r e e x c l u s i v e l y c o n c e n t r a t e d i n
f un c t i o n a l
c l a sses
1
a nd
n
( i n t e r - r eg i o n a l r o a d s a nd u r ba n a r t e r i a l r o a d s ) a nd u r b a n
/
A IR 1 55-5
7
d i v i d ed r o ad s a l s o t e nd ed t o b e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n f un c t i o n a l
c lass
(83
per
cent
of
u r ba n
d i v i d ed
road s) .
H o we v e r
n o s uc h
6
c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n a s pe c i f i c f un c t i o n a l c l a s s o c c u r r e d f o r d i v i d e d
r o a d s l oca ted i n r u r a l a re a s .
As
p r ev i o u s l y
no ted ,
u pd a t e s
of
the
ARS
h av e
been
u n d e r t a k e n f o r a r t e r i a l r o a d s , t h e la t e s t
b e i ng
fo r
3 0th
June
1977 .
I n Ta b l e s 1. 3 a nd 1.4, a r t e r i a l r o a d l e ng t h s a t 3 0 t h J u n e
1 9 7 7 a r e c om p a r e d
wi th
1972
data
to
enable
c h a ng e s
in
the
a rter ial
s ys t em
to
be
a n a l ysed .
Co mpa r i s o n s w i th r o a d l e ng t h
d a t a f o r o th e r ye a r s h a v e n o t b e e n m a d e d ue t o v a r i a t i o n s i n d a t a
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s , c ov e r a g e a n d r e l i a b i l i t y .
E x am i n a t i o n
of
t h e d a t a i n Ta b l e s 1 . 3 a nd 1 . 4 i nd i c a t e s
t h a t a sm a l l o v e r a l l r ed uc t i o n i n r o u t e l en g t h s o f a r t e r i a l r o a d s
t o t a l l i ng
a bo u t 2 4 0 0 k i l om e t r e s o r 1 . 9 p e r c e n t o cc u r r e d b e t we e n
1 9 7 2 a nd 1 9 7 7�
Th e d a t a a l s o i nd i c a t e s t ha t , wh i l e
the
n e two r k
of
u r ba n
a rter ials
e x p a n d ed b y 3 9 4 k i l om e t r e s o r 3 . 2 p e r c e n t ,
t h e r ur a l a r t e r i a l n e t wo r k c o n t r a c t ed by a bo u t 2 8 0 0 k i l om e t r e s o r
pe r
cent .
Fu r t h e r l i g h t o n t h e s e c h a ng e s c a n b e s h o wn b y a
2.4
S t a t e - by -Sta t e
a n a ly s i s
of
a r te r i a l
road
l e ng t h
d a ta
wh i c h
i nd i c a t e s t h a t , wh i l e t h e a r t e r i a l r o a d s ys t e m o f v i c t o r i a , So u t h
A u s t r a l i a , Ta sm a n i a a nd t h e A . C . T .
i n c r e a s e d o r r em a i n e d r o ug h l y
c o n s tan t ,
thi s
g rowth
wa s m o r e t h a n o f f s e t b y r ed uc t i o n i n t h e
We s t e r n
Au s t r a l i a ,
New
So u t h
Wa l e s
a nd
Qu e e n s l a nd
s ys t em s ,
e s pe c i a l l y
t h e l a s t two .
W i th the e x c e pt i o n o f a sma l l d e c r e a s e
i n u r ba n a r t e r i a l r o a d l e ng t h i n N e w So u t h Wa l e s ,
the
r ed uc t i o n
in
overa l l
a r t e r i a l r o a d l e ng t h wa s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o co n t r a c t i o n
In ' f ac t ,
the
i n t h e r u r a I a r t e r i a 1 r 0 a d n e t wo r k 0 f e a c h S t a t e
t wo
l a rg e s t r ed uc t i o n s o f a n y type e n c o un t e r ed we r e i n N e w So u t h
a nd
Wa l e s r u r a l a r t e r i a l r o a d s ( 8 5 3 k i l om e t r e s o r 2 . 6 p e r
c e n t)
Qu e e n s l and
rural
a rte r i a l
roads
( 1 632
k i l om e t r e s
o r 6 . 7 per
c e n t) .
Th e c a u s e s o f t h e s e r ed uc t i o n s a pp e a r t o
be
r em ov a l
of
roads
un u s e d f o r s o m e t i m e o r e x i s t i ng o n l y a s r e s e rv e s f r om t h e
n om i n a l a r t e r i a l r o a d i nv e n t o r y a nd t o i m p r o v ed
d a ta
c o l l ec t i o n
m e tho d s .
•
Desp i te
the
s l i g h t a ppa r e n t c o n t r a c t i o n i n t h e a r t e r i a l
n e t wo r k , Ta b l e 1 . 3 i n d i c a t e s c o n t i n u i ng u pg r ad i ng o f t h e a r t e r i a l
road
s ys t em .
On a n A u s t r a l i a -w i d e b a s i s , t h e n e t wo r k l eng t h o f
i m p r o v e d s u r f a c e s - s e a l ed a nd g r a v e l
road s
i n c r e a s ed
by
a
c om b i ned
2 0 6 2 k i l om e t r e s o r a l m o s t t wo pe r c en t b e t we e n 1 9 72 a nd
1 97 7 .
W i t h i n t h i s t o t a l , t h e l e ng t h o f
s e a l ed
road s
i nc r e a sed
wh i l e
g ravel
road
l e ng t h s d e c r e a s e d b y n e a r l y 1 8 p e r c e n t .
By
c o n t r a s t , t h e n e t wo r k l e ng t h
of
r el a t ively
u n i m p r ov ed
s ur f a c e
c o m p r i s i ng
fo rmed
a nd
natural
s u r f a c e d e c r e a s e d b y a c omb i n e d
4460 k i l om e t res .
No t a l l o f t h i s
d ec r ea s e
is
a t t r i b utab l e
to
s uc h r o a d s b e i ng s i m p l y r em ov e d f r om t h e n om i n a l i nv e n t o r y , g i v e n
tha t t h e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e s e a l ed s ys t e m i nv o l v ed t h e u pg r a d i ng o f
s o m e o f t h e r o a d s i n t h e s e c a t eg o r i e s .
Wh e n
c om p a r i s o n s
a re
m a d e b e t we e n u r ba n a n d r u r a l r o a d
l e ng t h t h e p i c t u r e t h a t em e rg e s
is
o ne
wh e r e
chang e
in
both
abso l ute
a nd p e r c e n t a g e t e r m s wa s s e e n t o b e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e
rural
s ph e r e .
G r owth
in
s e a l ed
d i stance
wa s
g reatest
a nd
r ed uc t i o n s
in
l e ng t h s o f g r a v e l , f o rm e d a nd n a t u r a l s u r f a c e wa s
m o s t s ig n i f i c a n t i n r u r a l a re a s .
8
A I R 155-5
On a S t a t e - by- S t a t e ba s i s ,
a
mo re
d iv e r se
pa t t e r n
of
d ev e l o pm e nt
is
a ppa r e n t .
In N e w So u t h Wa l e s , t he r e a ppe a r e d t o
a nd
b e a n om i n a l r ed uc t i o n i n s e a l ed u r ba n a r t e r i a l r o a d l en g t h ,
a l so
road
l e ng t h
r ed uc t i o n wa s c o n c e n t r a t e d m o r e i n t h e g r a v e l
c a t eg o r y t h a n wa s t h e c a s e f o r o t h e r S t a t e s a nd Te r r i t o r i e s .
Th e
f o rm e r
occur rence
wo u l d
a pp e a r
to
r e f l ec t
a
m e a s u r em e n t o r
d e f i n i t i o n a l p r o b l em r a t h e r t h a n
a
phys i c a l
co n t r a c t i o n ,
with
some
s l i ppage
of
r o a d s p r ev i o u s l y c l a s s e d a s u r ban
i n to r u r a l
c a t ego r i e s .
In Q u e e n s l a n d , t h e r ed uc t i o n i n t h e a r t e r i a l n e t wo r k
p r ev i o u s l y
n o t e d a pp e a r e d t o b e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e s ub - c a t eg o r y
r u r a l a r t e r i a l r o a d s w i th f o r m ed s u r f a c e s .
Da ta i n Ta b l e 1 . 4 i n d i c a t e s ub s t a n t i a l d ev e l o pm e n t i n t h e
r o ad
n e t wo r k b e t we e n 1 9 7 2 a nd 1 9 7 7 i n t e rm s o f r o u t e
Au s t r a l i a n
Th e
l en g t h
of
f r e e wa ys
l e ng t h s o f f r e e wa y a nd d i v i d ed r o a d s .
a l mo s t
d o ub l ed
i n t h i s p e r i o d , wh i l e the l eng t h o f d i v i d ed r o a d
i n c r e a s e d by s o m e 44
pe r
c en t .
By
contrast ,
the
l e ng t h
of
u n d i v i d ed
road s
in
Au s t r a l i a d e c r e a s e d b y a n e s t i m a t ed 2 . n p e r
cent .
I n a b s o l u t e t e rm s , g r o w t h
in
f r e e wa y
a nd
d i v i d ed
road
l e ng t h wa s c o n c e n t r a t e d i n u r b a n a r e a s .
On
an
i nd i v i d ua l
S t a t e a nd Te r r i to r y b a s i s , s om e sma l l
va r i a t i o n s a b o u t n a t i o n a l t r end s o c c u r r ed .
Th u s , N e w So u t h Wa l e s
in
1977
r e pl a c ed
V i c t o r i a a s t h e S t a t e w i th t h e m o s t ext en s i v e
n e t wo r k o f f r e e wa y s , a l th o ug h i t s ho u l d b e n o t ed
fo r
New
So u t h
Wa l e s
that
r e - c a t eg o r i s a t i o n r e s u l t ed i n a n a ppa r e n t d ec l i n e i n
t h a t S t a t e ' s s ys t em o f
rural
f r e e wa y .
By
contrast ,
Vi c to r i a
r e c o r d ed
the
l a rg e s t
abso l ute
i n c r e a s e i n d i v i d ed r o a d l e ng t h
a nd , a s a r e s u l t , N e w S o u t h Wa l e s a nd V i c t o r i a tog e t h e r a c c o un t ed
fo r
ove r
56 p e r c e n t o f the t o t a l c om b i n e d A u s t r a l i a n l e ng th o f
f r ee wa ys
a nd
d i v i d ed
road s
in
1977 .
In
Q u e e n s l a nd ,
So u t h
Au s t r a l i a
a nd
We s t e r n
Au s t r a l i a ,
wh i l e
f r e e wa y
s ys t em s
d id
exh i b i t g r o wt h , g r e a t e r r e l a t i v e g r o w t h o c c u r r e d i n
the
d i v i d ed
road
s ys t em .
Th e l a rg e s t i n c r e a s e i n t h i s g r o up wa s r ec o r d ed i n
We s t e r n Au s t r a l i a , a m o un t i ng t o 1 7 7 k i l om e t r e s ,
a l mo s t
hal f
of
th i s
o c c u r r i ng i n r u r a l a r e a s .
In Ta sm a n i a a nd t h e Te r r i to r i e s ,
n o g r o w t h i n f r e e wa y s ys t em s o c c u r r e d a nd t h e r e
wa s
only
sma l l
g r o w t h i n d i v i d ed r o a d l e ng t h s .
In
Ta b l e
1 . 5, t h e N a t i o n a l H i g h wa y s s ys t em i s d e s c r i b ed
i n t e rm s o f r o u t e l eng t h s
c r o s s - c l a s s i f i ed
by
s pe c i f i c
route ,
r oad
o pe r a t i o n a l t ype a nd r o a d s u r f a c e t ype a s a t J u n e 3 0 t h 1 9 7 4
a nd 1 9 7 7 .
Na t i o n a l H i g hways c om p r i se o n e o f
the
c a t eg o r i e s
of
r o ad s
a d o p t e d b y t h e C o m m o n we a l t h Go v e r nm e n t i n i t s r o a d f un d i ng
l eg i s l a t i o n .
Th i s p a r t i c u l a r
c a t eg o r y
wa s
i n t r o d u c ed
in
the
Na t i o n a l
Ro a d s
Ac t
1974
a nd
c a r r i ed
t h r o ug h
as
a s e pa r a t e
c a teg o r y t o t h e
State
Grants
( Ro a d s)
Ac t
1977 .
Th e s e
Ac t s
c ov e r ed
the
pe r i o d
to
3 0th
Jun e
1979 .
In
c u r r e n t f ed e r a l
l eg i s l a t i o n , Na t i o n a l H i g hwa y s h a v e b e e n a b s o r b e d i n t o t h e
wi d e r
Na t i o n a l Ro ad s .
Re a d e r s m a y c a r e t o n o t e t h a t Na t i o n a l
c a t eg o r y
Ro a d s c om p r i s e s i g n i f i c a n t c om po n e n t s o f NAASRA
f un c t i o n a l
road
c l a s s e s 1 , 2 a nd �.
Wh i l e
road s
d e s i g n a t ed
as
Na t i o n a l H i g hwa y s h a v e b e e n
c o n s t r uc t e d o n a v e r a g e t o h i g h e r s t a nd a r d s t h a n r o a d s i n g e n e r a l ,
exam i n a t i o n
of
1 9 7 7 d a t a c o n t a i n ed i n Ta b l e 1 . 5 i nd i c a t e s t h a t ,
s ys t em
b y c om p a r i s o n t o s o m e ov e r s e a s s ys t em s , s uc h a s t h e u . S .
(U. S.
De pa r tm e n t o f T r a n s po r t a t i o n 1 9 7 9 ) , o v e r a l l d ev e l o pm e n t i s
AIR 1 5 5 - 5
9
not as
m a r ked .
Fo r
exa m p l e ,
d i v i d ed
road s
( i n c l ud i ng
some
f r e e wa y
s eg me n t s )
c om p r i s e d
onl y
2.7
p e r c e n t o f t h e s ys t em ,
wh i l e r o a d s w i th g r a v e l c o n s t r uc t i o n
sti l l
compr i sed
18. 5
per
c e n t o f t h e s ys t em i n 1 9 7 7 .
Di s t r i but i o n
of
ro a d
t ype s
o ve r t h e Na t i o n a l H i g hwa y s
the
total
d i v i d ed
r oad
s ys t em wa s n o t eve n , a s 7 2 p e r c e n t o f
l e ng t h
wa s
c on c e n t r a t e d
on
r o ut e s
b e twe e n
B r i sb a n e , Syd n e y ,
Me l bo u r n e a nd Ad e l a i d e .
road
By c o n t r a s t , 7 5 p e r c en t o f g r ave l
l e ng t h
wa s
l oc a t e d
on
routes
l i n k i ng
Da r w i n t o Ad e l a i d e a nd
Pe r t h .
I t s ho u l d , h o we ve r , b e n o t e d t h a t t h e s ys t em a s i t s t a n d s
r e f l ec t s
f a c to r s
s uc h
as
d i stances
i n vo l ved ,
costs
of
c o n s t r uc t i o n a nd m a i n t e n a n c e a nd t r a f f i c vo l um e s .
Re a d e r s w i l l n o t e
tha t ,
i nd i c a t e
a
sma l l
r ed u c t i o n o f
t h e s ys t em b e t we e n 1 9 7 4 a nd 1 9 7 7,
d ue
to
e i th e r
e l i m i na t i o n
of
w i t h m o r e d i r e c t a l i g nm e n t ,
or
m e t ho d s .
wh i l e
the
f ig ur es
a ppa r e n t l y
4 8 k i l om e t r e s o r 0 . 3 p e r c e n t i n
i t i s n o t c l e a r wh e t h e r t h i s i s
r o a d l e ng t h s b y n ew c o n s t r uc t i o n
i m p r oved
i nve n t o r y m e a s u r em e n t
Wh i l e
the
o ve r a l l
s i z e o f t h e Na t i o n a l H i g h wa y s s ys t em
c h a n g ed
l i tt l e
in
the
s ho r t
pe r i o d
1974
to
1 9 7 9,
qui te
s ig n i f i c a n t
c h a ng e s
w i th i n
the
s ys t em
a re
i nd i c a t ed f o r a l l
routes
ex cept
t ho s e
c e n t r i ng
on
the
A.C.T.
Th e
t wo
most
s ig n i f i cant
c h a ng e s
we r e
the
i n c rease
i n t h e r o u t e l e ng t h o f
d i v i d ed r o a d s , wh i c h i n c r e a s ed by j u s t o ve r 5 0 p e r
c en t ,
a nd
a
r ed uc t i o n
i n un s e a l ed r o a d l e n g t h .
Ag a i n , s uc h c h a ng e s we r e n o t
even a c r o s s l i n k s i n t h e s ys t em , g r o w t h i n
d i v i d ed
road
l e ng t h
b e i ng
c en t r ed
on
t h e e a s t e r n S t a t e s wh i l e n ea r l y t wo - t h i r d s o f
t h e r e d uc t i o n s i n un s e a l ed
road
l e ng t h s
o c c u r red
in
h i g hwa ys
c e n t r ed on Pe r t h .
3.3
ANNUA L R OA D N E TW OR K DATA
An
a l t e r n a t i ve s o u r c e o f d a t a f o r r o a d n e t wo r k s t a t i s t i c s i s t h e
Au s t r a l i a n B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s
( AB S ) .
Da t a
s upp l i e d
by
ABS
d i ffer
f r om
ARS
d a ta
s i n c e t h e y a r e a va i l a b l e a nn ua l l y .
Da t a
a s s em b l e d f r om t h i s s o u r c e a r e s e t o u t i n
Ta b l e s
1.6
a nd
1 . 7,
wh i c h
show
for
the
ye a r s
1964
t h r o ug h
t o 1 9 7 8 r o a d l en g t h s
c l a s s i f i ed b y r o a d p a veme n t t ype a nd r o a d l e ng t h s
c l a s s i f i ed
by
Wh i l e a m o r e d e t a i l ed
r oad
l eg a l
c l a ss i f i c a t i o n
r e s p e c t i ve l y .
d i ssect i o n i s n o t
po s s i b l e
fo r
Au s t r a l i a ,
g reater
d eta i l
is
a va i l a b l e f o r s o m e S t a t e s�
In
t e rm s
o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n t ec hn i q u e s , m e t h o d s a d o p t e d
b y A B S a r e o f n ec e s s i t y l e s s r i g o r o u s t h a n
m e thod s
ad opted
fo r
ARS
purpo s e s ,
c om p r IsIng
s u r v e ys
of
boo k
r e c o rd s
o nl y .
By
con t r a s t , ARS m e t h o d s h a ve i n vo l ved c o l l e c t i o n s i n t h e f i e l d
a nd
d e t a i l ed
a s s e s sm e n t
of
o ffice
r ec o rd s .
Th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e
ARS
d a ta
on
signi ficant a s
road
l e ng t h s
c anno t
be
exactly
r e c o n c i l ed
wi th
ABS
d a ta .
Th u s , t o t a l Au s t r a l i a n r o a d n e t wo r k
l eng t h a s s h o wn i n Ta b l e s 1 . 6 a nd 1 . 7 f o r 1 9 7 2 e x c e ed s A R S
b a s ed
f i g u r e s a s s h o wn i n Ta b l e s 1 . 1 a nd 1 . 2 by 5 p e r c e n t .
Va r i a t i o n s
a r e n o t un i f o rm o n a S t a t e - by - S t a t e b a s i s , w i th A B S d a t a f o r
New
So u t h
Wa l e s , Ta sm a n i a a nd Qu e e n s l a nd e x c e e d i ng A R S b a s ed d a ta b y
m o r e t h a n 1 1, 1 3 a nd 1 6
pe r
cent
r e s p e c t i ve l y .
By
contrast ,
Vi c to r i a n
f ig ures
we r e
o ve r 5 p e r c e n t l owe r t h a n A R S f i g u r e s .
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
10
I t c o u l d , t h e r e fo r e , b e c o n c l ud ed tha t A B S a n n u a l f i g u r e s ,
wh i l e
b e i ng
of
the
r ight
o rd e r
o f m a g n i t ud e , s ho u l d n o t b e u s e d t o
m e a s u r e ye a r - by -y e a r c h a ng e s b u t r a t h e r t r e nd s o v e r
t ime .
Th i s
c o nc l us i o n
is
r e i n fo r c ed
by
t he t end e n c y o f r oad a utho r i t i e s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y l o c a l g ov e r nm e n t a ut ho r i t i e s , t o pe r i o d i c a l l y r a t h e r
than
c o n t i n uo u s l y
r ev i s e
r e c o rd s
to
re f l ect
c h a ng e s i n r o a d
i n v e n t o r y , t og e th e r w i th a t e n d e n c y f o r A S S i t s e l f t o
carry
out
r e a pp r a i s a l s o f d a t a o n a pe r i o d i c b a s i s .
G i ven
these
l im i ta t i o n s ,
the
f ig ur es
n ev e r th e l e s s
i nd i c a t e s o m e c o n t r a c t i o n i n t h e
s i ze
of
the
Au s t r a l i a n
road
n e t wo r k
in
the
pe r i o d
1 904 t o 1 9 7 8 , w i t h n e t g ro w t h o c c u r r i ng
In t erm s
o n l y i n Ta sm a n i a , t h e No r t h e r n Te r r i t o r y a nd t h e A . C . T .
of
r o a d s u r f a c e t ype , r e f e r e n c e t o Ta b l e 1 . 6 i nd i c a t e s t h a t t h i s
c o n t r a c t i o n h a s b e e n a c c o m p a n i ed b y o v e r a l l g r o w t h i n t h e
s e a l ed
s ys t em
of
o v e r 7 5 p e r c e n t b e t we e n 1 9 6 4 a nd 1 9 7 8 .
By c o n t r a s t ,
t h e n e t wo r k l eng th o f g r a v e l r o a d d e c r e a s e d b y j u s t
ove r
6
per
cent
in
the
s a m e pe r i o d .
Th e c om b i n e d n e t wo r k l e ng t h o f r o a d s
in
w i t h f o rm ed a nd
natural
sur faces
d ec r ea sed
b y o ne - t h i rd ,
e f fect
a c c o un t i ng fo r t h e b u l k o f t h e d e c r e a s e i n n e t wo r k l e ng t h
i nd i c a t ed by t h e s t a t i s t i c s .
Fu r th e r i n f o rm a t i o n o n t h e s e t r e nd s i s s up p l ie d i n
Ta b l e
1. 7 ,
wh i c h
s ho ws
that
r ed uc t i o n
in
road
l e ng t h s
has
been
c o n c e n t r a t e d i n r o a d s o th e r t h a n d e c l a r e d
or
p r oc l a imed
road s .
As
the
l a t t e r t end t o b e m a i n r o a d s b u i l t t o h i g h s t a n d a rd s a nd
a r e t h e r e spo n s i b i l i t y o f S RA ' s , a nd a s t h e
fo rm e r
tend
to
be
l ocal
g ov e r n m e n t r o a d s , i t c a n b e c o n c l ud ed t h a t r ed uc t i o n s h a v e
b e e n c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e a r e a o f l o c a l g ov e r nm e n t r e s po n s i b i l i t y .
Da t a
fo r
i nd i v i d u a l
S t a t e s n o t r e p r od uc ed h e r e ( A S S 1 9 6 5 -l 9 8 0 )
c on f i rm
th i s
o bs e r v a t i o n
a nd
i nd i c a t e
r ed uc t i o n s
we r e
c o nc e n t r a ted i n r u r a l a r e a s .
3.4
R OA D N E TWORK DATA
:
S UMMARY AND F UR T H E R WORK
Th e
r o ad
n e t wo r k
d a t a p r e s e n t e d i nd i c a t e t ha t Au s t r a l i a h a s a n
e x t en s i v e n e two r k o f r o ad s , t h e g r e a t e r pa r t o f wh i c h
is
s i ng l e
c a r r i ag ewa y
a nd
u n s e a l ed .
In t e n s i v e
d ev e l o pm e n t
i n t e rm s o f
l a rg e r c a pa c i t y
r oad s
a nd
h ig h
s t a n d a rd
s e a l ed
p a v em e n t
is
concen t r a ted
in
urban
a reas
o r a l o n g p r i n c i pa l i n t e r - r eg i o n a l
r o ute s .
Av a i l a b l e
i nv e n t o r y
d a ta
a l so
i nd i c a t e
s ig n i f i c a n t
c h a ng e
wi th i n
the
r o a d $ys t e m i n t h e f i f t e e n ye a r s e nd i ng 3 0 t h
Jun e 1 9 7 8 .
An o v e r a l l
con t r ac t i o n
of
rural
local
g ov e r nm e n t
road s
w i th
r e l a t i v e l y u n i m p r ov e d s u r f a c e s i s i nd i c a t e d .
At the
s a m e t i m e , t h e r em a i n i n g s ys t em wa s p r og r e s s i v e l y u pg r a d e d ,
b o th
i n t e r m s o f pa v em e n t t ype , a nd c a pa c i t y a nd s t a n d a r d .
pub l i shed
and
o th e r
read i l y a cc e s s i b l e s o u r c e s o f d a ta
d e sc r i b i ng
State
a nd
Te r r i to r y
r oad
s ys t em s
we r e
e i the r
i n s u f f i c i e n t l y d e t a i l ed o r l a c k e d s u f f i c i e n t un i f o rm i ty t o p e r m i t
t h e d ev e l o pm e n t o f a n a d e q ua t e
set
of
r oad
i nv e n t o r y
tables .
Th i s
c om m e n t e x t en d s t o Ta b l e s I a nd I I o f NAASRA ' s Un i f o rm Ro ad
S t a t i s t i c s ( N AASRA 1 9 5 9 / 6 0 - ) a nd t o d a t a c o n t a i n e d i n S RA
a nn ua l
r e po r t s
in
add i t io n
to
t h e s o u r c e s c on s i d e r ed i n t h i s r e po r t .
Ev e n t h e a v a i l a b l e A R S d a t a s u f f e r e d
d e f i c i en c i e s
in
t e rm s
of
d e t a i l a n d po s s i b l e c r o s s - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f k e y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
Ac c e s s
to
ARS
d a ta
in
un i t
r e c o rd
f o rm
wh i c h
could
be
i n t e r r og a t e d b y c om p u t e r wo u l d p r ov i d e a po s s i b l e s o l u t i o n t o t h e
AIR 15 5- 5
p r o b l em
11
( N A A S RA 1 9 7 9 ) .
Th e r e a ppe a r t o
be
three
bas i c
data
r e q u i r em e n t s
to
e nab l e
the
e s t a b l i shm e n t
of
a s e t o f t a b u l a t i o n s wh i c h wo u l d
p r ov i d e a n a d e q u a t e d e s c r ip t i o n o f t h e n a t i o n a l r o a d s ys t e m
both
over
t ime
a nd a t po i n t s i n t i m e .
F i r s t l y , d e t a i l ed a nd un i fo rm
d a ta
on
road s
wh i c h
a re
the
r e s po n si b i l i ty
of
S RA ' s ,
c r o s s - c l a s s i f i a b l e b y t h e c a t eg o r i e s d i s c u s s e d t o d a t e , s ho u l d b e
ava i l a b l e .
Th i s n e e d c o u l d b e m e t b y i m p r ov em e n t s
to
Ta b l e s
I
a nd
II
of
NAA S RA
Un i f o rm
Ro a d
Sta t i st i c s
wh i c h
wo u l d t h e n
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y m e e t t h e r equ i r em e n t s
of
ABS
as
we l l
as
th i s
r e po r t .
S e c o nd l y , a g o o d A u s t r a l i a -w i d e r o a d d a ta b a s e cov e r i ng
r o a d t r a n s po r t
i n fo rm a t i o n
of
r e l ev a n c e
to
local
a nd
o th e r
g ov e r n m e n t
b od i e s s i m i l a r l y d e t a i l ed a nd a c c e s s i b l e i s r e q u i r e d .
Comp i l a t i o n o f s uc h a d a ta b a s e c o u l d pe r h a ps b e b e s t
und e r t a k e n
by
ABS ,
a l t h o ug h
p r o b l em s
in
d i s t i ng u i sh i ng
b e t we e n
l oc a l
gov e r nm e n t r o a d s a nd d e c l a r ed r o a d s t r a v e r s i ng
local
g ov e r nm e n t
a reas
could
a r i se .
F i na l ly ,
there
is
a n e e d t o p r ov i d e f o r
r ec o nc i l i a t i o n
b e t we e n
d a ta
c o n t a i n ed
in
Au s t r a l i a n
road
i nv e n to r i e s
a nd
s u r v eys
and
a nn ua l
ABS
d a ta .
G i ven
tha t
r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i n t he p a s t h a s b e e n m o s t d i f f i c u l t i n r e l a t i o n t o
l oc a l
r o a d s , t h i s c o u l d b e f a c i l i t a t e d by t h e i n v o l v em e n t o f A B S
a s an o b s e r v e r i n f u t u r e r o a d s urvey e x e r c i se s .
Th i s wo u l d b e o f
bene f i t
to
AB S ,
a s a c c e s s t o s uc h d e t a i l ed r o a d i nv e n t o r y d a t a
wo u l d p r o v i d e i t w i th t h e c a p a b i l i ty
of
pe r i o d i c a l l y
r ev i e w i ng
i t s a n n ua l f i g u r e s .
4.
4.1
T H E A U S TRALIAN M O T OR VE HIC LE P O P U LA TION
G EN E R A L
Ve h i c l e po p u l a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s h a v e
been
i n c l ud ed
in
th i s
a nd
o th e r
r epo r t s
o n r o a d s ( B T E 19 7 9 ) , a s t h e y p r o v i d e a n i nd i c a t o r
o f t h e l ev e l s o f d em a nd f o r r o a d s a nd t h e l ev e l s o f u s e o f r oa d s .
Such
s ta t i s t i c s
are
a l so
of
use
g iven
tha t
o wn e r sh i p
a nd
o pe r a t i o n o f v e h i c l e s a t t r a c t t a x e s a t
b o th
Fed e r a l
a nd
State
l ev e l , a p r o po r t i o n o f t h e p r o c e e d s o f wh i c h a r e i n t u r n u t i l i s e d
fo r
r o a d wo r k s .
Ve h i c l e
po p u l a t i o n
s ta t i s t i c s
a l so
have
a pp l i c a t i o n s i n r o a d s a fe t y , p o l l u t i o n a nd f u e l u s e s t ud i e s .
Th e
d a ta
in
Ta b l e s
2.1
t o 2. 4 h av e b e e n d e r i v ed f r om
i n f o rm a t i o n p ub l i s h e d
by
ABS
a nd
relate
so l e ly
to
vehicles
r eg i s t e r ed
f o r u s e o n p ub l i c r o a d s .
Th e s e d a t a a r e c o l l e c t ed by
ABS f r om S t a t e
a nd
Te r r i to r y m o to r
r eg i s t r a t i o n
a u t ho r i t i e s .
Pe r i o d i c a l l y ,
A B S ha s c a r r i ed o u t C e n s u s e s o f Mo t o r Ve h i c l e s o u t
w i t h r e s p e c t t o m o to r v e h i c l e r eg i s t r y r e c o r d s f o r t h e p u r po s e o f
p r ov i d i ng a c c u r a t e b e n c h m a r k s a g a i n s t whic h n o r m a l r e t u r n s c an b e
c om p a r e d ( AB S 1 9 8 1 a , 1 9 7 8 , 1 9 7 3 a , C B C S 1 9 6 4 ) .
In
add i t io n ,
ABS
has
c a r r i ed
o u t a s e r i e s o f S u r v e y s o f Mo to r Ve h i c l e U s ag e ( A B S
1 9 81b , 1 9 7 9 a , 1 9 7 3 b , C B C S 1 9 6 6 )
u s i ng
r eg i s t r a t i o n
d a ta
as
a
s a m p l i ng
f r am e .
S o m e o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e S u r v eys h a v e b e e n
used
to
p r ov i d e
est imates
of
n um be r s
in
s e l ec ted
veh i c l e
c a tego r i e s
wh e r e
r eg i s t r a t i o n r e c o r d s we r e i n a d e q ua t e .
In t h i s
12
AIR 155-5
r e po r t , n e w r eg i s t r a t i o n d a t a h a s
not
Re a d e r s
been
u t i l i sed .
wi l l ,
howe v e r ,
f i nd
th i s
p r ov i d ed
in
ABS
p Ub l i c a t i o n s ( A B S
1980b) .
Us e o f A B S m o t o r r eg i s t r a t i o n d a t a t o d e s c r i b e t h e
s i ze ,
rate
o f c h a n g e o f t h e A u s t r a l i a n m o to r v e h i c l e
c om po s i t i o n
a nd
popul a t i on i s l im i ted
by
three
f a c to r s .
Fi rstl y ,
d e ta i l
is
l i m i t ed
to
veh i c l e
c a t eg o r i e s a nd s ub - c a t eg o r i e s c om m o n to a l l
States
a nd
Te r r i to r i e s .
S e c o nd l y ,
d i f fe rent
c r i te r i a
of
a s s i g nm e n t
o f v e h i c l e s b e t we e n a nd w i t h i n v e h i c l e c a t eg o r i e s m a y
b e empl o y e d b e t we en S t a t e s .
Th i r d l y a nd
mos t
i m po r t a n t l y ,
ABS
c a t eg o r i e s
t h em s e l v e s h a v e c h a n g e d o v e r t i m e .
Th i s l a s t t ype o f
p r o b l em h a s o cc u r r ed o n a n um be r o f o c c a s i o n s , h o we v e r i t i s o n l y
r eal l y
s ign i f i cant
w i th r e s pe c t t o d a t a u t i l i s e d i n t h i s r e po r t
wh e n compa r i so n s a r e b e i ng m a d e
b e t we e n
1971
Census
of
Mo to r
Ve h i c l e s
d a ta
( AB S
1973a )
a nd
d a ta
f r om o t h e r C e n s u s ye a r s .
P r o b l em s a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e v e h i c l e
c a t eg o r i e s :
uti l i ti es ,
panel
vans
a nd
r ig id
t r uc k s .
Fo r t h e 1 9 7 1 C e n s u s , 6a t eg o r i e s
we r e d e f i n ed a c c o r d i ng t o b o d y t ype a nd c a r r y i ng c a p a c i t y , w i t h a
one
tonne
c a r r y i ng
c a pa c i t y
b e i ng
the
c u t - o f f po i n t b e twe e n
u t i l i t i e s/pa n e l v a n s a nd r i g i d t r u c k s .
P r e c e d i ng a nd
s uc c e e d i ng
C e n s u s e s c l a s s i f i e d b y b o d y t ype o n l y .
Co n s e q ue n t l y , wh e n m a k i ng
u se r s
n eed
c om pa r i so n s b e twe e n 1 9 7 1 d a t a a nd o th e r Ce n s u s d a t a ,
to
ama l g ama te
the
three
c a t eg o r i e s
i n q ue s t i o n i n to a s i n g l e
c lass .
4.2
T H E VE H IC LE P O P U LA T I ON
:
A L L VE H IC L E S
F r om d a t a i n Ta b l e s 2. 1 a nd 2 . 2 , i t i s po s s i b l e t o
d e sc r i be
the
s i ze ,
c om po s i t i o n
a nd
rate
of
c hang e
of
the
po p u l a t i o n o f
v e h i c l e s o n r eg i s t e r .
Da t a i n Ta b l e 2 . 1 s h o w t h a t , a t
the
t ime
of
the
1 9 7 9 C e n s u s o f Mo to r Ve h i c l e s , t h e Au s t r a l i a n r eg i s t e r e d
v e h i c l e po p u l a t i o n t o t a l l ed s o m e 7 . 4 m i l l i o n v e h i c l e s .
Of
th i s
tota l ,
a lmo s t
77
per
cent
a r e c a r s a nd s ta t i o n wa g on s , wh i c h
b e c om e s j u s t o v e r 8 0 p e r c e n t wh e n
m o to r
c yc l e s
a re
i n c l ud ed .
Compa r i s o n
w i th
1962
f ig ur e s
i nd i c a t e s t h a t t h e p r o po r t i o n o f
v e h i c l e s n o rm a l l y a s so c i a t ed w i t h p r i v a t e u s e h a s
i nc reased ,
as
cars ,
stat ion
wag o n s a nd m o to r c yc l e s a c c o un t e d f o r und e r 7 0 p e r
c e n t o f v e h i c l e s o n r eg i s t e r a t t h a t e a r l i e r d a t e .
Fo r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e r eg i s t e r ed v e h i c l e po p u l a t i o n
b e t we e n t h e S t a t e s a nd Te r r i t o r i e s i n 1 9 7 9 , the t wo m o s t po p u l o u s
S t a t e s o f N e w So u t h Wa l e s a nd
V i c to r i a
tog e th e r
a c c o un t e d
fo r
j ust
und e r
60
pe r
c en t
o f t h e Au s t r a l i a n t o t a l .
I t s ho u l d ,
h o we v e r , b e n o t ed t h a t t h i s p r o po r t i o n h a d
d e c r e a sed
f r om
j ust
und e r
69
p e r c e n t i n 1 9 6 2 , r e f l e c t i ng mo r e r a p i d g r o w t h i n s o m e
o th e r S t a t e s a nd Te r r i to r i e s ,
pa r t i c u l a r l y
Qu e e n s l a n d ,
We s t e r n
Au s t r a l i a
a nd
the
A.C.T.
Fo r
the
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f d i ffe r e n t
the
States
a nd
Te r r i to r i e s
in
c a t eg o r i e s o f v e h i c l e s b e t we e n
197 9 ,
New
So u t h
Wa l e s a nd V i c t o r i a c om b i n ed a c c o un t e d f o r j u s t
ove r 60 per c e n t o f
cars ,
s ta t i o n
wa g on s
a nd
m o to r c yc l e s
on
r eg i s t e r .
Ho we v e r ,
l es s
than
5 5 p e r cent o f f r e i g h t v eh i c l e s
we r e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y r eg i s t r i e s o f N e w So u t h Wa l e s a nd V i c to r i a ,
a
m o re
even
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e t ype s a c r o s s t h e
i nd i c a t i ng
S t a t e s a nd T e r r i t o r i e s .
Fr e ig h t v eh i c l e s a re t a ke n
to
c om p r i s e
panel
vans ,
r ig i d
a nd a r t i c u l a t e d t r u c k s a nd o t h e r
util ities ,
t r uc k type s .
Reg i s t r a t i o n s o f t h e f i r s t t wo s ub - t ype s
wa s
more
d i s p e r s e d a c r o s s t h e S t a t e s a n d Te r r i t o r i e s t h a n wa s t h e c a s e f o r
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
13
t h e r e s i d ua l s Ub - t ype s .
Exam i n a t i o n
of
Ta b l e
2.1
a l so
s ho ws
r ed u c t i o n s
in
som e c a t eg o r i e s o f v e h i c l e s i n s pe c i f i c S t a t e s o r
Te r r i t o r i e s b e t we e n C e n s u s e s .
Some
of
these
a ppa r e n t
c h a ng e s
wh e r e
1971
data
is
ut i l i s e d
r e flec t
c h a ng i ng c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
c r i t e r i a a s p r ev i o u s l y e x p l a i n ed .
O t h e r s a r e a c t u a l a nd c om p r I s e
a
r ed uc t i o n
in
a r t i c ul a ted
t r uc k
n um be r s
i n S o u t h Au s t r a l i a
b e t we e n 1 9 7 6 a nd 1 9 7 9 a nd a r ed uc t i o n i n n um b e r s o f b u s e s i n
the
�.C.T.
in
the
s a m e p� r i o d .
Th e f o rm e r a pp e a r s t o r e f l e c t t h e
a bo l i t i o n o f r o a d m a i n t e n anc e t a x e s i n 1 9 7 9 wh i c h
mad e
it
l ess
advantag eous
for
i nte r s ta t e
o pe r a t o r s
t o r eg i s t e r v e h i c l e s i n
So u t h Au s t r a l i a .
Wh i l e t he d a t a c on t a i n ed i n Ta b l e 2 . 1 i nd i c a t e
tha t
the
v eh i c l e
po p u l a t i oh ,o n
r eg i s t e r
i nc r ea sed by some 1 30 pe r cent
b e t we e n 1 9 6 2 a nd 1 9 79 , c l o s e r e x a m i n a t i o n i nd i c a t e s t h a t r a t e s o f
g r ow t h
ove r
t ime
a nd , b e t we e n
c a t eg o r i e s
have
v a r i ed
s i g n i fic a ntl y .
Th u s , wh i l e t h e a v e r ag e a n n u a l r a t e o f g r owt h
of
the
o v e r a l l v e h i c l e po p u l a t i o n a pp r o x i m a t e d 5 . 3 pe r c e n t b e t we e n
1 9 6 2 a nd 1 9 7 1 a nd b e t we e n 1 9 71 a nd 1 9 7 6 , o n l y
3.7
per
cent
is
i n d i c a t ed
b e t we e n
1 9 7�
a nd 1 9 7 9 .
I t s ho u l d , h owev e r , b e n o t e d
t h a t t h e ra t e o f i n c r e a s e o f c om m e r c i a l v e h i c l e n um be r s
d id
not
s l o w d own b y a s m u c h a s t h e r a t e f o t p r i v a t e v e h i c l e s .
Fo r
d i ff�r e n t i a l
g rowth
b e t we e n
c a t eg o r i e s ,
the
popul a t i on o f f re i g h t v e h i cle s a nd b u s e s
i nc r e a s e d
by
l es s
in
pe r c e n t a g e
a nd
a b?o l u t e t e rm s t h a n d i d n um b e r s o f c a r s , s t a t i o n
wag o n s a nd m oto r c yc l e s i n t h e
pe r i o d
1 962
to
1 979 .
Ho we v e r ,
wi th i n
t h e fr e i g h t v e h i c l e g r o up i ng , d i f f e r i ng r a t e s o f i n c r e a s e
we r e r e c o rded
w i th
n um b e r s
of
ut i l i t i es
a nd
panel
vans
on
r eg i s t e r i n c r e a s i ng b y a pp r o x im a t e l y 6 4 p e r c e n t , r i g i d t r u c k s b y
6 6 p e r c e n t a nd art i c u l a t e d t r u c k s b y 1 3 7 p e r c e n t .
As
h eav i e r
v e h i c l es a r e mo r e c l o s e l y a s so c i a t e d w i th we a r a nd t e a r o n r o a d s ,
t h e s e c h a n g e s h a v e c o n s i d e r a b l e sig n i f i c a n c e .
I n t h e pe r i o d
1962
to
1 979
as
s h o wn
in
Ta b l e
2.1,
d i f f e r en t i a l
rates
of
g r o wt h
o c c u r r ed
b etwe e n
the
v eh i c l e
Que e n s l a nd ,
We s t e r n
pop ul a t i o n s o f t h e S t a t e s a nd Te r r i � o r i e s .
Au s t r a l i a ,
the
No r t h e r n
Te r r i to r y
a nd
t h e Au s t r a l i a n C a p i t a l
Te r r i t o r y r e c o rd e d
g r o wth
r ates
above
the
Na t i o n a l
a v e r ag e .
Ho we v e r ,
t h i s s i tua t i o n d i d n o t o c c u r u n i fo rm l y o v e r t h e p e r i o d .
In t h e i n t e r c e n s a l p e r iod 1 9 7 1 t o 1 9 7 6 , v e h i c l e
n um b e r s
in
the
Te r r i t o r y
i nc r e a sed
b y ' l e s s t h a n t h e Na t i o n a l a v e r a g e
No rth e r n
d u e t o the, e f fec t s o f Cyc l o n e ' � r a c y ' , whi l e i n t h e
pe r i o d
1976
to
1 979 ,
a s i m i l a r v � r i a tio n o c c u r r e d ' i n t h e A . C . T .
d ue to t h e
l o c a l i se d e ff e c t s o f t h e o v e r a l l Na t i o n a l e c o n o m i c d o wn t u r n .
A m e a su r e o f t h e m o to r i s a t i o n o f s o c i e t y ,
or
satu r a t ion
of
the
m a r k e t f o r v e h i c l e s , i s p r ov i d ed b y s ta t i s t i c s d e t a i l i ng
n um b e r s of v e h i c l e p e r h e a d .
fo r
Th e s e a r e s e t o u t i n Ta b l e 2 . 2
1 965
to
1 979
fo r
e a c h Sta t e a nd Te r r i to r y a nd Au s t r a l i a .
Th e
veh i c l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s adopted
a re
l ess
d e t a i l ed
than
tho s e
p r ev i o u s l y
used .
I t sho uld a l so b e n o t ed t h a t v e h i c l e - p e r - h e a d
s t a t i s t i c s a r e p r o ba b l y
l ess
m e a n i ng f u l
wh e n
c a l c ul a ted
wi th
r e s pe c t
to
l a rg e
c om m e r c i a l
veh i c l e s ,
as
n um be r s
of
these
v e h i c l e s r e f l e c t i nd u st r y
t yp e ,
s t r uc t u r e
a nd
o th e r
e c o no m i c
f a c t o r s r a t h e r t h a n p e r so n a l r e q u i r em e n t s f o r a c c e s s t o v e h i c l e s .
In Na t i o n a l t e rm s ,
t he r a t i o o f
r eg i s t e r ed
v eh i c l e s
to
14
A I R 155 - 5
p e r s o n s i nc r e a s e d f r om l e s s t h a n o n e v e h i c l e p e r t h r e e pe r so n s i n
1 9 6 5 t o m o r e t h a n on e v e h i c l e pe r t wo p e r so n s i n 1 9 79 , i nd i c a t i ng
i n c r e a s i ng moto risa t i o n o f �he A u s t r a l i a n e c o n o m y i n a n i n t e n s i v e
r a t h e r t h a n e x t ens i v e s e n s e .
Fo r v e h i c l e c a t e go r i e s ,
g ro w t h
in
a bso l ute
a nd p e r c entag e t e r m s wa s g r e a t e s t f o r v e h i c l e s n o r m a l l y
in
pr i v a t e
travel
cars
a nd
s t a tio n
wa g on s
a nd
em plo yed
m o t o r c yc l e s - r a t h e r t h a n f o r c omme r c i a l v e hic l e t ype s .
A s te a d y
o b s e r v ed
fo r
i n c r e a s e i n t h e v e h i c l e - t o-po p u l at i o n r a t i o c a n b e
a nd
s ta t i on
wa g o n s b ut i s n ot o bs e r v a b l e f o r m o to r c yc l e s ,
cars
wh e r e i n f a c t a g e n e r a l d ec l i n e i s o bs e r v a b l e o v e r t h e
last
t wo
ye a r s e x amined .
Co n s i d e r a b l e
v a ria t i o n s
in
the
ratio
of
v e h i c l e s to
pop u l a t i o n e x i s t b etwe e n t h e S t a tes a nd T e r r i t o r i e s .
Th e s e o c c u r
in
relation
to
v e h i cle s
on
r eg i s t e r
as
a
wh o l e
a nd
to
r e c og n i s a b l e v ehic l e s ub -g r o u ps .
Th u s , Ta b l e 2 . 2 s hows th a t ,
in
1979 ,
We s t e r n
Aust r a l i a ,
Ta sm a n i a , Qu e e n s l a nd , So u t h Au s t r a l i a
a nd v i c t o r i a , i n t h a t o rd e r , h a d v e h i c l e- t o - p o p u l a t i o n r a t i o s
in
excess
o f t h e Na t i o n a l a v er a g e wh i l e t h e A . C. T . , N e w S o u t h Wa l e s
a nd t h e No r th e r n Te r r i to r y r ec o r d ed r a t i o s b e l o w t h i s a v e r ag e .
Fo r s p e c i f i c v e h i c l e t ype s , s ig n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n s
occur
the
States
in
tha t
o n l y o n e S t a t e , We s t e r n
in
1979
b e twe e n
Aus t r a l i a ,
r ec o r d e d v e h i c l e - t o - p o p u l a t i o n r a t i o s
in
excess
of
t h e Na t i o n a l a v e r a g e f o r e a c h o f t h e t h r e e c a t eg o r i e s o f v e h i c l e s
that
e x am i n ed .
A f u r th e r f e a t u r e o f t h e d a t a i n
Ta b l e
2. 2
is
v e hic l e - t o-po p u l a t i o n r a t i o s ten d t o b e h i g h e r i n t h e S t a t e s w i t h
sm a l l e r po p u l a t i o n s o f "pe r so n s a nd v e h i c l e s .
Wh il e
th i s
m ight
have
been
e x p e c t ed
w i th
r e s pe c t
to
t h e g e og r a ph i c a l l y l a rg e
S t a t e s o f Qu een s l a n d , We s t e r n Au s t r a l i a a nd So u t h Au s t r a l i a ,
the
c a s e o f Ta sm a n i a wa r r a n t s c l o s e r a t t e n t i o n .
4.3
VE H IC LE P O P U LA T I ON
:
C OMME RC IAL VE H IC L E S
An a l ys i s
of
the
d i s t r i b u t i on
by
s i z e " a nd m a s s o f c om m e r c i a l
v e h i c l e s i s a n ec e s s a r y a d j un c t
to
any
s t ud y
of
the
veh i c l e
po p u l a t i o n ,
p a r t i c ul a r l y
wh e r e
a s s o c i a t e d w i th a s t ud y o f r o a d
i n f r a s t r uc t u r e u s e a n d r equi r em e n t s .
S t ud y
of
l arg e r ,
h eav i e r
vehi cles
is
u s e f u l o n t h r e e g ro un d s : f i r s t l y , b e c a u s e t h e s i z e ,
m a s s a nd p e r fo rm a n c e
of
s uc h
v eh i c l e s
pa r t l y
d eterm i n e
r oa d
design
pa ramete r s ;
s e c o nd l y , a s t h e s e v e h i c l e s t h r o ug h we a r � nd
t e a r o n r o a d s s i g ni f i c a n t l y a f f e c t m a i nte n a n c e a nd r ec o n s t r u c t i o n
activ i ti es ;
a nd t hi r d l y , b e c a u s e .v e h i c l e s i z e i ri t e r ac t s w i t h t h e
e c o nom i c s o f t h e r o a d t r a n s p o r t i nd u s t r y
a nd ' t h us" a f f e c t s
the
r a t e o f g r owt h o f d em a nd f o r r o a d i n f r a s t r uc t u r e s e r v ic e s .
S i ze
and
ma s s
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e f l e e t o n r eg i s t e r
c a n b e c a t eg o r i s e d i n a n umbe r o f ways - by
v eh i c l e
d imens i o n s ,
by
m a x im um p e rm i s s i b l e f u l ly l ad e n m a s s o f v e h i c l e ( g r o s s m a s s) ,
b y n um b e r o f a x l e s , b y c a r r ying c a pa c i ty a nd b y
t he
un l ad e n
or
t a r e we i g h t o f t h e ye h i c l e .
Da ta o n t h e s e a sp e c t s o f t h e v e h i c l e
f l e e t a r e v a r i a b l e i n a v a i l a b i l i t y a nd
c ov e r a g e
b e t we e n
States
a nd
Te r r i to r i e s .
D i m e n s i o n a l d a t a r e l a t i ng t o t h e po p u l a t i o n o f
r eg i s t e r e d v e hic l e s a r e v e r y s pa r se a nd g r o s s
mass
d a ta ,
wh i l e
a v a i l a b l e f o r s om e S t a t e s a nd T e r r i to r i e s , a r e n o t a v a i l ab l e o n a
Na t i o n a l b a s i s .
Da t a i n a u s a b l e f o rm d e s c r i b i ng t h e
po p u l a t i o n
of
l a rge
c omm e r c i a l
v e h i c le s
in
te rms
o f n um b e r
of axles ,
c a r r ying c ap a c i t y a nd t a r e we i g h t a r e a v a i l a b l e
fo r
eac h
State
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
15
a nd
Te r r i t o r y .
H owe v e r ,
in
th i s
pa pe r ,
o n l y t h e fo r m e r t wo
c l a ss i f i c a t i o n s have
been
em p l o y e d
in
c a t eg o r i s a t i o n
of
the
v eh i c l e
f l ee t .
Ta r e
we i g h t
a n a l ys i s
is
not
empl oyed as i t
p r ov i d e s a l e s s e x a c t m e a n s o f d e s c r i b i ng s i z e th a n t h e o th e r t wo
measur es
a nd a l so b e c a us e t a r e we i g h t d a t a a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e fo r
e a r l y pe r i o d s e x am i n e d .
n um b e r
of
Da ta d e s c r i b i ng t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t r uc k s b y
axles
a nd
c a r r y i ng
c apac i t y ,
i n Ta b l e s 2 . 3 a nd 2 . 4 , h a v e b e e n
e x t r a c t e d f r om t h e 1 9 7 1 a n d 1 9 7 9 S u r v e ys o f Mo to r
Ve h i c l e
Us ag e
( AS S 1 9 8 1 b , 1 9 7 3 b) .
Co n s e q ue n t l y , n um be r s o f v e h i c l e s l i s t e d a r e
s a m p l e e s t i m a t e s o n l y.
It
s ho u l d
be
no ted
tha t
d eta i l s
of
a s s o c i a t e d s t a n d a r d e r r o r s a r e l i s t ed t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e e s t i m a t�s
o f n um b e r s .
Th e s e s h o w t h e e x t e n t t o wh i c h s am p l e e s t i m a t e s
may
d i f fe r
f r om
f ig ur es
tha t
wo u l d
be
o b t a i n ed
f r om a c om p l e t e
C e n s us .
Th e s i z e o f e a c h s t a n d a rd e r r o r i s r ec k o n ed i n t e r m s
of
pe r c e n tag e
of
the
a ssoc i a ted
e s t i m a te .
Th e r e
a r e a b o u t t wo
c h a n c e s i n t h r e e t h a t a s am p l e e s t i m a t e w i l l d i f f e r b y l e s s
than
one
s t a n d a rd
error
f r om
f i g u r e s t h a t wo u l d h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d
f r om a C e n s u s a nd a bo u t 1 9 c h a n c e s
in
20
t ha t
the
d i ffe rence
wo u l d
be
l ess
than
two
s ta nd a rd e r r o r s .
I t f o l l o ws t h a t t h e
s m a l l e r t h e s t a nd a rd e r r o r t h e
better
the
est ima te .
S t a nd a r d
errors
a re
c i t ed
t h r o ug h o u t
t h i s r epo r t wh e r e S u r v e y o f Mo to r
Ve h i c l e U s a g e d a t a i s u t i l i s e d .
De t a i l s
of
n um be r s
of
r ig id
a nd
a r t i c u l a ted
t r uc k s
c r o s s - c l ass i f i ed
b y n um be r
o f a x l e s b y S t a t e a nd Te r r i to r y f o r
1 9 7 1 a nd 1 9 7 9 a r e s e t o u t i n Ta b l e 2 . 3 .
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n b y n um b e r
o f a x l e s i s u s e f u l bo th a s a p r o x y m e a s u r e fo r g ro s s v eh i c l e ma ss
a nd i n i t s o wn r i g h t , g i v e n t h a t a x l e
l o a d i ng s
a nd
r e pe t i t i o n s
a re
p r i m e d e t e rm i n a n t s o f p a v em e n t we a r a nd t e a r .
Th e r e i s a l s o
a n a d d i t i o na l po i n t o f i n t e r e s t i n a x l e
c on f i g ur a t i o n
d a ta ,
as
p e rm i s s i b l e
l ad e n a x l e m a s s e s h a v e b e e n i n c r e a s e d s i n c e 1 9 7 6 a nd
o pe r a t i o n o f t r i - a x l e bog i e s o n a r t i c u l a t e d
v eh i c l e s
a nd
o the r
comb i n a t i o n s
have
b e e n pe r m i t t e d i n m o s t S t a t e s a nd Te r r i t o r i e s
f o l l o w i ng t h e a d o p t i o n o f m a n y o f t h e r e c om m e nd a t i o n s m a d e
as
a
resul t
of
the
S t ud y
of
the
E c o n om i c s o f Ro a d V e h i c l e L i m i t s
( E RVL S 1 9 7 6 a ) .
Th e d a t a r e f e r r ed t o
s ho u l d
thus
p r ov i d e
some
i nd i c a t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e s e c h a ng e s .
E x am i n a t i o n
o f t h e d a t a i n Ta b l e 2 . 3 i nd i c a t e s t h a t , f o r
a r t i c u l a t ed
veh i c l e s ,
not
only
have
vehi c l e
n um be r s ,
as
p r ev i o u s l y
i nd i c a t e d , i n c r e a s ed s ub s t a n t i a l l y , b u t a l s o v e h i c l e s
h a v e b e c o m e l a rg e r .
Th i s c a n b e s e e n i n t h a t n um b e r s o f v e h i c l e s
w i th
fo u r
ax l es
o r le s s d ec r e a s e d b e t we e n 1 9 7 1 a nd 1 9 7 9 , wh i l e
v e h i c l e s w i th f i v e o r m o r e a x l e s i n c r e a s e d t o s uc h a n e x t e n t t h a t
they
c om p r i s e d
a bo u t
47
per
cent
o f a r t i c ul a t ed v e h i c l e s o n
r eg i s t e r i n 1 9 7 9 .
Ev e n m o r e r em a r k a b l e i s t h e g r o w t h i n s i x - a x l e
v eh i c l e s ,
most
o f wh i c h h a s o c c u r r e d s i n c e 1 9 7 6 , r e f l ec t i ng t h e
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t r i - a x l e com b i n a t i o n s .
Fo r
r ig i d
t r uc k s ,
the
s i t ua t i o n
is
l ess
c l e a r , g i v e n 1 9 7 9 a n d 1 9 7 1 d a ta f o r t wo - a x l e
v e h i c l e s i s n on - c om p a r a b l e d ue t o d i f f e r i ng
def i n i t ions
ad opted
f o r r i g i d t r uc k s , a s p r ev i o u s l y d i sc u s s e d .
Ho wev e r , d i s r eg a rd i ng
l i g h t e r c a t eg o r i e s o f r i g i d
t r uc k s ,
an
ove ra l l
t r e nd
t o wa r d s
l a rg e r v e h i c l e s i n t h e pe r i o d 1 9 7 1 t o 1 9 7 9 i s s h o wn i n t h e g ro w t h
o f n um b e r s o f r i g i d t r u c k s w i th t h r e e o r m o r e a x l e s .
S i m i l a r p a t t e r n s a nd t r e n d s a r e s h o wn
i n Ta b l e 2 . 4 ,
wh i c h
16
AIR 1 5 5 - 5
d e sc r i b es
e st ima ted
n um be r s
of
r ig id
a nd
a r t i c u l a ted t r uc k s
c r o s s - c l a s s i f i e d b y c a r r y i ng c a pa c i t y o n
r eg i s t e r
in
1971
a nd
1 9 7 9.
Fo r
a r t i c u l a ted
it
can
be
s e e n t h a t l a rg e
ve h i c l e s ,
v e h i c l e s h a v e b e c om e i n c r e a s i ng l y d om i n a n t , a s
v eh i c l es
c a pa b l e
o f c a r r y i ng 1 5 t o n n e s o r o v e r i n 1 9 7 9 c om p r i s e d a bo u t 7 0 p e r c e n t
o f t h e f l e e t o n r eg i s t e r , c om p a r e d w i th 4 4 p e r c e n t i n 1 9 7 1 .
Fo r
r ig id
defi n i tional
p r o b l em s ,
a s im i l a r t r end
t r uc k s ,
d e sp i t e
t o wa rd s
b ig g e r
veh i c l es
wi th
l a rg e r
c a r r y i ng
c a pa c i t i e s
is
i n d i c a t ed .
Both
c a r r y i ng
c a pa c i t y
a nd
ax le
d a ta
fo r a l l t r uc k s
c o n f i r m t h a t b e twe e n
1971
a nd
1979
the re
wa s
an
i n c r e a s i ng
conce n t r a t i o n
of
v e h i c l e s a t t h e u pp e r e nd o f t h e s i z e a nd m a s s
s pe c t r um .
Th i s i s s i g n i f i c a n t a s i t i nd i c a t e s t h a t
the
v eh i c l e
f l e e t ' s c a pa b i l i ty i n c r e a s e d b y m o r e t h a n i s i nd i c a t e d b y c h a ng e s
body
t ype
o nl y .
Th i s
has
s ho wn i n n um b e r s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b y
i mp l i c a t i o n s
fo r
the
v a l ue
of
services
p r ov i d ed b y r o a d s a s
m o v em e n t s o f i nd i v i d ua l v e h i c l e s b e c o m e
a s so c i a t e d
w i th
l a rg e r
v e h i c l e l o a d s of g oo d s .
4.4
T H E VE H IC L E P O P U LA T ION
:
S UMMARY A N D F UR T H E R W O R K
C o n t i n u i ng
g r o w t h o f t h e v e h i c l e po p u l a t i o n i n a g g r eg a t e n um b e r s
a nd
n um b e r s
pe r
head
of
po p u l a t i o n
i nd i c a t e d
an
i nc r e a s ed
m o to r i s a t i o n
o f Au s t r a l i a n s o c i e t y a nd a s t e a d i l y g r o w i ng d em a nd
f o r r o a d s i n t h e pe r i o d 1 9 6 5 t o 1 9 7 9.
Th e
s l o wd o wn
in
g ro w t h
r a t e e x pe r i e n c ed s i n c e 1 9 7 6 s ho u l d b e n o t e d , h o we v e r , a s t h i s , i f
A
i t c on t i n ue s , m a y r ed uc e t h e r a t e o f g ro w t h i n
th i s
d em a nd .
t r e nd
t o wa r d s
i nc r e a s e d
s i ze
a nd m a s s a m o ng l a rg e r c om m e r c i a l
road s
a nd
v e h i c l e s i nd i c a t e s a c h a n g e i n t h e t yp e o f d em a nd f o r
h e n c e a pp r op r i a t e i n f r a s t r uc t u r e .
Fur the r
wo r k
could
be
d o n e t o e x t e n d s i z e a n a l ys i s t o
c a r s a nd s t a t i o n wag o n s , t o
ut i l i t i e s
a nd
pa n e l
vans
a nd
to
buse s .
At
t h e t i m e o f wr i t i ng h o w ev e r , t h e f u l l t a b u l a t i o n s o f
t h e 1 9 7 9 Mo to r Ve h i c l e C e n s u s ,
wh i c h
is
the
most
a pp r o pr i a t e
so u r c e
of
d a ta
f o r s uc h t a b u l a t i o n s , h ad n ot b e e n r e l e a s e d f o r
e a c h S t a t e a nd Te r r i to r y .
C o ve r ag e i n t h e f ut u r e c o u l d
a l so
be
e x t e nd ed t o c ov e r a n a l y s i s o f t h e v e h i c l e f l e e t b y f ue l t yp e .
In
t e rm s
of
d a t a u t i l i sed i n th i s s ec t i o n , ABS s o u r c e s
we r e f o u n d t o b e a s g oo d a s , a nd i n s o m e c a s e s b e t t e r
than ,
the
d a ta
s upp l i ed
i n Ta b l e I I I o f NAASRA ' s Un i f o rm Ro a d S t a t i s t i c s .
An n u a l d a t a
c o n t a i n ed i n Ta b l e I I I wo u l d
b e c om e
a tt r a c t i ve
if
m o r e d e t a i l ed c r o s s - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f v e h i c l e t ype s , f o r e�ampl e
b y s i ze o r f ue l t ype , w e r e p r ov i d ed .
\
17
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
5.
5. 1
ROAD UT I L I S AT ION
G ENERAL
Some
measur e
of
the
e c o no m i c
a nd s o c i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n m a d e b y
r o a d s , a s we l l a s t h e a d e q ua c y o f t he ex i .s t i ng r o a d n e t wo r k ,
can
be
g a i n ed
f r om
ag g r eg a t e
est i m a te s
o f Na t i o n a l r o a d u s e .
In
Au s t r a l i a t wo s o u r c e s o f d a t a , t he Au s t r a l i a n Road S u r v e y s
( AR S )
a nd
the
S u r v e ys
of
Mo to r Ve h i c l e U s a g e ( SMVU ) , p r ov i d e u se f u l
d a t a b a s e s f r om wh i c h S t a t e a nd Na t i o n a l e s t i m a t e s
of
r oad
use
be
d e t e r m i n ed
b o t h i n t e rm� o f a g g r eg a t e l ev e l s a nd t r e nd s
c an
ove r t ime .
Bo t h t h e s e so u r c e s a r e u t i l i s ed i n t h i s r epo r t .
O t h e r s o u r c e s o f r o a d u s e d a t a e x i s t , s uc h a s t h e t r a f f i c
c o un t a nd we i g h t/ d i m e n s i o n s u r v e ys c o nd u c t e d a s pa r t o f t h e E RVL S
1 9 7 6b)
a nd
the
Na t i o n a l
Tr avel
Survey
( BTE
e x e r c i s e ' ( E RVLS
1 9 7 8 b) , b u t t h e s e h a v e n o t b e e n u t i l i s e d , a s t h e y e i t h e r we r e n o t
r e p e a t e d o n a n a d e q ua t e s c a l e o r d i d n o t c ov e r t h e wh o l e s p e c t r um
o f r oad use r s .
5. 2
A U S TRAL IAN R OA D S URVE Y DATA
E s t i m a te s
of
to t a l
veh i c l e
t r a v e l b y r o a d f un c t i o n a l c l a s s a s
t a k e n f r om t h e 1 9 6 7 -6 8 a nd 1 9 6 9 - 7 4 A u s t r a l i a n
Ro ad
S u r v e ys
a nd
t h e pa r t i a l upd a t e s o f 1 9 7 5 a nd 1 9 7 7 a r e s e t o u t i n Ta b l e 3 . 1 f o r
e a c h S t a t e a nd Te r r i t o r y .
In t h e o r i g i n a l
S u r v e ys ,
these
d a ta
we r e
o b t a i n ed b y m u l t i p l y i ng r o a d s i d e c o un t d a ta b y r o a d s eg me n t
n e t wo r k l eng t h .
Wh i l e t h e
d a ta
pr esen ted
do
not
d i s t i ng u i sh
b e t we en
d i stance
t r a v e l l ed
by
d i f f e r i ng
veh i c l e
c a t eg o r i e s ,
l evel s a nd t r e nd s i n r o a d u s e d e s c r i b ed a r e o f s o m e sig n i f i c a n c e .
Th e
d a ta
in
Ta b l e
3.1
c l e a r l y s ho w t h e i m po r t a n c e o f
a r t e r i a l r o a d s , t h a t i s r o ad s i n f un c t i ona l c a t eg o r i e s 1 , 2 , 3 , 6
On a n Au s t r a l i a -w i d e b a s i s ,
a nd 7 , i n t e r m s o f a g g r eg a t e t r a v e l .
t h e s e r o a d s , wh�c h a c c o un t ed f o r o n l y a , l i t t l e. o v e r 1 5
pe r
c en t
of
the
�o u t e
l e ng t h
o f t h e r o �d s ys t em i n 1 9 7 2 , a c c o un t ed f o r
o v e r 7 0 pe� c e n t o f t h e t o t a l d i s t a n c e t r a vel l e d b y v e h i c l e s o v e r
all
r o ad s .
Th e r o l � p l a ye d by a r t e r i a l s i n a g g r eg a t e t r a v e l i n
r u r a l a nd u r ba n c o n t e x t s wa s o f t h e s ame o r d e r o f m ag n i t ud e .
It
s h o u l d a l so b e n o t e d t h a t t h e s h a r e o f o v e r a l l t r a f f i c c a r r i ed b y
a r t e r i a l s c h a ng ed l i t t l e fo r t h e t h r e e ye a r s f o r
wh i c h
Na t i o n a l
f ig ur es a re ava i l ab l e .
As wa s t h e c a s e f o r v e h i c l e n um be r s , i n t h e p r o po r t i o n o f
t o t a l d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by v e h i c l e s
w i th i n
i nd i v i d ua l
States ,
New So u t h Wa l e s a nd V i c t o r i a p r e d om i n a t ed .
Th u s i n 1 9 7 2 , t h e t wo
S t ate s c om b i n ed a c c o un t f o r a l m o s t 6 3 p e r c e n t o f to t a l
d i stance
t r a v e l l ed
in
Au s t r a l i a .
Th i s i s j u s t s l i g h t l y l e s s t ha n t h e 6 4
p e r c e n t i nd i c a t e d b y 1 9 6 8 d a t a .
Th e
l im i ted
a m o un t
of
d a ta
in
Ta b l e
2. 1
r es t r i c ts
a na l ys i s
of
t h e r a t e o f g r o w t h o f t r a v e l o v e r r o a d s i n g en e r a l .
Compa r i s o n o f 1 9 6 8 w i t h 1 9 7 2 d a t a i nd i c a t e s a g ro w t h
in
traffic
l ev e l s
of
a lmost
5 0 p e r cent .
Th i s f i g u r e i s h i g he r t h a n t h a t
wh i c h wo u l d h av e b e e n e x p e c t e d f r om SMVU d a t a a nd t h u s s ho u l d
be
t r e a t e d w i t h s om e c a u t i o n .
Th e r a t e s o f t r a f f i c g r o wt h i nd i c a t e d
18
AI R 1 5 5 - 5
f o r th e perio d 1 9 7 2 t o 1 9 7 4 a r e m ore a c c e p t a ble
a nd
in
k e e ping
wi t h
o th er
d a ta ,
as
an
incre a s e
of
j u s t o v er 9 per c e n t is
indic a t e d , whic h is e q uiv alen t t o a a v era g e a n n ual r a t e o f g rowt h
of
4.4
per
c en t .
In
t h a t s a m e p erio d , t h e ra t e o f g ro w t h o n
urb a n
a r t e rials
e x c e e d ed
that
r e c o rd e d
for
urb a n
ro a d s
in
g e n eral ,
while
the
reverse
wa s
true
for
tra v el
on
rural
a r t erial s .
In t h e p e rio d 1 9 7 4 to 1 9 7 7 , d a t a a re
a v a ila ble
o nly
for
tra v el
on a r t e rial ro a d s .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , a g ro w t h in tra v el
o f a b o u t 7 p e r c e n t p e r a n n um is i n d ic a t e d o n t h e s e r o a d s .
5. 3
S UR VE YS OF M OTOR VE HIC LE U S AG E
In Ta ble s 3 . 2 t o 3 . 9 ,
d a ta
from
s uc c e s siv e
S urv e y s
of
Mo tor
Ve hicle
U s ag e
( AB S 1 9 8 1 b , 1 9 7 9 a , 1 9 7 9 b , 1 9 74 , 1 9 7 3 b , CBCS 1 966)
a re s e t o u t d e s c ribing ag greg a t e ro a d u s a g e and c h a ng e s in
these
m a g nit ud e
over
tim e .
Whil e t h e s e d a t a a re limit e d , a s t h e y d o
n o t d e s c rib e t ra v el o v er partic ular ro a d c la s s e s , t h e y d o provid e
a
d e s c riptio n
of
dista nces
tra v elled ,
freig h t
a nd p a s s e ng er
m o v em e n t s p e r f o rm e d a nd c h a ng es in
a v era g e
v e hicle
u tili s a tio n
for
a
rang e
of
v e hicle t ype s .
Th e s e d a t a c om pl em e n t r o a d sid e
c o un t - b a s e d d a t a a nd a re o f u s e in ro a d pla n ning a t a Na tio n al o r
S t a t e -wid e lev el .
E s tim a t e s
yield ed
b y SM VU ' s o f to t a l d is t a n c e tra v elled
by m o t o r v e hicle s a nd i t s d i s trib u tio n b e t we e n
r ur al
a nd
urb a n
a re a s a re ro ug hly in a c c �rd wi t h A R S e s tim a t e s .
This c a n b e s e e n
from a n e x a mi n a tio n o f d a t a i n Ta ble 3 . 2 whic h in d ic a t e a
li t tl e
over
o n e - t hird
of
t o t al
v e hicle
tra v el
o c c urred
o u t sid e
m e tro poli t a n a nd provincial urb a n a re a s .
It sho uld , h ow e v e r ,
be
no ted
t h a t j u s t o v er h al f t h e e s tim a t e d t o t al d is t a n c e trav elled
b y v e hicle s
took
pl a c e
wi thin
m e tro po li t a n
a re a s .
Rela tiv e
s ta bilit y
o v er
tim e
in
urb a n
a nd
n o n - urba n
s h are s
is also
as
the
19 7 1 ,
1 9 76
a nd
1979
S MVU ' s
show
li t tl e
indic a t e d ,
v a ria tio n i n t h e mix o f urba n a nd n o n - urba n v e hicle u s e .
In
s h are s o f t o t a l v e hicle tra v el , priv a te v e hicle t yp e s
c om prising c ars ,
s ta tio n
wa g o n s
a nd
m o t o rc ycle s
pred omin a t e ,
a c c o un ting
for
s om e
78
per
c en t
of
t h e t o t al tra v el b y a ll
v e hicle s .
It
s h o uld
be
n o t ed ,
h o wev e r ,
that
t his
f ig ure
d e clin e d
slig h tly
b e twe e n
19 7 1
a nd
19 7 9 .
Th e s h are o f t o t a l
v e hic ular tra v el p e r f o rm ed b y c om m e rcial ' v e hicle s ,
p ar tic ul arly
freig h t
v e hicle s ,
in cre a s e d
a nd
t h ere
wa s a t e n d e n c y f o r t h e
s h a re o f d is tan c e trav elled
by
these
v e hicle s
to
�x c e ed
the
propo rtio n
they
c o n s tit u t e
of
v e hicle s
on
regis t er .
This
r e fl e c t s hig h er t h a n a v erag e u tilis a tio n a nd i s m o st
marked
for
a rtic ul a t e d
v e hicle s , whic h in 1 9 7 9 , whil e c o n s tit u t in g a lit tle
o v e r o n e h a l f o f o n e per c e n t o f v e hicle s o n regis t e r ,
a c c o un te d
f o r 2 . 3 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l d is t a n c e tra v elled b y a ll v e hicle s .
It
c o uld b e c o n clud ed t h a t t h e r e pr e s e n t a tio n o f freig h t v e hicle s o n
the
ro a d
e x c e ed s t h a t whic h wo uld b e e x pe c t ed from r eg i s tra tio n
r e c ord s alon e ,
wi t h
o bvio u s
implic a tio n s
for road
pl a n ning ,
d e sig n , c o n s truc tio n a nd m a in t e n a n c e .
Di f f e re n t
pa t t e rn s
o f a g greg a te v e hicle tra v el f o r a r e a
o f o pera tio n a re s h o wn b y e x amin a tio n o f d a t a in Ta ble
3 . 2.
It
c an
be
seen
tha t ,
while
abo ut
t wo - t hird s o f priv a t e v e hicle
tra v el t a k e s pla c e wi thin urb a n a re a s , t his is n o t t h e
case
for
freig h t
v e hicle s a nd b u s e s .
Fo r b u s e s , u tili tie s a nd p a n el v a n s
A I R 15 5 - 5
19
a nd r i g i d t r u c k s , t h e p r o po r t i o n c o n s t i t u t ed by t r a v e l
in
u r ba n
areas
is
j us t
ove r
h a l f , wh i l e f o r a r t i c u l a t e d v e h i c l e s , l e s s
t h a n 3 0 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l a nn ua l d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d
occ ur red
in
u r ba n a r e a s f o r t h e t h r e e S u r v e y y e a r s c on s i d e r ed .
Th e s e f i g u r e s
i l l u s t r a t e i n a g en e r a l sense
the
d i ffe rences
in
traffic
mix
o c c u r r i ng b e twe e n r u r a l a nd u r b a n c o n t e x t s .
Th e
to t a l d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d d a ta c l a s s i f i e d by S t a t e o f
r eg i s t r a t i o n o f v e h i c l e a s i n
Ta b l e
3.3
p r ov i d e ,
d espi te
t he
occur rence
of
o u t o f S t a t e o f r eg i s t r a t i o n u t i l i s a t i o n , a g u i d e
t o ov e r a l l d i s t a n c e s t r a v e l l e d
by
all
vehi cles
in
i nd i v i d ua l
S t a t e s a nd T e r r i t o r i e s .
S o m e a n a l ys i s i s po s s i b l e f o r t h e S u r v e y
ye a r s 1 9 6 3 , 1 9 7 1 ,
1976
a nd
1979 ,
d espi t e
the
l ac k
of
d a ta
r e l a t i ng
to
b u s e s a nd m o to r c yc l e s i n 1 9 6 3 a nd t o b u s e s i n 1 9 7 9 .
Th e s e d a t a s h o w a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f o v e r a l l t r a v e l i n V i c t o r i a a nd
New
So u t h
Wa l e s
a m o un t i ng
t o a pp r o x i m a t e l y 6 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e
Na t i o n a l t o t a l .
Howev e r , d ue t o a h i g h e r t h a n
ave rage
r a te
of
g r owt h
of
v e h i c l e u s e i n Qu e e n s l a nd a nd We s t e r n Au s t r a l i a , t h i s
p r o po r t i o n d e c l i n e d f r om a b o u t
n5
pe r
cent
of
to t a l
veh i c l e
d i stance
t r a v e l l ed
in
19 6 3
to
i ts
p r e s e n t l ev e l .
D i s t a nc e s
t r av e l l ed
by
p a r t i c ul a r
c lasses
of
c om m e r c i a l
vehic les ,
pa r t i c ul a r l y
a r t i c ul ated
vehi c l es ,
do
not
p r ov i d e a r e l i a b l e
g u i d e t o d i s t a n c e s t r a v e l l ed i n
i nd i v i d ua l
States ,
g iven
tha t
these
veh i c l e s
may
in
m a n y c a s e s p e r f o rm m o s t o f t h e i r a nn ua l
An
o bs e r v a t i o n
of
t r a v e l o u t s i d e t h e i r S t a t e o f r eg i s t r a t i o n .
thi s
k i nd
is
in
ev i d e n c e
in
the
d a ta
d e s c r i b i ng d i s t a n c e s
t r a v e l l ed b y r ig i d a nd a r t i c u l a t e d
trucks
r eg i s t e r ed
in
So u t h
Au s t r a l i a
b e t we e n
197n
a nd
1979 .
An
a ppa r e n t
r ed uc t i o n i n
d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l ed i n t h a t S t a t e
is
i nd i c a t e d .
Howev e r ,
this
o c c u r r e d fo l l o w i ng a m i g r a t i o n o f t r uc k s o pe r a t i ng i n t e r s t a t e b u t
r eg i s t e r ed i n So u t h A u s t r a l i a t o o th e r S t a t e r eg i s t r i e s f o l l o w i ng
c h a ng e s
in
road
m a i n t e n a n c e t a x l eg i s l a t i o n .
Co n s e q u e n t l y , n o
i nd i c a t i o n o f a r ed uc t i o n i n u s e o f
So u t h
Au s t r a l i a n
road s
by
a r t i c u l a t e d v e h i c l e s m a y b e a s s um e d .
Di fferen t i a l
rates
of
g ro w t h
in
d i stances
t r a v e l l ed
b e t we e n s uc c e s s i v e S u r v e y s a r e e x h i b i t e d f o r t h e
ent i re
v eh i c l e
po p u l a t i o n
a nd
fo r
p a r t i c u l a r v e h i c l e c a t eg o r i e s .
Th u s , wh i l e
ov e r
d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l ed by p r i v a t e v e h i c l e s i n c r e a s e d o n a v e r a g e
the
pe r i o d
1963
t o 1 9 7 9 by a pp r o x i m a t e l y 6 p e r c e n t p e r a n n um ,
l owe r r a t e s o f g r o w t h
we r e
r e c o r d ed
t o wa r d s
the
e nd
of
the
pe r i od .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y ,
an
a v e r ag e
a nn ua l
rate
o f g rowth o f
1979 .
a pp r o x i m a t e l y 2 . 6 p e r c e n t a pp l i e d i n t h e p e r i o d
1976
to
Travel
b y f r e i g h t v e h i c l e s a s a wh o l e i n c r e a s e d a t a s l owe r r a t e
t h a n wa s t h e c a s e f o r p r i v a t e v e h i c l e s
ove r
the
ent i re
pe r i od
s u r v e ye d .
Ho we v e r ,
it
s ho u l d
b�
n o t ed
tha t
no percept i b le
s l a c k e n i ng o f g r owt h o cc u r r e d i n
the
pe r i od
b e t we en
197 6
and
1979 .
An
a pp a r e n t
r ed uc t i o n
in
ag g r eg a t e
annual
d i stance
t r a v e l l ed b y r i g i d t r u c k s o c c u r r e d
b e t we e n
the
19 7 6
a nd
1979
S u r v e ys .
H owe v e r
ABS
h a s a d v i s e d tha t t h i s i s a t t r i b u ta b l e to
S u r v e y p r o c e s s i ng p r o c ed u r e s ,
as
the
Bu r e a u
has
a d o p t ed
the
pr ac t i ce
o f c l a s s i f y i ng v e h i c l e s i n to c a t eg o r i e s o n t h e b a s i s o f
the
Survey
r espond e n t ' s
r ep l y
r a the r
than
the
r eg i s t r a t i o n
r ecord .
Th i s h a s r e s u l t ed i n s i g n i f i c a n t n um b e r s o f l i g h t t r u c k s
b e i ng c l a s s i f i ed a s u t i l i t i e s a nd pa n e l v a n s f o r p u r po s e s o f
the
1979
Survey .
Th u s ,
fo r
p u r po s e s
of
c om pa r i s o n s
w i t h o th e r
20
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
S u r v e y s , i t i s r e c om m e nd ed t h a t e s t i m a t e s
fo r
r ig id
t r uc k s
be
c om b i n ed
w i t h t ho s e o b s e r v e d f o r u t i l i t i e s a nd pa n e l v a n s .
Th i s
c om m e n t i s a pp l i c a b l e t o m o s t t a b u l a t i o n s i n t h i s s e c t i o n .
A l i n k b e twe e n t o t a l v e h i c l e t r a v e l o v e r t he r o a d n e t wo r k
a nd
veh i c l e
n um b e r s i s p r ov i d e d b y t h e d a t a i n Ta b l e 3 . 4 , wh i c h
t r a v e l l ed
by v eh i c l es
r e po r t i n g
s h o ws a v e r ag e a n n ua l d i s t a n c e
usag e
in
1 9 6 3 , 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 � a nd 1 9 7 9 .
Th e s e d a t a c a n b e u t i l i s e d
to
e x pl a i n
wh y
t r a v el
a nd
vehi c l e
n um be r s
have
e x h i b i ted
d i f fe r en t i a l
rates
of
g r o wt h .
I n pa r t i c u l a r , t h e y p r o v i d e a n
e x pl a na t i o n
fo r
the
d i s p r o po r t i o n a t e
r epr esenta t i o n
of
a r t i c u l a t ed
veh i c les
in
to t a l
t ravel
tabul a t i o n s .
Av e r ag e
d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l ed d a ta
ex h i b i ts
d i fferent
l ev e l s
of
v eh i c l e
usag e
b e t we e n
v eh i c l e
t ype s a nd b e t we en S t a t e s f o r v e h i c l e s o f
t h e s a m e c a t eg o r y .
Fo r 1 9 79 , t h e d a t a i nd i c a t e t h a t
a r t i c ul a ted
v eh i c l es
r e c o r d ed
t h e h i g h e s t l ev e l o f u t i l i s a t i o n , f o l l o wed b y
u t i l i t i e s a nd p a n e l v a n s , r i g i d t r uc k s , c a r s a nd s t a t i o n
wa g on s ,
o th e r
t r uc k
t yp e s
a nd m o t o r c yc l e s .
Th e g r e a t e s t v a r i a t i o n s i n
a n n u a l u t i l i s a t i o n b e t we e n S t a t e s f o r v e h i c l e s o f t h e s am e
t ype ,
e x p r e s s e d a s t he p e r c e n t a g e d i f f e r e n c e b e t we e n h i g h e s t a nd l o we s t
a nn ua l
d i stance
t r a v e l l ed ,
o cc u r red
fo r
o th e r
t r uc k
t yp e s ,
a r t i c u l a t ed
v e h i c l e s , a nd b u s e s wh i c h r e c o rd ed v a r i a t i o n s o f 8 7 ,
0 1 a nd 6 0 p e r
cent
r e spe c t i v e l y .
Mo s t
o th e r
veh i c l e
g r o u ps
r e c o rd ed
va r i a t ions
of
b e t ween
40
a nd
50
p e r c e n t w i th t h e
e x c e pt i o n o f t h e n um e r i c a l l y i mpo r t a n t c a r s a nd
s ta t i o n
wa g o n s ,
wh e r e a v a r i a t i o n o f o n l y 1 4 p e r c e n t wa s o bs e r v e d .
An
i m po r t a n t
feature
o f u t i l i s a t i o n e x h i b i t e d i n Ta b l e
"
3 . 4 i s a g en e r a l s l a c k e n i ng o f f i n t h e r a t e o f g r owt h
a n n ua l
of
u t i l i sa t i o n
pe r
vehic l e
fo r
v e h i c l e s a s a who l e .
m e a s u r ed i n
Fo r c a r s a nd s t a t i o n
t e r m s o f a v e r a g e a n n ua l d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l ed .
wa g o n s ,
u t i l i t i e s a nd pa n e l v a n s a nd o th e r t r uc k t ype s , e i t h e r a
d e c l i n e o r s ta g n a t i o n i s i nd i c a t e d s i n c e 1 9 7 6 .
By
c on t r a s t ,
a
s m a l l i nc r e a s e i s r e c o rd ed f o r r ig i d t r u c k s .
Mo s t s i g n i f i c a n t l y ,
a r t i c ul a t ed
veh i c les
m o v ed
ag a i n s t
the
t h e d a t a r e c o r d ed f o r
t r e n d , t h u s i nd i c a t i ng i nc r e a s e d a v e r a g e u t i l i s a t i o n a s a f u r th e r
f a c t o r a c c o un t i ng f o r t h e r e l a t i v e l y l a rg e r a nd i nc r e a s i ng
sha r e
of
t o ta l
t ra v e l
pe r f o r m ed
by
these
v e h i c l e s o v e r Au s t r a l i a n
r o ad s .
In
Ta b l e s
3. 5
t h r o ug h
to
3.9,
r oad
ut i l i sa t i o n
is
m e a s u r ed
as
the
m o v em e n t s
of
the
c o n t e n t s o f v e h i c l e s , b o th
f r e i g h t a nd pe r so n s .
Th e s e m e a s u r e s p r ov i d e a n
a l t e r na t i v e
a nd
more
f Un d am e n t a l
means
of
e v a l u a t i ng
road
u s e a nd c a n y i e l d
m o v em e n t s
d a ta .
r e s u l t s wh i c h d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r om v e h i c l e
To
a
consi d e rabl e
ex tent ,
t he
r e l a t i v e i m po r t a n c e o f v e h i c l e
c a t eg o r i e s c a n b e
m e a s u r ed
f r om
the
m o v em e n t s
they
p e r fo r m ,
a l t h o ug h
it
s ho u l d
be
n o t ed
that
s uc h
measures
e s t ima te
i m po r t a n c e i n t e r m s o f
q ua n t i t i e s
only
a nd
not
the
relative
v a l ue s t h a t c a n b e p l a c ed o n s uc h m o v e m e n t s .
Freight
m o v em e n t s m e a s u r ed a s t o n n e - k i l om e t r e s p e r fo r m e d
by
b y f r e i g h t v e h i c l e s a r e s e t o u t i n Ta b l e 3 . 5 c ro s s - c l a s s i f i e d
n um b e r o f a x l e s .
Th e s e d a t a s h o w t h a t n o t o n l y d i d t o t a l f r e i g h t
t o n n e - k i l om e t r e s
i nc re a s e
by
77
pe r
cent
ove r
the
pe r i od
c o n s i d e r ed
but
a l so
t h a t t h e a v e r a g e g ro w t h r a t e i n t h e p e r i o d
1 9 7 6 t o 1 9 7 9 wa s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t b e t we e n 1 9 7 1 a nd 1 9 7 9 .
As tha t
r a te
of
g rowth
in
t o n n e - k i l om e t r e s
p e r fo r m e d
i nc r e a s e d m o r e
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
21
r a p i d l y t ha n to t a l a nn ua l d i s t a n c e tra v e l l ed b y
t he s e
veh i c l e s ,
be
could
h i g h er
a v erag e
pa y l o a d s
a re
i nd i c a t e d ,
wh i c h
the
i m prov e d
to
a t tr i b u t a b l e t o t he u s e o f l arg e r v e h i c l e s a nd
u t i l i s a t i o n o f c arry i ng c a p a c i t y .
Da t a
i n Ta b l e 3 . 5 i nd i c a t e s t h a t t h e pro po r t i o n o f t o t a l
t o n n e - k i l om e tr e s perform e d
by
a rt i c u l a t e d
vehi c l es ,
wh i c h
on
a v erag e
t en d
to
be
l arg er
than
the ir
rig i d
c o un t erpart s ,
i n cre a s e d from a n e s t i m a t e d 5 6 p e r c en t i n 1 9 7 1 t o 6 6 p e r c e n t i n
1979.
A
s i m i l ar
tre nd
wi th i n
a r t i c u l a t e d v e h i c l e s wa s s h o wn
t o wa rd s t h e u s e o f l arg er v e h i c l e s , a s t h e
pro po rt i o n
of
total
t o n n e - k i l om e tr e s
perform e d b y v e h i c l e s w i th m o re t h a n f o ur a x l e s
i n cre a s e d from 3 6 p er c e n t i n 1 9 7 1 t o j u s t o v er 7 5
per
cent
in
1 979 .
Ho we v e r ,
it
s h o u l d b e n o t ed t h a t n o c l e ar tre nd t o wa rd s
l arg er v e h i c l e s c a n b e o b s erv ed w i t h i n t h e r i g i d truc k
c a t e g ory .
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n pro b l em s prev i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d a r i s i ng w i t h r e s pe c t
t o r i g i d v e h i c l e s s ho u l d b e re c a l l e d i n t h i s r eg a rd .
Me a s urem e n t o f t h e r o a d fre i g h t
tra f f i c
task
in
to t a l
tonnes
c arr i e d ,
as
s h o wn
in
Ta b l e 3 . 6 , i nd i c a t e s a d i f f e re n t
pa t t ern t o t h a t s h o wn b y m e a s ur em e n t
in
tonne
k i l om e tre s .
In
t erm s o f a g greg a t e r a t e o f g ro wt h , t o t a l t o n n e s c arr i e d i ncre a s e d
b y j u s t o v er 20 p e r c e n t i n t h e p er i o d 1 9 7 1 t o
1 979 ,
wh i c h
wa s
s ub s t a n t i a l l y
b e l ow
t he
r a t e r e c o rd ed f o r t o n n e - k i l om e tres a nd
t o t a l d i s t a n c e tra v e l l e d by fre i g h t v e h i c l e s .
Ho we v e r , i t s h o u l d
b e n o t e d t h a t t h e d i f f ere n t i a l i n g rowt h ra t e s wa s l e s s m ar k e d i n
t h e per i o d 1 9 7 6 t o 1 9 7 9 .
It could be
c o n c l ud ed ,
h owev e r ,
from
the
c om b i n ed
e v i d e n c e c on t n i n e d i n Ta b l e 3 . 5 a nd 3 . 6 t h a t there
h a s b e e n a c h a n g e i n the n a t ure o f road mo v em e n t s o f fre i g h t w i th
a tre nd t o ward s g ro w t h o f l on g er h a u l m o v em e n t s .
For
shares
of
t o t a l t o n n e s p e r f o rm e d b y v e h i c l e t ype s ,
t h e rev ers e s i t ua t i o n t o t h a t s h o wn f o r t o n n e - k i l om e tres
o c c ur s ,
w i th
ut i l i ti es ,
p a n e l v a n s a nd r i g i d truc k s a c c o un t i ng f o r 6 7 . 5
Th e s h are p e r f o rm e d by
p e r c e n t o f t o t a l t o n n e s c arr i e d i n 1 9 7 9 .
a rt i c u l a t ed
veh i c l es
d id
i n cre a s e
from
o ne - q ua r t e r
to a b o u t
o n e - t h i rd o f t h e to t a l b e t we e n 1 9 7 1 a nd 1 9 7 9 , i nd i c a t i ng
a no ther
a s pe c t
of
t h e i r � ro w i ng u s a g e .
Co m b i n ed w i t h t h e s e pa t t ern s a
t e n d e n c y t o wa rd s t h e
e m p l o ym e n t
of
l arg e r r i g i d
as
we l l
as
a rt i c u l a t ed v e h i c l e s c a n b e o b s erv e d .
As a n o v e ra l l o b s erv a t i o n ,
i t c o u l d b e c o n c l ud ed t h a t
spec i a l i sa t i o n
in
v eh i c l e
use
has
o cc urred ,
w i th
a rt i c u l a t e d
veh i c l es
pr ed om i n a t i ng i n t h e l ong
h a u l and r i g i d v e h i c l e s i n the s ho r t h a u l , a l t ho ug h t h ere m a y
be
a
s l ig h t ' t end e n c y
for
art i c u l a t e d
vehi cles
to
b e c om e
m o re
prom i n e n t i n t h e l a t t er .
Th e s e
obse��a t i on s ,
s i nc e
they
a re
r e f l e c t e d i n tra f f i c l ev e l s a nd c om po s i t i o n , m a y we l l a f f e c t r o a d
n e e d s a nd prov i s i o n o f r o a d s .
Th e d a t a
in
Ta b l e
3.7,
wh i c h
s h o ws
a v erag e
fre i g h t
v eh i c l e
l o a d i ng s
c ro s s - c l a s s i f i e d
b y v e h i c l e t ype a nd c arry i ng
c a pac i ty , d o e s n o t i n
i tsel f
i nd i c a t e
any
h ig hl y
s ig n i f i c a n t
i n cre a s e
in
u t i l i sa t i o n
o f l o a d c arry i ng c a pa c i t y .
Some sma l l
i n cre a s e s b e t we e n 1 9 7 1 a nd 1 9 7 9 a re i nd i c a t e d b u t t h e s e
t end
to
'
be
l ess
than
1 0 p er c e n t .
Da t a o n t h e ra t i o o f l ad e n t o e m p t y
r un n i ng wo u l d a l so b e
r e q u i re d
in
o rd er
to
m a ke
a
c om p l e t e
s t a t em e n t o n l o a d c a pa c i t y u t i l i s a t i o n .
Th e d a t a pre s e n t e d o n t h e fre i g h t t a s k p e r f o rm ed o v er t h e
22
AIR 155-5
r o a d n e t wo r k i nd i c a t e t h a t
th i s
has
c hang ed
s ig n i f i c a n t l y
in
r ec e n t
ye a r s t h r o ug h c h a ng e s i n f r e i g h t v e h i c l e n um b e r s , v e h i c l e
fl eet
s i ze ,
c om po s i t i o n
a nd
ut i l i sa t ion
m e a s u r ed
as
a n n ua l
d i stance
t r av e l l ed .
A
t r e nd
t o wa r d s
g rowth
in
l on g e r h a u l
f r e i g h t m o v em e n t s , t h e s e m o v e m e n t s
b e i ng
pe r f o rm e d
by
l a rg e r ,
h ig h l y u t i l i sed v e h i c l e s , i s c l e a r l y i l l u s t r a t ed .
Fo r s ho r t h a u l
freight ,
t r end s
a re
l ess
o bv i o u s .
Th e s e
d ev e l o pm e n t s
have
impl i ca t i o n s
fo r
bo th
t h e p r ov i s i o n o f r o a d i n f r a s t r uc t u r e a nd
m o n i to r i ng o f i t s u s e , a s l a rg e r v e h i c l e s h a v e d i f f e r e n t p a v em e n t
th i c kn es s
( c o n s t r uc t i o n)
a nd
route
( g e om e t r i c )
a l i g nm e n t
r e q u i r em e n t s .
In Ta b l e s 3 . 8 t o 3 . 1 0 , m o v em e n t s o f p e r s o n s o v e r t h e r oa d
n e two r k
a re
d e s c r i b ed
in
t e rms
o f pa s s e ng e r j o u r n e ys f o r b u s
s e r v i c e s a nd o c c u pa n t k i l om e t r e s f o r o t h e r
r eg i s t e r ed
vehic les .
Wh i l e
these
measures
a r e c om p l em e n t a r y r a t h e r t ha n c om pa r a b l e ,
in
t h e y p r ov i d e s o m e i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e r o l e o f t h e r o a d
n e t wo r k
pa s s e ng e r m o v em e n t .
in
Ta b l e
3.8,
wh i c h
has
been
d e r i v e d f r om t wo
Da t a
s uc c e s s i v e s am p l e s u r v e ys o f b u s u s a g e ( A B S 1 9 7 9 b , 1 9 7 4 ) i nd i c a t e
an
a ppa r e n t
d ec l i n e i n t e rm s o f p a s s e ng e r j o u r n e ys p e r f o rm e d b y
b u s e s o f 1 1 p e r c e n t i n th e p e r i o d 1 9 7 0 / 7 1 t o
1 9 7 5/7 6 .
In
the
s am e
pe r i o d ,
the
d a ta
i nd i c a t e a d ec l i n e i n ov e ra l l d i s t a n c e s
t r a v e l l ed b y b u s e s i n
the
c a r r i ag e
of
i nd i c a t i ng
� a s s e ng e r s !
l i ttle
l i k e l i ho od
of
a
c om p e n s a t i ng
I nc r e a se
In
p a s s e ng e r
k i l om e t r e s p e r f o r m ed , a n i t e m o n wh i c h d a t a i s n o t a v a i l a b l e .
bus
In a d d i t i o n t o a c h a ng e i n t o t a l pa s s e ng e r s c a r r i e d ,
survey
d a ta
a l so i nd i c a t e a c h a n g e i n t h e r e l a t i v e c on t r i b u t i o n
m a d e b y r o u t e s e rv i c e s a nd n o n - r o u t e s e r v i c e s
c om p r i s i ng
s c ho o l
b u s , c ha r t e r t o u r a nd n o n - r o u t e s e r v i c e s , A d e c r e a s e i n p a s s e ng e r
j o u r n e ys pe r f o r m e d o n r o u t e s e r v i c e s o f
about
33
per
c en t
is
i nd i c a t ed
c om p a r e d
wi th
a
1 20
pe r
c en t
i n c re a se
i n o th e r
s e rv i c e s .
Re f e r e n c e t o d a t a i n Ta b l e 3 . 9 , wh i c h
d e ta i l s
p a s s e ng e r
j o u r n e ys
p e r fo rm e d
by g ov e r nm e n t r o u t e b u s s e r v i c e s a s d e r i v ed
f r om o pe r a t o r s r ec o rd s , i m p l i e s t h a t a n y d e c r e a s e s
in
p a s s e ng e r
j o u r n e ys
must
have
o c c u r r ed
w i th i n
t h e p r i v a t e b u s i nd u s t r y .
Go v e r nm e n t b u s d a t a , wh i l e
it
does
exh i b i t
va r i a t ion
b e t we e n
S t a t e s a nd Te r r i t o r i e s , o n l y i nd i c a t e s a s m a l l o v e r a l l d e c l i n e i n
pa t r o n a g e i n t h e pe r i o d 1 9 6 9 / 7 0 t o 1 9 7 8 /7 9 .
Ho we v e r i t s ho u l d b e
no ted
tha t
pa t r o n a g e
has
r em a i n e d r e a s o n a b l y c on s t a n t i n m a n y
S t a t e s i n r e c e n t ye a r s .
Th e d om i n a n t r o l e o f c a r s a nd s t a t i o n wag o n s
is
c l ea r l y
i l l ustra ted
in
Ta b l e
3 . 1 0 , a s i n 1 9 7 9 t h e s e v e h i c l e s a c c o un t e d
fo r 8 2
pe r
cent
of
to t a l
o c c upa n t
k i l om e t r e s
pe r f o r m e d
by
r eg i s t e r ed
v eh i c l e s
o th e r t h a n b u s e s .
Ho we v e r , t h i s p r o po r t i o n
h a s d e c l i n e d f r om 8 5 p e r c e n t i n
1971 ,
d ue
to
the
i n c r e a s i ng
sha re
of
to t a l
o c c u pa n t
k i l om e t r e s p e r f o r m e d b y u t i l i t i e s a nd
pa n e l v a n s i n t h e pe r i od c ov e r ed .
A f u r th e r f e a t u r e o f t he
d a ta
presen ted
is
tha t
v eh i c l e
o c c u pa n c y
a ppe a r s t o h av e r em a i n ed
s ta b l e
ove r
th e
wh o l e
pe r i o d
c o n s i d e r ed .
Typ i c a l
ave rag e
o c c upa n c i e s
pe r
t r i p a r e i nd i c a t e d t o b e t wo pe r s o n s p e r c a r o r
s t a t i o n wag o n , 1 . 5 p e r so n s p e r u t i l i t y a nd 1 . 3 p e r s o n s f o r t r u c k s
a nd o th e r t r uc k t yp e s .
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
5.4
R OA D U T I L I S AT ION
23
:
S UMMARY AND F UR T H E R WORK
Ro a d
u t i l i s a t i o n d a t a i nd i c a t e s t h a t , wh i l e r o a d u s e m e a s u r ed a s
t o t a l v e h i c l e t r a v e l c o n t i n ue d t o g r o w s t e a d i l y i n
Au s t r a l i a
in
1960 ' s
a nd
1970 ' s ,
t he r e wa s a n o t i c ea b l e s l o wd own i n t h e
the
pe r i o d 1 9 7 6 t o 1 9 7 9 .
Th i s a pp l i ed t o p a s s e nge r v e h i c l e s
a nd
to
the
pa s s e ng e r
m ov em e n ts
they
p e r fo r m ed .
A
d ec r e a s e ,
o r no
g r o wt h , i n b u s u s age a nd b u s
pa s s e nge r s
c a r r i ed
is
i nd i c a t e d .
Fo r
cars ,
station
wa g o n s
a nd
m o to r c yc l e s ,
t o ta l
d i s ta n c e
t r a v e l l e d a nd o c c upa n t k i l om e t r e s g r e w m o r e s l o wl y wh i l e
average
veh i c l e
u t i l i sa t i o n
s ta b i l i sed .
Fo r
f r e ight
vehic les
the
s i t ua t i o n
is
more
c om p l ex ,
w i th
growth
r ates
in
aggr eg a t e
d i stances
t r av e l l ed
a ss o c i a t ed
w i th
s pe c i f i c
S Ub - c a t eg o r i e s
e i t h e r d e c r e a s i ng s l i g h t l y o r i nc r e a s i ng aga i n s t t h e
t r end ,
t he
l atter
b e i ng
the
c ase
fo r
a r t i c ul a ted
vehic les .
A f ur th e r
c om p l ic a t i o n a r i s e s
wh e n
road
use
is
m e a s u r ed
in
t e rm s
of
t o n n e - k i lom e t r e s
or
t o nn e s
c a r r i ed ,
a s r a t e s o f growth e i the r
f a i l ed t o d ec l i n e o r
a c t ua l l y
i n c r e a s ed .
Th i s
r e f l e c t ed
the
i n f l ue n c e
of
the
i n c r e a s i ng
em p l o ym e n t
of
l a rg e r
c a pa c i t y
v e h i c l e s , n o t a b l y i n t h e l ong h a u l , c a us i ng a
r ed uc t i o n
in
the
n um b e r
o f v e h i c l e s a nd v e h i c l e m o v em e n t s r e q u i r e d t o t r a n s po r t a
g i v e n a m o u n t o f f r e i gh t .
I t c o u l d b e c on c l ud ed t h a t t h e r o l e
of
the
l a rg e
a r t i c u l a t ed v e h i c l e i n t h e 1 9 7 0 ' s b e c a m e i n c r e a s i ng l y
p r o n o un c ed .
Th e d a ta ba s e av a i l a b l e fo r a n a l y s i s o f r o a d
u t i l i sa t i o n
i n Au s t r a l i a o n a n a t i o n a l b a s i s i s a d e q u a t e b u t wa r r a n t s f u r t h e r
i m p r o v em en t .
Th e A B S s egme n t c o u l d b e i m p r ov ed b y m o r e e x t e n s i v e
em p l o ym e n t
of
c a r r y i ng
c apac i ty
a n a l ys i s
i n S u r v e y s o f Mo to r
of
Ve h i c l e U s ag e .
Pub l i c a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e 1 9 7 9 S u r v e y
Bus
U s age
w i l l i m p r o v e d a t a a v a i l a b i l i t y o n t h e pa s s e ng e r s i d e ,
wh i l e a p r o po s e d c o l l e c t i o n o f i nt e r s t a t e f r e i g h t m o v em e n t s
wi l l
b e o f use o n t h e r o a d f r e i g h t s i d e .
Th e r e i s a l so r o om f o r i m p r ov em e n t a t a Na t i o n a l l ev e l i n
o ther
u ti l i s a t i o n
d a ta
c o l l e c t ed
via
ax le
c o un t s
a nd
road
s ur v e y
measures .
S o m e wo r k i n t h i s a r e a h a s c om m e n c e d
road s id e
wi th i n
the
Fed e r a l
De pa r tme n t
of
T r a n s po r t
( D e pa r tm e n t
of
T r a n s po r t
1980)
u s i ng
e x i s t i ng
d a ta
o b t a i n ed f r om S t a t e Ro ad
Au t ho r i t i e s a nd o th e r b o d i e s , wh i c h c o u l d p r ov i d e the
b as i s
fo r
an
annual
i nd ex
of
r oad
use .
G i ven
t h e p r ev i o u s c om m e n t s ,
h o we v e r , t h e r e wo u l d b e a n e e d
to
exam i ne
the
c o m po s i t i o n
of
traffic
in
some
d eta i l
in
a
manner
s i m i l a r t o t ha t d o n e i n
c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e E RVLS e x e r c i s e
( We b b e r
1 978)
a nd
the
New
South
Wa l e s
Comm i s s i o n
of
En q u i r y
i nto
the
Ro a d
T r a n s po r t
I n d� s t r y ( P e a r so n -K i r k 1 9 8 0 ) .
AIR 1 5 5-5
24
6.
G.l
ROAD F INANC E AND E X P E ND IT U R E
G ENERAL
A
feature
of
Au s t r a l i a n
r o a d f un d i ng a nd e x p e nd i t u r e i s t h a t ,
wh i l e a l l t h r e e l ev e l s o f Go v e r nm e n t a r e i nv o l v ed i n e a c h a s pe c t ,
the i r
roles
va ry .
Wh i l e t h e Co mmo nwe a l th Go v e r nm e n t i s a m a j o r
s o u r c e o f r o a d f un d s , a c t u a l e x p e nd i t u r e t en d s t o b e c a r r i e d
out
p r i m a r i l y a t S t a t e a nd Lo c a l G o v e r nm e n t l ev e l .
T r a n s f e r o f f un d s
b e twe e n l ev e l s o f g ov e r nm e n t f a c i l i t a t e s t h i s v a r i a t i o n i n r o l e s .
Ta b l e s
4.1
t h r o ug h
to 4 . 6 h a v e been fo rmul a ted spec i f i c a l l y t o
i l lust r a te these va r i a t i o n s .
Wh i l e d a t a o n p ub l i c s e c to r i nv o l v em e n t
w i th
r oad s
a re
ava i l ab l e ,
d a ta
c ov e r i ng
e x p e nd i t u r e
b y t h e p r i v a t e s e c to r o n
road
c o n s t r uc t i o n
a re
not .
Pr i v a te
secto r
a c t iv i ty
is
s ig n i f i cant
in
the
local
roads
f ield
in
u r ba n a r e a s .
Some
m e a s u r e o f t h e m ag n i t ud e o f t h i s a c t i v i ty
is
s ho wn
by
1 977/7 8
d a ta
fo r
New
So u t h
Wa l e s
( AB S
1980a)
wh i c h s ho ws s o m e 2 4 2 0
k i l om e t r e s
of
roads
we r e
c o n s t r uc t e d
on
b eh a l f
of
p r i v a te
d ev e l o pe r s i n t h e Syd n e y S t a t i s t i c a l D i v i s i o n a nd 3 2 1 0 k i l om e t r e s
i n N e w So u t h Wa l e s a s a wh o l e i n t h a t ye a r .
Th e
i nv o l v em e n t
of
pr i v a te
d ev e l o pe r s
in
r o a d c o n s t r uc t i o n n o t o n l y r ed uc e s l oc a l
g ov e r nm e n t f un d r a i s i ng f o r c o n s t r uc t i o n o f n ew
r o ad s
but
a l so
a ffects
a g g r eg a t e m a i n t e n a n c e e x p e nd i t u r e , g i v e n t h a t s uc h r oa d s
e v e n t ua l l y
b ec o m e
l oc a l
g ov e r n m e n t
r e s po n s i b i l i t i e s .
Av a i l ab i l i ty
of
pr i v a te
s e c to r
d a ta
on
road
f un d i ng
a nd
e x p e nd i t u r e i s e s s e n t i a l
fo r
the
e s t i ma t i o n
of
to t a l
a nn ua l
f un d i ng a nd e x pe nd i t u r e o n r o a d s .
6.2
R OA D F UN D I N G
Ta b l e s
4.1
a nd
4.2
d e ta i l
s o u r c e s o f f un d s r a i s e d f o r p ub l i c
s e c t o r r o a d wo r k s c l a s s i f i e d b y l ev e l o f g ov e r nm e n t a nd
a ut ho r i t y
r e c e i v i ng
s uc h
f un d s .
F i g u r e s a r e d e s c r i b ed n e t o f c o l l e c t i o n
expense s .
Th e d a t a c o n t a i n ed i n t h e s e Ta b l e s a nd i n
Ta b l e s
4.3
to
4 . 5 h a v e b e e n e x t r a c t ed f r om NAA S RA ' s Un i f o rm R o a d S t a t i s t i c s
( N A A S RA 1 9 5 9 / 6 0 - ) , t h e m o s t d e t a i l ed s o u r c e o f s uc h
d a ta .
Some
in
est ima tes
d i ffe rences
of
f un d s
r a i s e d a t l o c a l g ov e r nm e n t
l ev e l
ex i st
b e t we e n
NAAS RA
d a ta
a nd
d a t a ' c om p i l ed
by
t he
Commo n we a l t h
Bu r ea u
o f Ro a d s ( C B Rd s ) p r e s e n t ed i n t h e B u r e a u o f
T r a n s po r t E c o n om i c s 1 9 7 9 r e po r t o n r o a d s ( B T E 1 9 7 9 ) .
Th e
l a tter
d a ta
c ov e r
t h e f i v e ye a r pe r i o d e nd i ng 3 0 t h J u n e 1 9 7 9 .
. In t h a t
C B Rd s
est ima tes
of
l oc a l
g ov e r nm e n t
f un d i ng
e x c e ed
pe r i o d ,
NAASRA- s o u r c ed d a t a , w i t h t h e e x t e n t o f t h i s d i sc r e pa n c y b e i ng 4 8
pe r c e n t i n
1 9 7 8 /7 9 .
It
is
c u r ren t l y
held
tha t
the
C B Rd s
e s t i m a te
is
too
l a rg e
a nd
B T E i s u n d e r t a k i ng wo r k t o p r o v i d e
r ev i s e d e s t i m a t e s wh i c h c o u l d b e u s e d t o a m e nd
tabul a t ions
wh e n
case
e x i s t s t h a t NAASRA d a t a u n d e r e s t i m a t e l o c a l
ava i l ab l e .
A
i nd i c a t e
g ov e r n m e n t r oa d f un d i ng d a t a , a s A B S d a t a
( AB S
1 980d)
un d e r e s t i m a t i o n
N e v e r t h e l e s s , NAASRA
of
at
most
20 pe r cent .
d a ta h a v e b e e n empl oyed i n th i s Se c t i on a s i t
is
mo re
d e t a i l ed
a nd u p- t o - d a t e c o m p a r e d t o a l t e r n a t i v e d a t a s e t s .
the
In
Ta b l e
t we nt y
ye a r
4.1,
f un d s a l l o c a t ed f o r p ub l i c r o a d wo r k s f o r
pe r i o d
1 9 59/6 0
to
1 9 7 9/8 0
a re
set
out ,
AIR 155-5
25
c ro s s-c l a s s i f i ed
by
l ev e l
of
g ov e r nm e n t o r i g i n a t i ng f un d s a nd
f o rm o f f un d s .
Th e s e
d a ta
i nd i c a te
tha t ,
wh i l e
f un d i ng
is
r o ug h l y
e q ua l l y
s h a r ed
b e t we e n
Fed e r a l ,
Sta te
a nd
Lo c a l
Go v e r nm e n t , t h e r e h a s b e e n a t en d e n c y f o r t h e Commo nwe a l th
sha r e
to
d ec r e a se
sl ightl y
in
r ec e n t yea r s .
Th e d a t a a l s o i nd i c a t e
t h a t t h r e e pa r t i c u l a r s o u r c e s o f f un d s - C o mmo n we a l t h Ro ad G r a n t s
to
the
S t a t e s a n d Te r r i t o r i e s , S t a t e t a x e s o n o wn e r s h i p a nd u s e
o f m o to r v e h i c l e s a nd ' r a t e pa y e r s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o Lo c a l Go v e r nm e n t
for
c o n s t r uc t i o n
a nd
ma i n tenance
o f r o ad s have , over t ime ,
a c c o un t ed fo r 7 0 p e r c e n t o r o v e r o f
total
f un d s
a l l o c a ted
to
road s .
A
f u r th e r
feature
of
the
d a ta
in
Ta b l e 4 . 1 i s t h e
c o n s i d e r a b l e r a te of i nc r e a s e in
to t a l
f un d i ng ,
this
rate
of
i nc r e a s�
a v e r a g i ng 1 1 . 7 p e r c e n t pe r a n n um i n t h e p e r i o d 1 9 6 9 / 7 0
t o 1 9 7 4 / 7 5 a nd 1 3 . 2 p e r c e n t , pe r a n n um i n t h e pe r i o d
1 9 7 4/7 5
to
1 9 7 9/8 0 .
Ho we v e r , wh e n t h e s e d a t a a r e a d j u s t ed f o r i n f l a t i o n , a
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l owe r r a t e o f g r o w t h i n r e a l
t e rms
is
i nd i c a t e d .
Th e
d ata
in
Ta b l e
6.2
can
be
used to obta i n a n approx ima te
i nd i c a t i o n o f r ea l g r o wt h i n r o a d f un d i ng .
A f u r t h e r i t em t o be n o t e d i s t h e sm a l l r o a d
ma intenance
t a x f un d i ng i t em i n 1 9 7 9 / 8 0 .
Th i s r e f l ec t s a b o l i t i o n o f t h i s t a x
( N o t e t h a t i n So u t h A u s t r a l i a ,
We s t e r n
Au s t r a l i a
and
i n 1980 .
Vi c t o r i a ,
b us i ness
f r a nc h i se
fees
f o r pe t r o l e um p r o d uc t s we r e
i n t r o d uc ed i n pa r t t o r e p l a c e r o a d m a i n t e n a n c e t a x f un d i ng . )
� S t a t e - by - S t a t e
b r � a k d o wn
of
sources
of
r oad
f un d s
c l a s s i f i ed
b y S t a t e a nd Te r r i t o r y o f e x pe nd i � u r e i s p r o v i d ed f o r
1 9 7 9 /8 0 i n Ta b l e 4 . 2 .
Th e s e
data
i nd i c a t e
tha t
rel i ance
on
pa r t i c u l a r
fo r m s
of
f un d i ng
v a r i ed
b e t we e n
St a t e s
a nd
Te r r i t o r i e s , w i t h r e l i a n c e o n C o m m o n we a l t h f un d s b e i n g r e l a t i v e l y
g r e a t e r i n Que e n s l a n d a nd We s t e r n Au s t r a l i a , e x c l ud i ng t h e
A . C . T . , 'wh i c h i s a s pe c i a l c a s e .
To t a l f un d i ng c a n b e s e e n t o b e
uneven
b e t we e n
t h e S t a t e s , r e f l e c t i ng r o a d n e ed s , t a x b a s e s a nd
m e tho d s o f f i n a n c e .
Fo r e x am p l e , f un d s o f a l l f o r m s a l l o c a t e d t o
road s
in
New
So u t h Wa l e s a nd V i c t o r i a i n 1 9 7 9/ 8 0 a c c o un t e d fo r
a l m o s t n O p e r c en t o f a l l f un d s a l l o c a t e d b y
the
p ub l i c
s e c to r
f o r r o a d s i n Au s t r a l i a .
6. 3
E XP E ND IT U R E · ON R OA DS
De t a i l s
o f ' e x pe nd i t u r e
on
road s
c l a s s i f i ed
by
a
n um b e r o f
s i g n i f i c a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i q s , i n c l ud i ng
p u r po s e
of
e x pe n d i t u r e ,
State
a nd
Te r r i t o r y
of
e x p e n d i t u r e , r o a d fun c t i o n a l c l a s s a nd
to
o r i g i n a l s o u r c e o f f un d s e x pe n d ed , i s s e t o u t i n Ta b l e s
4.3
4.5.
Th e s e
data ,
wh i l e
f a c i l i t a t i ng
d e t a i l ed
a n a l ys i s
of
e x p e n d i t u r e o n r o a d s , a r e l im i t e d i n t wo w a y s .
F i r s t l y , f o r som e
States ,
a
f ul l
b r e a kd o wn
o f e x pe nd i t u r e i s n o t a v a i l a b l e ; a nd
s e c o nd l y , d e t a i l s o f t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e
c l a ss i f i ed
by
l ev e l
of
g ov e r nm e n t
un d e r t a k i ng
f i na l
e x p e n d i t u r e i s n o t p r ov i d e d .
Th e
l a t t e r , i n f a c t , i s n o t po s s i b l e , g i v e n t h e
f o rm a t
of
NAASRA ' s
Un i fo rm
Ro a d
Sta t i st i c s .
To r e c t i f y t h i s s p e c i f i c d e f i c i e n c y ,
Ta b l e 4 . 6 , fo r m u l a te d f r om AB S d a t a , h a s b e e n i n c l ud ed .
In
Ta b l e
4.3,
d et a i l s
of
to t a l
p a ym e n t s
fo r
road s
p u r po s e s
in
Au s t r a l i a
f o r t h e ye a r s 1 9 7 1 / 7 2 t o 1 9 7 9 / 8 0 a r e s e t
o u t , c r o s s - c l a s s i f i e d b y p u r po s e o f
e x pe n d i t u r e
a nd
source
of
f un d s .
Da t a c o v e r ed i n c l ud e n o t o n l y d i r e c t e x p e n d i t u r e o n r o a d
c o n s t r uc t i o n , r e c o n s t r u c t i o n a nd m a i n t e n a n c e b u t a l so e x pe n d i t u r e
26
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
on
p l a n n i ng
a nd r e s e a r c h a pd o th e r i t e m s s u c h a s l o a n s e r v i c i ng
a nd a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o v e r h e a d s .
Ca r e s ho u l d b e t a k e n
wi th
t r end s
s h o wn ,
as
the se
c an
r e f l ec t
i m p r ov em e n t s t o ' d a t a c o l l e c t i o n s
r a t h e r t h a n a c t ua l c h a n g e s i n e x pe nd i t u r e pa t t e r n s ,
fo r
e x am p l e
'
the
i n c rease
f r om
69
to
84
pe r
c en t
o f t h e s ha r e o f t o t a l
a nd
ex pend i t u r e
c o n s t i t u t ed
by
c o n s t r uc t i o n ,
r e c o n s t r uc t I o n
ma intenance
i tems .
On e
t r end
wh i c h i s l e s s a m b i g uo u s i s t h a t
r e l a t i ng t o e x pe nd i t u r e o n p l a n n i ng a nd r e s e a r c h , wh i c h
g r ew
by
143
pe r
c e n t i n t h e pe r i o d c ov e r e d , i l e s s e r r a t e t h a n f o r r o a d
g r o wt h o r f o r r o a d e x pe nd i t u r e i n g e n e r a l .
Re c e n t d a t a a r e m o r e r e l i a b l e t h a n d a ta f o r e a r l i e r ye a r s
a nd
s h o w s om e s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f un d s
b e t we e n u se s .
Fo r e x a m p l e , Commo n we a l t h f un d s we r e d i r e c t ed m o r e
at
c o n s t r uc t i o n
a nd
r e c o n s t r uc t i o n r a t h e r t h a n a t ma i n t e n a n c e ,
r e s e a r c h a nd o th e r a c t i v i t i e s .
A more
d e ta i l ed
c ro s s-c l a s s i f i ca t i o n
of
pa ym e n t s
fo r
roads
is
p r ov i d ed
in
Ta b l e
4 . 4,
wh i c h
on
a Na t i o n a l b a s i s
d i s s e c t s p a ym e n t s f o r r o a d s b y t yp e o f f un d s , s o u r c e o f f un d s a nd
c lass
of
r o a d ' o n wh i c h f un d s we r e e x pe n d e d f o r t h e
f un c t i o n a l
not
ye a r 1 9 7 9 / 8 0 .
Ev e n tho ug h
15. 6
per
cent
of
f un d s
we r e
a l l o c a t ed
by
r o a d f un c t i o n a l c l a s s , e i t h e r d u e t o t h e i r n a t u r e ,
a s i s the
c ase
fo r
r esea rch ,
or
d ue
to
d a ta
d e f i c i enc i es ,
patterns
s h o wn
a re o f i nterest .
Th e d a t a s h o w t h a t 6 6 p e r c e n t
o f to ta l
ex pend i t u r e
on
c on s t r uc t i o n
a nd
r e c o n s t r uc t i o n
wa s
d i r e c t ed
at
r u r a l a nd u r ba n a r t e r i a l r o a d s , wh i l e a l m o s t 5 0 p e r
c e n t o f m a i n t e n a n c e e x p e n d i t u r e wa s a ls o
d i rec ted
at
r o ad s
in
these
c a t eg o r i e s .
Th i s r a f l e c t s t h e r o l e o f a r t e r i a l r o a d s a nd
the i r
r e so u r c e
r e q u i r em e n t s
d ue
to
h ig h e r
s t a n d a rd s
of
In ' t e rm s o f d i v i s i o n o f
c o n s t r uc t i o n
a nd
c o s ts o f ma i n tenance .
f un d s e x pe nd ed o n c o n s t r uc t i o n ,
r e c o n s t r uc t i o n
a nd
ma intenance
across
all
r o a d c a t e g o r i e s , r u r a l r o a d s a s a g r o up a t t r a c t ed 5 9
p e r c e n t o f t h i s t o ta l .
S i m i l a r l y , th e m a i n t e n a n c e c om po n e n t
of
to t a l
c o n s t r uc t i o n ,
r ec o n s t r uc t i o n
a nd m a i n t e n a n c e e x p e nd i t u r e
wa s
g rea t e r
fo r
rural
r a the r
than
u r ba n
road s ,
r e f l e c t i ng
d i f f e r e n c e s i n c o n s t r uc t i o n s t a n d a rd s , p av e m e n t t ype s , l ev e l s a nd
c om po s i t i o n o f t r a f f i c a nd o t h e r f a c to r s .
Ta b l e 4 . 5 , wh i c h c rD s s - c l a s � i f i e s t yp e o f e x p e n d i t u r e
on
'
road s
by
State
in
wh i c h i t o c c u r r e d a nd r o a d f un c t i o n a l c l a s s
in
e n c o un t e r e d
i nd i c a t e s i n wh i c h S t a t e s d a t a d e f i c i e n c i e s we r e
1 9 7 9/8 0 .
Da t a
presen ted
a l so
s ho w ' v a r i a t i o n s i n p a t t e r n s o f
e x p e nd i t u r e b e t we e n S t a t e s f o r wh i c h d a t a a r e a d e q ua t e .
Da t a c a n
b e s e e n t o b e d e f i c i e n t f o r V i c t o r i a a nd Qu e e n s l a nd , a s 3 8 a nd 3 7
p e r c e n t r e s pe c t i v e l y o f t o t a l r o a d s e x p e nd i t u r e wa s · un a l l o c a t ed
by
r o a d t yp e .
Th i s d e f i c i e n c y r e nd e r s a n a l ys i s o f t h e d a t a f r om
these States
un t e n a b l e
a nd
wa r r a n t s
r ec t i f i c a t i o n .
Fo r
the
r em a i n i ng S t a t e s , s o m e g e n e r a l p a t t e r n s e m e rg e , a l t h o ug h t h e r e i s
c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n b e t we e n S t a t e s .
E x c l ud i ng t h e A . C . T .
as
a
spec i a l
c a s e , i n e a c h o f t h e r em a i n i ng S t a t e s a nd Te r r i t o r i e s
e x c e p t Ta sm a n i a , e x p e nd i t u r e o n a r t e r i a l s e x c e ed ed 5 0 p e r c e n t o f
Th e p r o po r t i o n o f
a l l e x p e nd i t u r e , i n l i n e w i t h Na t i o n a l t r e nd s .
t o t a l r u r a l e x p e n d i t u r e d ev o t e d t o r u r a l a r t e r i a l s a l s o
e x c e e d ed
y i e l d ed by a n e q u i v a l e n t c a l c u l a t i o n f o r u r b a n r o ad s .
Th i s
tha t
wo u l d a pp e a r t o s uppo r t t h e c o n t e n t i o n p r ev i o u s l y
a d v a n c ed
that
a rte r i a l s
a b s o r b a s h a r e o f r o a d f un d s r e l a t e d t o t h e i r r e s o u r c e
r e q u � r em e n t s a nd t h e r o l e t h e y p l a y .
Sim i l a r l y ,
fo r
the
same
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
27
s e l ec t i o n
o f S t a t e s a nd Te r r i to r i e s , t h e p r o po r t i o n o f a l l o c a t ed
f un d s s pe n t o n m a i n t e n a n c e wa s h i g h e r f o r r u r a l r o a d s t h a n
u r ba n
road s ,
wi th
the
e x c e p t i o n o f N e w So u t h Wa l e s wh e r e p r o po r t i o n s
we r e r o ug h l y s i m i l a r .
Ma i n t e n a n c e e x p e n d i t u r e fo r t h e s a m e g r o u p
of
S t a t e s wa s o v e r a l l a s i g n i f i c a n t i t e m , v a r y i ng f r om a m a x i m um
o f 3 6 . 6 p e r c e n t o f a l l o c a t e d e x p e nd i t u r e to a
m i n i m um
of
26 . 0
p e r c e n t i n 1 9 7 9 /8 0 .
Ta b l e 4 . 6 , . a s p r ev i o u s l y n o t ed , pr e s e n t s r o a d e x p e n d i t u r e
d a t a c l a s s i f i ed b y l ev e l o f G o v e r nm e n t un d e r ta k i ng e x pe nd i t u r e , a
c ro ss - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
not
po s s i b l e
u s i ng NAASRA d a t a .
Th e d a t a
does
not
a r e l i m i t e d , a s t h e Commo nwe a l t h e x p e n d i t u r e c om po n e n t
c ov e r
s e c o n d - h a nd i t em s a nd i s n o t a v a i l a b l e c l a s s i f i e d b y S t a t e
i n wh i c h e x p e nd i t u r e t o o k p l a c e a nd
Au s t r a l i a -w i d e d a ta o n l y a r e
ava i l ab l e .
It
sho u l d
a l so
b e n o t ed t h a t m a i n t e n a n c e h a s b e e n
the
i n c l ud ed a s a n i t em o f e x p e nd i t u r e o n a s s e t s .
Nev e r the l e s s ,
d a ta
i nd i c a t e
tha t ,
on
a v e r ag e
ov e r
the
pe r i o d
1 9 6 9/7 0 to
1 9 7 8 /7 9 , ' f i n a l e x pe n d i t u r e wa s u nd e r t a k e n b y F e d e r a l ,
State
a nd
Lo c a l Go v e r nm e n t Au t h o r i t i e s i n t h e r a t i o 3 p e r c e n t , 6 0 p e. r c e n t
a nd 3 7 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .
�.4
R OA D F INANC E AND E XP E N D I T U R E
:
S UMMARY AND F U R T H E R WORK
An a l y s i s o f r o a d f un d i ng d a t a i n d i c a t e d
t ha t ,
wh i l e
a
r o ug h l y
e q ua l
d iv i sion
e x i s t ed
b e t we e n
the
c on t r i b u t i o n s m a d e b y t h e
t h r e e l ev e l s o f g ov e r n m e n t ,
the
C o m m o n we a l t h
sha r e
in
r ec e n t
ye a r s
h a s d ec l i n ed .
An a l ys i s a l s o i nd i c a t e d t h a t , o n a N a t i o n a l
l e v e l , t h r e e s p e c i f i c s o u r c e s o f f un d s a c c o un t e d f o r m o r e t h a n 7 0
pe r
c en t
o f a l l f un d s , t h e s e b e i ng S t a t e t a x e s a nd f e e s i mpo s e d
o n v e h i c l e s a nd t he i r u s e r s , m un i c i pa l
r a t e pa ye r s
c on t r i b u t i o n s
Commo nwe a l t h g r a n t s t o t h e S t a t e s .
Co n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a b i l i t y
a nd
in
f un d i ng ,
h o we v e r ,
e x i s t ed
b e twe e n
i nd i v i d u a l
States
in
a b so l u t e a nd r e l a t i v e t e r m s .
An
e x am i n a t i o n
of
e x p e nd i t u r e
d a ta
i nd i c a t e d
tha t
a r t e r i a l r o a d s h av e c on s i s te n t l y a bso rbed m o r e t h a n h a l f
of
al l
f un d s e x p e n d ed d i r e c t l y o n c on s t r uc t i o n a nd m a i n t e n a n c e o f r o a d s .
A s im i l a r o b s e r v a t i o n c a n b e
d r a wn
w i th
r e s pe c t
to
rural
as
o ppo s e d t o u r ba n r o ad s , a l t ho ug h c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a b i l i t y i n b o t h
c ases
ex i sts
b e twe e n
the
States
a nd
Te r r i to r i e s .
Ro a d
m a i n t e n a n c e , f r om t h e d a t a a v a i l a b l e , w a s o bs e r v ed t o � b s o r b m o r e
e x p e nd i t u r e i n r u r a l a r e a s i n b o t h a b s o l u t e
a nd
rel a t iv e
t e rm s
than
in
u r ba n a r e a s .
F i n a l l y , a n a l ys i s o f e x p e nd i t u r e b y l ev e l
o f g ov e r nm e n t und e r t a k i ng e x p e n d i t u r e ,
r a th e r
than
o r i g i n a t i ng
f un d s ,
i nd i c a t e s
' th a t
a pp r o x i m a t e l y
60
pe r
c en t
of
th i s
e x p e nd i t u r e i s u n d e r t a k e n b y S t a t e a ut ho r i t i e s .
wi th
both
Co n s i d e r a b l e
d e f i c i enc i es
we r e
.e x p e r i e n c e d
a nd
e x p e n d i t u r e d a t a , wh i c h r e q u i r e r e c t i f i c a t i o n i f a n
f un d i ng
a d e qua t e d a ta s e t o n t h e s e
s ub j e c t s
is
to· b e
p r o d uc ed .
Two
p r o b l em s
we r e e x p e r i e n c ed a t t h e f un d i ng l ev e l , wh i c h a l s o c a r r y
o v e r t o r o a d e x p e nd i t u r e .
No p r i v a t e
sec to r
road
f i nance
a nd
e x p e nd i t u r e
d a ta
we r e
ava i l ab l e ,
wh i l e
est ima tes
of
Lo c a l
G o v e r nm e n t r o a d f un d i ng
d e r i v ed
f r om
Ta b l e s
I Va
of
NAAS RA ' s
Un i f o rm
Ro a d
Sta t i st i c s
a pp e a r
t o u nd e r e s t i m a t e t o t a l f up d i ng
f r om
th i s
source .
It
is
r ec o m m e nd e d
that
ABS
s ho u l d
be
a pp r o a c h e d
to
cons ider
r e c t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e f o r m e r , wh i l e d a t a
c u r r e n t l y b e i ng p r epa r e d by B T E
f r om
ABS
S t a te
sources ,
wh e n
28
AIR 155-5
ava i l ab l e ,
s h o u l d a l l o w r ec t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e l a t t e r .
On
the
e x pe n d i t u r e ,
s id e
t wo
s pe c i f i c
p r o b l em s we r e
e n c o un t e r ed , p r i m a r i l y
wi th
d a ta
d e r i v ed
f r om
Ta b l e
IVb , o f
NAASRA ' s
Un i f o rm Ro a d S t a t i s t i c s .
F i r s t l y , e x pe nd i t u r e b y l o c a l
a u t ho r i t i e s wa s n o t a d e q u a t e l y a l l o c a t e d b e t we e n r o a d
c a t eg o r i e s
a nd
i tems
of
e x pe nd i t u r e
fo r
the
States
of
Vi c to r i a
a nd
Qu e e n s l a nd .
S e c o nd l y , d e t a i l s o f t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e un d e r t a k e n b y
e ach
l ev e l
of
g ov e r n m e n t , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f s o u r c e o f f un d s , f o r
i n d i v i d ua l S t a t e s a nd Te r r i to r i e s wa s n o t p r ov i d ed .
Bo th
these
d e f i c i e n c e s wa r r a n t r ec t i f i c a t i o n t o f a c i l i t a t e i m p r ov ed a n a l y s i s
o f e x p e nd i t u r e p a t t e r n s .
7.
7.1
ROAD US E R TAXAT I ON
G E N E RA L
Road
use r s
a re
t a x ed
d i r e c t l y b y S t a t e , Te r r i t o r y a nd Fed e r a l
l e v e l s o f g ov e r n m e n t t h r o ug h a v a r i e t y o f t a x e s , f e e s a nd c h a rg e s
a s so c i a ted
w i th
the
o wn e r s h i p a nd o pe r a t i o n o f m o to r v e h i c l e s .
I n v o l v em e n t
of
Lo c a l
G o v e r nm e n t
is
m i n ima l ,
e x t e n d i ng
to
col l ec t io n
of
p a r k i ng
f i n e s a nd f e e s a nd s i m i l a r i t e m s .
Lo c a l
g ov e r nm e n t r a t e r ev e n u e s u t i l i s e d f o r
ex pend i t u r e
on
r o a d wo r k s
a re
not
t r e a t e d a s a r o a d u s e r t a x a t i o n i t em i n t h i s � e po r t , a s
s uc h c ha r g e s a r e o n l y i nd i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o r o a d u s e .
Th e n e ed fo r r o a d us e r t a x a t i o n d a t a a r i s e s b ec a u s e
r oad
use r s
are
not
d i r e c t l y c ha rg ed f o r u se o f p ub l i c r o a d s t h r o ug h
t h e m a r k e t p r i c e m e c h a n i sm .
De t a i l s o f r o a d u s e r t a x a t i o n a r e o f
d i r e c t u s e i n s t ud i e s o f r o a d u s e r c h a r g i ng - s t ud i e s d i r e c t e d a t
a s c e r t a i n i ng wh e th e r r o a d
use r s
do ,
or
could ,
pay
fo r
r o ad
i n f r a s t r uc t u r e
s e r v i c e s p r o v i d ed b y t h e p ub l i c s e c t o r .
Da t a c a n
a l s o b e u s e d t o d e t e rm i n e wh e t h e r s uc h s e r v i c e s a r e o v e r p r i c e d o r
und e r p r i c ed
r e l a t i v e to o th e r t r a n s po r t s e r v i c e s .
A f ur the r use
l i e s i n t h e m e a s u r em e n t o f t h e s i z e o f t h e t a x
base
c on s t i t ut e d
by
r o ad
use r s .
Ov e r s e a s , ' r o a d
user
tax
r ec e i p t s h av e b e e n
em p l o ye d i n r o a d f i n a n c e s c h em e s wh i c h f un d r o a d wo r k s f r o m
these
r e v e n ue s .
Th e
c u r r e n t s c h e m e o pe r a t e d i n N e w Z e al a n d i s a c a s e
i n po i n t .
7.2
S TATE AND T ER R ITORY TAXA T I ON OF R OA D T RANS PORT
I n Ta b l e 5 . 1 ,
a m o un t s ' o f
money
c o l l e c t ed
by
all
State
a nd
Te r r i to r y g ov e r nm e n t s a r e s e t o u t c l a s s i f i ed by t ype o f r o a d u s e r
t a x , f o r t h e ye a r s 1 9 6 5 / i) 6 t h r o ug h t o
1 9 7 9/8 0 ,
wh i l e
in
Ta b l e
5.2,
a
b r e a kd o wn
of
road
use r
tax
r e c e i pt s
c l a s s i f i ed
by
i nd i v i d u a l
States
a nd
Te r r i t o r i e s
fo r
the
ye a r
1 9 7 9/ 8 0
is
p r ov i d ed .
In t h e s e a nd s ub s e q u e n t t a b l e s , r e c e i p t s a r e p r e s e n t e d
b e fo r e t h e d ed uc t i o n o f c o l l e c t i o n
e x pe n s e s
a nd
a re
t he r e f o r e
d i ss i m i l a r
to
i tems
t r ea ted
in
a
p r ev i o u s
sec t ion
o n r oad
f un d i ng .
I n m o s t S t a t e s , n e t r ec e i pt s f r om S t a t e t a x e s
on
road
u s e r s a r e s pe n t o n r o a d s .
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
29
A
d ec r ease
in
State
and
Te r r i to r y r o a d u s e r t a x a t i o n
r e c e i p t s i s s h o wn i n Ta b l e 5 . 1 i n 1 9 7 9 / 8 0 , d ue t o
the
a bo l i t i on
of
Ro a d
Ma i n t en a n c e
Ta x a t i on ,
a nd
th i s
is
the
o n l y a nn u a l
d e c r e a s e r ec o rd ed i n t h e pe r i o d 1 9 6 5 / Q 6 t o 1 9 7 9 /8 0 .
Howev e r ,
it
could
be
a n t i c i pa t e d
tha t
S t a te
r ev en u e s w i l l g r o w i n f ut u r e
ye a r s ,
d ue
to
g rowth
in
o th e r
tax
r e c e i pt s
a nd
f r om
the
i m po s i t i o n
of
S t a t e t a x e s o n a ut o m a t i v e f ue l s t o c om p e n s a t e fo r
l o s s o f Ro a d Ma i n t e n a n c e T a x a t i o n r e c e i pt s .
In
S e p t em b e r
1 980 ,
s u r c h a rg e s
on
m o to r f ue l s pa r t l y d e s i g n e d t o p r ov i d e fo r
Sta te
r o a d m a i n t en a n c e r ev en ue s l o s t we r e i n f o r c e i n
v i c to r i a ,
So u t h
Au s t r a l i a
and
We s t e rn
Au s t r a l i a .
Th e s e c h a r g e s v a r i ed b e t we en
1 . 2 a n d 1 . 4 c en t s p e r l i t r e f o r m o to r s p i r i t a nd b e twe en 1 . 7
and
3 . 0 c en t s p e r l i t r e f o r a u t om o t i v e d i s t i l l a t e .
Two
fo rms
o f t a x a t i o n - m o to r v e h i c l e r eg i s t r a t i o n f e e s
a n d t a x e s a nd s ta m p d u t y o n v e h i c l e r eg i s t r a t i o n s
in
1 9 7 9/8 0
a c c o un t ed
fo r
more
t h a n 8 0 p e r c en t o f r ev en u e s y i e l d ed b y a l l
S t a t e a n d Te r r i to r y i m po s t s o n r o a d u s e r s , a c c o r d i ng t o
d a ta
in
Ta b l e
5. 1.
Howev e r ,
wh i l e Ta b l e 5 . 1 s ho ws t h a t t h e fo r m e r t a x
a c c o un t ed f o r m o r e t h a n 5 0 p e r
c en t
of
r ev en u e
in
each
ye a r
e x am i n ed ,
s ta m p
d uty
r ec e i p t s o n l y c on t r i b u t e d ry . l p e r c e n t o f
t o t a l r ev en ue i n 1 9 6 5 / � 6 , c om p a r ed w i th 1 8 . 3 p e r c e n t i n 1 9 7 9/ 8 0 .
othe r
tax
r ec e i p t s ,
a pa r t
f r om
t ho s e m en t i o n ed t o d a t e , h av e
Ro a d
a c c o un t ed f o r v a r y i ng p r op o r t i o n s o f a g g r eg a t e c o l l e c t i o n s .
T r an spo r t
Ta x e s ,
c om p r i s i ng
p r ima r i l y
taxes
a sso c i a ted
w i th
i n t r a s t a t e r eg u l a t i o n o f r o a d t r a n s po r t , h av e y i e l d ed a s h r i n k i ng
sha re
of
to t a l r ev en ue , wh i l e t h e s h a r e c on s t i t u t e d b y r e c e i p t s
f r om t h i r d pa r t y i n s u r an c e s u r c h a rg e s i n c r e a s e d b y 3 5
per
c en t .
the se
v a r i a t i on s b e t we en d i f f e r en t t a x r ec e i pt s , g r owt h
De s p i t e
i n a g g r eg a t e t a x r ev en u e s k e pt p a c e w i t h i n f l a t i on i n g en e r a l a nd
tha t
a r i s i ng
wi th
r e spe c t
to t h e p r o v i s i o n a nd m a i n t en a n c e o f
' r oad s .
On an i n d i v i d ua l S t a t e a n d Te r r i to r y b a s i s , r o a d u s e r t a x
r ec e i pt s
v a r i e d n o t o n l y i n m a g n i t ud e b u t a l s o t o s o m e d eg r e e i n
r e l a t i v e c om po s i t i o n , a s c an b e s e en f r om t h e d a ta i n Ta b l e
5 . 2.
Ta x
c o l l e c t i on s
in
V i c to r i a
and
New
So u t h
Wa l e s
t o g e th e r
c on s t i t u t e d j u s t o v e r 6 5 p e r c en t
of
all
s uc h
col lect ions
in
Au s t r a l i a ,
r e f l e c t ing
t h e n um b e r s o f r o a d u s e r s a nd v e h i c l e s i n ­
these S t a te s .
Ex am i n a t i o n
of
to t a l
tax
r ev en u e
c om po s i t i o n
b e t we en t h e S t a t e s a nd Te r r i t o r i e s i nd i c a t e s s o m e v a r i a t i o n .
Fo r
e x a m p l e , V i c to r i a p l a c e s r e l a t i v e l y t h e l e a s t r e l i an c e on v e h i c l e
r eg i s t r a t i on
fees
and
tax e s
but
r e l a t i v e l y ,the most o n th i rd
p a r t y i n s u r an c e s u r c h a r g e s
and
d uty .
Fu r t h e r
wo r k
wo u l d
be
r eq u i r ed
to
d e t e r m i n e wh e t h e r t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s we r e s i g n i f i c an t
e n o ug h t o r e s u l t i n d i f f e r en t p a t t e rn s o f d e f a c t o c o s t
r e c ov e r y
f r om r o a d u s e r s b e twe en d i f f e r en t S t a t e s a nd Te r r i t o r i e s .
7. 3
C OM M ONW EALTH TAXA T ION OF ROAD T RANS PORT
C o m monwe a l t h
t ax a t i on
wh i c h d i r e c t l y a f f e c t s r o a d u s e r s d i f f e r s
f r om S t a t e a nd Te r r i t o r y t ax a t i o n
in
a
n um b e r
of
wa ys .
Ta x
r ec e ipts
a re
not
h ypo t h e c a t e d
f o r e x pend i t u r e o n r o a d s , b e i ng
p a i d i n s t e a d i n to g en e r a l r ev en ue .
Fur the rmo r e , n o t
all
taxes ,
as
s ho wn
in
Ta b l e
5. 3,
a r e s pe c i f i c a l l y a i m e d a t r oa d u s e r s .
C u s t o m s d u t i e s o n v e h i c l e s a nd p a r t s
fa l l
i n to
thi s
c a t eg o r y ,
b e i ng
d e s i g ned
to
p r ov i d e
p r o t e c t i on
fo r
the
d om e s t i c
car
i nd u s t r y .
H o we v e r , m u c h o f t h e i n c i d en c e o f t h i s
measure
fal ls
30
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
o n r o ad u se r s .
F r om Ta b l e 5 . 3 , i t c a n b e s e e n t h a t d a t a o n r e c e i pt s f r om
Comm o n we a l t h
road
t r a n spo r t
taxes
h av e
b ec o m e
i nc r e a s i ng l y
Re a s o n s
c i t ed
fo r t h i s c o n t r a c t i o n i n c l ud e c h a n g e s t o
scarce .
t a r i f f a nd t a x s c h ed u l e s .
N o d a t a c o v e r i ng
Commo nwe a l t h
ex c i se
taxes
on
d om e s t i c p r od uc t i o n o f c r ud e o i l a r e i n c l ud ed i n Ta b l e
5 . 3.
Ex c i s e d a t a
c o v e r ed
refer
only
to
c ustoms
a nd
exc i se
c h a r g ed
on
p e t r o l e um - b a s e d
f ue l s u s e d f o r a u t o m o t i v e p u r po se s .
Wh i l e d a t a o n t o t a l e x c i s e pa i d o n d om e s t i c c r ud e a r e
ava i l ab l e ,
o nl y
a po r t i o n o f t h e i n c i d en c e o f t h i s t a x wo u l d b e a b s o r b ed b y
r o a d u s e r s , a s c r ud e o i l i s a f e ed s to c k f o r m a n y o th e r
p r o d uc t s .
No
d a t a m e a s u r i ng t h e p r o po r t i o n o f t h e c r ud e o i l e x c i s e o r l ev y
ev e n t ua l l y p a i d i nd i r e c t l y b y r o a d u s e r s a r e c u r r en t l y a v a i l a b l e .
Th e
l i m i t ed
d a ta
c on t a i n ed
in
Ta b l e
5.3
i nd i c a t e
Commo n we a l t h t a x e s o n r o a d u s e r s y i e l d r ev e n ue s s ub s t a n t i a l l y
in
excess
of
State
c h a rg e s .
A f u r th e r f e a t u r e i s t h a t , f o r ye a r s
f o r wh i c h c om p l e t e c ov e r a g e i s a v a i l a b l e , c u s to m s a nd s a l e s t a x e s
on
veh i c l e s
a nd
pa r t s
y i e l d ed
a c om b i n e d r ev e n ue o f t h e s a m e
o r d e r o f m ag n i t ud e a s c u s t o m s a nd e x c i s e d u t i e s i m po s ed o n pe t r o l
a nd
d i st i l l a te
so l d
fo r
a ut o m o t i v e
use s .
Th e i m po r t a n c e o f
u p- t o - d a t e d a ta o n Commo n we a l t h t a x e s o n r o a d u s e r s
fo r
use
in
r o ad
use r
taxat ion
s t ud i e s
i s i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e m ag n i t ud e o f
these f ig ur es .
7. 4
R OA D U S E R TAXAT I ON
:
S UMMARY AND F UR T H E R WORK
Th e d a ta c o n s i d e r ed i n t h i s s e c t i o n i nd i c a t e t h a t a w i d e
var iety
of
taxes
a nd
c h a rg e s
a re
i m po s ed
on
road
use rs
by State ,
Te r r i to r y a nd Co mmo n we a l t h g ov e r nm e n t s .
At a S t a t e a nd Te r r i to r y
l ev e l ,
wh i l e
a
va r i ety
o f c h a rg e s we r e i m po s e d , m o to r v e h i c l e
r eg i s t r a t i o n
taxes
a nd
fees
a nd
s tamp
d ut i es
on
vehi c l e
r eg i s t r a t i o n s
a c c o un t ed f o r t h e b ul k o f t h e f un d s r a i s e d .
To t a l
S t a t e a nd Te r r i t o r y f un d s f r om r o a d u s e r t a x e s we r e
o b s e r v ed
to
d ec l i ne
sl ightly
in
1 9 7 9/8 0
a
b re a k i n a g en e r a l t r end o f
g r owt h th i s
d ec l i ne
b e i ng
d ue
to
the
abol i tion
of
Ro a d
Ma i n t e n a n c e
Ta x a t i o n .
C o mm o n we a l t h
t a x c o l l e c t i o n s f r om t a x e s
a nd c h a rg e s who s e i n c i d e n c e wa s b o r n e d i r e c t l y b y r o a d u s e r s
wa s
fo und
to
be
s ub s t a n t i a l l y
g r ea t e r
than
c om b i n ed
State
a nd
Av a i l ab l e d a t a a l s o i nd i c a t e d t h a t s a l e s t a x
Te r r i to r y r e c e i p t s .
a nd t a r i f f d u t i e s y i e l d ed c om b i n e d r e c e i p t s r o ug h l y e q ua l t o t h a t
No d a t a
y i e l d ed b y c u s to m s a nd e x c i s e t a x e s o n a ut o m o t i v e f u e l s .
wa s
f o und ' t o
ex i st
d e t a i l i ng
the
sha r e
of
e x c i s e p a ym e n t s
c u r r e n t l y l ev i ed b y
the
Commo nwe a l t h
on
d om e s t i c
c r ud e
oil ,
ev e n t ua l l y p a i d f o r b y r o a d u s e r s .
Co n s i d e r a b l e
p r o b l em s
we r e
e n c o un t e r e d
w i t h r oa d u s e r
taxa t i o n . d a ta , c h i e f l y
in
the
Co mmo nwe a l t h
s ph e r e .
Im p r o v e d
Commo nwe a l t h
d a ta
is
r equ i r ed as a p r e- r eq u i s i t e fo r r oa d use r
t a x a t i o n , c o s t r e c o v e r y a nd r e s o u r c e
al locat ion
s t ud i e s .
Th i s
wo u l d
r e q u i r e c o n s i d e r a b l e wo r k t o b e d o n e o n F e d e r a l t a r i f f a nd
t a x s c h ed u l e s , e i th e r o n a r eg u l a r o r pe r i o d i c b a s i s ,
p r e s um a b l y
by
ASS ,
wh i c h
is
best
pl aced
to
d o so .
A l t e r n a t i v e l y , t ax
r ec e i pt s
c ould
be
e s t i m a ted
f r om
i nd u s t r y
a nd
c o n s um p t i o n
s t a t i s t i c s , b u t th i s c o u l d prove t o b e l e s s a c c u r a t e .
O n a S t a te
l ev e l , i n t h e f ut u r e , d a t a w i l l b e r e q u i r ed d e t a i l i ng c o l l e c t i o n s
f r om
S t a t e pe t r o l a nd d i s t i l l a t e t a x e s .
Th e s e d a t a c o u l d e i t h e r
AIR 1 5 5-5
31
b e c o l l e c t ed a nd p r od uc ed s e pa r a t e l y b y NAAS RA o r A B S .
8.
8.1
R OA D T RANS PORT PR IC E INDE X E S AND F U E L U S AG E
G ENERAL
Sta t i s t ics
d e sc r i b i ng
use
o f p e t r o l e um f ue l s b y m o to r v e h i c l e s
a nd i n c r e a s e s i n t he p r i c e s
of
i tems
a sso c i a ted
wi th
p r i v a te
m o to r i ng
a nd
road
c o n s t r uc t i o n
a re
o u t l i ned i n t h i s sec t i o n .
Th e s e s ub j e c t a r e a s fo rm a n e s s e n t i a l pa r t o f a n y
collection
of
r oad
s ta t i s t i c s , a s r ed uc t i o n i n t h e r a t e o f g r o w t h o f pe t r o l e um
u s ag e b y a l l u s e r s , i n c l ud i ng
r oad
t r a n s po r t ,
is
c u r r en t l y
a
desi rable
Na t i o na l
econom i c
goal ,
wh i l e
d eta i l s
of
pr i c e
m o v em e n t s a r e a n e s s e n t i a l e l em e n t o f a n y a n a l y s i s o f d em a nd s f o r
a nd s upp l y o f r o a d i n f r a s t r uc t u r e s e r v i c e s .
8.2
M O T O R VE H IC LE F U E L C ONS UMPT ION
In
Ta b l e
6 . 1 , e s t i m a t e s o f t o t a l f ue l c o n s um p t i o n c l a s s i f i e d by
v e h i c l e t ype a nd f ue l t ype a r e s e t o u t f o r 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 6
a nd
1 979 .
Da t a
have
been
e x t r a c t ed
f r om t h e l a s t t h r e e S u r v e ys o f Mo t o r
Ve h i c l e U s a g e and t wo B u s F l e e t S u r v e ys ( AB S 1 9 8 1 b , 1 9 7 9 a , 1 9 7 9 b ,
1974 ,
1 9 7 3b) .
No
d e ta i l s
of
s t a nd a r d e r r o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
e s t i m a t e d f i g u r e s a r e s up p l i e d a s t h e s e a r e g e n e r a l l y l e s s t h a n 5
pe r c en t .
A
s l o wd own
in
the
g ro w t h
o f a g g r eg a t e pe t r o l e um f ue l
u s a g e i s i nd i c a t e d b y t h e d a ta .
An av e r a g e a nn u a l r a t e o f g r o w t h
of
in
c o n s um p t i o n
all
f ue l t ype s a pp r o x i m a t i ng 5 p e r c e n t pe r
a n n um i s i nd i c a t e d f o r t h e pe r i o d 1 9 7 1 t o 1 9 7 6 ,
f a l l i ng
to
4.3
Ho we v e r a t t h e s am e
pe r
cent
pe r
a n n um b e twe e n 1 9 7 6 a nd 1 9 7 9 .
t i m e , o ppo s i t e t r e n d s a r e s h o wn fo r p e t r o l a nd
d i s t i l l a te ,
w i th
pe t r o l
c o n s um p t i o n
i n c r e a s i ng
more
rapi d ly
t ha n
d i st i l late
b e twe e n t h e 1 9 7 1 a nd 1 9 7 6 S u r v e ys , t h e r ev e r s e b e i ng t r u e i n
the
pe r i o d 1 9 7 6 t o 1 9 7 9 .
Th e
b r e a kd own o f f u e l u s e b y v e h i c l e t ype d a t a c o n t a i n e d
i n Ta b l e 6 . 1 i n d i c a t e s t h a t c h a ng e s i n
relative
r a tes
of
f ue l
c o n s um p t i o n
b e twe e n
c atego r i e s
a c c o un t
fo r
m o s t o f t h e a bo v e
c h a ng e s .
Th e s e d a t a s h o w t h a t g r o w t h i n t o t a l f ue l
c o n s um e d
by
cars
a nd s t a t i o n wag o n s b e t we e n 1 9 7 6 a nd 1 9 7 9 s l owe d , wh i l e t ha t
f o r c om m e r c i a l v e h i c l e s ( ex c l ud i ng b u s e s ) i n c r e a s e d ,
the
l a tter
g ro up
b e i ng p r ec i se l y t h e g r o u p i n wh i c h u s e o f d i e s e l f ue l s wa s
m o s t p r o n o un c e d a nd i n c r e a s i ng .
De s p i t e t h e s e i n c r e a s e s , p r i v a t e
v eh i c l e s
c o n t i n ue d
to
a c c o un t
fo r
ove r
6 5 p e r c en t o f t o t a l
pe t r o l e um f ue l u s ag e .
Th i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t , wh i l e t h e
c om m e r c i a l
v eh i c l e
fl eet
is
q u i c k l y a d j u s t i ng t o u s e t h e m o s t a pp r o p r i a t e
t yp e o f f ue l , i t s o v e r a l l s i z e m a y r ed uc e t h i s i m pa c t i n t e r m s o f
t o t a l f ue l u s ag e .
Th e
d a ta
po s e s q ue s t i o n s a b o u t wh y t h e r a t e o f i n c r e a s e
in
f ue l
c o n s um ed
by
p r i v a te
veh i c l e s
s l owed .
Da t a
c i ted
p r ev i o u s l y
i nd i c a t e
an
ove ra l l
d ec r e a s e
in
v eh i c l e
u s ag e .
32
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
C h a ng e s
in
ave rag e
fuel
c o n s um p t i o n
h o we v e r , a l s o wa r r a n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
8.3
pe r
veh i c l e
k i l om e t r e ,
M OTOR VE H IC L E AND R OA D C ON S T R UC T ION PR IC E INDE X E S
In
Ta b l e 6 . 2 , a c o l l e c t i o n o f p r i c e i nd e x e s r e l a t i ng t o m o to r i ng
e x pe n s e s a nd o t h e r i t e m s a r e s e t
o ut ,
t og e t h e r
w i th
an
i nd e x
s h o w i ng
m o v em e n t s
in
c o n s um e r
p r i c e s i n g en e r a l .
Al l i nd ex e s
e x c e p t t h a t c om p u t e d fo r pe t r o l d a t a h a v e b e e n
d r a wn
f r om
tha t
sec t io n
o f t h e Au s t r a l i a n Na t i o n a l Ac c o un t s ( AB S 1 9 8 0 c ) c ov e r i ng
i m p l i c i t p r i c e d e f l a to r s .
Th e s e
i nd e x e s
a re
used
to
c o nv e r t
pr i c e
est ima tes
( o f p r i v a t e c o n s um p t i o n e x p e n d i t u r e i n
c ur r e n t
t h i s c as e ) i nt o a v e rag e pr i c e e s t i m a te s .
Th e s e
d a ta
have
been
u t i l i sed
as
they
a re
c a l cu l a ted
on
an
a n n ua l b a s i s a nd a r e
p r e s e n t e d i n a n a pp r o p r i a t e f o rm .
E x am i n a t i o n o f d a t a i n Ta b l e 6 . 2 c l e a r l y s ho ws t he
rapid
e sc a l a t i o n
in
r e t a i l p e t r o l p r i c e s t h a t o cc u r r e d i n 1 9 7 8 / 7 9 a nd
1 9 7 9 /8 0 .
R e t a i l pe t r o l p r i c e s i n c r e a s e d b y a l m o s t 8 0 p e r c e n t i n
tha t
t wo
ye a r
pe r i o d .
Howev e r , t h e d a t a i n Ta b l e � . 2 i nd i c a t e
o t h e r d ev e l o pm e n t s wh i c h m a y r ed u c e t h e i m pa c t o f t h e s e
c h a ng e s .
Pr i c e s
of
o th e r
m o to r i ng
a nd g e n e r a l c o n s um e r i t e m s i n c r e a s e d
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , i nd i c a t i ng a l owe r g r o w t h
in
pe t r o l
pr i c es
in
r e a l a nd r e l a t i v e t e rm s .
Pe t r o l p r i c e i nc r e a s e s o cc u r r e d a f t e r a
p r o l o ng ed p e r i o d d u r i ng wh i c h p e t r o l p r i c e s h ad
i nc r e a se d
at
a
s l owe r
r a te
than
o th e r
m o to r i ng e x pe n s e s , f a r e s a nd p r i c e s i n
g en e r a l .
F i n a l l y , p e t r o l i s o n l y o ne
i t em
in
the
ho u se ho l d ' s
b ud g e t , m e a n i ng i t s i m pa c t c a n b e d i l u t ed b y e x p e nd i t u r e o n o th e r
i tems ,
as
p r ev i o u s l y
n o ted ,
a nd
pe t r o l
purch a s e s
c an
be
m a i n t a i n ed b y r ed uc t i o n o f e x p e nd i t u r e i n o th e r a r e a s .
Compa r i s o n
of
the
ov e r a l l
i nd e x
computed fo r pr i v a te
at
m o to r i ng i nd i c a t e s t h a t , s i n c e 1 9 7 5 , t h i s i nd ex h a s i nc r e a s ed
a
consi stently
h ig h e r
r a t e t h a t i nd e x e s c om p u t e d f o r f a r e s a nd
c o n s um e r p r i c e s i n g e n e r a l .
Th i s t r e n d m a y h a v e
som e
r e l e v a nc e
the
d ec r e a s i ng r a t e o f g r o w t h i n p r i v a t e v e h i c l e u t i l i s a t i o n
to
b e t we e n 1 9 7 6 a nd 1 9 7 9 n o t e d i n p r ev i o u s s e c t i o n s .
Al o ng w i t h
i n c r e a s i ng
pr ices
a s so c i a ted
wi th
p r iva te
m o to r i ng ,
i n fl a t ion
has
o c c u r r ed
wi th
r e s pe c t
to
road
c o n s t r uc t i o n a nd m a i n t e n a n c e i t e m s ,
as
is
s h o wn
by
the
road
c o n s t r uc t i o n
pr ice
i nd e x e s
g iven
in
Ta b l e 6 . 3 .
I t sho u l d be
n o t e d t h a t t h e s e i nd e x e s h a v e b e e n
c a l c ul a ted
w i th
r es pe c t
to
pr i c e s
o f i n p ut s , s uc h a s m a t e r i a l s , l a b o u r , p l a n t a nd e qu i pm e n t
a nd s o f o r t h , a nd n o t o u t p u t .
Th i s f o l l o w s a s , i n g en e r a l , r o a d s
a nd
r o a d s e r v i c e s a r e n o t s o l d t h r o ug h t h e m a r k e t m e c h a n i sm .
To
t h e e x t e n t t h a t p r od uc t i v i t y g a i n s
may
h av e
occur red
in
road
c o n s t r uc t i o n
a nd
ma i n tenanc e ,
these
i n d ex e s
may
overstate
i n f l a t i o n a r y e l em e n t s ( Bu r k e 1 9 7 9 , Tho r e s e n 1 9 8 0 ) .
C o m p a r i so n o f i n d e x e s c om p u t e d b y i nd i v i d u a l
S t a te
Ro ad
Au t ho r i t i e s
i nd i c a t e s
tha t
these
t en d
to
move
tog e the r .
B e h a v i o u r o f t h e i m p l i c i t p r i c e d e f l a t o r f o r p r i v a te g r o s s
f i x ed
c ap i ta l
e x p e nd i t u r e
on
b u i l d i ng
a nd c o n s t r uc t i o n i t e m s ( o t h e r
than
r e s i d en t i a l )
exh i b i ts
s im i l a r
behav i o ur
( AB S
1980c)
Co n s e q ue n t l y ,
e i the r
the
a v e r a g e o f t h e s i x S R A i nd e x e s o r t h e
s p e c i f i ed i m p l i c i t p r i c e d e f l a t o r c o u l d b e u s e d t o m e a s u r e
rates
of
i nflation
i n r o a d c o n s t r uc t i o n a nd m a i n t e n a n c e o n a Na t i o n a l
•
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
33
ba s i s .
Wh i l e i n f l a t i o n i n r o a d c o n s t r uc t i o n a nd m a i n t e n a n c e
wa s
c o n t i n uo u s
in
the
pe r i o d
1 9 6 9 / 7 0 t o 1 9 7 9/ 8 0 a s s h o wn , t he r e b y
r ed uc i ng t h e i m pa c t o f i n c r e a s e s i n
road
f un d i ng
d e s c r i b ed
in
Ta b l e s
4.1
a nd
4.2,
cons iderable
v a r i a t i o n s o c c u r r e d b e t we e n
ye a r s .
Do ub l e d i g i t i n f l a t i o n
wa s
e x pe r i e n c ed
on
a
Na t i o n a l
l ev e l
in
t h e pe r i o d b e t we e n 1 9 7 2 / 7 3 a nd 1 9 7 6 / 7 7 .
Th e i n f l a t i o n
r a t e s ub s e q ue n t l y d ec l i n ed
in
1 9 7 7/7 8
a nd
1 9 78/7 9
but
aga in
a c h i e v ed d o ub l e d i g i t l ev e l s i n 1 9 7 9 /8 0 .
Va r i a ti o n s i n i n f l a t i o n
r a t e s a r e a c a u s e fo r
c on c e r n
as
d i s r up t i o n
to
p l a n n ed
r o ad
p r og r a m s
c an r e s u l t , g i v e n t h a t f un d i ng l ev e l s f o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l
r e a s o n s a r e n o t e a s i l y a l t e r ed i n r e s po n s e t o p r i c e i n c r e a se s .
8.4
P R IC E INDE X E S AND F U E L U S AG E
:
S UMMARY AND F U R T H E R WORK
E x am i n a t i o n o f f ue l us e s t a t i s t i c s c o n t a i n e d i n Ta b l e ry . l s ho w s a
s l o wd own
in
the
r a t e o f g r o w t h o f f ue l u s e d b y m o to r v e h i c l e s ,
wh i c h i s i n t u r n a t t r i b u t a b l e p r i m a r i l y t o a s l ow i ng i n t h e
rate
of
g rowt h
of
pe t r o l
usag e
by
cars
a nd s t a t i o n wa g on s - t h e
l a r g e s t s i ng l e u s e r o f p e t r o l e um - b a s ed f ue l s .
By
contrast ,
the
r a te
of
g rowth
of
d i s t i l l a t e u s a g e i n c r e a s e d d ue t o i nc r e a s e d
d em a nd b y c omme r c i a l v e h i c l e s .
Co n s um e r p r i c e i nd e x e s s e t
out
in
Ta b l e
6.3
i nd i c a t e
s ig n i f i cant
i nc reases
in
reta i l
pe t r o l p r i c e s i n t he l a s t t wo
ye a r s f o r wh i c h d a ta i s a v a i l a b l e .
Howev e r , d a t a a l s o
i nd i c a t e s
tha t
the
impa c t
of
s uc h
i nc r e a s e s
t en d s
t o b e m i t i g a te d b y
c o n t i n ue d , i f l e s s e r , i n c r e a s e s i n t h e p r i c e o f
o th e r
t r a n s po r t
a nd n o n - t r a n s po r t i t e m s a nd t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t r ec e n t i n c r e a s e s
i n p e t r o l p r i c e s h a v e o c c u r r ed a f t e r a p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d o f
l owe r
g rowt h
in
pe t r o l p r i c e s .
Ex am i n a t i o n o f i nd ex e s c o n s t r uc t ed t o
m e a su r e i nc r e a s e s i n c o s t s o f r oad ma i n tenance
a nd
c on s t r uc t i o n
i nd i c a t e
tha t
c o n t i n u i ng
i n f l a t i o n o c c u r r ed d u r i ng t h e 1 9 7 0 ' s ,
i n c l ud i n g a s ub s t a n t i a l pe r i o d o f d o ub l e
d ig i t
cost
i nc r e a se s .
Th e s e
i nc r e a s e s
a re
of
c on s i d e r a b l e
conce rn ,
as
s uc h p r i c e
i n c r e a s e s c an
both
d i s r upt
a nd
e rod e
road
c o n s t r uc t i o n
a nd
m a i n t en a n c e
p r og r a m s
if
f i nances
a re
n o t i mm e d i a t e l y a l t e r ed
a c c o r d i ng l y .
Wh i l e s t a t i s t i c s u t i l i s e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n we r e
ad equa te ,
some
i m p r ov em e n t s
could
be mad e .
Fu e l u s e s t a t i s t i c s c o u l d b e
i m p r ov ed b y i n c o r po r a t i o n o f d a t a f r om t h e 1 9 7 9 B u s U s a g e
Survey
c o nd uc t e d
b y A S S wh e n . t h e s e d a t a b ec o m e a v a i l a b l e .
Co n s um p t i o n
p r i c e i n d ex e s c o u l d b e i m p r o v ed b y
r ec a l cul a t i o n
of
the
pr ice
fo r
o pe r a t i o n
of
m o to r v e h i c l e s t o e x c l ud e p e t r o l p r i c e
i nd e x
i n c r e a s e s , t he r eb y a l l o w i ng b e t t e r s e pa r a t i o n o f p r i c e
e l em e n t s .
Co n s i d e r a t i o n
could
be
g i v e n to e v e n t ua l l y i n c l ud i ng a s i m i l a r
s e r i e s d e s c r i b i ng c om m e r c i a l v e h i c l e
o pe r a t i ng
costs
based
on
e i the r
BTE
or
A RRB
s t ud i e s .
F i na l l y ,
the
r es u l t s
of
BTE
i nv e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o r o a d p r i c e i nd e x e s c o u l d b e i n c o r po r a t ed i n t o
e x i s t i ng t a b u l a t i o n s wh e n t h e s e b e c o m e a v a i l a b l e .
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
34
9.
S UMMARY AND C ONC LUS IONS
Th i s r epo r t p r e s e n t s a nd d e s c r i b e s a
bas i c
col l ec t i o n
of
r oad
s ta t i s t i c s
d e s i g ned
to
f o rm
the
b a s i s o f t h e p r o po s e d NAA S RA
p ub l i c a t i o n ' A u s t r a l i a n Ro a d S t a t i s t i c s ' .
A s pe c t s o f
r oa d s
a nd
r oad
use
c ov e r ed
c om p r i s e
r o a d n e t wo r k , v e h i c l e s o n r eg i s t e r ,
r oad use , r oad
f i nance
a nd
e x p e nd i t u r e ,
r o ad
use r
taxa tion ,
a g g r eg a t e
f ue l
c on s um p t i o n
b y m o to r v e h i c l e s a nd m o to r i ng , a nd
r o ad
c o n s t r uc t i o n
pr i c e
i nd e x e s .
Da t a
is
pr esen ted
at
an
State
a nd
Te r r i to r y
l ev e l
wh e r e
ava i l ab l e
or
i nd i v i d ua l
a pp r o p r i a t e .
S t a t i s t i c s a r e a l s o p r e s e n t ed i n b o t h
a
b en c hma r k
a nd
t ime
se r i es
fo rma t
to
fac i l i ta te
t r a c i ng
o f t r e nd s , i n
ad d i t i o n t o c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l ys i s .
Ro a d n e t wo r k d a t a p r e s e n t e d i nd i c a t e t h a t
Au s t r a l i a
has
a n e x t en s i v e r o a d s ys t em , m o s t o f wh i c h i s s i ng l e c a r r i a g e wa y a nd
un s e a l ed , w i th
r oad s
bui l t
to
h igher
p a v em e n t
a nd
c a pac i t y
s t a nd a rd s
b e i ng
conc e n t r a ted
i n u r b a n a r e a s o r a l o ng p r i n c i pa l
i n t e r - r eg i o n a l r o u t e s .
S t a t i s t i c s i nd i c a t e t h a t a c o n t r a c t i o n i n
s ys t em
route
l e ng t h
has
o c c u r red
a nd i s p r i m a r i l y d u e t o t he
r em o v a l
of
un t r a f f i c k e d
rural
r i g h t s - o f-wa y
f r om
o ffi c i a l
r e c o rd s .
A t t h e s a m e t i m e , c on t i n ue d d ev e l o pm e n t i s i nd i c a t e d b y
a nd
o the r
s e a l ed
road s .
i n c r e a s e s i n l eng t h s o f h i g h c a pa c i t y
Co n t i n ue d
g rowth
in
v eh i c l e
n um be r s
a nd
road
use
is
a l so
ov e r
the
l ast
t wo
d ec a d e s ,
a l t ho ug h ,
s ince
the
i nd i c a t ed
mid-1970 ' s ,
a s l o wd o wn i n t h e g ro w t h a nd u s e o f p r i v a t e v e h i c l e s
i s i nd i c a t ed by s t a t i s t i c s
pr esented .
Fo r
c om m e r c i a l
f r e ig h t
v eh i c l e s ,
the
s l o wd own
in
t e r m s o f n um be r s a nd t o t a l d i s t a n c e
t r a v e l l e d wa s l e s s
p r o n o un c e d .
A
t r e nd
t o wa r d s
the
use
of
l a rg e r , h i g h l y u t i l i s e d f r e i g h t v e h i c l e s r e s u l t ed i n l i t t l e o r n o
s l o wd own
in
road
use
m e a s u r ed
in
tonnes
c a r r i ed
a nd
pe r fo r m e d a nd i nd i c a t e s a c h a n g e i n pa t t e r n s o f
t o n n e - k i l om e t r e s
r oad
use
a nd
r e q u i r em e n t s .
Da t a
fo r
buses
i nd i c a t e s
som e
s t a g n a t i o n i n r o a d u s e i n t h e e a r l y a nd m i d - 1 9 7 0 ' s .
Ro ad f i n a n c e
a nd e x p e n d i t u r e f i g u r e s i nd i c a t e
r o ug h l y
e qua l
i nv o l v em e n t
of
State
a nd
Lo c a l G o v e r nm e n t l ev e l s i n r o a d f un d i ng b u t
Fe d e r a l ,
m i n o r i nv o l v em e n t o f t h e C o m m o n we a l t h i n
actual
e x pend i t u r e
of
on
r o a d wo r k s .
A s m a l l d e c r e a s e i n t h e Commo nwe a l t h s h a r e
f un d s
o f r o a d f un d i ng i s a l so i nd i c a t e d
in
r ecent
ye a r s .
F i nanc i a l
d a t a i nd i c a t e s t h a t a r t e r i a l r o a d s a b s o r b e d m o r e t h a n h a l f o f a l l
m o n i e s e x p e nd e d i n c o n s t r uc t i o n , r e c o n s t r uc t i o n
and
ma i ntenance
o f r o a d s i n t h e l a s t d e c ad e .
Th e s e r o a d s , h o we v e r , a c c o un t e d fo r
som e 7 0 p e r c e n t o f v e h i c l e t r a v e l .
Ro a d u s e r t a x a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s i nd i c a t e t h a t , wh i l e
State
a nd
Fed e r a l
l ev e l s
i m po s e
fees ,
t a x e s a nd c h a r g e s o n v e h i c l e
o wn e r sh i p a nd o pe r a t i o n , t h e e x t en t o f
Commo nwe a l t h
c o l l ec t ions
Ov e r a l l , r o a d u s e t a x
s ub s t a n t i a l l y e x c e ed s t h a t f o r t h e S t a t e s .
a
c o l l ec t i o n s by a l l
a u t ho r i t i e s
we r e
l a rg e
a nd
c on s t i t u t ed
t r a n s f e r o f r e s o u r c e s f r o m t h e p r i v a t e t o t h e p ub l i c
s ig n i f i cant
s e c to r .
A t a S t a t e l ev e l , a s s ho wn b y
f i nance
s ta t i s t i c s ,
net
r ev e n u e
c o l l ec t i o n s
t end e d
to
be
d i r e c t ed
or
t i ed
to r oad
e x p e n d i t u r e , wh i l e a t a C o m m o n we a l t h l ev e l , r ec e i pt s b ec a m e
pa r t
o f c o n s o l i d a t e d r ev e n u e .
Fue l
use
s ta t i s t i c s
i nd i c a te
d ev e l o pm e n t s pa r a l l e l i ng
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
35
t ho s e d e s c r i b i ng r o a d u s e .
To t a l p e t r o l e um f ue l s u s e d
by m o to r
veh i c l e s
i n c r e a sed i n the 1 9 7 0 ' s b u t a t a d ec r e a s i ng r a t e i n the
s e c o nd h a l f o f t h e d e c a d e .
Pr iva te
vehi cles ,
wh i l e
a c c o un t i ng
fo r
ove r
6 0 pe r c e n t o f to t a l p e t r o l e um f ue l s c o n s um e d by m o to r
Comme r c i a l
v e h i c l e s , r ec o rd ed a d ec r e a s i ng s h a r e o f t h i s t o t a l .
v e h i c l e f ue l u s e , b y c om pa r i s o n , i n c r e a s e d a nd a c c o un te d f o r m o s t
of the s ig n i f i ca n t i nc r e a se in
d i st i l l a te
c o n s um p t i o n
obse rved
b e t we e n 1 9 7 6 a nd 1 9 7 9 .
Pr i c e
a nd
cost
i nd e x
n um b e r s
i nd i c a t e
tha t
pr i v a te
m o to r i ng a nd r o a d c o n s t r uc t i o n a nd
ma intenance
costs
e sc a l a t e d
s ub s t a n t i a l l y
in
the
1970 ' s .
Mo to r i ng c om po n e n t s o f c o n s um e r
p r i c e i nd ex e s i nd i c a t e m o to r i ng c o s t s i n c r e a s e d m o r e r a p i d l y t h a n
c o n s um e r p r i c e s i n g e n e r a l , t h i s b e i ng pa r t i c u l a r l y s o f o r p e t r o l
p r i c e s i n t h e l a s t t wo ye a r s o f t h e
d ec a d e .
A
r a ng e
of
cost
i nd e x e s
r e l a t ed
t o r o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n a nd m a i n t e n a n c e i nd i c a t e a
s i m i l a r e x pe r i e n c e , w i th d o u b l e d i g i t i n f l a t i o n o c c u r r i ng i n
the
mid
1 970 ' s
a nd
in 1 9 7 9/8 0 .
Th e l a t t e r i s a c a u s e fo r c o n c e r n ,
g i v e n t h e e f f e c t o f i n f l a t i o n o n f un d i ng r o a d p r og r a m s .
Ex am i n a t i o n o f t h e s t a t i s t i c s f o rm i ng t h e
fo u n d a t i o n
of
the
d a ta
p r e s e n t ed
i nd i c a t e s
tha t ,
wh i l e t h e s e a r e g e n e r a l l y
a d e q u a t e , s ig n i f i c a n t i m p r ov em e n t s
could
a nd
s ho u l d
be
mad e .
To p i c s
r e q u i r i ng
a tt en t i o n
i n c l ud e
r ec o n c i l i a t i o n
of
r oad
i nv e n to r y d a t a d e r i v ed f r om A B S a nd Au s t r a l i a n Ro ad S u r v e y
( AR S )
col l ec t i o n s ,
e x t en s i o n o f A R S r o a d c o un t d a t a t o i n c l ud e s u r v e y s
o f v e h i c l e t ype a nd s i z e ,
i m p r o v em e n t
of
d a ta
c ov e r i ng
l oc a l
g ov e r nm e n t
road
f i n a n c e a n d e x p e nd i t u r e a nd i m p r ov em e n t o f d a t a
c ov e r i ng C o m m o nwe a l t h r o a d u s e r t a x r ec e i pt s .
De s p i t e d a t a l i m i t a t i o n s , t h e
tabul a t i o ns
pr esen ted
in
th i s
r e po r t
p r ov i d e
an
a d e q u a t e b a s i s f o r t h e p r o po s e d NAASRA
Wh i l e
the
notes
a nd
p Ub l i c a t i o n ' A u s t r a l i a n Ro a d S t a t i s t i c s ' .
narrat ive
in
t he i r
present
f o rm a r e to o e x t en s i v e , a s u i t a b l e
p ub l i c a t i o n
could
be
p r ov i d ed
by
c om b i n i ng
the
s ta t i s t i c s
p r e se n ted
wi th
the
I n t r o d uc t i o n
and
s Ub - s e c t i o n
s um ma r i e s
Comme n t s c o u l d
a l so
be
s o ug h t
f r om
c o n t a i n ed i n t h i s r epo r t .
NAASRA m em be r s a nd o th e r i n t e r e s t ed pa r t i e s r �g a rd i ng i n s e r t i o n s ,
deletions
a nd
i m p r ov em e n t s
pr i o r
to
p r ep a r a t i o n
of
s uc h
a
d o c um e n t .
R e po r t wr i t t e n by :
Re po r t r ev i e w e d by :
��
D I STRI BUT ION TO I NCLUDE :
Directors ,
RTPC ,
SC ,
NASSRA PC .
36
AIR 1 5 5-5
R E F E R ENC E S
A U S TRA L IAN
Aus t r a l i a ,
A.C.T.
B U R EA U
( An n u a 1 )
OF
S TA T I S T IC S
( 1 965-1 981 )
Au s t r a l i a n Bu r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s ,
•
•
- --------( 1 965-1980 ) .
S t a t e Ye a r Bo o k ,
Bu r e a u o f
St a t i st i c s ,
Syd n e y ,
Me l bo u r n e ,
Pe r t h , H o b a r t .
Bo o k
Ye a r
Canbe r r a ,
( An n ua l ) .
Au s t r a l i a n
Ad e l a i d e ,
B r i sb a n e ,
---------( 1 981a ) .
Mo to r
Ve h i c l e C e n s u s 3 0 t h S e p t em be r 1 9 7 9 .
States
a nd
Te r r i to r i e s
( nine
pa r t s ) .
Au s t r a l i a n
Bu r ea u
of
S t a t i s t i c s , C a n b e r r a a nd S t a t e O f f i c e s , 1 9 8 1 .
- -- - - - - - - ( 1 981b) .
Mo to r
Ve h i c l e
Us ag e .
Twe l v e
Su r v e y
of
Mo n t h s En d ed 3 0 t h S e p t em b e r 1 9 7 9 .
( Th r e e pub l i s h e d b u l l e t i n s a nd
m i c ro f i che)
Au s t r a l i a n B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s , C a n b e r r a , F e b r u a r y
1981 .
•
---------( 1 98 1 c) .
Ta x a t i o n
Au s t r a l i a n Bur e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s ,
( l 981d)
Ra i l
Bus
a nd
ABS , C a n be r r a , Jun e 1 9 8 1 .
•
1977-78 .
R e v e n ue ,
Au s t r a l i a
C a n be r r a , Ma y 1 9 8 0 .
Ai r
---------- ( 1 9 8 0 a ) .
Ro a d s i n
Sta tist ical
Go v e r nm e n t
Areas .
New
So u t h
Wa l e s .
Au s t r a l i a n B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s , N e w So u t h
1980 .
T r a n s po r t .
1978-79 .
Au s t r a l i a
Div i s i o ns
a nd
At
30th
Ju n e
Wa l e s
Of f i c e ,
Lo c a l
1 978 .
Ma r c h
Au s t r a l i a
( 1 98 0b)
Mo to r
Ve h i c l e
Re g i s t r a t i o n s ,
No v em b e r
Au s t r a l i a n B u r e a u
of
St a t i st i c s ,
Ca n be r r a ,
•
1 9 7 9 -8 0 .
1 980 .
---------( 1 980c) .
Au s t r a l i a n
Na t i o n a l
Ac c o un t s
I n c o m e a n d Ex p e n d i t u r e 1 9 7 8 - 7 9 .
Aus t r a l i an Bu r ea u o f
Ca n b e r r a , Jun e 1 9 8 0 .
: Na t i o n a l
Sta t i st i c s
- -- -- - -- - ( l 980d)
Fi nance .
Sta te
a nd
Lo c a l
G o v e r nm e n t
C a n be r r a ,
of
Sta t i st i c s ,
Au s t r a l i a 1 9 7 8 - 7 9 .
A u s t r a l i a n Bu r e a u
S e p t em b e r 1 9 8 0 .
•
---------( 1 980e) .
Au s t r a l i a n Na t i o n a l Ac c o un t s .
I n p u t Ou t p u t
Ta b l e s
1974-75 .
Aus t r a l i an
Bu r e a u
Sta t i s t i c s ,
C a n be r r a ,
S e p t em b e r 1 9 8 0 .
---------( 1979a) .
Survey
of
Mo to r
Ve h i c l e
Us a g e .
Twe l v e
Mo n t h s
En d ed
3 0th
S e p t em b e r
1 976 .
( Th r e e
bul l et i ns
a nd
m i c ro f iche) .
Au s t r a l i a n B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s , C a n b e r r a , 1 9 7 9 .
---------( 1 9 7 9b) .
Survey
Mo n t h s E n d ed 3 0 t h J u n e 1 9 7 6 .
Ca n b e r r a , Ma r c h 1 9 7 9 .
of
Bu s
F l e e t Op e r a t i o n s .
Twe l v e
Au s t r a l i a n
Bu r e a u
of
S t a t i st i c s
---------( 1 978 ) .
Mo to r Ve h i c l e C e n s u s .
3 0 t h S e p t em b e r 1 9 7 6 .
Sta tes
a nd
Te r r i to r i e s
( nine
pa r t s ) .
Au s t r a l i a n
Bu r ea u
of
S t a t i s t i c s , C a n b e r r a a nd S t a t e O f f i c e s , 1 9 7 8 .
A IR 1 55-5
37
( 1 977a ) .
Le ng t h
of
Ro ad
No rma l l y Op e n t o T r a f f i c
---------Qu e e n s l a nd .
Au s t r a l i a n B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s , Qu e e n s l a nd
Of f i c e ,
B r i s b a n e , De c em be r 1 9 7 7 .
( 1 977b)
Mo to r
Ve h i c l e
Re g i s t r a t i o n s ,
Au s t r a l i a
Au s t r a l i a n B u r e a u o f
St a t i s t i c s ,
C a n be r r a ,
Oc to b e r
•
1 9 7 1) -1 9 7 7 .
1 97 7 .
- --------- ( 1 9 7 5 ) .
Mo to r Ve h i c l e Re g i s t r a t i o n s 1 9 7 4 .
B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s , C a n b e r r a , Aug u s t 1 9 7 5 .
Aus t r a l i an
Twe l v e
Mo n t h s
Bu s F l e e t Op e r a t i o n s S u r v e y .
---------- ( 1 9 7 4 ) .
E n d ed 3 0 t h J u n e 1 9 7 1 .
Au s t r a l i a n B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s , C a n be r r a ,
1974 .
Au s t r a l i a n
197 3 .
( 1 9 7 3a ) .
Mo to r Ve h i c l e C e n s us .
3 0 t h S e p t em b e r
1971 .
Bu r ea u
of
St a t i st i c s ,
Canber r a
a nd S t a t e O f f i c e s ,
Survey
of
Mo to r
---------- ( 1 9 7 3 b ) .
S e p t em b e r
3 0th
1 971 .
End ed
Mo n t hs
S t a t i s t i c s , Canbe r r a , 1 9 7 4 .
Twe l v e
Ve h i c l e
U s ag e .
Bu r e a u
of
Au s t r a l i a n
A U S TRAL IAN I N S T I T U T E OF P E TR O L E UM ( 1 9 8 1 ) .
Oi l
Th e F i g u r e s B e h i nd t h e Fa c t s .
A l P , Me l b o u r n e ,
E C ONOM IC S
T RANS PORT
OF
B U R EA U
Au s t r a l i a n r o a d s ys t em .
Pa r t s 1
1979 .
( 1 979)
2.
a nd
•
a nd
1981 .
Aus t r a l i a
An
a s s e s sm e n t o f t h e
AG PS ,
Canbe r r a ,
Ma y
---------( 1 978a)
Au s t r a l i a n
Ro a d s
Su rvey .
1977
Upd a t e
Survey .
A r t e r i a l Ro a d s I n c l ud i ng Na t i o n a l H i g h wa ys .
Bu r ea u
of
T r a n s po r t E c o n om i c s , C a n b e r r a , De c em be r 1 9 7 8 .
( U n pub l i s h ed ) .
•
( 1 978b) .
Na t i o n a l T r a v e l S u r v e y 1 9 7 7 - 7 8 .
a nd S t r a t eg i e s .
B T E Oc c a s i o n a l Pa pe r 1 0 , AGPS 1 9 7 8 .
( 1 979) .
B URKE ,
R.H.
Oc c a s i o n a l
Pa pe r
27,
Canbe r r a .
Ob j e c t i v e s
I n d ex .
A
Ro a d
Co n s t r uc t i o n
Pr i c e
A.G . P. S .
Bu r ea u
o f T r a n s po r t E c o n om i c s .
( 1 977) .
H i s to r y
of
Commo nwe a l t h
Go v e r nm e n t
Leg i s l a t i o n
Re l a t i ng
to
Ro a d s
a nd
Ro a d
T r a n s po r t 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 7 2 .
Pa pe r
No .
8.
AG PS ,
B u r e a u o f T r a n s po r t Ec o n om i c s Oc c a s i o n a l
Canbe r r a , 1 9 7 7 .
C OMMONW E A LT H
B U R EA U
OF C EN S U S AND S TAT I S T IC S ( 1 9 6 6 ) .
Survey o f
Mo to r
Ve h i c l e
U s ag e
1963.
Pr el im i na r y
Bul l e t i n
States
a nd
Te r r i t o r i e s .
Commo n we a l t h
Bu r ea u
of
Census
a nd
St a t i s t i c s ,
Canbe r r a , 1 9 6 6 .
- - - - - - - - - - t 1 9 6 4 ) , 3 1 s t De c e m b e r 1 9 6 2 .
C e n s u s o f Mo to r Ve h i c l e s ,
31st
De c em be r
1 962 .
States
a nd
Te r r i t o r i e s
( n ine
pa r t s ) .
Commo nwe a l t h Bu r e a u o f C e n s u s a nd S t a t i s t i c s , C a n b e r r a , 1 9 6 4 .
38
A IR 1 5 5 - 5
C OM MONW EA LTH B UR EA U O F R OA D S ( 1 9 7 5 a ) .
Au s t r a l i a n
Ro ad s
Su r v e y
1 9 6 9 -7 4 .
Ta b ul a t i o n s
of
Inv e n to r y
a nd
Pr o j e c t s b y S t a t e a nd
A u s t r a l i a w i th B r e a kd o wn o f U r b a n
Du t a
by
Ca p i t a l
Ci t i es
a nd
Ma j o r P � ov i n c i a l C i t i e s .
Commo n we a l t h Bu r e a u o f Ro a d s ,
Fe b r ua r y
1 9 7 4 , c o r r e c t e d Oc t o b e r
1 975 .
Conmo n we a l t h
Bur eau
of
Ro a d s ,
M e l bo u r n e , Oc to b e r 1 9 7 5 .
( U n p ub l i s h ed ) .
1975
Upd a t e
---------( 1 975b) .
Au s t r a l i a n
Ro ad s
Su rvey
Su r v e y .
S um m a r i e s o f
Re s u l t s .
Ta b u l a t i o n s
of
In v e n t o r y
a nd
Pr o j e c t s
by
Sta te
a nd Au s t r a l i a w i t h b r e a kd own b y R u r a l a nd b y
Ou t e r a nd In n e r
Urban
Ar e a s .
Commo n we a l t h
Bur eau
of
Ro a d s ,
M e l bo u r n e , S e p t em b e r 1 9 7 5 .
---------( 1 975c) .
Re po r t
on
Ro ad s
in
Au s t r a l i a .
Commo n we a l t h B u r e a u o f Ro ad s , Me l bo u r n e , De c em b e r 1 9 7 5 .
---------- ( 1 9 7 3 ) .
R e po r t o n Ro a d s i n
Aus t r a l i a .
B u r e a u o f Ro a d s , M e l b o u r n e , No v em be r 1 9 7 3 .
2 Vo l s .
Commo n we a l t h
---------( 1 969) .
Re po r t
on
Au s t r a l i a n Ro ad S y s t em s - 1 9 6 8 .
Bureau
Pa pe r
N um b e r
5.
Inv e n to r y
of
Au s t r a l i a n
Ro ad s
a nd
Bridges .
Commo n we a l t h B u r e a u o f Ro a d s , Me l bo u r n e , 1 9 6 9 .
D E PA RTM ENT
OF
TRANS PORT
( 1 980 ) .
T r a n s po r t In d i c a to r s .
Ma r c h
Qua r t e r 1 9 8 0 .
In t e r m od a l S t r a t eg i c
Pl a n n i ng
Br anch ,
S t r a teg i c
Pl a n n i ng
a nd
Reso u r c e
Al l o c a t i o n
Div ision ,
De pa r tm e n t
of
T r a n s po r t , C a n b e r r a .
Ju l y 1 9 8 0 .
E RVLS : STUDY O F T H E E C ONOM IC S O F R OA D
VE H IC L E
L IM IT S
Summa r y
a nd
Re c om m e nd a t i o n s .
S t ud y
Te am Re po r t R 3 .
As so c i a t i o n o f S t a t e Ro a d Au t h o r i t i e s , Oc t o b e r 1 9 7 5 .
( 1 976b) .
Comme r c i a l
Ve h i c l e
Re po r t
R4 .
Na t i o na l
As so c i a t i o n
of
Au t h o r i t i e s , Ja n u a r y 1 9 7 6 .
S u r v e ys
Au s t r a l i a n
( l 9 7 fl a ) .
Na t i o n a l
S t ud y
St a te
Te am
Ro a d
NAT I ONA L A SS OC IAT ION OF A U S T R A L IAN S TA T E R OA D A UTHOR IT I E S ( 1 9 8 1 ) .
Ad v a n c e
P l a n n i ng
Comm i t t e e M i n u t e s a nd Co r r e s po nd e n c e .
NAASRA ,
B r i c k f i e l d H i l l , N e w S o u t h Wa l e s .
( U n pub l i s h ed ) .
---------- ( 1 9 7 9 ) .
Ba n k
NAAS RA
Da t a
V i c t o r i a', 1 9 7 9 .
NAASRA
Da t a Ba n k S y s t em ,
Compu t e r
S y s t em s .
Ma i n t e n a n c e
G r o up ,
60
D e nm a r k S t r e e t , K e w ,
- - - - - - - - - - ( 1 9 7 fl ) .
Au s t r a l i a n Ro ad s : A
brief
a c c o un t
of
the
o rg a n i sa t i o n
a nd f i n a n c e o f r o a d m a i n t e n a n c e a nd c on s t r uc t i o n i n
Au s t r a l i a .
S yd n e y , 1 9 7 6 .
-------- ( 1 9 59/6 0 - ) .
Un i f o rm Ro a d S t a t i s t i c s , T a b l e s I t o I V a nd
Ap p e n d i c e s .
( An n ua l )
N A A S RA ,
Br ickfield
Hi l l ,
N. S .W.
( U n p ub l i s h e d )
•
P E A R S ON -K I R K , D .
N e w So u t h Wa l e s .
et al e
Proc .
( 1 98 0 ) .
C o m m e r c i a l Ve h i c l e S u r v e ys
l O t h A RRB Co n f . , 1 0 ( 6 ) , pp 2 6 9 - 2 8 0 .
in
T HOR E S EN ,
T.
( 1980) .
A
C o m pa r a t i v e
An a l ys i s
of
Bu r ea u o f
Tr a n s po r t
Ec o nom i c s
Oc c a s i o n a l
Pa pe r
27.
Au s t r a l i a n
Ro ad
Re s e a r c h Bo a r d .
I n t e r n a l Re po r t A IR 1 5 5 - 4 .
39
AIR 1 55-5
UNITED
S TA T E S
D E PA RTM ENT
OF
T RANS PORTA T I ON .
A DM I N I S TRAT I ON
(1979) .
H i g h wa y
Sta t i s t i c s
G o v e r nm e n t Pr i n t i ng Of f i c e , Wa s h i ng t o n D . C .
F E D E R A L H I GHWAY
1979 .
U. S.
W EB B ER ,
J . R.
( 1 978 ) .
Com m e r c i a l V e h i c l e S u r v e ys .
ARRB Co n f . , 9 ( 6 ) , pp .
3 1 2 -3 1 8 .
Proc .
9th
40
AIR 1 5 5- 5
AIR 155-5
41
TABLE 1. 1
AUSTRALIAN ROAD NETWORK
ROUTE LENGTHS OF ROAD
ROAD FUNCTIONAL CLASS BY PAVEMENT TYPE
STATES AND TERRITORIES
30 JUNE 1972
(KILOMETRES)
9
Total
Urban
Roads
Total
Rural &
Urban
Roads
B2
15 879
62 038
I 527
18
I 582
62 298
2
332
61 260
State or
Terri tory
Road
Pavement
Type
1
2
5
Total
Rural
Roads
6
7
New South Wales
sealed
4 183
6 766
10 161
24 737
312
46 159
1 685
1 757
1 2 355
gravel
225
681
6 880
52 750
180
60 716
3
34
formed
291
294
2 802
57 452
89
60 928
natural
-
-
4 699
7 741
19 843
3 903
10 636
23 592
19
537
4 3 926
Total
Victoria
Queensland
South Austra l i a
sealed
935
gravel
-
Northern Territory
-
330
-
-
-
224
167 803
1 688
1 791
14 436
373
39 439
1 139
2 615
285
44 767
2
309
-
581
224
224
102
18 017
185 820
9 941
-
1 3 695
53 134
3 100
-
3 41 1
48 178
-
-
5
22 342
-
22 347
-
14
740
-
754
23 101
-
-
3
4 5 907
-
4 5 910
-
10
706
-
716
46 626
Total
935
3 922
11 181
135 767
658
152 463
1 141
2 948
14 487
-
18 576
171 039
sealed
4 694
3 713
7 137
1 2 564
61
28 169
621
818
5 277
-
6 716
34 885
gravel
105
283
1 297
2 1 400
97
23 182
-
19
1 278
-
1 297
24 479
formed
922
553
5 190
48 160
125
54 950
-
3
621
-
624
55 574
natural
48
587
49 539
-
50 174
8
2
590
-
600
50 774
131 663
156 475
629
842
7 766
-
9 237
165 7 1 2
16 827
-
Total
5 769
4 549
14 2 1 1
4 546
3 185
-
11 441
533
530
4 323
-
5 386
I 898
19 077
-
21 201
-
48
417
-
465
21 666
621
2 2 538
-
23 896
-
10
539
-
549
24 445
sealed
1 832
1 878
gravel
113
113
formed
737
-
666
283
-
-
35 998
-
36 664
-
-
465
-
465
37 129
Total
3 348
1 991
7 065
80 798
-
93 202
533
588
5 744
-
6 865
100 067
85
6 356
2� 462
sealed
2 966
4 052
6 102
8 774
212
22 106
705
658
4 908
gravel
515
521
673
30 498
127
32 334
-
15
-
915
33 249
formed
I 020
900
774
2 628
37 984
29
42 435
-
3
122
-
125
4 2 560
-
295
71
1 711
53 881
87
56 045
4 796
5 4 18
1 1 114
131 137
455
152 920
1 065
I 130
2 296
18
23
370
9 476
96
sealed
303
gravel
-
6
163
169
56 214
705
682
6 093
85
7 565
160 485
4 812
169
278
776
10
1 233
6 045
9 965
-
28
457
3
488
10 453
-
formed
-
-
-
409
-
409
-
-
6
-
6
415
natural
-
-
-
1 358
-
I 358
-
-
6
-
6
1 364
Total
303
I 088
1 500
1 3 539
114
16 544
169
306
1 245
13
1 733
18 277
sealed
-
47
55
125
137
132
665
18
952
1 077
gravel
-
-
-
101
18
119
-
-
83
3
86
205
formed
-
-
-
60
8
68
-
-
3
natural
-
-
-
-
-
Total
-
sealed
2 327
21
2
-
-
-
-
-
71
3
-
-
2
208
81
312
137
132
751
21
1 041
1 353
-
1 099
652
166
4 244
-
-
-
-
-
4 244
21
gravel
166
-
473
734
306
I 679
-
-
-
-
-
1 679
formed
257
-
586
2 739
404
3 986
-
-
-
-
-
3 986
natural
Total
Austral i a
134 939
-
-
natural
A.C.T.
-
-
8
fonned
Total
Tasmania
4
3
Urban Roads : Functional Classes
natural
natura 1
Western Austral ia
Rural Roads : Functional Classes
-
3
150
7 814
970
8 937
-
-
-
-
-
8 937
2 750
3
2 308
1 1 939
1 846
18 846
-
-
-
-
-
18 846
sealed
17 240
2 1 398
40 813
75 847
156 495
4 989
6 788
38 245
195
50 217
206 7 1 2
I 124
I 197
gravel
1 640
12 128
177 962
1 109
193 963
5
453
7 762
24
8 244
2 0 2 207
formed
3 227
1 621
1 1 832
191 684
655
209 019
30
2 361
2
2 393
211 412
natural
I 009
74
2 451
194 497
I 057
199 088
8
18
2 154
-
2 180
201 268
22 600
24 733
6 7 224
639 990
4 018
758 565
5 002
7 289
50 522
221
63 034
821 599
Total
-
Sources :
CBRds ( 1 9758) , CBRds (1915c.) .
42
AIR
TABLE 1 . 2
1 5 5-5
AUSTRALIAN ROAD NEn/ORK
ROUTE LENGTHS OF ROAD
ROAD FUNCTIONAL CLASS BY ROAD OPERATIONAL CLASS
STATES AND TERRITORIES
30 JUNE 1972
{KILOMETRES}
State or
Terri tory
New South
Wales
Victoria
Road
Operational
Class
Road Functional
Freeway
16
Djyided Road
28
5
Tasmania
Northern
Terri tory
Austra l ia
4
5
Road
Functional
6
-
-
-
16
15
76
-
124
Class
7
8
:
Total
Urban
Roads
Urban
9
Total
Rural and
Urban Roads
43
-
-
-
43
59
306
37
5
-
348
472
Undivided Road
4
655
7
736
19
828
134
863
581
167
663
1
339
1
754
14
431
102
17
626
184
289
4
699
7
741
19
843
134
939
581
167
803
1
688
1
791
14
436
102
18
017
185
820
Freeway
23
-
-
-
-
23
55
-
-
-
55
78
Di vi dad Road
24
48
51
106
-
229
314
67
10
-
391
620
Undjyided Road
888
3
874
11
130
135
661
658
152
211
Tot.1
935
3
922
11
181
135
767
658
152
463
1
772
2
881
14
477
-
18
130
170
341
141
2
948
14
487
-
18
576
171
039
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
80
35
27
11
-
153
119
18
-
-
137
290
Undivided Road
5
689
4
514
14
184
131
652
283
156
322
510
824
7
766
-
9
100
165
422
Total
5
769
4
549
14
211
131
663
283
156
475
629
842
7
766
-
9
237
165
712
Freeway
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
8
8
Divided Road
3
16
19
22
-
60
132
26
-
-
158
218
Undi vi ded Ro.d
3
345
1
975
7
046
80
776
-
93
142
393
562
5
744
-
6
699
99
841
Total
3
348
1
991
7
065
80
798
-
93
202
533
588
5
744
-
6
865
100
067
Freeway
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
7
7
Di v,ided Road
2
6
10
31
-
49
64
13
-
-
77
126
Undivided Road
4
794
5
412
11
104
131
106
455
152
871
634
669
6
093
85
7
481
160
352
Tot.1
4
796
5
418
11
114
131
137
455
152
920
705
682
6
093
85
7
565
160
485
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Freeway
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
21
-
-
-
Undivi ded Road
300
1
088
1
500
13
539
114
16
541
148
306
1
245
13
1
712
18
253
Total
303
1
088
1
500
13
539
114
16
544
169
306
1
245
13
1
733
18
277
Divided Ro.d
A.C.T.
Total
Rural
Roads
Rural
Total
Divided Road
Western
Austra l i a
3
-
Queensland Freeway
South
Austral i a
2
1
:
Class
-
3
-
24
21
Freeway
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Divided Road
-
-
-
-
-
-
63
29
-
-
92
92
Undi vi ded Road
-
21
2
208
81
312
74
103
751
21
949
1
261
Total
-
21
2
208
81
312
137
132
751
21
041
1
353
Freeway
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Divided Road
3
-
8
8
-
19
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18
827
-
-
-
-
18
846
Undivi ded Road
2
747
3
2
300
11
931
1
846
18
827
-
Total
2
750
3
2
308
11
939
1
846
18
846
-
freeway
Di vi ded Road
1
I
l
I
I
I
I
' -:j
19
39
-
-
-
-
39
113
-
-
-
143
110
130
254
-
637
1
019
190
15
-
1
224
1
861
152
113
Undi vided Road
22
418
24
623
67
094
639
736
4
018
757
889
3
870
7
099
50
507
221
61
697
819
586
Total
22
600
24
733
67
224
639
990
4
018
758
565
5
002
7
289
50
522
221
63
034
821
599
Sources; CBRds (1975a) , CBRds (l975c) ,
I
I
AIR
43
155-5
AUSTRAliAN ROAD NETWORK
TABLE 1 . 3
ROUTE LENGTHS OF ARTERIAL 1 ROADS
URBAN AND RURAL ROADS BY PAVEMENT TYPE
STATES AND TERRITORIES
LENGTHS AS AT 30TH JUNE
(KILOMETRES)
Road Surface Type
State or Territory
Sealed
1972
New South Wal es
Victoria
Queensland
,
!
South Aus tra 1 i a
i
Wes tern Aus tra 1 i a
Northern Terri tory
37
32
7 786
6 898
3 387
3 161
Total
24 552
24 794
7 823
6 930
3 387
3 167
I
-
-
-
3 878
311
303
14
14
10
10
4 089
15 549
556
504
5
5
3
3
16 038
Total
19 228
19 427
867
807
19
19
13
13
2 0 127
I 439
I 477
19
Rut'al
15 544
17 033
I 685
I 069
Total
16 983
18 510
I 704
I 075
6
-
3
6 665
4 365
6 668
4 365
Urban
I 063
I 084
48
40
Rural
8 256
9 217
L 124
I 728
I 358
885
Total
9 319
10 301
2 172
I 768
I 368
893
Urban
Urban
I
I
I
Total
!
Urban
I
Total
I
I
i
I
I
I
I 363
I 440
15
13 120
14 206
I 709
14 483
15 646
447
471
2 498
2 615
2 945
2 974
-
-
I 724
i
II
8
10
I
-
-
571
12 404
666
571
13 525
8
6
2 077
I 267
4 425
4 366
2 083
28
4
282
421
286
-
-
-
-
-
-
639
473
843
586
153
3 426
3 836
639
473
843
586
153
23
292
434
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
,
Urban
II 777
12 235
458
385
30
36
Rural
79 451
83 799
14 892
12 221
16 680
13 360
Total
91 228
96 034
15 350
12 606
16 710
Urban arterials correspond to NAASRA functional categories 6 and -; t
rura l
I
i
I
,
i
I
-
I
I
434
Notes!
I 237
-
3 808
269
I 454
-
I
475
2 891
I
3
22 516
22 625
3 366
,
475
i
7. 897
I
3 372
-
31
150
5 061
153
5 061
5 017
:
5 048
,
-
269
-
23
292
;
434
I
-
434
26
29
12 291
12 685
3 534
2 385
1 14 557
126 848
1 1 1 765
3 560
13 396
13 533
21 062
-
i
12 401
I 387
I
1 132
,
21 238
-
I 121
6
-
24 390
26 000
I 231
-
3 426
28
I
I
20 7.66
I 493
666
4 358
i
4 205
16 061
22 897
440
3
!
,
645
I
!
:
I
I
!
34 891
I 471
10
430
4 422
I
31 430
24 529
10
635
I 267
393
I
i
I
i
35 762
3 754
Urban
3 461
3 479
32 283
15 474
Rural
1.
-
1977
1972
Rural
Urban
Austral i a
6
Total Al l Surfaces
1977
Urban
Total
i
-
3 423
I
!
1972
1977
21 371
Rural
A , C , T,
1972
3 442
I
i
Natura 1
Fonned
1977
2 1 110
Rural
I
1972
Rural
Total
,
1977
Urban
Rural
Tasmania
Gravel
I
2 414
124 450
j
srteri.'l),; .. ,�rH·';J'<."nd U" XA.\$ R.1. fun.:: tional categories I , 2, and 3.
��'urces:
BTE ( 1 9 79) , BTE ( 1 9 78 ) , CBRds (1975a) ,
AIR
44
TABLE 1 . 4
155-5
AUSTRALIAN ROAD NETWORK
ROUTE LENGTHS OF ARTERIAL 1 ROADS
URBAN AND RURAL ROADS BY OPERATIONAL CATEGORY
STATES AND TERRITORIES
LENGTHS AS AT 30 JUNE
(KILOMETRES)
Road Operational Category
S ta te
01'
T ert"i tory
New South Wales
Victoria
Queens land
South Austra l i a
Freeway
Area
1977
1972
1977
1977
116
343
4 13
3 093
2 930
3 479
3 459
16
14
48
99
32 219
31 315
32 283
31 428
Total
59
130
391
5 12
35 312
34 245
35 762
34 887
Urban
55
84
381
471
3 653
3 650
4 089
4 205
Rural
23
42
123
222
15 892
15 797
16 038
16 061
Total
78
126
504
693
19 54!'
19 447
20 127
20 266
Urban
-
18
137
194
1 334
1 280
1 471
1 492
Rural
-
-
142
143
24 387
22 759
24 529
22 902
Total
-
18
279
337
25 721
24 039
26 000
24 394
10
158
285
955
833
1 121
1 128
8
38
41
1 2 366
12 350
12 404
12 399
18
196
326
1 3 321
13 183
13 525
13 527
8
77
167
1 303
1 274
1 387
1 449
18
105
2 1 310
20 961
21 328
21 066
95
272
22 6 13
22 235
22 715
22 515
Urban
8
-
8
Urban
7
-
-
7
Total
I
1972
43
Rural
Northern Terri tory
Total A l l Road Classes
1977
Urban
Total
Tasmania
1972
Rural
Rural
Western Austra l i a
Undi vi ded Road
Divided Road
1972
8
Urban
-
-
21
24
454
456
475
480
Rural
-
-
3
7
2 888
2 890
2 891
2 897
Total
-
-
24
31
3 342
3 346
3 366
3 377
Urban
-
-
-
13
Rural
-
-
11
-
5 050
5 020
5 061
5 020
Total
-
-
11
13
5 050
5 038
5 061
5 051
Urban
-
-
92
109
177
324
269
433
Rural
-
-
-
Total
-
-
92
109
Urban
113
236
1 209
1 676
10 969
10 765
12 291
12 677
Rural
39
64
383
6 17
1 14 13 5
1 1 1 092
1 14 557
1 1 1 773
Total
152
300
1 592
2 293
125 104
121 857
126 848
124 450
31
-
18
-
I
A . C . T.
Austra l i a
-
23
200
23
-
292
324
-
433
Noles:
J.
Url)l]J1 artL'ria I s correspond to NAASRA functional categories 6 and 7, rural arterials correspond to NAASRA functional categories I , 2
Sourc e :
and 3.
BIE (1978) , CBRds (1975a) .
�
TABLE 1 . 5
H
::0
AUSTRALIAN ROAD NETWORK
f-'
U'1
U1
I
U1
NATIONAL H I GHWAY SYSTEM
ROUTE L ENGTH B Y ROUTE , S URFACE
AND OPERATIONAL CLASS
LENGTH AS AT 30 JUNE
( KILOMETRES )
1974
1
National Hi ghway
Seal ed
Route
D i vi ded
C ' Way
Sydney
- Mel bourne
Sydney
- Bri sbane
Mel bo urne - Adel ai de
Bri sbane
- Cai rns
Bri sbane
- Darwi n
Ade l a i de
- P erth
Adel a ide
_
Darw i n
Darwi n
Perth
_
Hobart
- Burni e
2
3
4
Canberra
Total
83
57
75
Connections
Unseal ed
740
847
633
1 563
16
2 254
18
6
-
6
Surface Type
Total
Route
Length
Other
21
-
A.C.T.
1977
Surface Type
1 974
1 769
1 875
313
8
833
-
904
-
708
-
Seal ed
D i v i ded
C ' Way
16 1
408
2 683
21
1 809
3 684
2 441
1 145
2 920
319
-
8
-
Total
Route
Length
93
2 066
8
1 946
2 051
-
10
314
1 7 16
335
2 438
2 670
-
966
2 920
1 612
3 663
324
-
8
-
708
-
1 578
2 644
902
-
615
37
826
-
836
93
45
449
665
66
1 723
139
Unseal ed
Other
8
-
3
102
-
105
3
102
-
105
295
12 078
3 950
16 328
444
12 825
3 006
16 280
-
-------------
---
L-
Notes :
1.
2.
3.
4.
National Highways comprise part o f the urban and rural arterial road network and c orrespond t o NAASRA func t ional classifications
1 , 2 and 6 .
Section from Brisbane t o Tennant Creek
Section from Port Augus ta t o Darwin
Section from Perth t o Katherine
Source
BTE
( 19 7 9 )
tI::>
U1
46
AIR
TABLE 1.6
1 5 5- 5
AUSTRAliAN ROAD NtnKlRK
(HANG£S IN ROUTE LENGTHS
1964
or ROAOS
TO 1978
OPEl{ FOR TRAFFIC
ROAD PAVEK:'H TYP(, STATES AND TERRITORIES
Ftr.uRES AS AT JUNE 30
(KllN-HRES)
State
New South Wales
Surface of Road
191)4
1965
1966
1967
1958
1969
1970
1911
1972
1913
Bl ttn!n or concrete
37 761
31 167
45 985
46 058
46 060
$3 902
53 902
5390<1
60 674
60 675
67 042:
67 042
73 244
65 499
65 499
4 3 308
43 361
43 366
45 332
45 332
45 332:
39 875
39 876
n . lI .
41 9201
4 1 920
4 1 920
49 829
50 031
50 039
42 522
42 522
42 524
42 0ll
42 012
n , lI ,
1 4 6901
14 689
14 689
13 092
2 1 1 043
211 043
210 887
2 1 1 299
2 1 1 349
208 799
208 199
208 199
2:07 965
207 970
n.a.
188 985
188 985
188 985
189 173
38 208
40 268
43 462
45 4 1 5
41 257
48 8{l4
51) 566
5 1 985
53 �89
5� 163
54 755
55 789
56 693
57 538
58 691
50 709
49 834
47 669
47 783
47 665
46 924
�6 219
46 330
46 552
46 272
�S 638
45 989
45 845
45 185
45 353
or concrete
34 307
34 413
67 042
65 405
65 407
n.l.
29 558
28 177
27 436
29 795
29 193
28 962
28 537
25 277
159 445
159 746
159 148
159 560
159 685
156 701
35 918
37 182
38 630
40 044
4 1 099
3 1 267
29 792
30 851
30 99F
30 176
28 969
28 981
61 982
63 526
6 1 931
6 1 322
6 1 248
62 558
60 193
33 161
33 460
33 319
33 168
31 541
31 052
35 299
35 850
34 331
32 881
32 459
3 1 419
27 8572
161 567
160 098
162 481
162 414
162 069
162 623
163 502
8fttl'len or concrete
20 596
20 596
25 034
27 }59
29 226
30 873
32 384
34 091
Gravel and other iJrproved
3 1 772
31 772
31 951
31 043
29 6 1 3
30 168
30 202
29 553
FOrm:!d only
66 392
66 392
68 883
66 041
82 283
64 642
65 1 1 1
Cleared only
72 813
72 813
69 747
67 109
65 592)
48 073
64 641
64 4B3
64 370
62 068
60 114
59 451
i91 573
191 573
195 614
191 397
191 867
193 238
193 537
192 568
191 526
191 815
Total
33 668
70 151
195 462
190 412
39 188
159 568
33 433
37 972
161 096
Cleared only
31 097
28 060
�
371�
188 894
27 825
42 648
27 300
44 121
5 1 373
29 050
185 548
162 345
Blttmen or concrete
11 408
12 831
12 778
13 229
13 755
14 745
1 5 263
15 731
1 7 937
17 090
n.l.
17 617
17 843
18 088
18 088
Gravel and other ir.vroved
18 941
22 317
25 668
25 359
21 091
29 920
30 099
30 235
2 1 668
2 1 385
n . lI .
21 211
2 1 180
21 192
2 1 192
Forr-ed only
16 705
16 959
16 922
15 042
11 732
12 290
1 2 292
24 449
24 494
n . lI .
24 401
24 392
24 225
24 225
Cleared only
Total
17 506
93 463
88 883
65 262
65 262
64 834
64 325
63 514
6 3 271
140 518
141 538
120 667
120 712
120 122
120 722
121 166
121 529
BB4
37 107
n.a.
37 026
37 026
37 024
37 024
101 185
100 076
n .a .
100 255
100 441
100 529
100 529
32 593
31 1315
18 163
19 402
22 218
22 218
25 716
25 716
28 39B
29 661
29 802
30 666
31 191
32 593
tirave1 and other ipproved
34 461
35 796
36 880
31 325
37 325
31 325
24 056
24 056
29 531
30 520
3 1 198
3 1 252
3 1 519
32 367
32 367
FOrn!d only
70 788
72 093
72 193
73 619
73 619
73 619
43 947
43 941
43 079
43 793
44 267
45 267
45 808
46 276
46 276
Western Australia Bl tw.en or cOncrete
Cleared only
Total
8l t�n or concrete
Gravel and other irrproved
Fo�d only
10
22 218
45 318
45 080
44 808
42 424
42 424
42 424
62 940
6 2 940
5 1 314
51 389
56 552
54 469
52 794
52 017
52 017
168 730
172 371
174 765
115 586
175 586
115 586
156 659&
156 659
160 322
161 369
161 819
161 654
161 979
163 3 1 3
163 3U
�
3 919
90
4 655
5 101
5 4 17
5 1BI
6 265
6 059
6 292
6 461
13 763
13 943
1 3 932
13 853
1 3 801
13 771
13 386
1 3 410
13 229
"
13 653
2 160
2 124
2 044
2 202
2 312
2 201
2 141
1 330
995
e83
19 73'2
20 177
20 6 42
2 1 235
21 582
2 1 792
22 183
20 675
20 691
20 579
B i tlrJen or concrete
2 312
2 34B
2 458
2 639
2 893
3 331
3 733
" 158
4 335
4 545
Gravel and other ipproved
1 513
1 629
1 799
1 61 1
1 915
1 851
1 951
1 291
1 707
1 711
Cleared only
Total
6 716
J
I4 051
6 937
7 129
1 308
7 381
13 217
1 3 473
1 3 825
14 091
718
116
701
m
20 767
20 993
2 1 328
2 1 835
22 221
n.a.
4 652
n .a .
1 591
1 750
150
1 872
4 90i
4 901
t
4 975
2 477
2 596
2 792
3 038
' 865
, 887
2 940
3 106
3 188
4 20B
n . lI .
4 942
5 476
5 416
6 14)
Cleared only
11 766
11 699
11 603
1 1 978
11 619
1 1 321
10 953
9 59 1
9 913
9 696
n.a.
, 09'
8 018
8 018
7 312
Total
18 2467
20 362
fomed only
18 068
18 272
18 652
19 273
19 292
19 390
1 9 584
19 144
20 160
n.a.
20 285
20 151
20 151
Bftl.lll'en or CQllcrete
610
"8
790
861
91'
946
1 038
1 149
1 283
n.a.
1 437
1 518
1 600
Gravel and olher Il"fIroved
'85
'"
708
371
361
143
38'
399
396
388
3es
n . lI .
375
370
360
FOrm;!d only
"8
145
145
147
115
58
"
"
"
n.a.
"
-
710
n.a.
1 854
"
Cleared only
1 110
1 033
Total
Austra i l a
66 616
65 4991
46 122
Total
A.c'T.
1978
70 277
53 909
FotTed only
"'rthern
Terri tory
1971
66 878
46 122
Gravel and other f"'Proved
TaS'l",ania
11 884
1976
66 878
53 910
SHwe"
South AU$tra l l a
1 1 847
19?j
66 8781
FOrrrEd only
Total
Queensland
71 76$
n . it .
Cleared only
Gravel and other fl"pnlVed
Victoria
73 244
1914
1 225
1 366
1 329
1 299
1 387
1 476
]
1 579
n.a.
I
788
351
41
"
1 930
2 0a2
2 182
"
Bitll'fl'!n or concrete
132 981
138 170
161 688
t80 580
188 776
192 680
20a 192
2 1 1 672
n . '! .
224 020
227 864
231 640
231 914
224 579
228 653
230 048
162 610
Gra�el and other irr:proved
229 269
229 687
221 420
213 803
212 289
209 929
208 101
n.a.
210 198
209 812
209 141
210
830
fONrEd only
554 230
550 829
516 539
515 528
505 371
493 121
481 689
479 155
445 753
443 627
n.l.
410 111
405 532
400
142-
36'
088
911 192
917 652
902 550
907 407
902 146
901 121
B84 269
884 124
853 814
SO, 000
n.a.
M4 989
843 268
842 128
155 963
Cleared only
Total
Notesl
I.
From
1975
spprodm.ately
15 400 1...
of roadB dedicated but not trsHkkable exduded frol! NSII Beries
2.
Approdl!iately liooo kil01!letru of dedicated but non_trafflckable road removed froll serie51
3.
Approdmately
1, .
Approd=tely )ooo kilometres of redundant road elhllnated {rom inventory of on\'! ahlre
5.
6.
7.
5000 kll�tru
Redefinition of ter.. 'road ' .
Approdlll.3tely
19 000
816 832
o f redundant road removed frO!! inventories of six ahirea
All
tracka
averaging lell51
than one return trip per day relllOved fr<>'" road inventory
kilol&etres of projected or non-traffickable road re�1Ved from register, exclusion of claslliUu.tion 'developMntal roada'
Elbdnation of approxil>.ately
140<1
kUOtt.etre8 of road due to eU..lnation o f double counting, re!>Oval of atock routea fro12 collections, and
dosure of ..lnlng projecta and roads
ASS
(1965-198»,
ABS
(1965-1980),
US
(1980.), AJS (1977.).
TA8L E 1. 7
>'
H
!:O
AUSTRALIAN ROAD NETWORK
CHANGES IN ROUTE L ENGTHS OF ROAD OPEN FOR TRAFFIC 1964 TO 1978
ROAD LEGAL CLASSI FICATION, STATES AND TERRITORIES
FIGURES AS AT 30 JUNE
( KILOMETRES )
State
NSW1
Decl ared or Pro c l a i med
Vic.
!
I
I
I
Ql d
Tasmani a
41 180
41 034
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
41 050
40 910
41 066
40 858
40 929
43 867
42 994
42 760
42 755
42 772
42 781
171 000
170 932
171 564
171 578
169 255
169 120
169 417
168 615
165 813
n.a.
148 079
148 160
148 295
148 574
212 112
212 598
212 628
210 165
210 186
210 275
209 544
209 680
n.a.
190 839
190 915
191 067
191 355
2 3 338
23 338
23 338
23 333
23 40 1
23 391
23 548
23 661
23 661
23 701
n.a.
23 706
23 670
23 657
23 668
Other
137 758
138 229
136 760
139 148
139 013
138 678
139 075
139 841
135 784
135 867
n.a.
135 442
135 890
136 028
133 033
Total
161 096
161 567
160 098
162 481
162 414
162 069
162 623
163 502
159 445
159 568
159 746
159 148
159 560
159 685
156 701
39 ·354
39 350
39 328
36 635
39 689
39 672
39 932
39 942
39 872
39 822
n.a.
3 9 795
39 783
39 240
40 121
Other
152 219
152 223
152 628
158 827
150 783
151 725
151 935
153 296
153 665
152 746
n.a.
152 020
149 111
146 300
122 224
Total
191 573
191 573
195 6 14
195 462
190 472
191 397
191 867
193 238
193 537
193 568
191 526
19 1 815
188 894
185 548
162 345
13 126
13 125
13 125
13 185
13 185
13 125
13 125
Other
145 461
146 685
126 134
126 860
126 889
126 987
Total
158 586
159 810
139 319
140 045
140 014
140 1 12
Decl ared or Procl a i med
84 725
86 145
88 233
89 150
89 150
89 150
20 010 3
21 070
Other
84 005
226
532
436
86 436
86 436
136 649 3
135 589
Total
168 730
175 586
175 586
175 586
156 659
156 659
160 322
86
172 371
86
174 765
86
I
13 125
13 125
13 125
13 127
13 593
13 564
1 3 652
13 552
127 625
126 650
107 204
107 109
n.a.
106 945
107 028
107 028
107 339
140 750
139 775
120 329
120 236
n.a.
120 540
120 592
120 680
120 8 9 1
21 059
2 1 031
n.a.
2 1 050
2 1 049
24 091
24 039
l 39 263
140 338
n.a.
140 604
140 930
139 222
139 274
161 369
161 819
161 654
161 979
163 313
163 313
3 557
3 6 11
3 6 14
3 624
3 694
3 548
3 715
3 657
3 511
3 521
n.a.
3 606
3 6 11
3 644
3 696
16 175
16 566
17 028
17 6 1 1
1 7 888
18 244
18 468
17 018
1 7 186
17 058
n.a.
17 387
17 717
18 191
18 531
19 732
20 177
20 642
21 235
21 582
21 792
22 183
20 675
20 697
20 579
20 767
20 993
2 1 328
2 1 835
22 227
Declared or Procl ai med
205 252
206 722
208 878
209 9 6 1
210 109
209 796
141 396
142 313
142 157
145 069
n.a.
144 5 10
144 432
147 056
147 877
Other
706 540
710 930
693 672
697 446
692 637
691 325
742 873
741 811
721 717
718 931
n.a.
700 479
698 836
695 072
668 955
911 792
9 17 652
902 550
907 407
902 746
901 12 1
884 269
884 124
863 874
864 000
n.a.
844 989
--- ' ..
843 268
842 128
Decl ared o r Procl aimed
Total
"
41 153
1970
212 153
I
Total
Notes
41 153
1968
170 923
Other
Austral i a
1967
212 076
Decl ared o r Procl a i me d
W.A.
1966
1969
Other
Decl ared or Procl a i me d
S .A . 2
1965
Total
Decl ared o r Procl ai med
I
i
i
Road Legal Cl ass
1964
- --
,
---' --�
-
-'--
-
:
1.
New South Wales data includes ACT road network
2.
South Australian data includes
3.
Revised series
4.
See also notes to Table
Sources :
ABS
( 1965-198 1) ,
ABS
(1965-1980) ,
ABS
( 1980a) ,
I
ABS
I
......
U1
U1
I
U1
816 832
( 19 7 7a) .
the Northern Territory road network.
for Western Australia .
1.6.
"'"
-..J
48
A I R 1 5 5- 5
TABLE 2 . 1
AUSTRALIAN 110TOR VEHICLE POPULATION
CENSUS OF MOTOR VEHICLES DATA
NUMBERS ON REGISTER AS AT 31ST DECEMOER 1962 AND 30TH SEPTEMBER 197 1 . 1976. 1979
BODY TYPE BY STATE OF REGI STRATION
. -- - �-�
Veh l c l e Category
Cars
Station Wagons
I-btor Cycl e s
Uti 1 i ties
Panel Vans
R i g i d Trucks
Articulated Trucks
Other Truck Types
Buses
Total Al l Vehicles
Year of
Vehicle Census
-�---
1962
New South
HaJes
.!--.�74 1 799
1971
Victoria
Queens] and
South
Austral i a
Western
Austra l i a
Tasma n i a
Northern
Terri tory
A . C .T.
Austral i a
2 066 570
6 1 0 974
255 5 1 3
2 1 9 818
149 630
6B 943
4 307
15 586
1 157 548
929 477
4 2 3 163
335 529
268 588
106 706
12 358
44 230
3 277 599
1976
1 4 5 1 391
I 222 733
586 321
436 455
365 156
135 575
13 838
67 292
4 278 761
1979
I 6 I l 516
1 314 015
699 675
467 358
428 504
148 185
18 175
74 862
4 762 290
1962
85 746
69 528
3 1 086
18 895
15 838
6 677
1 258
2 408
231 436
1971
235 909
201 884
1 17 363
61 249
62 585
19 703
5 249
9 397
713 339
1976
261 518
233 480
137 .083
72 735
77 447
23 1 0 1
5 480
12 644
823 488
1979
295 040
240 386
155 341
76 4 3 1
9 2 580
26 889
6 208
14 4 13
907 288
1962
20 398
15 802
13 963
16 7 1 7
12 257
2 101
325
296
81 859
1971
60 593
28 160
26 840
16 893
12 393
3 540
1 854
2 370
152 643
1976
95 459
51 931
72 767
3 1 750
28 469
6 493
2 739
3 746
293 354
1979
93 199
48 502
78 612
30 380
27 222
4 550
2 250
3 601
288 316
1962
137 138
94 470
90 496'
38 539
37 784
11 183
2 806
1 802
4 14 218
1971'
Il8 967
89 764
8 1 358
33 586
40 694
13 572
4 2 19
2 763
384 923
1976
1 3 1 768
104 538
129 397
4 1 424
55 544
17 0 1 2
8 030
4 6 13
492 326
1979
146 703
109 2 16
157 765
4 2 041
58 204
1 9 162
10 068
5 040
548 199
1962
5 0 627
3 1 851
13 122'
9 870
8 754
6 44 1
485
8 13
1 2 1 963
19712
47 747
46 539
2 1 008
9 984
15 355
4 692
933
· 1 538
147 796
1976
108 O I l
46 980
42 1 1 1
19 578
34 245
8 313
1 955
4 663
265 856
1979
129 569
54 905
5 7 559
23 844
46 872
10 361
2 545
5 311
330 966
1962
79 186
69 828
37 357
29 479
26 201
8 289
1 234
903
252 477
197)2
124 973
79 386
61 6 1 6
39 270
40 332
12 523
5 116
2 543
365 759
1976
I l5 726
I l7 764
4 3 752
36 277
4 3 775
10 368
2 026
2 515
372 203
1979
136 608
127 768
48 877
38 664
52 486
1 1 603
1 502
2 361
4 1 9 869
1962
5 484
6 763
2 575
2 205
1 055
198
92
32
18 404
1971
I I 136
9 4 17
4 589
2 917
2 702
804
336
81
31 982
1976
13 105
9 766
5 896
5 155
3 431
1 169
293
135
38 950
1979
1 5 405
10 377
7 239
4 561
4 007
1 375
525
194
4 3 683
1962
2 822
2 890
448
982
541
301
73
34
8 091
1971
2 894
3 520
567
1 625
1 2 16
90
51
58
10 021
1976
7 847
4 867
3 164
4 062
3 826
1 066
183
118
25 133
1979
1 0 210
9 833
3 432
4 969
5 488
1 992
108
295
36 327
1962
5 004
3 409
1 815
1 580
1 365
94Q
91
115
14 319
1971
7 598
5 129
3 340
2 615
2 2 19
1 322
2 19
336
22 778
1976
1 1 154
7 294
3 557
3 230
3 312
1 739
242
858
31 386
1979
13 01Q
8 995
4 881
3 586
4 253
1 969
246
807
37 756
1962
I 128 204
905 5 1 5
446 375
338 085
253 425
105 073
10 6 7 1
2 1 989
3 209 337
1971
1 767 365
I 393 276
739 844
503 668
446 084
162 952
3 0 335
63 316
5 106 840
1976
2 195 979
1 799 353
1 024 048
650 666
615 205
204 836
34 786
96 584
6 621 457
1979
2 451 269
1 923 997
I 2 1 3 381
691 834
719 616
226 086
41 627
106 884
7 374 694
Note s :
1.
Estimated
2.
Vehicle types not exactly comparab l e between 1971 and !-fo tor Vehicle Census data for other years.
Sourc e :
ABS (1981a) . ABS (1978) , ABS ( 1 973a) . CBCS (1964 ) .
A I R 155-5
49
TABLE 2 . 2
AUSTRALIAIi MOTOR VEHICLE POPULATION
flUMBERS OF VEHICLES PER 1000 OF POPULATION
TYPE OF VEHICLE BY STATE OF REGI STRATION
1965 TO 1979
NUMBERS AS AT 30 JUNE
State
New South Wales
Vehicle Type
1965'
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
Cars and Station Wagons
242.0
287 . 6
298 . 3
310. 8
318.7
328.4
343 . 2
348.2
353.5
361 . 5
369. 7
67.5
67 . 0
67.6
71.0
73.0
74 . 5
76.6
78.6
81.6
85 . 2
87 . 7
4.1
9.9
12.3
15.0
15.2
19.3
20. 1
19.7
19.3
18.3
18. 0
Total
313.5
364 . 5
378. 1
396 . 8
406 . 9
422 . 2
439. 9
446. 5
454 . 4
465.0
475. 4
Cars and Station Wagons
261 . 6
309 . 2
319.6
329.5
337 . 3
355.4
371 . 8
388 . 4
391 . 1
404.6
413.0
68. 3
67.0
66. 8
67. 3
68. 3
72.0
75.4
78.2
79.0
83 . 4
85 . 2
3.5
5.5
7.4
9.8
11. 1
13.3
14 . 1
13.9
13.5
13.7
14 . 1
Total
333.4
381.6
393 . 8
406.6
416.6
440 . 7
461 . 3
480 . 5
483.6
501. 7
5 12 . 3
Cars"and Station Wagons
231 . 6
278.6
290 . 1
303.8
312.2
312.7
317. 1
338.8
351 . 6
366 . 8
380 . 3
93.3
92. 9
93. 7
95.7
98. 1
96.0
96.0
106 . 6
112.2
1 19 . 0
124 . 1
7.5
11.2
13.8
17.1
22.1
26.1
27 . 4
33. 9
35. 6
35. 5
34 . 4
Total
332 . 4
382 . 7
397. 6
416.5
432 . 4
434.8
440 . 5
479 . 3
499.4
521 . 3
538.8
Cars and Station Wagons
275 . 3
323 . 1
332.5
342. 3
350.9
363.5
386 . 9
397 . 2
408.8
414.6
418.7
Freight Vehicles & Buses
79.8
77 . 4
76.8
76.5
77. 0
79.0
81. 1
85 . 1
90. 0
90 . S
90. 9
Motor Cycles
11.9
12.5
14 . 1
16.5
21.1
24.8
26 . 0
25.8
24.4
23.7
22.9
Total
367.0
413.0
423 : 3
435.2
449 . 1
467 . 3
494 . 0
508 . 1
523 . 2
529 . 1
5,32 . 5
Cars and Station Wagons
244.0
303.6
318.8
328 . 8
333.8
348.4
361 . 7
373. 7
395.7
409.4
417.6
97 . 5
100.8
101 . 8
100 . 2
100 . 3
100 . 9
109.0
119.7
128. 1
1 36 . 7
140.2
10 . 1
10. 9
11.8
13.8
15.9
18.8
21.5
23.6
23.4
23.0
21.7
Total
351 . 6
415.3
432 . 4
442 . 7
450 . 1
468 . 1
492 . 2
5 17 . 0
547 . 2
569. 1
579 . 5
Cars and Station Wagons
253 . 5
305 . 9
3 19 . 9
333. 3
344 . 4
353.6
371 . 4
385 . 1
396 . 2
415.5
428 . 1
Frei9ht Vehicles & Buses
78. 5
84 . 1
84. 3
85.9
86. 2
88.4
90.4
96.0
98.6
99 . 6
102 . 7
3.8
8.0
9.0
9.9
11.6
15.3
18.3
16.7
15 . 1
12 . 1
11.5
335.8
398.0
413.2
429. 1
442 . 3
457 . 3
480 . 1
497.8
509 . 9
527 . 2
542 . 3
Freight Vehicles & Buses
Motor Cycles
Vi ctori a
Freight Vehicles & Buses
Motor Cycles
Queensland
Freight Vehicles & Buses
Motor Cycles
South Austral ia
Wes tern Aus tra 1 i a
Freight Vehicles & Buses
Motor Cycles
Tasmania
Motor Cycles
Total
Northern Terri tory
Cars and Station Wagons
150.4
190 . 4
197 . 9
200.7
198.8
204 . 0
206 . 9
195 . 3
193 . 4
219.6
222 . 1
Freight Vehicles & Buses
108 . 2
1 14 . 2
116.9
121. 1
120 . 3
125. 5
126.4
1 19 . 3
134 . 6
155.6
150.4
3.6
12.7
17.4
25 . 1
29 . 1
22.0
22 . 4
21.7
33.2
41.8
21.6
Total
263 . 2
3 17 . 3
332.2
346. 8
348. 2
351. 5
355.7
3�6 . 3
361 . 2
417.0
394 . 1
Cars a n d Station Wa90ns
296 . 3
346 . 0
360 .9
383 . 1
405.9
373. 1
376 . 1
376.8
390 . 5
370.6
398. 9
50. 6
47.2
48.6
52.7
57 . 2
54.6
57.6
59. 5
65 . 8
65 . 4
67 . 1
3.2
1 1 .4
15.3
19.7
23.0
16 . 1
16.2
17.2
17.8
13.9
14.0
Total
350.2
404 . 6
424 . 7
455 . 5
486 . 1
443.8
449.9
455 . 5
474 . 1
449.9
480.0
Cars a n d Station Wagons
249.6
297.4
308 . 5
320 . 0
327 . 1
338.6
352.8
364 . 5
372 . 5
383 . 3
392 . 4
75.2
75.0
75.4
77 . 0
78. 3
80.2
82 . 8
87. 3
90 . 9
95.4
98.0
5.6
9.2
11.3
13.9
15.7
19.0
20.2
21. 1
21.0
20. 5
20 . 0
330 . 3
381 . 5
395. !
4 10 . 9
421 . 1
437 . 8
455.8
4 72 . 9
484 . 4
499.2
510.4
Source:
ABS (l980b) , ABS (l977b) , ADS ( 1975) .
Motor Cycles
A.C.1.
Freight Vehicles & 8uses
Motor Cycles
Austral i a
Frei 9ht Vehicles & Buses
Motor Cycles
Total
�ote.: 1 . Prior to 1969, numbers are a8 a t 31 December
TABLE 2 . 3
AUSTRALIAN MOTOR VEHICLE POPULATION
U1
o
TRUCKS BY NUMBER OF AXLES AND STATE OF REGISTRATION!
SURVEY O F MOTOR VEHICLE USAGE DATA
VEHICLES ON REGISTER, YEARS ENDING 30TH SEPTEMBER 1971 AND 1979
Veh i c l e Type
Ri g i d k.u fks
,
Year
of
Survey
New South Wales
No.
S.L
No.
S.E.
(%)
South
Austra l i a
Queensl and
Vi ctori a
(%)
No.
S.E.
(%)
S. £.
No.
(%)
1971
1979
131 932
108 443
(1.5)
(2 . 1)
81 910
81 472
( 1 . 1)
( 1. 3 )
59 · 154
42 143
(0 . 9 )
( 0 . 8)
37 486
30 266
( 1 . 4)
( 1 . 2)
1971
1979
6 102
7 6 11
(4 . 6 )
(6 . 9 )
3 467
5 733
{6 . 3)
( 6 . 1)
2 305
4 050
(6 . 2)
( 6 . 8)
1 756
2 178
(7 . 1)
(6 . 3 )
More than 3" axles
1971
1979
1 148
2 730
( 13 . 1 )
( 13.4 )
Axles not s tated
1971
1979
2 861
-
(- )
( 16 . 3 )
1971
1979
139 182
121 645
4 axles or l ess
1971
1979
5 axles
2 axl es
3 axles
325 ( 24 . 7 )
2 523 ( 1 1 . 3 )
-
(- )
(- )
(n . a . )
( 1.8)
85 702
89 729
(n . a . )
{ 1 . 2)
9 119
7 696
(n . a . )
(2.8 )
8 650
6 432
1971
1979
2 196
3 521
(3.9)
(4 . 0 )
1 237
2 21 1
6 axl es
1971 3
1979
353
4 156
(2D.2 )
(3 . 6 )
More than 6 axles
1971
1979
-
(-)
( 36 . 0 )
-
(-)
( 14 . 5 )
-
Total r i g i d trucks
222 ( 2 1 . 7 )
1 541 ( 1 1 . 7)
-
298 ( 22 . 8 )
1 126 ( 1 1 . 0 )
(40 ( 70. 1 )
)
-
61 681
47 774
(n . a . )
(0 . 3)
39 540
33 618
(n . a . )
(2 . 4 )
3 690
3 747
(n . a . )
( 1.2)
(3 . 6 )
(3 . 7)
891
1 632
(3.4)
(3.0 )
(-)
47 ( 6 4 . 9 )
Western
Aus tra l ia
S.£.
(%)
No.
Tasmania
No.
Northern
Terri tory
S.E.
No.
(2 . 0)
( 2 .9)
5 349
1 266
(3 . 3)
(3. 1)
1 934
-
(-)
(3 . 3)
306
160
(7 . 2)
(8.6 )
-
(- )
(%)
38 331
39 481
( 1.3)
(1 . 6 )
1 831
2 862
(7.9)
(6 . 5)
899 ( 8 . 3 )
1 254 ( 16 . 9 )
277 ( 1 8 . 5 )
928 ( 13 . 7 )
58 ( 2 2 . 9 )
124 ( 19 . 6 )
120 { 15 . D )
70 ( 13 . 4 )
(-)
144 ( 19 . 4 )
-
-
48
(-)
( 99 . 0 )
11 660
9 335
S.£.
No .
(%)
-
40 439
43 319
(n.a. )
( 1.4 )
12 617
10 857
(n . a . )
(3 . 1 )
591
1 981
(n . a . )
(2 . 7 )
2 214
2 333
(n . a . )
(2 . 4)
915
630
(n . a . )
( 3 . 3)
213 ( 1 1 . 7 )
212 ( 6 . 7 )
724
1 749
(3.0 )
(3.5)
688
1 127
(4 . 7 )
(2 . 5)
306
631
(6 . 5 )
( 2 . 8)
137 ( 9 . 5 )
78 ( 13 . 5 )
5 1 ( 14 . 5 )
(6 . 8)
764
237
260
(5 . 5 )
(6 . 3 )
15 ( 16 . 5 )
148 ( 10 . 2 )
92 ( 18 . 2 )
42 ( 1 9 . 0 )
196
(-)
(7.9)
-
(-)
(-)
-
5 775
1 5 11
(:n
S.E.
(%)
365 820
314 341
I
(0 . 7 )
(0 . 9 )
16 671
23 966
(2 . 6)
(3.2 )
(-)
5 8 ( 40 . 3 )
2 447
9 101
(8.1 )
(5.8)
-
(n . a . )
(2.4)
No .
117 ( 1 9 . 5 )
-
(- )
16 ( 28 . 2 )
(n . a . )
( 1 . 0)
Austra 1 i a
A.C.T.2
S.E.
(-)
(- )
-
2 109
I
I
I
(- )
3 156 ( 1 1 . 9 )
(n . a . )
( 2 . 7)
384 938
350 563
(n . a . )
(0 . 7 )
(n . a . )
(1.2)
i
( 1 . 8)
I
Arti cul ated Trucks
Axles not stated
1971
1979
Total arti cul ated
trucks
1971
1979
115
-
219
11 668
15 706
(n . a . )
(1.5)
66 ( 2 1 . 0 )
1 829 ( 3 . 8 )
(-)
64 ( 24 . 6 )
9 953
10 536
(- )
{ -)
(n . a . )
( 1.4 )
108 ( 1 1 . 3 )
1 534 ( 3 . 1 )
2
(-)
156 ( 12 . 0 )
-
(- )
6 ( 59. 9 )
-
-
-
4 689
7 074
(n . a . )
(0 . 2)
(- )
5 1 ( 29 . 3 )
(-)
2 ( 37. 1 )
3 366
4 548
Cn. a. )
(0 . 6)
3 139
3 916
(n . a . )
( 1 . 3)
(-)
8 ( 35 . 2 )
-
(-)
9 ( 23 . 9 )
-
1 236
1 425
(n . a . )
(1 . 7)
178
(-)
(7.5 )
(-)
3 ( 78. 2 )
442
512
-
(-)
79 ( 22 . 3 )
27 390
23 109
-
(-)
6 1 (21.3)
6 179
11 008
-
(- )
86 ( 19 . 0 )
-
(-)
6 ( 90 . 8 )
-
(n . a . )
(2 . 2 )
-
231
922
8 819
-
(-)
(-)
-
(n . a . )
(6 . 7 )
774
( I . 7)
(8 . 4 )
(2 . 1 )
I
(-)
(7 . 1 )
(-)
238 ( 1 3 . 4 )
34 491
43 949
(n . a . )
(0 . 6)
I
Total Al l TruckS
1971
1979
150 854
137 352
( 1 . 3)
(n . a . )
95 655
100 264
(0 . 9)
(n .a . )
66 369
54 849
( 0 . 8)
(n . a . )
42 905
38 164
( 1 . 2)
(n . a . )
43 577
47 235
( 1 . 1)
(n .a . )
13 853
12 283
(1.5)
(n.a. )
6 2 17
2 025
(2 . 8)
(n . a . )
-
2 341
(- )
(n . a . )
419 430
394 512
Notes:
Sources :
1.
Excludes vehicle3 recording zero usage in Survey years .
2.
A.C.T.
3.
Comprises all articulated vehicles having more than five axles.
data incorporated into New South Wales
to tal in
1 97 1 .
ASS
( l 9 8 1b ) .
ASS
(0 . 6 )
(n. a . )
I
I
( 1973b ) .
!J::'
H
!:cJ
I-'
U1
U1
I
U1
:x:oo
H
::tI
TABLE 2.4
I-'
U1
U1
AUST��LIAN MOTOR VEHICLE POPULATION
TRUCKS BY CARRYING CAPACITY AND STATE OF REGISTRATION 1
I
U1
SURVEY OF MOTOR VEHICLE USAGE DATA
VEHICLES ON REGISTER. YEARS ENDING 30TH SEPTEMBER 1971 AND 1979
Year
of
Survey
Vehicle Type
New South Wales
Vi ctoria
Queensl and
No.
S.E.
No.
S.E.
No.
(%)
(% )
S.E.
(%)
South
Austral i a
No.
S.L
(%)
Western
Austral i a
No .
S.E.
(%)
Tasmania
Northern
Terri tory
No .
S.L
No.
(%)
A. C . T. 2
S.L
No .
(%)
Austral i a
S.E.
No .
(%)
S.E.
(%)
Trucks - rigid and arti cul ated
Carrying capacity
Under 4 t1
1971
1979
94 098
74 665
(2.2)
( 1 . 7)
5 3 849
55 931
( 1 . 8)
( 2.0)
35 089 ( 1 . 6 )
17 144 (2.e)
2 0 651 ( 2 . 8 )
14 320 (2. 6 )
21 538 (2.4)
1 9 154 ( 3 . 3)
6 920
5 547
( 3 .4)
(4.4)
4 277 (4.2)
792 ( 2 . 7 )
4 and under 8 t
1971
1979
30 661
30 243
( 2.2)
(6.7)
27 699
2 5 419
( 1 .8)
(2.5)
22 691 ( 1 .2)
2 2 820 ( 2 . 0 )
13 973 ( 2 . 8)
1 3 475 (2.3)
15 805 ( 1 . 9)
16 964 ( 2 . 4 )
4 431
3 334
(3.1)
(4.3)
993 ( 6 . 5 )
511 ( 7 . 9 )
1971
1979
14 929
17 344
( 2.5)
(3.3)
4 533
9 077
(4. 7)
(4.2)
4 131 ( 4 . 5 )
8 027 (4. 4)
5 270 ( 5 . 5 )
6 031 ( 3 . 3 )
3 489 (5.8)
7 413 ( 3 . 6 )
1 382
2 042
( 6 . 2)
( 10 . 4)
525 ( 6 . 7 )
274 ( 6 . 1 )
8 and under 12 t
1971
1979
1 107
1 097
(6.2)
( 11.2)
2 747
1 676
(3.2)
(4. 1)
997 ( 6 . 3 )
764 ( 3 . 1 )
12 and under 16 t
1971
1979
4 275
2 394
(2.7)
(3.9)
4 242
2 738
(1.9)
(2.8)
1 842 (2.8)
1971
1979
5 784
11 604
(2.0)
( 1 .2)
2 585
5 447
1971
1979
150 854
137 347
(-)
1 343 (5.4)
236 421
188 897
( 1 . 1)
(1.0)
(-)
568 (10.3)
116 253
113 335
(0.9)
(2.0)
(- )
201 ( 13.4)
34 258
50 410
( 1 . 7)
( 1 . 7)
Ri g i d trucks
Carryi ng capaci ty
8 t and over
Arti cul ated trucks
Carryi ng capac; ty
I
I
16 t and over
Total al l trucks
( 1. 3)
(n. a . )
95 655
100 288
635 ( 10 . 1)
437 ( 6 . 2 )
319 ( 12 . 7 )
335 (4. 9 )
206
126
( 14 . 7 )
(11.2)
10 ( 46 . 6 )
4 1 ( 18 . 1 )
-
(- )
3 5 (35 . 1)
6 021
4 510
(2.5)
(3.3)
1 237 ( 2 . 5 )
706 (4.8)
514 ( 5 . 6 )
845 ( 4 .0)
630 (3.4)
430
198
( 7 . 4)
(5.9)
6 0 (13.4)
5 6 ( 16 . 0 )
(- )
2 1 (41 . 9 )
12 400
7 788
(1.3)
(1.7)
(2.3)
(1.5)
1 620 ( 2 . 3 )
4 855 ( 0.8 )
1 669 ( 1 . 4 )
3 388 ( 1 . 4 )
1 615 ( 2 . 7 )
2 740 ( 2 . 0 )
1 036
484
(5.4)
(2.0)
(- )
171 ( 10 . 9 )
14 110
2 9 591
(1.0)
(0.6)
(0.9)
(n.a. )
6 6 369 ( 0.8 )
5 4 847 ( n.a. )
4 2 905 ( 1 . 2 )
38 165 ( n . a . )
4 3 6 1 1 ( 1 . 1)
47 236 ( n . a . )
(- )
2 339 ( n . a . )
419 463
394 531
13 853
1 2 283
(1.5)
(n.a.)
-
353 ( 6 . 6 )
349 (4. 1 )
6 217 (2.8)
2 023 (n . a . )
(n.a. )
(n.a. )
�otes:
1.
2.
Comparisons between
1971
and
1979
data for trucks with carrying capaciti�s under four tOnnes are limited due to differences in classifying procedures .
A . C . T . data incorporated into New South Wales Total in
197 1 .
Sources:
AIlS
( 1981b) .
AIl S
( 1973b) .
U1
I-'
52
AIR
155-5
ROAD UTILISATION
TABLE 3 . 1
TOtAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED 8Y VEHICLES
ROAD FUNCTIONAL CLASS 8Y STATES AND TERRITORIES
OATA AS AT 30TH JUNE
HILLIONS OF KILOMETRES
Road Functional Class : �ural
State or
Terri tory
Ro.d Functional Cia .. : Urban
Year
Sub Tot.l
Rur.l
Arterial
Ro.d.
1-3
Hew South W.le.
68
4 585
7 646
2 697
3 642
738
10 343
14 723
14 928
74
8 286
11 532 10 891
4 192
4 276
45
15 083
19 404
23 369
30 936
9 173
11 417
22 780
n.a.
28 451
n . lI .
1
2 710
4 545
3 656
I
2 118
1 864'
3 635
1 053
1
n •••
n.a.
2 755
701
1 818
n . lI .
13 607!
n•••
4 780
n.a.
n.4,
1 7 495
n.'.
1 426
13
3 575
5 0 1 4 5 805
2 065
3 085
64
4 989
7 518 6 841
5 192
3 966
n• • •
2 259' n . ' .
5 346
7 7581
9 750
n.a.
991
7 870
1 1 946
11 445
16 960
12 033
15 989
17 022
23 147
18 891
n.a.
n•••
23 462
n,4.
n...
n...
n•••
n . lI .
13 545'
9 035
6 6692
n.'.
n,a.
15 7041
1 163
1 007
23
3 294
4 324
1 928
626
919
1 991
8
4 644
6 643
2 955
1 221
1 326
6 351
n . II ,
n . lI .
n.4.
n,a,
3 920'
4 411
1 743
n. a.
n.a,
6 154
I
2 037
1
3 055
1 675
2 206
n.'.
n.a.
1968 <--1 144 �
476
393
1972
639
685
1917
1968
1972
I
�2
636
J
n•••
-
063� (-- 1 705�
n.'.
n.',
1977
5 111
6 936
n...
1 620
2 013
1 938
488
824
1 724
2 409
2 660
657
2 052
2 063
3 766
n.a.
n , lI ,
2 982
1 933
n• • •
n.'.
9 031
n.a.
n.'.
13 090
n , lI .
2 426
3 480
4 046
3 317
5 369
5 041
n , lI .
4 017
n . lI .
4 915
n•••
n •••
5 493
7 178
6 140
n . lI .
7 189
n . II ,
642
167
1 656
2 465
1 551
494
919
82
2 045
3 046
3 701
5 511
1 051
31
2 087
3 169
2 758
n• • •
1 223
1 7B8
16
3 981
5 785
6 068
8 954
n . II ,
n . II ,
n . lI .
4 072
n . lI .
6 217
n.A.
4 346
1 508
n . II ,
n . II ,
5 834
n.a.
8 851
n . lI .
641
1
1 485
871
n...
n."
2 145
2 997
3 466
n.'.
196
2
463
661
357
148
235
6
974
1 400
555
402
251
I
J
365
1974 ('-- 1 120 � <-- 373 ------)
446
430
298
1968 � 2 4 ----4
1972
11
I
n...
1 174
3
2
10
3
29
11
5
n."
n,a.
I
n . lI .
n . II ,
1 120
n.',
1974 � 14 � � - �
n.a.
n . lI .
1 493
n...
34
24
14
n . lI .
14
n . lI .
1968 � 71 �
13
34
9
84
127
1972
]
-
60
137
18
325
480
-
27
I
7 618
265
/
� 391-------,)
359
1968 (-10 901--->
1972
8 124
12 145
745
916
420
1977
5 848
8 820
584
I
n.'.
111
1974
3 800
5 502
1 072 �
426
2 274
285
1977
2 554
4 176
795
324
1977
230
n , lI .
1968 � 3 5 2 �
1972
327
n•••
512
967
b
449
1974 �2 145-------') <'-1 321--)
8 140
1
1
� 279 ------)
n•••
n.'.
391
386
n•••
n . II ,
547
433
206
603
161
224
n.a.
n.a.
996
383
24
1
-
670
n.a.
51
63
60
2
800
968
1 461
1 210
1 931
2 610
n . lI .
n . lI .
810'
n.a.
n . lI .
980
8B
201
8
5
367
827
n.a.
n . lI .
1 311
n.a
n . lI .
1 379
n.'.
n•••
463
1 033
n •••
n •••
31
3
18
52
n.a.
n . II ,
�
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
114
n .••
1 930
n . lI .
2 154
n.a.
I
396
838
497
I 057
325
n . lI .
1 379
n . lI .
115
179
325
480
391
n,a.
500
n.a.
5 223
2B4
15 306
2 0 8 1 3 1 9 455
6 686
9 730
2 439
26 141
3 8 310
41 447
5 9 123
7 282
9 571
204
23 040
32 815 27 263
13 111
13 850
68
40 374
54 292
63 414
87 107
43 700'
58 280
69 063
95 195
17 512
n...
85 076
n.e.
I
1
l'
1974 <.--25 363� (-11 552-�
25 363
36 915 � 43 7QO� <'--14 580 ------;)
1977 11 877
32 481
n...
11 393
505
957
4 405
9 211
n•••
n•••
l.
Figures adju!lted dOV'llward frola initial survey total (BTE 1979).
2.
Figures adjusted to suit revised total.
�.
n• • •
1 558
1974
3.
1 2 715
n.a.
I 049
1917
Hotes:
n.'.
n...
2 105'
1974 � 5 111� (--I 240------)
Austra l i a
10 956
6 175
1968 <-- 2 131------)
1972
Northern Terri tory
(1-9)
3 172
1917
A.C. T.
20 898
(1-3)+(6-7)
2 177
I
1974 � 5 346� (--4 404 �
Tasmania
6-9
Total
All
Ro.d.
1972 ,3 399
1968 <--2 874�
Western Austra l i a
6-7
Total Urban
and Rural
Arterhl
Road.
1 522
1972
South Au.tral i a
1-5
All Road.
Total
Urb.n
Roads
1 352
1917
Queens land
S u b Total
Urban
Arteri.l
Ro.d.
1968 <--3 233�
1974 E--- 9 173� f- 2 244�
Victoria
Tot.l
Rural
Ro.d.
35 083
Figuru exelude travel on Provincial Urban Roads.
Figuru subsequently adjusted down to 41342 million kilometres (BIE 1979).
Source s :
n•••
52 595
n•••
BTE (1979) J BTE (1979) J CBRds (1975a) . CBRda (1975b),
CnRda (1975c) , CBRda (1969).
AIR 1 5 5- 5
TABLE
53
3.2
ROAD UTILISATION
TOTAL ANNUAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY VEHICLES ON REGISTER
ALL VEHICLES BY AREA OF OPERATION
AUSTRALI A
MILLIONS OF KILONETRES
Vehicle C.tegory
.nd Envi rons
{i n'Pci. t.lA . CC. Ti ty. fr
A.C.T.
vehicles only
10'
4335 465.
122.60
47 496.2
3 661.8
57 496.0
296.2
222 844.7
792.4
744.8
286.0
435.1
SIS.6
SE
Kilometres
1971
1976
1979
19711
1976
1979
19711
1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
1971
1976'
1979
C.rs .nd Station W.gon.
Uti l Hie • • nd P.nel V.n.
Ri9id Trucks
Articuhted Trucks
Other Truck Type.
Motor Cycles
Tot.l (excluding buse.)
Buses
Notes:
1•
2.
1971
1976
1979
.CoJIPariaon&
(I)
(1.6)
(1.8)
(1.7)
)
(4.7)
(4.6)
)
(2.1)
(4.1)
)
(1.6)
(2.1)
(9.2)
(11.2)
(7.9)
(5.0)
(7.8)
(5.6)
(1.3)
(1.5)
(1.5)
( n •••
( n• • •
(n • • •
49.1
149.4
225.8
572.8
784.6
804.5
4252 580.3
879.4
59 283.0
<
n.a.
n •• ,
1
Provincial Uri>.n
i n c . Stuort .nd
B.rkly High••y (N . T .
only}
10'
57 920.7
328.1
8 929.6
11 686.9
468.4
719.7
359.6
528.7
462.2
79,8
163.8
209.4
11.6
57.9
37.6
103.3
187.1
213.2
569.3
106 326.6
11 561. 7
SE
Kil ometres
(4.9)
(3.4)
(4.5)
)
(10.7)
(12.7)
(9.9))
(4.8)
( n •••
(n •••
)
(2.9)
(3.6)
(23.8)
(31.5)
(16.9)
(12.2)
(17.3)
(11.3)
(4.0)
(3.1)
(3.9)
( n •••
n.a.
n,a.
10'
453.1
2320 668.9
25 056.6
464 025.7
984.8
202.0
647.7
222 488.8
563.5
867.4
895.3
I 284.2
29.0
164.0
141.9
318.8
602.5
644.7
341. 7
3228 879.0
35 818.2
Kilometres
(I)
(2.0) r (
343.7
(( --)) f
(--))
Res t of State
>
10'
6174 713.3
246.2
(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.5) 81 483.3
374.4
) 118 749.6
(4.9)
(4.3) 15 417.8
852.0
) 55 884.6
(1.8)
(1.9) 5 685.8
233.2
) 494.2
( 1.2) 21 009.3
( 1.3)
89.7
(10.0) 371.3
(15.1)
(7.3) 405.4
(5.6) I 995.0
574.6
(8.3)
(5.7) 1 662.4
790.5
( 1.6) 9577 787.5
(1.7)
(1.9) 106 664.0
SE
(I)
Kil ometre.
SE
(S)
( 1.2))
( 1.1)
)
(2.6)
(2.6)
(1.4))
(2.1)
(0.9))
(1.1)
)
(9.7)
(5.2)
)
(5.3)
(3.6)
( n •••
(n•••
(n• • •
(n• • •
( n •••
(n•••
Interstate
Total , State of
Registr.tion
I
(n • • •
( n• • •
(n. • •
(1.0)
(0.9)
(n.a.)
10'
23 811.1
553.4
3 387.9
192.6
540.4
510.2
149.2
147.1
151.4
338.
510.79
598.2
4.7
48.9
51.6
18.7
66.7
105.7
53 275.5
124.9
4 804.9
Kilometres
285.3 (3.5) 629.0 (2.0)
(
(
(--))
(--))
n . ll ,
n.y . • •
n.a.
n·Y·I.
Austr. l i a
SE
(S)
n.y• • •
SE
(S)
(1.0)
(1.2)
(1.1)
(1.2)
)
(2.6)
(1M)
(2.6)
(15.3)
)
)
(1.4)
(7.5)
(2.0)
(8.1)
)
(0.8)
(1.(2.6)8))
(0.8)
(6.5)
(13.2)
(8.7)
(11.4)
(5.9)
(21.0)
(3.2)
(20.1)
(5.4)
(23.1)
(3.6)
(13.8) .
048.0 (0.8)
(4.1) 10081 919.2
(1.0)
(3.5)
(3.9) 111 469.3 (0.9)
(5; 1)
(4.3)
(4.9)
( n •••
(n• • •
(n • • •
27.1 (8.3)
(( --)
)
n.a.
10'
6378 531.0
799.6
I 84 871.5
8 289.9
S67.0
12
1 15 928.0
6 001.2
6 031.8
5 837.2
572.10
2I 005.
2 607.4
94.4
420.2
456.9
1 013.7
1I 641.3
768.2
Ki lometres
(n•••
(n• • •
656.7
587.8 (2.0)
(0.3)
(-)
n·Y.I.
between 1971 Survey dllt. and other Survey years for totals anociated vith utilitiea and panel Vana, and riatd trueb not .trictly
co.pnable clue to different criteria tor clauUieation . ',
Figutail for area of oparation do not .... to tot.18 in data
published.
8S
Soureeat
ADS (1981b). ADS (1979.),
US
(l979b) , US (1974),
AU
(1913b) .
54
TABLE
AIR 1 5 5- 5
3. 3
ROAD UTIL iSATION
TOTAL ANNUAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY REGISTERED VElIICLES
STATE Of REGISTRATION
SURVEYS OF t(lTOR VEHICLES USAGE 1963, 1971, 1976, 1979
HILL IONS OF KILOHETRES OF TRAVEL
Hew
__
Vehi cle C"tegory
South Wales
km
S.£.
10'
(l)
Victoria
k.
S.£.
9 844 .5
(n • • • )
10'
Cars ' St"Uon Wagons
10'
(l)
�
A
ftern
tralta
k.
S.E.
�:�������
Tasl'\c\nfa
km
S.£.
lO'
(%)
lO'
S.£.
km
(%)
10'
S.£.
(I)
(n• • • )
Austral i a
A.C.T , I
km
10'
11 . 1 ,
k.
S.E.
(I)
(-)
H
10'
S.£.
(I)
12 1S9. 1
(n • • • )
3 894.5
(n • • • )
3 24 7 . 6
(n • • • )
2 49B.6
(n ••• )
1 067.4
(n • • • )
( 1 . 5)
18 641.2
(2.2)
8 162.6
(2.3)
6 394.4
(3.0)
5 422.7
(2.3)
1 808.8
(2.8)
355.1
(3.3)
(2.6)
22 789.6
(2.3)
10 516.3
(2.2)
7 614.6
( 1 . 9)
7 01 1 . 7
(2.4)
2 167.7
(2.7)
295.3
(5.8)
I 380.9
(4.1)
78 531.0
(1.2)
1979
28 025.3
(2. 1 )
2 4 037.8
(2.3)
12 427.3
(2.7)
8 124.3
(2.6)
8 178.7
(2.7)
2 26 1 . 9
(2.5)
350.9
(4.5)
1 46 6 . 3
(2.8)
B4 871.5
(1.1)
(n • • • )
I 246.7
( n• • • )
663.3
(n ••• )
224.9
( n ••• )
64.6
(n ••• )
n.a.
1 397.4
(n ••• )
673.1
(n • • • )
249.9
(n • • • )
98.5
(n • • • )
n,a.
(-)
(n • •• )
I 768 . 5
6B5 . 5
1963
2 562.7
1971'
3 056.2
(n ••• )
2 085.9
(n ••• )
1976
3 825.3
(6.0)
3 311.9
(6.0)
2 02 1 . 5
(6.3)
908 . 9
(5.5)
I 477.3
1979'
4 967.4
(5.9)
3 30 7 . 3
(4.4)
3 460.6
(5.8)
1 155.7
(6.0)
2 118.5
1963
I 021.8
(n • •• )
436.9
n.a.
348.6
1971'
2 248.7
857.3
n.a.
588.3
(n ••• )
1976
1 819.6
(2.3)
1979'
2 184.8
(3.0)
1963
264 . 1
1971
638.9
(n • •• )
(n • • • )
962.1
I 374.4
I 379.7
I 638.9
262.0
462.2
(nla. )
(n ••• )
(2.9)
(2.3)
(n ••• )
(n ••• )
I 352.2
(4.2)
687.9
(2.8)
614.6
471.0
(13.8)
12 289.9
(2.6)
220.0
(l6.!)
115 927.9
(2.6)
(n • • • )
108.8
175.4
(n • • • )
(2. 1 )
(3.0)
(3.0)
148.5
166 . 5
(2.5)
(3.4)
40.7
(n • • • )
17.5
(n • • • )
(n • • • )
22 . 6
146.6
36.5
31.7
(n •• • )
39.5
(n • • • )
43.8
16/.0
(2.6)
69.7
(2.4)
16.1
(2.6)
202.8
(2.2)
82.0
(2.2)
38.2
(- )
n,a.
(- )
n.l,
( 1 . 9)
1979
926 . 3
(2.2)
646.6
( 1 .9)
337.5
( 1 .8)
353.8
1963
n.l.
(-)
213.2
(7.7)
164.0
202.3
15.6
(6.4)
(1.8)
(1.6)
n,l.
180.6
274.5
(n • • • )
484.7
( -)
(7.2)
(n ••• )
(n • • • )
n.a.
(- )
n. l .
H
n.a.
(7.8)
7.0
(10.6)
6.7
( 1 1 .3)
12.0
(n •• • )
(n • • • )
(5.5)
1 73 . 1
102.2
7 196 . 2
8 674.4
351.2
724.8
713.6
(2.7)
(n • • • )
(1.0)
434.0
331.6
715.9
(-)
32 792.7
64 647.9
(5.4)
(n • • • )
(n • • • )
n.l.
(6.2)
(n • • • )
(1.6)
(12.6)
(n • • • )
( n• • • )
683 . 7
42.2
( n •• • )
77 . 3
1976
1971
I 113.4
81.0
171.7
372.8
Other Truck Types '
(16.6)
1.0
(24.9)
4.2
( n• • • )
(n ••• )
(4.7)
(4.0)
(n ••• )
( n ••• )
n.a.
n.l,
55.8
42.7
n.l.
n. l.
H
H
6 106 . 5
(n •• • )
(12.3)
(6.0)
6 03 1 .8
5 837.2
(1.4)
(2.0)
H
H
3 232 . 3
7
88 .0
I 593.3
(n • • • )
(n• • • )
(n •• • )
(6.4)
9.8
(12.6)
2 005.0
(0.8)
(5.2)
20.2
(1M)
2 607.4
( 1 . 0)
(-)
0.3
(14.9)
n,l.
n. • .
(- )
n.a.
H
94.8
(- )
(6.5)
1976
128.5
(8.4)
66.4
(9.4)
122.7
(27.7)
40.7
(10.3)
45.4
(8.7)
14.5
(lG.6)
1.2
(17'7)
0.6
(65.6)
420.2
(8.7)
1979
144.5
(9.4)
105.6
(14.3)
40.6
(10.4)
72.9
(lJ.5)
65.7
(11.9)
20.3
(13.6)
1.9
(26.2)
6.4
(13.6)
456.9
(6.4)
(n ••• )
5 655.4
( n• • • )
4 351.7
( n •• • )
(n••• )
1 4 18.6
(n ••• )
( n •• • )
(n• • • )
3 566.4
7 835.6
9 46 1 . 6
(n•••)
9 426.2
10 177.7
( n• • • )
11 279.3
Total (excluding mtorcycles
• buses
1963
16 027.7
1971
29 749.2
1976
33 212.0
36 238 . 3
1979
Hotorcyclu
( n ••• )
(n ••• )
(n • •• )
(n ••• )
12 837.1
22 689.3
28 032.3
29 636.2
(n • • • ) 10 595.9
(n • • • ) 14 215.0
(n • • • ) 16 953.9
(n • • • )
(n• • • )
7 428.0
(n • • • )
(n • • • )
2 274.6
2 761.6
(- )
(10.1)
n,a.
1976
495.6
( 1 1 . 5)
330 . 3
(11.4)
371.4
(12.4)
193.4
(11.5)
156.1
(12.2)
50.9
1979
693.3
(7.2)
311.0
(8.2)
410.3
(8.0)
200.7
(7.8)
171.6
(9.7)
30.2
1963
n,a,
1971
242.7
(3.9)
1976
214.3
(0.4)
1979
n.y.l,
(-)
n.l.
( n • •• )
Total All Veh1e1es
1963
(n ••• )
33 921.9 (n • •• )
30 470.6
1971
1976
n.y,l.
1979
A.e.T.
(- )
n,l,
(- )
139.0
(3.3)
112.2
(0.6)
n.y.a.
n.l.
22 913.9
n.a.
94.6
83.5
( -)
n.y.a.
(- )
n.l.
(n ••• ) 10 835.4
28 474.8
(n ••• ) 14 669.9
n.y.a.
n.y.a.
(- )
(-)
(4.2)
(0.8)
(- )
H
(n • • • )
(n • • • )
(-)
n.a.
74.0
66.3
n.y.a.
n.l.
8 01 7 . 7
9 711.3
n.y.a.
(- )
(-)
n.a.
73.9
(7.2)
67.2
(0.3)
H
".y.a.
(- )
n.a.
(n • • • )
(n • • • )
(-)
528 . 7
24 . 1
(8.1)
(-)
(n • • • )
n.a.
108 . 1
77.6
n,l.
(-)
(6.5)
144.9
(-)
(6.8)
n.l.
105.6
(-)
(5.9)
n.a,
(5.8)
n,a.
n,l.
( n ••• )
697.2
478.7
H
( n ••• )
(n • • • )
n.l.
n.a.
162.3
644.3
2 964.7
1963
H
(n • • • )
(n • • • )
1971
Buses
�,
k.
23 863.2
Articul ated Trucks
l.
(S)
South Austratfa
26 754.9
Rigid Truch
2.
10'
S.£.
1976
ut i l i ties ' Panel Vans
Notesl 1 . Prior to 1 9 7 6
km
1971
1963
)
(X)
Queenshnd
n.a.
27.5
(2.9)
(o.s)
( -)
(-)
26.2
n·Yoil .
n.a.
9 679.5
(n • • • )
2 326 . 2
9 648.6
(n • • • )
2 828.7
n.y,a.
(-)
n.y.a.
( n• • • )
(n ••• )
(- )
(- )
(- )
n.a.
n,l.
H
H
16.2
(12.6)
(10.8)
24.6
(26.0)
20.1
(19.0)
(7.6)
14.6
(7.7)
26 . 7
(10.7)
(- )
n.a.
3.0
(4.8)
5.8
(0.8)
(- )
H
(n • • •
n . y. .. .
)
(n• • • )
(-)
n.a,
( -)
(7.7)
(1.7)
(- )
(-)
664 . 3 ( n• • • )
659 . 1
n.y,a.
(n • • • )
(-)
43 999.7
81 116.9
1 660.3 (n ••• ) 99 277.9
I 753.6 (n • •• ) 109 700.9
n,l.
n. l .
12. 3
n.y.a.
n.l.
(- )
(n •• • )
(3.2)
H
1 64 1 . 3
(6.4)
I 768.2
n ,l.
(3.6)
H
656.7
(2.0)
687.8
(0.3)
n ·1·"
n.l.
I 692. 7
(- )
82 807.8
(n • • • ) 101 606 . 9
n.Y.a,
( -)
n.y.a.
n,l.
(n• • • )
n.l.
(- )
(-)
(n • •• )
I 034.2
( -)
(-)
(n • • • )
(- )
H
( n ••• )
(n • • • )
(- )
d a t a incorporated in HSW total.
Olfferentilltion in 1971 Survey bet....een r18id truck, and BAht cOI!I'IIl'lro lal (reight vehle1ea non"colllpuable with other aurvey yoara•
Prior to 1911 Survey other truck type!! incorporated with rigid lind arliculatod truck categories.
.
Survey conducted on b . h ot allocatinl vehic1u according to respondents' own
elanUlc.tion. Conlll.q, ullntly a!lnHielint nuabeu o( H&ht truck- were treated
.. u t l l l t h s and panel vanl! in tabulationa.
Sources I
ABS
(l981b),
AIS (1979a) , AIS (197gb),
,\as
( 1 9 7 4 ) , AIS (l9Ub),
CICS (1966) .
55
AIR 1 5 5 - 5
ROAD IITILISATlDN
DISTANCE TRAVrLLED BY REGISTERED VEHICLES
STATE OF RliCISTRATlON
SURVEYS OF !«lTOR VEHICLE USAGE 1963, 1971, 1976, 1979
THOOSANDS OF kILOMETRES OF TRAVEL
TABlE 3 . 4
AVERAGE
New South
W.l.s
kM
S.E.
10' (S)
Vehicl. C.tegory
C.rs A Statton W.gons
1963
1971
1976
1979
13.8
16. 1
15.6
14. 7
Hotorqc1e.
(n • • • )
(1.6)
(2.6)
(2.1)
Victoria
km
10'
S.E.
(S)
13.9 (n ••• )
16.4 (2.2)
15.6 (2.3)
15.5 (2.3)
AHHUAL
Qu..nsl and
km
10'
S.E.
(S)
12.8 (n • • • )
16. 1 (2.3)
14.6 (2.2)
14.5 ( 2 . 7)
Au
km
10'
Uti l i ties A Puel V.ns
1963
1971'
1976
1979
S.E.
(S)
13.2 ( n ••• )
16. 1 (3.0)
14.9 ( 1 .9)
14.9 (2.6)
",I.
(-I
n.••
n•••
(-I
n.l.
(- )
6.4
6.6 (6.9)
6.6 (6.8)
7 . 2 (5.7)
6 . 1 (11.6) 6 . 4 ( 1 1 . 4 ) 6 . 1 (12.4) 6 . 1
6.6
6 . 6 (8.2)
6.2 (8.0)
6.4 (7.2)
1963
1971
1976
1979
����il
!-l
(8. 1 )
( 1 1 .5)
(7.8)
�:���I
A
km
10'
S.E.
(I)
14.6 (n. I . )
16.4 (2.2)
15.9 (2.4)
15. 7 (2.7)
lasNnt.
km
10'
S.E.
(S)
13.6 ( n . I . )
14.3 (2.8)
13.6 ( 2 . 7 )
12.9 (2.4)
n,l,
( .)
n •••
t-I
6.8 (10 . 1 1
6.1 (6.7)
5.5 (12.2) 7.8 (10.8)
6 . 3 ( 7 . 5)
6.3 (9.7)
;:���::;:!.
km
10'
S.L
13.5
16.6
15.4
14.5
(n ••• )
(4.7)
(5.8)
(4.5)
(I) .
(
n.a.
.)
7 . 2 ( 14 . 7 1
9.0 (26.0)
6.6 ( 7 . 7 )
(n ••• )
(n • • • )
(6.4)
(7.5)
13.6
17.8
16.3
16.8
(n ••• )
(n.l. )
(4.9)
(6. 1 )
13.9 (n ••• )
16. 1 ( n• • • )
18.4 (5.9)
16.5 ( 4 . 3)
U.8
13.7
17.0
16.0
(n • • • )
(n ••• )
(6.1)
(6.8)
13.5 (n • • • )
16.5 (n • • • )
14.8 (5.4)
16.4 (5.0)
14. 8
19. 7
16.5
18.6
(n • • • )
( n• • • )
(4.9)
(6.3)
12.6
14.2
14.0
14.5
(n • • • ) 16.0
( n ••• ) 22. 7
17.8
(7.1)
(5.4)
21 . 6
12.6
16. 1
16.8
17.9
(n ••• )
(n• • • )
(2.3)
(3.6)
13.0
16.0
15.8
16.9
(n • • • )
(n • • • )
(2.6)
(2.1)
1,.0
13. 8
14 . 7
14.0
(n • • • )
(n ••• )
(4.2)
(2.8)
1 1 . 6 (n • • • )
14 . 7 ( n• • • )
14 . 3 ( 2 . 1 )
13.9 (2.6)
12.5 (n • • • )
17.5 (n ••• )
16.9 (2.9)
16.2 (2.7)
13.2
13.8
15.2
15.2
(n ••• ) 16 . 7 ( n • • • )
(n ••• ) 25. 5 ( n• • • )
18.3 ( 4 . 7 )
(2.4)
(3. 1 ) 20.9 (3.6)
Articulated Trucks
1963
1971
1976
1979
32.3
48.3
61. 7
68. 1
(n ••• )
(n • • )
(1.5)
(2.1)
38.5
48.3
45.4
60.5
(n • • • ) 36.8 (n ••• )
(n • • • ) 38.5 (n • • • )
(2.0) 34 . 9 ( I . S)
( 1 .9) 46.5 ( 1.8)
Other Truck Types '
1963
1971
1976
1979
n,a.
(-)
13.4 (9.6)
16.4 (7.9)
15.3 (9.0)
RI 9 1 d Truck.
1963
1971'
1976
1979
Buses
1.
3.
Prior to
(n • • • ) 40.7 (n ••• )
(n • • • ) 69.0 (n • • • )
( 1.8) 48. 7 (2.4)
(2.5) 50.9 ( 1 . 7 )
n.a,
(-)
n•••
( -)
5.8 (9.7)
8.7 (11.1)
18.4 (12.6) 1 1 . 2 (9.6)
1 1 . 8 ( 10.3) 14 . 1 (13.5)
n.a.
(-)
12.1 (12.6)
10.7 (8.5)
12.0 (U.S)
26.9 (n ••• )
35.3 (n ••• )
47 . 7 ( 2 . 1 )
56.9 ( 2 . 1 )
42.3 ( n ••• )
n•••
(-)
490 5 ( 6 . 6 )
74.6 (5.0)
n.a.
(-)
4.5 ( 16.0)
10.7 (12.4)
8.5 ( 1 1 . 7 )
n.l.
7.2
8.1
12.2
(I
(-)
(15.6)
(15.3)
(7.5)
(S)
n . ' . (-)
n• • (-)
17.3 (4.1)
16.6 (2.8)
•
1976 A.C.T.
1911
data !n�orporated in
)971
NSW.
Austral i l
km
10'
S.E.
(I)
13.7 (n.l. )
15.9 (1.0)
15.4 (1.2)
16.0 ( 1 . 1 )
n . a . ' (- )
n •• o !-l
6.6 (3.2)
.)
n •••
5.4 (19.0) 5.9 (5.4)
6 . 1 (3.6)
7 . 4 (10.7)
(
n.a,
n••,
23.0
20.6
(.)
(-)
(13.8)
(7.4)
13.4
16.2
16.9
16.8
(n • • • )
(n ••• )
(2.5)
(2.6)
12.3 (n ••• )
n• • • 1- )
n . a . (-)
15.8 (n ••• )
22.0 (12.3) 1S.6 ( 1 .4 )
16.4 ( 1 . 6)
20.0 (5.6)
n.•.
n••.
36.5 n . "
(-)
49.0 n • • •
(- )
66.0 (15.6) 49.8 (0.8)
87.6 ( 1 1 . 3 ) 68.4 ( 1.0)
(
(
n •••
n••. -)
-)
n . • . !-l
9.5 (5. 1 )
7 . 7 (56.3) 14. 1 (5.4)
16.9 (13.3) 12.5 (5.2)
()
()
(
DUfenntiation in
Prior to
n.l.
(-)
7 . 6 (7.8)
11.8 (8.8)
10.4 (14.0)
47.6
67.5
71.8
77.2
S.E.
n••• (-)
n•••
( -)
( -)
n• • •
n.•.
n•••
(- )
n• • •
n,•.
(-)
(-)
n• • • ' n.a. 33.5 (2.9) 20.9 (4.8) 24 . 1 (7 . 7 )
31.1 (3.9) 27.6 (3.3) 2B. 3 (4.2) 29.6 (7.2)
33.5 (n ••• ) 33.0 (n .•• ) 33. 1 (n• • • ) 33.9 (n . • • ) 42.2 (n ••• ) 27.5 (n • • • 1 39.7 (n ••• ) n • • • (-J
.y ••• t-I
n.y •• ( - )
n.y . • t-I
n.y •• l-I
-)
n.y • • • !-l n.y . • • t-I n.y . • • t·)
R.y ••
1963
1971
1976
1979
Notest 1.
•
A.C.T . '
km
10'
n •••
(- )
29.3 (2.0)
33.9, (0.3)
n.y •••
!-l
total.
Survey between rigid truc.ks and light commerical freiaht vehicle. non-eo.pullb1e with other .urvey yura.
Survey other truck types incorporated with rigid and articulated truck eategorie • •
Sourc."
AIlS (198lb) . All' (>1979<2) . AIlS (1979b) . AIlS (1974) . AIls (197lb) .
CRCS
(1966)
56
TABLE
A I R 1 55 -:- 5
3.5
ROAD UTILISATION
TOTAL AIfIUAL TONNE KILONETRES PERFORMED 8Y FREIGHT VEHICLES
UTILITIES. PANEL VANS. TRUCKS AHIl OTHER TRUCK-TYPE VEHICLES
YEAR ENDING
AHD
HILLIONS OF TONNE KILOHETRES
1971. 1976 1979
Hew South
Wiles
Vehicl. Type
10'
Tonne
Kilometre
1971
1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
3 1971
1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
1971
'1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
1971'
1976
1979
6 1971
1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
1971 t
1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
1971
1976
1979
Uti l 1 ti.s .nd P.nel V.ns:
2
Ri9id Trucks
Axles'
3
Axles
More th.n
Axles
Axles not stated
Total RI91d Trucks,
4
Artlcul. ted Trucks
AKles or less
5
6
Axles
Axles
More th.n
Axles
Axles not st.ted
Total Articul ated Tru h
Total Trucks
Other Truck Types
1971
1976
1979
Tot.l A l l Freight Vehicles '
Hotul
1.
2.
338.0
514.1
613.4
2750.3
2440.
3074.86
819.7
721.1
948.2
289.4
612.6
493.8
164.7
47.6
3859.4
3939.0
4564.4
3671.5
,2969.1
2616.1
1524.5
219,2827
9.7. 5
211.9
2535,7
5687.4
17.3
69.8
121.9
77.5
5407.9
7843.7.3
11278
9267,2.8
12296
16456,1
49,2-
9682.68
12296.
16456.1
SE
(X)
10'
Tonne
Kilometre
SE
(X)
283.
•••
459.791 ((9.0
11.4
438.5
1872.3 3.05
1942.5
t3.5
2193.5
7
485.4
489.3
769.2 ( t7.31.9
18.7
60.8 14.8
222.7
!20.1
538.5
61.0-- (20.1((-- ))
2408.6 •••
4.3
3501.2 r'
4.0 2715.5
V41
•••
2611.4 p.5
p.22.7••• 3019.8
0,9
2327.4
6.3 1131.90 2•1!.1
1 3,11.5! 1632,
1951.7 1 0.9
21.3 (25,4
14,21.31 665.1
1 1.8) 3210.9 p.53.5
12,5 P36.1�-,8)
39,0( -) 1 52.2
43.8
(- )
( - ) 53.2- (17.2
(18.1)
( -)
(30,1)
4172.9 p.3•••
7542.3 2,4
V1.9jj 4974.3
6581.5 0,66
4 8149,4
0,6 ! 11482,
t0,8
t0.9
26,3) 11.1- (26,4
1:1 - 1: 1
·
t16.4
15.7·
3.6
!4.33.2
112.3
0.36•9
13.1
15.17.79
16.9( -) 1
27.3
(n
(n
(n
(n
Tonne
K11 °�lre
112.5
199.7
647.6
1047.1
1178.3
1186.0
226.0
212.0
433.5
69.6
152.9
339.
6
139.9
0.1
1342.7
1683.1
1959.2
876.5
736.6
885.0
564,5
544.9
995.6
64.6
526.3
1841.6
64.4
258,1
SE
(X)
.
t23.1
20.6
"6
16.0
4.0
(7.2
11.9
12.4
22.7
19.5
25.4
(-)
12.0
73.9
a
14•7
5.4
•••
13•05.3
,9
t2.2!.5
(21.1
p.92,9
n.a.
(n
-
(n.a,
I
197J
10'
Tonne
Kllo""tre
It�1
10.5
(11.3( -)
107.2.8- 6 (58.3
1505,6
1979.8 12.02•0
3983.1
2848.4 2.16
3862,6
6689,
8 t2.3
1.6- (16.
- I: !
2959.2
6799,9
0,941 11482.1
3862.6 t2.12.36 1
0,61.61 6589.8
8149.4 !0.8
t0.5
(n
Western
Austr.li.
South
Austra l i .
Queensland
Victoria
SE
(X)
90.4 12.1a.
125.5
147.8 t11.7
954.8 3.34
814.0
795.8 t3.6
336.0
390.5 (10.9
1 9.57•0
342.0
49.4 19.7
14•8
124.4
123.1
180.3
- ( -)
53.0
0.41.6 167.1
••.
1340.2
1330.6 p.7
1318.6
4.4
1144.4
•••
1557.8
917.0 10•15.6
669.4 3•3
2122,8
2162.7 12.42.9
12,4 (17.3
1734.9
1559,3 10.92,9
6.1 141.0
4U
127.5
(30.7( - )
0.590.0 (47.5
1846,2 .•·7,
5511.6
4786.8
F3.2
3186.4 o
6967.7
6253,2 t2.22,0
11.3- (14.6
- 1:1
3288.2 2,0o!
6967.7
6253.2
t2.0
(n
(n
(n
'
10'
Tonne
Kilometre
129.7
188.6
261.4
1000.7
1208.1
1252.5
284.0
312.0
420.6
75.4
164.4
292.4
112.40.11260.1
1786.
1965.68
834.2
714.5
797.9
518,4
662,6
915.2
366.6
123.3
323.2
230,
388.48
4,0-1719,2
1735,2
2424.9
3079,3
3710.7
4651.8
9.6-
NOrthern
Territory
Tasmania
SE
(X)
13.7··'
U16.0
9
t3.93.5
(8.0
pO.6
10.3
14•4
124.3
15.8
( -)
98.9
166•6
•••
15•3
3.8
•••
14•42,9
3
t!.71.7
(3.2
(16.3
(3,3
(-)
16.51.1
( -)
(29,2
( -)
•••
12•21.0
5
t2,41.8
(34.1
(n
(n
(n
1:1
10'
Tonne
1 1 0metre
23.7
29.7
69.4
228.3
246.5
280.3
104.6
112.1
149.1
16.7
23.8
18.2
4.86.2
349.5
388.6
452.4
177.3
226.1
226.8
125.8
365,
505.59
9.8
51.3
157.9
5.13.7-
SE
(X)
10'
Tonne
Ki lometre
Australia
ACTl
SE
(X)
Tonne
i l o�l re
SE
(X)
10'
Tonne
i l o..tre
SE
(X)
987.0 •••'O!
1676.5
45.6· · �226.8
3�!: 12.9
16.4· · 32.3
t16.0
18.3 21.3
26.5 t28.0
F8.0
n.a.
71.1
58.9
46.8
70.2
16.3
25.8
158.3
49.3
91.9
20.12.2299.6
144.6
16fi.7
60.8
50.6
61.7
164,0
45.7
44.1
158.0
5,8
53.3
78,74�:�1 584,0
48.4
( - ) 69,4( 12.8!
4.2
(41.4
••• 382,8
747.3
p2.5.8! 250.3
7 682,4
946,3
t0,81.6 1 432.7
(17.9) 0.6-
"8
14.93.6
(10.6·2
F8.7
26.3o.7
t33.8
21.7(-)
131.9
•••
14.13.2
•••
14•15.2
5
t!.92.4!
(42,99•91
19.0
n
(n
n
(n
1.628,6
312.8
677,1
895,6
662,4
1095.4
1407. 3
0,8-
(n
1:1
7
t8.57.2
14.9
14.2
13.3
15.1
37.5
22.3
( -)
43.9
38.81
•••
14.3
12.8I
.••
12.5
15,9I
17.5
21.1
17.4!
18,1
51.2
27,41
2(4,41-.4) 1
( -)
25,9)
78.2)
••• !
°,2
16,3
4,95j
t4.5
26,2)
(n
-
1:1
-
66.1
61.0
27.3
18.2
3.44.7
0.2--
96.9
83.9
20.6
38.6
25,6
51.5
22.4137.8
-
2.0-
-
68,7
229.9
187.0340.2
-
(h
7924.0
7966.1
pU
11.3I 8890.8
( - ) 2325.7
3106.7
143•4
34.6 2280.7
( - ) 709.7
1959.4
F73.72.21 1343.3
(96.((-J) 506.1
55.2
(- ) 10969.4
12085.1
p5.5
10.91 14012.0
-
( - ) 9783.8
7870.5
127•1
32,1 1 8886.8
( - ) 4718.1
7599.4
142•4
38,0 9473.7
844.5
(- ) 5664.9
153•1
26.81 12971.4
414,9I:! 1485.7
(90.8)
()
86.6
((--)) 474.7
( ) 15346.4
p6.6
31888.2
16.61 23040,7
( ) 26305,7
36702.3
pl.3
11.6 48126,8
90,1-
-
!:I
-
677.9 2 187.0- 11,3(-) 27187,0
3196.1 6 683,3 1.5' 6 ! 432.7
36702.3
3710.7
11.61 48127,0
1407.3 T0,8 946.3 t4.54.9 1 340.2
4652.0 t2,41.81 1095.4
9
t1.71.9!
3.5
\4.0
5.4)1
7.
!8.89.0l !
16.4( -) 1
23.7
p.72.0.•• !
••.
10•71.3!
4
t0,91.21
4
t0.81.3!
(- )
16.35.01
(9.0( -) )
28,1)
j,
°·9
1 1.1
8
t0.50,6!
4)'
T:!
7
t0.60.6 1 '
(n
(n
I
(n,a'
prior t o 1976 AtC.T. data incorporated into New South Wales total
Truck. c:lauitied . . tw� axle rlaid vehicle. in
o f limited COllparability with similar vehicles for other survey yean
3,
Yehie1.. c 1 a.. Uied i n thb ubh a s compriling aix-axle articulated veh1clea i n 1971 comprise . 1 1 .uch vehic1ea with IIOre than five axlea,
4.
Flaurea for 1971 do not alai
preciae1y to c.olumn total• .
Sour... .
ABS (l9Blbl . ABS (1979.). ABS (l973b) . oaes (1966),
AIR 1 5 5 - 5
57
TABLE 3 .6
ROAD UTILISATION
TOTAL ANNUAL TONNES CARRIED BY FREIGHT VEHICLES
BODY TYPE BY STATE OF REGI STRAT ION BY NUI'BER OF AXLES
SURVEYS OF MOTOR VEHICLE USAGE
1971 , 1976, 1979
ItILLIONS OF TONNES
YEAR
VEIIICLE TYPE
Utilities
�
106
& panel vans
R t 9 d trucks
3
..Ies
More than 3 axle.
AxIu not stated
Tot.I ri9id trucks
Articul ated trucks
4 axle. or Ie.s
5 Ixles
More than 6 axl es
Tot.l articulated trucks
Tota 1 trucks
Other truck types
Total freight vehicles
,
t
106
8. 5
SEll
S .A.
QId.
t
106
(n• • • )
SE(%)
(n . a . )
t
106
-
2.1
2.
3.
N.A.
106
(n . a . )
3 . 0 (n.a.
N. T.
Tas.
SE(%)
t
t
SEll)
0.7
(n • • • )
106
)
t
106
1 7 . 5 ( 15.0)
1 3 . 3 ( 12. 1)
4 . 1 ( 18.6)
3.5 ( 12 . 9 )
6 . 5 ( 13 . 8)
1 . 2 ( 17 . 0 )
1979
16.0 (14.9)
17 . 6 ( 14 . 0 )
16.9 ( 15. 1)
6. 1 ( 12 . 8)
7 . 9 (28. 1)
1 . 6 ( 1 1 . 1)
3.9
SEll)
A.C.T. 1
t
106
Austr. l ia
t
SEll)
30 . 7
(n . a . )
SEll)
106
0.4 ( n . a )
n.l.
1. 4 ( 12 . 9 )
0. 3
( 4 1 . 3)
47.8 ( 7 .0)
0 . 8 ( 16 . 6 )
0.5
(25.7)
66 . 5 ( 7 . 2 )
H
(: )
347 . 6 ( 3. 9 )
1 2 1 . 8 ( 6 . 0)
78.2 (8.6)
54.9 ( 7. 6)
40. 9 ( 15 . 4 )
37. 7 ( 10 . 0)
10.6 ( 7 . 5)
3 . 4 ( 16.0)
n . lI .
1976
9 7 . 6 ( 3 . 8)
67. 7 ( 4 . 8)
5 1 . 8 ( 7. 0 )
3 1 . 4 ( 6 . B)
34.2 ( 5 . 2 )
12 . 1 ( 6 . 1 )
3. 1 ( 9 . 0)
2.3
( 15.7)
300 . 1 ( 2 . 3 )
10. 3 ( 4 . 8)
(9.6)
�8. 7 ( 3. 2 )
1979
116 . 5 ( 6 . 6 )
78 . 1 ( 7 . 9 )
49.2 ( 9 . 1 )
34.2 ( 5 . 6)
36.6 ( 5 . 2 )
I . B ( 7. 4 )
2.1
1971
44.9 ( 7 . 4 )
26.8 ( 7 . 8)
2 1 . 0 ( 16. 3)
17.4 ( 13.5)
15.9 ( 1 1 . 5 )
5 . 2 ( 19 . 3)
2 . 0 ( 11 . 8 )
n . 4 . ( -)
1976
34.2 ( 10 . 1 )
2 1 . 6 (8. 3)
19. 7 ( 16.0)
20.4 ( I ! . 7)
2 1 . 1 ( 16 . 1 )
6. 1 ( 7 . 8)
0 . 9 ( 13 . 7)
1.1
(37.4)
126.0 ( 5 . 2)
1979
53. 1 ( 14 . 5)
2 9 . 6 ( 10.0)
26 . 5 ( 1 2 . 7)
14 . 5 ( 1 1 . 2 )
2 7 . 6 (20. 2)
8 . 3 ( 13.6)
1 . 6 ( 14 . 8)
0.6
( 32 . 4 )
161.9 (6.6)
133.1 ( 4 . 5)
26.7 ( 9 . 7
1971
16.0 ( 14 . 8)
1 . 3 ( 19 . 5 )
2 . 0 ( 22 . 7 )
2 . 7 ( 18. 7)
3.6 (21.6)
0 . 4 (26.8)
0. 9 ( 2 7 . 7)
n.l. (-)
1976
22 . 0 ( 13 . 2 )
5 . 9 (23.8)
7.4 (25.2)
3.2 (24. 1)
4.4 (27.4)
0 . 6 (20.9)
0 . 9 (39.6)
0. 1
(68.0)
4 4 . 4 ( 9 . 0)
1979
18.2 ( 1 7 . 3)
1 2 . 0 (20.0)
11.0 (22.4)
5.4 (29.6)
9 . 7 ( 19 . 5)
0 . 0 ( 32 . 1 )
0 . 3 ( 19 . 7 )
0.2
(46.9)
57. 7 ( 9 . 2 )
1971
-
1976
3 . 6 ( 16 . 9 )
2 . 5 (3D.6)
1979
1 . 5 (28.5)
-
(-)
(n . a . )
-
( -)
( -)
-
( -)
(65.0)
-
(-)
-
(- )
(n • • • )
-
9 . 6 (23.2)
-
(-)
(n . a . )
(n • • • )
-
(-)
0.4 ( 5 3 . 9 )
-
(-)
(n . a . )
-
(-)
0.2 (21.0)
-
( -)
-
(-)
n . lI . ( - )
-
0 . 2 ( 42 . 2 )
0.2 (29.7)
(n • • • )
(n . a . ) n • • •
-
(-)
( -)
1 6 . 2 ( 14 . 8)
( -)
2.0 (22.5)
1971'
182.6
(-)
507.4 ( n . l . )
1976
157.4 ( 3 . 8)
97.6 ( 4 . 1)
88.3 ( 7 . 2 )
55.0 ( 5 . 9 )
60. 1 ( 6 .6)
19. 1 ( 4 .6)
4.9 ( 9 . 4 )
3. 4
( 14 . 7 )
485 . 7 ( 2 . 2 )
1979
189 . 3 ( 6 . 7 )
1 1 9 . 6 ( 5 . 8)
86.8 (6.8)
54 . 1 ( 5 . 2 )
73.9 ( 8 . 2 )
19 . 7 ( 6 . 2 )
4 . 0 ( 7 .0)
2.9
( 9 . 2)
550.3 ( 2 . 8)
( -)
120.6 ( n • • • )
(n • • • )
106 . 3
43.2
(n . a . )
77. 9
14 . 5
(n . a . )
61.0
7.8
67. 1
( n . a. )
7.5
(n • • • )
16.2
4.0
6.3
(n • • • )
0.6
(n • • • ) n , 4 .
1971
42.9
1976
28.8 ( 3 . 3)
30 . 6 ( 4 . 3)
13. 5 ( 5 . 9 )
8 . 4 (8. 1 )
6 . 2 ( 4 .0)
6. 1 ( 5 . 2 )
1 . 0 ( 1 1 . 8)
0. 5
( 39 . 4 )
94 . 1 ( 2 . 1)
1979
38.9 ( 5 . 0)
30. 7 ( 3. 9 )
1 6 . 4 ( 4 . 7)
8 . 1 ( 5.0)
8. 3 ( 6 . 1 )
3.8 (6.8)
1 . 6 ( 1 7.0)
0.9
( 32.8)
108.6 ( 2 . 3)
6 . 1 ( 10 . 4 )
1971
17. 1 (8.8)
8 . 4 ( 6 . 7)
1976
28. 7 ( 6 . 6 )
10.6 ( 4 . 6 )
10.4 ( 6 . 7)
1979
34 . 7 ( 7. 9 )
18.2 ( 6 . 7)
14 . 2 ( 6 . 3)
(n• • • )
(n • • • )
(n . a . )
6 . 5)
15 . 1 ( 7 . 1 )
2 . 6 ( 7 . 1)
2 . 4 (23.5)
n.a, (-)
5 . 7 ( 3 . 3)
0.6 (20. 9 )
0.3
(46.0)
76.2 ( 3.4)
12.6 (5.4)
8.3 (4.4)
1.2 (27.1)
0.6
( 1 9 . 5)
105.0 (3.2)
(n ••• )
(n . I . ) .
0.6
(n.l.
4.6
1976
29 . 1 ( 5 . 4)
1 . 7 ( 7 . 6)
5.0 (8.0)
2.4
( 13.8
2 . 2 ( 19 . 6 )
0. 5 ( 12 . 3)
1979
43. 7 ( 7 . 5 )
10.6 ( 5 . 9 )
1 1 . 6 ( 5 . 5)
3.0
(8.9)
2.2 (8.4)
2 . 0 ( 10 . 8 )
1971
n . 4 . (- )
n,a, ( -)
n.a, (-)
5.3
0.3
0.6
n,a.
(-)
48 . 7 ( 3 . 9 )
7 . 8 ( 6 . 3)
1 1 . 8 ( 12 . 5 )
4.4 (7.2)
8.0
n . l . (-)
0.1
1.1
-
n.a. ( -)
(n • • • ) n . l .
0.9
(-}
(n • • • )
(-)
12.6
( 4 1 . 8)
4 1 . 7 (4.2)
(26.3)
74 . 4 ( 4 . 6 )
0 . 6 (47. 1 )
0. 7
n• • ( -)
n.l. ( -)
n ,8. (-)
1976
0 . 2 ( 37 . 5)
0 . 1 ( 3 1 . 5)
0.8 (27.2)
0.2
(53.6
1 . 5 ( 14 . 1 )
0. 1 (33. 7)
0.2 (22 . 2 )
-
(-)
3 . 1 ( 10 . 6)
1979
0 . 4 ( 38.8)
0.2 (27.5)
1 . 1 ( 17 . 5 )
0. 1
( 31 . 4
1.6 (11.6)
-
2.2
-
( -)
5.7 (7. 1)
n.a. (-)
1976
0 . 8 ( 16 . 6)
1979
1 . 9 ( 32 . 2 )
(n . a . )
n.l. (-)
n.a. ( - )
2 . 0 ( 6 . 7)
0 . 6 (22.8)
-
( -)
51.8
(n.a. )
n.a.
0.2
0 . 1 (83.2)
(n.a. )
-
12. 9
1971
65.3
1976
87 . 7 ( 2 . 9 )
43.6 ( 3 . 3)
31.6 ( 3. 5)
19.2
1979
1 19 . 6 ( 3. 7 )
59 . 7 (2 . 5)
43. 5 ( 2 . 8)
26 . 3
21.2
H
n.a. ( -)
H
n.a (-)
n.8. ( - )
(23. 4)
-
(-)
0. 7 ( 12 . 0 )
(-)
-
( -)
-
(n . a . )
(n . a . )
( I L l)
3 . 4 (26.0)
(-)
-
(-)
n.a, (-)
n.a. ( -)
-
(-)
7 . 8 ( 1 1 . 8)
-
( -)
2 . 0 ( 30 . 1)
(n . a . ) n , a .
( -)
18 1 . 8
(4. 7 )
2 1 . 7 ( 7 . 3)
1 2 . 2 ( 2 . 8)
5 . 2 ( 16 . 6)
1.7
( 1 8 . 3)
222 . 9
( 4 . 0)
24. 7 ( 3 . 4 )
14. 1 ( 3 . 0)
5 . 7 ( 9 . 1)
2.2
( 14 . 1 )
295.8
20.0
4.1
6.5 (n.a. )
(n . a . )
( I. 7)
(I. 7)
689 . 2 ( 2 . 2 )
1971'
247. 9 ( 3. 8)
158. 1 ( 4 . 7)
99. 0 ( 5 . 4 )
73.9
(9.2)
77.0 ( 5 . 5 )
2 2 . 9 ( 5 . 5)
10.4 ( 9 . 1)
n , lI , ( - )
1976
245.0 ( 2 . 6)
141 . 2 ( 3 . 0)
1 1 9 . 9 ( 5 . 3)
74.2
(4.5)
8 1 . 8 ( 5 . 3)
3 1 . 2 ( 3. 0 )
10. 1 ( 9 . 7 )
5. 1
( 1 1 . 5)
708.6 ( 1 . 6 )
1979
309 . 0 ( 3 . 5)
179 . 3 (4 . 0 )
130. 2 ( 4 . 6)
80.4
(3.7)
98.6 ( 6 . 2 )
33.8 ( 3.8)
9 . 7 (5.9)
5. 1
(7.5)
846. 1 ( 1 . 9 )
0. 1 (29. 4)
n.l. ( -)
1971'
0.4 (20.6)
2 . 5 ( 19 . 7 )
0. 1 ( 2 5 . 2 )
0. 1
0.2 ( 2 1 . 9)
(23.8)
0 . 1 (60.6)
-
3 . 4 ( 14 . 9 )
1976
-
( -)
-
(-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
-
( -)
-
(-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
-
1979
-
(-)
-
(- )
-
( -)
-
(-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
-
(-)
H
723. 3 ( 2 . 1)
1971
262 . 5 ( 3.6)
167.0 ( 4 . 5)
103. 1 ( 5 . 1 )
76 . 1
(8.9)
80.2 ( 5 . 3)
23. 7 ( 5 . 3)
10.8 (8. 7 )
n.a. (-)
1976
262 . 5 ( 2 . 5 )
154.6 ( 2 . 8)
124 . 1 ( 4 . 5 )
77.6
( 4 . 3)
88.2 (4.8)
32 . 4 ( 2 . 8 )
1 1 . 5 (8.6)
5.4
( 10 . 6 )
756.4 ( 1. 5 )
1979
325.0 ( 3. 4 )
197.0 ( 3. 0 )
146.2 ( 4 . 4 )
86. 5
( 3 . 6)
106.5 ( 6 . 1 )
35.4 ( 3 . 6 )
10. 5 ( 5 . 6 )
5.6
(7.2)
912 . 6 ( 1 . 8 )
Hotes:
1.
SE(%)
12. 1 ( n . a. )
1971
Axles not stated
(S)
1971'
19712
6 Ixl.s
SE
1976
1971'
axles
Vi c .
N . S .W.
t
Prior to 1976 ACT data incorporated into NSN total
Comprises tonnes carried by articul ated vehicles having IOO re than 5 axles
Comparisons between 1971 Survey data for rigid trucks , uti l i ties and panel
vans and equivalent data for other years l imi ted by di fferent vehi cle
categoris.tion.
Sources : A8S ( l98Ib)
ADS ( 1 979a)
ABS ( l973b)
U1
OJ
TABLE 3 . ,
ROAD UTI LISATION
AVERAGE LOAD CARRIED WHILE LADEN
FREIGHT VEHICLES BY STATE OF REGI STRATION
SURVEYS OF MOTOR VEHICLE USAGE 1971 AND 1979
TONNES
Ve h l· c 1 e Ty� 1
Year
Ut i l i ties and Panel Vans
Truck � - rigid & articul ated
Cal'!"�,T-nfJ" (!',.;ty,:pae-,
_
under .. t
-
4 & under 8 t
I
South
Western
Northern
New South
I
Victoria
Queensl and
Austral i a
Austral i a
Tasmania
Terri tory
ACT2
Austral i a
Wal es
----�
__�__-4 _____
1__-r__
---------__�__�__-+
__
__
-r
r�
�r-__
�
4�
-r
�
.-
t
SE
t
SE
t
SE
t
SE
t
SE
t
SE
t
1971
1979
0.3
0.4
(n.a . )
(7.9)
0.3
0.3
(n.a . )
0.2
0.4
(n.a. )
(8�5)
0.3
0.3
( n .a . )
(7.0)
0 .3
0.4
(n.a. )
(9.3)
0 .3
0.3
(n.a.)
0.3
0.4
1971
1979
1.1
1.3
( 2. 4)
(2.6)
1.4
1.5
0.9
1.7
( 2 . 4)
( 1. 9 )
1.1
1.3
1
(8.7)
( 3 . 2)
1.0
1.1
(3.0)
(4. 2 )
0.9
1.2
(3.9)
(3.6)
1971
1979
4.2
4.3
( 1.4)
(3.5)
4.0
4.2
(2.5)
( 1 . 3)
4.0
4.5
(2.0)
( 1 . 5)
4 .6
5.2
(1.5)
( 1 . 3)
4.0
4.3
(2 . 3)
( 1 . 4)
(% )
R i gi d trucks
CazTying aap=ity
-
8 t &
aver
1971
1979
Arti cul ated trucks
CazTying (!apaeity
- _
_
_
8 & under 12 t
1971
1979
12 & unde r 1 6 t
1971
1979
7'5
- t &
aver
Other truck type vehicles
Total
1
1
I
8.1
7.9
1
( 1 . 2)
( 2 . 1)
4 .4
4.6
(%)
( 5 . B)
1 (( 21 .. 91))
I ( 1 . 2)
( 1 . 5)
I
I
(%)
(%)
(% )
(%)
( 9 .4)
( 2 . 1)
( 2 . 8)
8.1
8 .6
{2.3)
(2.5)
7.5
8.2
(2. 3 )
( 2 . 3)
8.7
8 .8
( 2 . 4)
( 2 . 1)
7.9
7 .8
( 2 . 9 ) 14 . 2
(4.2) 13.4
(3.2)
( 2 . 8)
( 1 .3) 8 .4
(7.7) 8.5
( 1 .3)
( 1 .8)
8.7
8.3
( 1 .4)
(1.3)
7 .9
9.0
( 4 . 3)
( 3 . 1)
8 .4
9.1
11 • 5
11.7
( 0 . 7 ) 11 . 7
( 2 . 4) 1 1 . 5
( 0 . 7)
( 1 . 3)
11.1
10.8
( 1 .0)
(0.9)
11.3
10.4
(1.5)
(3.2)
10.9
11.4
1 (( 11 .. 8)0)
1971
1979
16 . 3
17 . 2
( 0 . 8) 1 5 . 4
(0 . 8) 17 . 0
( 0 . 7)
( 1 .0)
16 . 2
17 .4
( 0 . 8)
( 0 . 7)
16 . 4
17 . 7
(0.7)
( 1 . 2)
20 . 0
18 . 3
1971
1979
1.9
-
( 11 . 7 )
(- )
(7.6)
(- )
1.0
-
(9.5)
e- )
4.5
(6.5)
( -)
2 .4
1971
1979
2.1
2.5
( 1.0�
(4.0)
( 1 .0)
(2.5)
1.8
2.3
( 1 . 6)
(4. 0 )
2.3
2.7
( 1 . 7)
(3.0)
2.3
2.7
2.4
1\
-
2.1
2.2
-
-
8.2
8.5
( 3 . 8)
( 3 . 1)
1.
2.
Vehicle types not exactly comparable between 1971 and 1979 surveys
Data for
A.C.T.
I
'
(%)
0 . 4 1(12.8)
!I
(3.6)
(2.6)
n . a . I(n . a . )
4.2
4.5
(0.7)
( 1 . 1)
(5.9)
(6 . 7 )
n . a . (n . a . )
1.1
3.6
\
I
(4.1) '
(6 . 9 )
I
( 7 . 8)
I
I
I
I (9.5)
8.2
8.3
( 0 . 8)
( 1 .0)
8.5
9.2
(0 . 9 )
(2.5)
1 1 .4
11.4
(0 .4)
(1.0)
n.a' (n.a . )
(6.9)
16 . 7
17 .6
(0.5)
( 0 . 4)
n . a . en . a . )
2.5
-
(5.3)
( )
n.a.
2.1
2.4
(0 . 6 )
( 1 .7)
7.0
I
( 3 . 1)
(4.7)
n .a ' ( n . a . )
( 1 . 2)
( 1 . 0)
16 . 8
18 . 1
( 1 . 8) 22 . 5
( 1 . 2 ) 32 . 3
( 6 . 1)
(3.5)
1 (7 . 3)
I (-)
1.9
(1.5)
(4. 2)
2.2
2.4
I
I
-
( 24 . 1)
2.6
( -)
-
( 2 . 0)
(3.9)
1 ( 15 . 9 )
,
)
3.0
3.2
�
I
(3.6)
( 1.4)
( 1 . 3)
( 1 .4) 1 1 . 0
(1.2) 13.5
_
( n .a . )
1.1
1.4
11 . 1
12 . 1
_
0.3
0.4
(%)
!( n . a . )
4.3
_
SE
n.a.
( 7 . 1)
I
,
t
( 7 . 5)
( 3 . 3)
6 .4
7.5
L-__________________�____�__�__�____L___�___J____�___L__� ____�___L____�__
Notes :
3.7
4.1
SE
n .a . ( n . a . )
( 11 . 7)
I
"
8 .7
11 . 2
t
(n .a. )
\
0 .7
1.8
I
i1
I
8.0
8.3
II
-
SE
(% )
(-
(4. 5)
I ( 7 . 1)
1
n.a. (n.a. )
5.5
18. 0
-
1.6
(49 . 3)
I
I
I(55 . 1 )
il
l
( -)
(n . a . )
-(8 .4)
,-,�
�----- �---
-----
ABS
(1981b) .
ABS
i
I
I
I
-
incorporated into New South Wales data.
Sources :
i
I
( 1973b) .
�
H
�
I-'
U1
U1
I
VI
TABLE
3.8
ROAD UT I L I SAT ION
�
H
::u
TOTAL PASSENGERS CARRIED AND VEH I CLE KILOMETRES PERFORMED BY BUSES
YEARS EN DING
30
1�71
J UNE
AND
1976
I-'
U1
01
I
U1
SURVEYS O F BUS FLEET OPERATIONS
MILL IONS OF VEHI CLE KI LOMETRES AND PASSENGERS CARR I ED
SURVEY OF BUS FLEET OPERATIONS
YEAR ENDING 30 JUNE 1971
TYPE OF S ERV I CE
Veh i cl e Ki l ometres
Performed
Mi l l i ons
S.E.
SURVEY OF BUS FLEET OPERATIONS
YEAR ENDING 30 JUNE 1976
Passengers Carri ed
(%)
Mi l l i ons
S.E.
2
(%)
Veh i cl e Ki l ometres
Pe rformed
Mi l l i ons
S.E.
(%)
Passengers Carri ed
Mi l l i on s
S.E.
2
(%)
ROUTE SERVICE
In Capital C i ty and Other
Urban Areas
On Interca p i ta l Routes
>
In Other Areas
SCHOOL BUS SERVICES
1
CHARTER SERVICES
}
TOUR SERVICES
OTHER SERVICES
TOTAL
-
-- -- � .� - -...--..-
323 . 8
( 2.9)
55 . 5
( 12 . 2)
132 . 1
( 5 .2)
48 . 8
( 10 .,6 )
96 . 9
( 7 . 8)
656 . 8
( 2.0)
- -
� -- ------
745 . 9
( 6 . 4)
15 . 6
( 20 . 0 )
79 . 6
(0 . 3 )
(0.2)
(
)
1.4
36 . 5
( 1. 9 )
13 . 3
(2.5)
( 5.5)
168. 5
(0 . 7)
183 . 8
(0.6)
24 . 7
( 10 . 4 )
80 . 8
(0 . 8)
88. 3
(0.3)
20 . 8
( 16 . 1)
22. 1
(2 . 5 )
1.8
(2 . 9 )
6.2
( 3 . 4)
2 .8
( 1.2)
886 . 5
( 2 .4)
587 . 8
(0.3)
787 . 2
(0.2)
}
}
- ------ --
--- _...--- -_.._-----
...---
-
(
-
)
_..._--
Sources
1971
495 . 7
12 . 6
Notes :
1 Data for
26 1 . 0
ABS
(1979b)
ABS
(l9 7 3b )
school bus services covers non-urban operations only.
2 Inter-survey comparisons of specific service types limited by problems
experienced by respondents in both the measurement o f passenger movements
and their allocation between service types .
01
1.0
TABLE 3 . 9
ROAD UTI L I SATION
STATE AND MUN I C I PAL ROUTE BUS SERVI CES
VEHICLE KILOMETRES AND PASSENGER JOURNEYS PERFORMED IN CAP ITAL AND PROVINCIAL C IT IES
1969/70 to 1978/79
0'1
o
YEARS ENDING JUNE 30
(OOO ' s )
State or Terri tory
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
New South Wales
Vehi cl e ki l ometres
71 735
71 510
65 747
67 024
67 052
65 900
63 908
63 028
63 468
65 181
Passenger journeys
235 980
229 892
189 220
204 852
207 511
197 568
187 364
192 656
196 670
199 850
Vehi cle ki lometres
11 142
11 294
11 190
11 882
11 923
12 027
12 681
12 762
12 874
12 879
Passenger j ourneys
22 353
22 753
20 471
20 993
22 168
22 658
20 821
20 073
19 339
19 927
Vehi cl e k i lometres
23 768
22 891
21 123
20 809
20 836
19 790
19 061
19 303
20 452
20 749
Passenger j ourneys
73 349
67 168
60 493
60 454
57 712
50 759
49 588
49 433
50 100
49 339
Vi cto ri a
Queensl and
South Austral i a
Vehi cle k i l ometres
16 478
16 712
16 663
16 794
21 799
30 819
32 513
33 772
35 075
36 634
Passenger journeys
41 642
39 671
39 257
40 067
46 110
57 046
57 088
56 827
56 069
n.a.
37 345
39 254
40 127
40 023
40 163
41 000
41 553
41 SOO
42 171
4 2 048
59 386
60 286
58 362
57 519
54 287
Western Austral i a
Veh i c l e k i l ometres
Passenger journeys
56 634
58 054
60 199
59 848
59 181
Vehi cl e k i l ometres
8 739
8 766
8 647
8 382
8 618
9 145
9 487
9 617
9 872
9 562
Passenger journeys
20 707
20 797
19 606
18 728
19 515
20 589
20 512
19 773
19 517
17 299
949
1 149
Tasmani a
Northern Terri tory
Veh i cl e k i lometres
1 094
1 215
1 239
1 179
1 312
929
1 032
920
Passenger j ourneys
1 418
1 533
1 125
1 166
957
n.a. 1
661
661
Vehi cle k i l ometres
5 021
5 407
6 033
6 774
7 999
8 453
9 896
10 800
1 2 800
13 491
Passenger j ourneys
7 701
7 778
8 049
8 379
8 707
10 500
11 400
12 355
13 874
16 000
Veh i cl e k i l ometres
175 322
177 049
170 769
172 866
179 702
188 062
190 131
192 003
197 660
201 693
Passenger j ourneys
459 783
447 646
398 421
414 487
421 861
418 5062-
407 720
410 140
413 0882-
n.a.
n.a.
796
A.C.T.
Austral i a
Notes :
1.
Figures unavailable for Northern Territory due to effects of Cyclone Tracy.
?
J:"_..--_1 .....:I��
l.""", »�_1- ...._
..
_...
'1''''__.: ........ _
Source :
ABS (198lb)
;1::1.
H
::tI
I-'
U1
U1
I
U1
TABLE 3 . 10
ROAD UTILISATION
>'
H
:;c
TOTAL ANNUAL OCCUPANT KILOMETRES PERFORMED
STATE OF REGISTRATION OF VEHICLES . YEARS ENDING 30 SEPTEMBER 1971 . 1976 . 1979
THOUSAND OF MILL IONS OF OCCUPANT KILOMETRES
Vehi cl e Category
New South
Wales
Vi ctori a
Queens l and
km
109
km
109
S.L
(% )
km
109
1971
45.5
(n . a . )
36 . 2
(n . a . ) 16 . 9 (n . a . )
1976
51.6
(0 . 7 )
45 . 5
(1. 6 )
1979
54 . 6
(0 . 7 )
47 . 2
( 1 . 1)
S.E.
(% )
S.L
South
Australia
Western
Austra l ia
Tas.mani a
North.ern
Terri tory
km
109
S.E.
(% )
km
109
S.E.
(% )
km
109
S.L
(% )
km
109
S.L
12 . 9
(n . a . )
10 . 1
(n . a . )
3.5
(n . a . )
0.6
21.7 (1.2)
15. 4
(0 . 3 )
13.6
(1.2)
4.5
( 1. 9 )
25 . 3 (0 . 4)
15 . 7
(0 . 9 )
15 . 9
(1.0)
4. 7
(2 . 0 )
(%)
A.C.T. 1
�
VI
VI
I
VI
Austral i a
km
S .L
(n . a . )
-
(- )
0.6
( 1 . 7)
2.7
(1.7)
155 . 7 (0 . 6 )
0.7
(2 . 9 )
3.0
( 1 . 0)
167 . 1 (0 . 4 ) I
-
(- )
1 1 . 7 (n . a . )
(% )
109
(%)
km
109
S.L
(%)
Cars & Station Wagons
I
125 . 7 (n . a . ) !
Uti l i ti es & Panel Vans2
1971
3.8
(n . a . )
2.7
(n . a .)
2 . 1 (n. a . )
1.0
(n . a . )
1 .6
(n . a . )
0.3
(n . a . )
0.2
(n . a . )
1976
6.3
(3.1)
4.8
(4 . 2 )
3 . 2 (4 . 5 )
1.3
(4. 1 )
2.4
(4. 5 )
0.5
(3.8)
0.3
(4. 5 )
0.3
(4 . 8 )
1979
7.3
19 . 2 ( 1 . 8 )
(2. 6 )
4.9
(2. 7 )
5 . 4 (4. 7 )
1.7
(1. 7)
3.5
(4. 7 )
0. 6
(6 . 3)
0.4
(5.2)
0.4
(0 . 3)
24 . 2 ( 1 . 6 )
0.9
(n . a . )
1.3
(n . a . )
0.3
(n . a . )
0.2
(n . a . )
-
(1 . 4 )
(- )
10 . 1 ( n . a . )
1.1
1.3
(2 . 1 )
0.3
( 1 . 7)
0.1
(5 . 1 )
0.1
(5.8)
10 . 9 (0 . 9 )
1.1
(1.6)
1.3
(2 . 4 )
0.3
(2 . 3 )
0.1
(2.8)
0.1
(5.2)
11. 3 (1.2)
-
(n . a . )
-
(- )
Trucks & Other Truck Types
1971
4. 0
(n . a . )
2. 2
(n . a . )
1976
3.4
(1.4)
2.3
(2 . 0 )
1 . 3 (n . a . )
2 . 4 (3 . 0 )
1979
4. 1
(2 . 8)
2.9
(2 . 2 )
1 . 3 (1.8)
Motorcycl es
1971
0.5
(n . a . )
0.2
(n . a .)
0 . 2 (n . a . )
0.2
(n.a. )
0.2
(n . a . )
-
(n.a . )
1976
0.5
( 10 . 1 )
0.4
( 10 . 2 )
0 . 4 ( 10 . 7)
0.2
(9 . 5 )
0.2
(10 . 0 )
0.1
(9.9)
1979
0.6
(7. 1 )
0.4
(7.8)
0 . 4 (7 . 3 )
0.2
(6 . 7 )
0.2
(8.2)
(n . a .) 20 . 4 (n . a . )
14 . 8
(n . a . )
13 . 0
1. 1 (n. a . )
0 . 04 (43. 2 )
0 . 02 ( 16 . 5 )
1 . 8 (4 . 7)
0 . 03 ( 6 . 4 )
0 . 02 (7 . 1 )
0 . 03 ( 10 . 1)
1.9 (3.4)
(n . a . )
4.2
(n . a . )
1.0
(n . a . )
Total (excl udi ng buses ) 3
1971
53 . 8
(n . a . ) 41 . 5
1976
61.9
(0 . 7)
53.0
(1.4)
27 . 7 ( 1 . 0 )
18 . 1
(0 . 4)
17.4
(1.1)
5.4
(1.6)
1.0
1979
66 . 6
(0 . 5 )
55 . 4
(1.0)
32. 4 (0 . 8 )
18. 7
(0 . 8)
20 . 9
(1. 1)
5.6
(1.8)
1.3
-
(- )
( 2 . 3)
3.1
(1.5)
187 . 6 (0 . 5 )
(2 . 4 )
3.5
(0.8)
204 . 4 (0 . 4 )
148 . 7 (n . a . )
No tes :
1.
Total occupant distance travelled in the A . C . T . in 197 1 i s included in the New South
Wales total .
2.
Vehicles classified a s Utilities and Panel Vans in 1 9 7 1 are no t strictly comparable
with the same classification for other survey years .
3.
Occupant distance travelled data associated with bus operation is not available .
Sources :
ABS (1981b ) . ABS (1979a) . CABS 1973b) .
en
�
0"1
N
TABLE
RECEIPTS OF FUNDS FOR ROAOWORKS
SOURCE AND FORM OF FUNDS BY LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT
1959/60 to 1979/80
AUSTRALIA :
($ Mi l l i o n )
4. 1
1959/60
Level of Government : F o rm of Funds
1964/65 1969/70
1970/71 1971/72 1972/73
1973/74 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77
1977/78
1978/79 1979/80
COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
Commonwealth Road Grants Legisl ation
Other Advances to State Road Authorities
Advances to Other State and Local Government Bodies
Advances to Commonwealth Authorities ( i n c . N .T . and A . C . T . )
TOTAL COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
83 . 0
1.8
3.3
5.4
93.5
127 .0
7.4
1.6
12.4
148.4
176 . 0
6.5
19. 7
25 . 0
227.2
198 . 3
9.1
21.6
20. 6
249 . 6
222. 1
11.9
25 . 2
23.9
283 . 1
252 .0
11. 1
31.3
32 . 6
327 . 0
285 . 9
12.8
33. 9
34. 7
367 . 3
360. 5
26 . 0
24.8
43. 2
454. 5
437. 2
17.4
16.2
43. 3
5 14 . 1
438. 0
13.6
16. 3
63.0
531. 0
70. 8
84.6
19 .2
10 . 0
11.8
125 .6
122 .4
33.8
12 .0
14. 8
183.0
131 . 5
35 . 5
12 . 7
16 . 5
196 . 2
156 .4
36 . 8
10. 6
14.2
218.0
180 . 6
38. 1
12. 0
13 . 9
244.6
192 . 8
40 . 9
10. 9
16 . 0
260. 6
249 . 3
42 .0
17.0
13.4
321 . 7
286 . 8
41. 9
23.2
32 . 1
384.0
335 . 0
42. 1
48 .4
33 . 3
458.8
21.4
147.0
28. 1
211 . 1
30. 1
226 . 3
34 .5
252 . 5
31.4
276 . 0
34. 1
294. 7
30. 0
351 . 7
41. 5
425. 5
51.9
510 . 7
100 . 0
54.4
8.2
4.2
166 . 8
462 .2
140. 0
61.1
14. 3
145 . 8
58.2
15 . 7
168. 0
55 . 7
10 . 8
180 . 9
59.7
5.3
193 . 2
63,3
4.6
241.0
82 . 3
4.9
346 . 3
94.4
6 .4
-
-
-
-
-
-
215 . 4
653. 7
2 19 . 7
695 . 6
234.5
770 . 4
245 .9
848.9
482 . 0
510 . 3
548.8
75 . 6
597 .6
41.0
581. 3
50 .4
635 . 9
393 .4
43. 8
61.3
107 .0
605 . 5
434. 5
44.6
82 . 7
109 . 0
670 . 7
528.0
6.1
151.8
106 . 3
792 . 2
-
-
-
605. 5
670. 7
792. 2
422. 9
110 . 0
5.0
427. 9
122. 7
428.0
153 . 0
544 . 0
140 . 2
-
-
-
-
-
-
} 40 ;0 } 30 . 0 } 36 . 7
STATE GOVERNMENT
State Road Authori ties
Motor Veh i c l es Taxes and Fees
Road Maintenance Contri buti on ; Taxes and Charges
Loan Funds
Other Grants Advances and Receipts
TOTAL STATE ROAD AUTHORITIES
Other State and Local Government Bodies
Funds Received from State Government Sources1
TOTAL STATE GOVERNMENT
}
}
12.0
7.9
90.8
I
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Rates and Ratepaye rs Contributions
Loan Funds
Payments to Other Government Authori ties2
Other Funds
TOTAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT
TOTAL ROAD FUNDS : ALL LEVELS O F GOVERNMENT
Notes:
}
97.9
3.3
101 . 2
285 . 5
1.
After
1 976/77
incorporated into items listed under State Road Authorities .
2.
After
1 976/77
incorporated into other local government items .
-
261 . 1 328.2
923 . 1 1134.4
447 . 1
1386 . 7
537. 9
1579 .7
550. 6
1753. 7
-
581 . 0
1833. 0
684 . 2
2112 . 3
):I
H
:::0
Source:
NAASRA
( 1959/60-) .
......
U1
U1
I
U1
TABLE 4. 2
�
RECEIPTS OF FUNDS FOR ROADWORKS
H
�
SOURCE AND FORM OF FUNDS ay LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT
I-'
U1
U1
STATES AND TERRITORIES
YEAR ENDING JUNE 30TH 1980
I
U1
($ mi l l i on )
Level of Government : Form of Funds
New South
Wales
Vi ctoria
Queensl an d
South
Austral i a
Western
Austral i a
Tasmani a
Northern
Terri tory
I
A . C.T.
Austra l i a
Commonweal th Government
States Grants (Roads ) Act 1977-79
176 . 8
112 . 5
114 . 9
46 . 4
69.. 2
24 . 9
-
-
544 . 7
Transport P l anning & Research Act
(Financi al Assi stance) 1977
1.5
1.2
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.1
-
-
4.1
-
-
-
�
-
-
0.5
2.3
29. 4
0.1
1.5
2.9
178 . 8
115 . 9
144. 9
46. 9
71.0
27 . 9.
163 . 2
135 . 7
71.5
48. 8
61. 2
16.0
1.2
1.5
1.4
0 .8
1.0
0.2
107 . 0
1.5
29.8
-
0.6
54 . 5
17 . 5
12. 7
2.7
326 . 0
156. 2
1 15 . 4
273 . 2
126 . 0
50 . 0
42 . 5
41.0
42 . 3
Total Local Government
315 . 7
167 . 0
92 . 3
Total Al l Level s of Government
820 . 5
439 . 1
352 . 5
Advances to Commonweal th Authori ties
Other
Total Commonweal th Government
19.0
31.4
50 . 4
-
36. 7
19.0
31 . 4
635 . 9
31. 6
-
528. 0
-
-
6. 1
1 2. 8
-
-
151 . 8
14 . 3
4.6
-
-
106 . 3
52 . 2
77.1
33 . 7
31.6
-
792 . 2
40 . 9
33 . 9
19. 0
1.0
-
544 . 0
8.4
5.7
0.4
-
140 . 2
40 . 9
42. 3
24. 7
1.4
-
684 . 2
140 . 0
190 . 4
86. 4
51.9
-
State Government
Motor Veh i cl es Taxes and Fees
Road Mai ntenance " Contributi on ; Taxes & Charges
Loan Funds
Other Grants Advances & Receipts
Total State Government
Local Government
Rates & Ratepayers Contri buti ons
Loan Funds
-
31. 4
2 112 . 3
�
Sour�e :
NAASRA
(1959/60 -)
�
w
64
AIR 1 5 5 - 5
TABLE 4 . 3
PAYIIENTS FOR ROAOWORKS
PURPOSE BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
1971/72 to 1979/80.
YEARS ENDING 30TH JUNE
($
I tem of Expenditure and Source o f Funds
MILLION )
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
Construction and Reconstruction
Commonwea 1 th
242 . 9
278.2
309 . 4
362.9
416.6
448.6
478 . 3
493 . 7
533 . 5
State
152 . 5
163.0
169.4
177.0
212.2
287 . 1
377 . 4
379.4
491.5
Local
16.2
12.3
11.6
15 . 7
118.6
167 . 8
176 . 9
202 . 7
22 1 . 6
Total
411.6
453.4
490 . 3
555.6
74 7 . 4
903 . 5
I 032 . 6
I 075 . 9
I 246.6
-
Mai ntenance
Commonwea 1 th
19.7
19.1
22 . 3
62 . 0
62 . 0
65 . 7
58 . 5
60.9
67.6
State
BO.5
88.2
105 . 1
121.7
164 . 0
194 . 7
239. 1
263 . 1
274 . 4
Local
14 . 7
13.2
13. 1
16.6
108.3
136 . 3
161.0
177.6
202 . 1
Total
1 14 . 8
120 . 5
140 . 5
200 . 3
334 . 3
396 . 7
458.7
501 . 5
544 . 1
Commonwea 1 th
262 . 5
297 . 3
331 . 6
424 . 9
478.6
514 . 3
536.8
554 . 6
610.0
State
233 . 0
251 . 2
274 . 5
298 . 6
376 . 2
481 . 8
616.5
642 . 5
765 . 9
226 . 9
304 . 1
3 37 . 9
380 . 3
423 . 7
1 08 1 . 8
1 300 . 2
1 49 1 . 3
1 577 . 4
1 790 . 7
Construction Recons truction and
Maintenance
Local
30. 9 1
25.51
526 . 4
574 . 0
Commonwea 1 th
18.5
State
14.8
Local
Total
Total
24 . 7 1
32 . 3 1
630.8
755.8
20.2
19 . 1
25.2
11.6
14 . 1
20 . 2'
23. 1 '
17.2
15.9
37 . 3
43.8
27.4
20.2"
22.4'
26.8'
199.0
216.3
231 . 9
291 . 3
206 . 7
232 . 6
209 .5'
88.5'
262 . 0'
232.4
253.8
266.9
353 . 7
262 . 1
274 . 1
249.9'
134.0'
3 1 7 . 0'
Commonwea 1 th
4.3
4.1
4.6
4.8
5.3
5.8
5.1
3.6
4.0
State
1.7
1.5
1.6
4.4
6.0
6.1
7.8
9.5
10.6
Expendi ture Unal located by A c t l Yi ty
. 28.3'
Planning and Research
-
Local
-
-
-
-
Total
6.0
5.6
6.3
9.2
Commonwea 1 th
285 . 3
321 . 6
355 . 3
454 . 8
495 . 5
534 . 2
562 . 1
581 . 3
633 . 3
State
249 . 5
269.9
292.0
340.3
426 . 0
515.3
644 . 5
674 . 4
803 . 3
Local
229 . 9
241 . 8
256.6
323.6
433 . 7
536 . 7
547 . 4
609 . 1
685 . 7
Total
764 . 7
833 . 3
903 . 9
I 1 18 . 8
I 355 . 2
1 586 . 3
I 754 . 0
I 864 . 8
2 1 22 . 3
-
11.3
-
-
12.9
11.9
-
13 . 1
14.6
Total Al l Road Expenditure
Notes :
1.
Prior to 1975/76 local government payments for several states not available dissected by type o f activity.
2.
Includes loan interest payments Bnd repayments of principal.
Source :
NAASRA ( 1 959/60-) .
65
AI R 1 5 5 - 5
TABLE 4 . -4
PAYMENTS FOR ROADWORKS BY PURPOSE
LEVEL O F GOVERNMENT ORIGINATING FUNOS .
FORM O F FUNDS . AND ROAD FUNCTIONAL CLASS
YEAR ENDING 30TH JUNE 1980
($
Type. Source . and Purpose of Expendi ture o f Funds
MILLIONS)
Road Functional C l a s s : Rural
I & 2
3
4 & 5
Total
Rural
Roads
Road Functional C l ass : Urban
6 & 7
8 & 9
Total
Urban
Roads
Tota l
All
Roads
Grants, A��ro�riations, Other Non Re�alable Funds.
Construction & Recons truction
Conmonwea I th
230.4
36 . 6
85.9
353 . 0
148 . 1
32.4
180 . 5
533 . 5
State
121.4
76 . 7
67.0
265 . 1
199 . 6
26.8
226.4
491 . 5
Local
3.4
0.2
87 . 6
91 . 2
6.6
123.9
130.4
221.6
Total
355 . 3
113.4
240 . 6
709 . 3
354 . 3
183.0
537 . 3
1 246 . 6
Hai ntenance
Conmonwea I th
34 . 6
1.3
24 . 2
60. 1
5.3
2.2
7.5
67.6
State
91.2
77 . 9
41.7
2 10 . 8
57 . 6
6. 1
63.6
2 74 . 4
Local
0.5
Tota)
126 . 3
83 . 2
83 . 7
1.7
116. 7
118.4
202 . 1
79. 2
149 . 0
354 . 5
64 . 5
125.0
189 . 6
544 . 1
60 1 . 0
-
Construc t i o n . Reconstruction & Maintenance
Conmonwea I th
265 . 1
37.8
1 10 . 1
413.0
153 . 4
34 . 6
188 . 0
State
212.6
154 . 6
108.6
475.9
267 . 2
32.0
290 . 0
765 . 9
Local
3.9
0.2
170 . 8
174 . 9
8.2
240 . 6
248.9
423 . 7
Total
48 1 . 6
192 . 6
389 . 6
I 063.8
418.8
308 . 1
726 . 9
I 790 . 7
Una l l ocated by Acti vi ty or Road Functional Class
Conmonwea l th
-
-
·
·
·
·
-
State
-
-
·
·
-
·
·
H.8
Local
·
-
·
·
-
·
·
259 . 3
Total
-
-
-
·
-
·
-
299.4
Conmonwea I th
-
-
-
·
-
·
·
4.0
State
·
-
·
·
-
·
-
10.6
P l a n n i n 9 & Research
28. 3
.
Local
·
·
·
·
-
-
·
Total
·
·
·
-
-
-
·
Conmonwea l th
-
-
-
·
-
·
·
-
-
·
-
·
·
-
Local
-
-
-
·
·
-
-
2.7
Total
-
·
·
-
-
·
-
17.7
Loan Fundsl
State
14.6
.
15.0
Total A l l Sources of Funds
Notes:
1.
Conmonwea l th
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
633 . 3
State
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
803 . 3
Local
-
·
-
-
·
-
·
685 . 7
Total
·
·
-
-
·
-
·
2 122 . 3
COOlprises repayments of
principa.l and interest paymen t s .
Source:
NAASRA
( 1950)/60- ) .
66
AIR 1 5 5 - 5
TABLE 4 . 5
PAYMENTS FOR ROADWORKS B Y PURPOSE
STATES AND TERRITORIES
BY ROAD FUNCTIONAL CLASS
YEAR ENDING JUNE 30TH 1980
($
mi l l ion)
Road Functional Class - Rural
State or Terri tory
1 & 2
3
Road Functional C l a s s Urban
4 & 5
Tota I Rura I
6 & 7
8 & 9
Total Urban
Total A l l Roads
Nel< South Wa I es
Cons truction & Reconstruction
Maintenance
143 . 2
31.4
llO. 5
285 . 1
127 . 7
ll5.5
243 . 2
528 . 3
53.7
29.8
67.9
151.4
31 . 6
100 . 3
131.9
283 . 3
Planning & Research
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.6
Other'
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10.3
Total
196.8
61.2
1 78 . 4
436 . 5
159 . 3
215.8
375 . 1
826 . 5
Victoria
Construction & Reconstruction
54.8
17. 7
30 . 6
103 . 1
90 . 9
8.6
99. 5
202 . 6
Maintenance
16.8
14 . 6
IS.6
50 . 0
13.0
1.1
14 . 1
64 . 1
PIanni n 9 & Research
Other'
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
71.6
32 . 4
49 . 1
153 . 1
103.9
Construction & Reconstruction
63. 1
29 . 1
31.2
123 . 3
Mai ntenance
22.0
12.4
10.6
45.0
,
4.8
168 . 1
9.7
ll3.6
439.6
38 . 2
6.8
45.1
168.4
5.7
0.1
5.8
50.9
Queensland
Planning & Research
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.3
Other'
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
131 . 6
Total
85 . 1
41.5
41.8
168.4
44 . 0
6.9
50.9
352 . 1
South Aus tra 1 1 a
Construction & Reconstruction
28.8
8. 7
12.0
49.5
23.6
14 . 5
38. 1
87 . 5
Maintenance
11.0
8.5
16.3
35.8
6.6
8. 1
14 . 7
50. 5
Planning & Research
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.0
Other'
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.2
Total
39 . 8
17.2
2S.2
85 . 3
30 . 2
22.6
52 . 8
140 . 2
Cons truction & Reconstruction
35.9
IS . 9
28 . 6
83 . 4
39 . 0
20 . 3
59 . 3
142 . 7
Maintenance
14 . 8
7.9
16.3
30 . 9
3.2
8.1
11.3
50 . 2
Western Austra l i a
Planning & Re�earcll
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.3
Other'
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.2
Total
50 . 7
26 . 8
44.8
14 . 3
4.7
3.9
2.S
Planning & Research
-
-
-
Other'
-
-
-
2S. 4
70 . 6
9.8
7.6
17.3
55 . 2
1.1
4.3
5.5
25.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
122 . 3
42.2
18.. 9
37 . 8
13.5
20 . 2
1 94 . 4
Tasmani a
Cons truction & Reconstruction
Mai n tenance
Total
18.2
7.5
32 . 3
58.0
15.2
2.9
8.9
27.0
4.2
3.1
6.0
13.2
P l anning & Research
-
-
-
-
Other'
-
-
-
-
0.5
4.8
11.9
22 . 8
86 . 1
3.2
6.9
10 . 1
37.2
0.5
0.8
1.4
14 . 6
-
-
-
0.2
-
-
-
-
3.7
7.S
ll.5
51.9
10.9
1I0rthern Terri tory
Cons truction & Reconstruction
Maintenance
Total
19.4
6.0
14.9
40 . 3
A.C. T
Construction & Reconstruction
-
-
-
-
21.9
2.8
24.6
24 . 6
Maintenance
-
-
-
-
2.7
2.2
4.9
4.9
Planning & Research
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other'
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.9
Total
-
-
-
-
24.6
4.9
29.5
31 . 4
Austra l i a - Total
Cons truction & Recons truction
355 . 3
l l3 . 4
240.6
709 . 3
354 . 3
IS3.0
537 . 3
1 246 . 6
Maintenance
126 . 3
79.2
149 . 0
354 . 5
64 . 5
125 . 0
189 . 6
544 . 1
Planning & Research
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14.6
Other'
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
317. 0
Total
Notes :
4S1 . 6
1.
192 . 6
389 . 6
1 063.S
418.8
308 . 1
2 122 . 3
726.9
Includes construction a n d maintenance expendi t ure unclassified by r o a d fUnctional c l a s s ,
unclassified expenditure, l o a n interest paymElnts a n d repayments of principal.
Source :
NAASRA
( 1959/60-) .
TABLE 4 . 6
�
H
::0
EXPEN D I TU RE ON ROADS
I-'
U1
U1
I
U1
EXP EN D I TU RE ON NEW AND SECOND-HAN D ASSETS
GOV E RNMENT SECTOR
LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT
1969 / 70 to 1978/79
($
mi l l i on )
Level o f Government
Y ear E n di n g J un e � 30th
� �
-
Fede ral1
S tate
Local
Total Roads
1970
19 . 0
4 17 . 7
260 . 1
696 . 2
1971
21 . 0
446 . 3
272 . 5
739 . 8
1972
18 . 0
492 . 6
302 . 3
812 . 9
1973
24 . 0
5 28 . 7
328 . 9
881 . 6
1974
26 . 0
58 1 . 3
374 . 7
9 82 . 0
1975
29 . 0
709 . 6
49 7 . 1
1 236 . 7
1976
34 . 0
817 . 8
602 . 5
1 454 . 3
1977
32 . 0
9 19 . 6
6 10 . 2
1 561 . 8
1978
56 . 0
1 0 12 . 1
657 . 7
1 725 . 8
1979
33 . 0
1 103 . 1
7 18 . 2
1 854 . 3
-.--�.-.---
Notes : 1 .
New assets only
Source :
ABS (1980c ) , ABS ( 1 980d ) .
0"1
�
TABLE 5 . 1
m
CO
ROAD USER TAXATION
STATE AND TERRITORY TAXES ON ROAD TRANSPORT
STATE AND TERRITORY DRIVERS ' AND RIDERS '
LICENCES AND TAXES ON OWNERSHIP AND OPERATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
($ mi l l ion )
State Taxes on Ownership and Operati on of Motor Veh i c l es
Year Ended
30th J une
Moto r Vehi cl e
Regi strati on
Fees and Taxes
Dri vers etc.
Li cences and
Fees
Stamp Duty
(Vehi cl e
Registrations )
Road
Transport
Taxes
Road
Maintenance
Contri buti ons
Thi rd Party
Insurance
Surcharges and
Duties
Total State
Governments
Taxes
Terri tories
(ACT and NT)
Veh i cl e
Registration
Fees ; Dri vers
etc. Licences
Total State and
Terri tories
Governments
Taxes
172 . 9
1966
110 . 8
13.6
10.5
11 . 1
22 . 9
3.1
172 . 0
0 .9
1967
1 19 . 8
14 . 4
11.6
12 . 1
26 . 3
3.3
187 . 5
0.9
188 . 4
1968
129 . 0
14.9
14.8
13.7
28 . 9
3.5
204 . 8
1.1
205 . 9
1969
141 . 9
16 . 1
16 . 7
14. 5
32 . 7
4.1
226 . 0
1.4
227 . 4
1970
150 . 6
16 . 8
19 . 2
15 . 9
35 . 6
4.8
242 . 9
1.5
244 . 4
1971
159 . 7
19 . 4
20 . 3
16. 4
37 . 4
5.1
258 . 3
1.7
260 . 0
1972
190 . 1
25 . 1
24 . 3
17.1
38 . 8
5.9
301 . 4
2.0
303 . 4
1973
223 . 7
27. 8
30 . 9
17.6
40 . 1
6.9
346 . 9
2.2
349. 1
1974
240 . 3
29 . 2
39 . 7
17 . 2
43.3
7.4
377 . 1
3.2
380 . 3
1975
284 . 2
43. 1
51.5
15 . 2
44. 4
9.8
448. 1
4.2
452 . 3
1976
334 . 3
54 . 3
84 . 2
15 . 6
44 . 4
12 . 5
545 . 2
5.3
550 . 5
1977
397 . 1
59 . 9
116 . 5
15.9
44 . 7
12 . 9
646 . 8
6.0
650 . 8
1978
461 . 4
60 . 4
126 . 0
14 . 5
44 . 5
13 . 4
720 . 1
8.3
728 . 4
1979
499 . 5
74 . 4
141 . 0
13.8
45 . 3
13.7
787 . 7
7.8
795 . 5
1980
495 . 1
75 . 0
141 . 0
14 . 6
18. 7
760 .8
10.9
771 . 7
Note:
1.
Road maintenance tax terminated.
6.41
Replaced by State levy on petrol or franchise.
Source :
ASS
( 1980a) .
�
H
::0
I-'
U1
U1
I
U1
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I-'
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U1
I
U1
TABLE 5 . 2
ROAD USER TAXATION
STATE AND TERRITORY TAXES ON ROAD TRANSPORT
TAXES ON OWNERSHIP AND OPERATION OF VEHICLES
BY STATE AND TERRITORY
1979/80
($ mi l l ion )
Vi ctori a
Queensl and
South
Austral i a
Western
Austral i a
Tasmania
Northern
Territory
A . C .T .
Total
181 . 4
135 . 0
76 . 9
38. 4
45 . 9
17 . 5
2.8
6.7
504 . 6
Drivers etc . l i cences and fees
28 . 3
25 . 2
10 . 2
4.8
5.0
1.5
0.3
1.1
76 . 4
Stamp duty o n regi s tration
55 . 2
53.6
13 . 2
17.7
6.3
5 .0
-
-
141 . 0
Road transport taxes
1.5
7.6
1.8
0.1
2.4
1.2
-
-
14. 6
Road mai ntenance contri buti ons
1.2
1.5
1.4
1. 1
1.0
0.2
-
-
6.4
-
12. 5
-
2.0
3.7
0.5
-
-
18. 7
64 . 1
64. 3
25 . 9
3.1
Taxes o n Motor Vehicle
Ownership and Operati on
Veh i cl e registrati on fees ; taxes
Third party s urcharge ; duties
Total motor veh i cl es
New South
Wal es
267 . 6
235 . 4
103 . 5
---
------
7. 8
-
.Source:
771 . 7
ABS
(1980d) .
<"
\0
TABLE 5 . 3
-.....J
o
ROAD USER TAXATION
AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT TAXES ON ROAD TRANSPORT
ESTIMATED TAX RECEIPTS . MOTOR VEHICLES AND PARTS , MOTOR FUELS
lCURRENT PRICES : $MILLION}
Revenue Taxes and Duties
Customs and Excise Duties
Sal es Tax
I
Year Ended
J une 30th
Customs Tari ff: Duties on
Imported Veh i cl es and Parts
Motor Vehi cl es
and Parts
Petrol
1966
25 . 6
160 . 0
203 . 9
1967
29 . 3
165 . 2
223. 7
1968
39 . 2
198. 3
1969
46 . 3
1970
56 . 3
1971
Total Vehi cl e Fuel
Total Revenue
Taxes and Duties
13. 9
217 . 8
377 . 8
403 . 4
15 . 5
239 . 2
404 . 4
433 . 7
233 . 1
18 . 3
251 . 4
449 . 7
488 . 9
219 . 5
251 . 1
21 . 5
272 .. 6
492 . 1
538 . 4
252. 4
267 .. 2
24 .. 2
291 . 4
543 . 8
600 . 1
68 . 2
275 . 3
328 ..3
31 . 4
35.5L 7
635 . 0
703 . 2
1972
n.a.
277 . 0
413 . 6
38. 6
452 . 2
729 . 2
n .a.
1973
n . a.
n.a.
435 . 5
42. 5
478. 0
n.a.
n.a.
1974
n.a.
311.0
579 . 0
56. 5
635. 5
946 . 5
n.a.
1975
136 . 42
460 . 72
6 18 . 6
62 . 7
681 . 3
1 142 . 0
1 278 . 4
1976
n.a.
n.a.
644 . 6
66.9
711 . 5
n.a.
n .a.
1977
n.a.
n.a.
683 . 7
76 . 6
760 . 3
n.a.
n.a.
1978
n . a.
n . a.
729 . 7
85 . 7
815 . 4
n.a.
n.a.
98. 7 1
861 . 3
n.a.
n . a.
107 . 7 1
860 . 7
n .a .
n .a.
1979
n.a.
n.a.
762 . 6 1
1980
n.a.
n.a.
753 . 0 1
-
Notes :
Distt l l ate
-
- - --
1.
Excise only
2.
Es timated from ABS input /output tables .
-----
-- -_
.._" � ---- -- �
-
- --
_.._-_.._--
---
Total Commonweal th Taxes
and Duties on Motor
Veh i cl es , Parts and Fuel
-
Source:
--
ABS C19Srra) , ABO (19S0e) .
I
:J::<
H
:::0
I-'
Ul
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.
. .......:
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tTl
I
tTl
TABlE 6 . 1
ESTIMATED
FUEl
CONSUMPTION
FUEl
TYPE
BY
BY
REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES
VEHICLE TYPE
SURVEYS OF BUS AND VEHICLE USAGE
1971. 1976 and 1979 Data
Megal i tres ( l i tres x 106)
Vehicle Type
Cars
&
Station Wagons
Motor Cycl es
Util i ties
&
Panel Vans2
Rigid Trucks2
Arti cul ated Trucks
Other Truck Types
Total
Buses 3
Total
(excl uding buses)
Diesel or
Disti l l ate
Petrol
LPG. Other.
Not Stated
Total
Petrol
9 873 .21
Diesel or
Disti l l ate
Petrol
Diesel or
Disti l l ate
LPG1
17 .8
12 . 6
-
9 873 . 2
10 695 . 6
-
96 . 5
100 . 0
51.2
1 750 . 4
2 241 . 4
440 . 6
30 . 8
1 581 . 3
66.9
925. 3
17. 0
25.4
52.5
5.2
1 1 273 . 1
12 897 . 8
1 371 . 6
194 . 1
48. 1
143. 4
11 467 . 2
12 945 . 9
1 515 . 0
-
7 751. 1
44. 2
-
-
44. 2
96 . 5
1 178. 9
2.4
0.5
1 181 .8
1 698 . 8
0.5
1 192.4
344. 3
6.4
1 543 . 1
1 109 . 9
149. 8
576 . 3
1.4
727 . 5
20.2
5.2
10 336 . 6
928 . 2
8.3
72. 3
121.8
-
10 408 . 9
1 050 . 0
I
Total
-
-
8. 3
LPG. Other.
Not Stated
-
7 751 . 1
-
Year Ending 30th September 1979
Year Ending 30th September 1976
Year Ending 30th September 1971
-
-------
L- _
____
Not Stated1
Total
1.0
1 0 727 . 0
-
0.5
100 . 5
41.1
4.3
6.8
2 293 . 6
971 . 5
676 . 6
26 . 6
8.1
1 682 . 8
1 009 . 2
41 . 1
1 342 . 2
1.8
5.2
1 390 . 3
0.7
58.4
81.3
8.3
0.4
0.9
90 . 8
99 . 7
14 369.0
14 131 .0
2 085 . 9
45 . 6
22 . 4
16 284 . 9
-
99.7
-
191.4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n .a.
14 560 . 4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n . a.
I
L-____
� ���
Notes :
1.
Figures suscep tible to sampling error.
2.
Vehicle categories utilised i n 1 9 7 1 Survey not directly comparable with 1 9 7 6 and 1919 Survey data.
3.
Data covers years ending 30th June 1971 and 1976.
Sources :
ABS (1981b) . ABS
(1979a) . ABS (1979b ) . ABS
(1974) . ABS
(1973b) .
'-l
....
-.....J
IV
TABLE 6 . 2
PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLE AND TRAVEL PRICE INDEXES
1969/7Q to 1979/80
(1971/72
=
1000)
Impl i ci t Pri ce Defl ators : Pri vate Fi nal Consumpti on Expendi ture
Year Endi ng
30th J une
I
1970
Super Grade
Petrol
Purchase of
Motor Vehi cl e
Operation of Motor Vehi cl e
( i ncl udi ng petrol )
Purchase and Operation
of Motor Veh i cl e
889
920
862
890
Fares : Bus . Trams .
Rai l . Ai r and Other
Total Al l
Transport I tems
843
880
Total Al l I tems
( i ncl . transport)
882
1971
954
955
934
944
907
937
937
1972
1 000
1 000
1 000
1 000
1 000
1 000
1 000
1973
1 000
1 038
1 049
1 044
1 023
1 040
1 063
1974
1 167
1 102
1 200
1 159
1 068
1 139
1 191
19.75
1 352
1 281
1 490
1 399
1 232
1 361
1 401
1976
1 463
1 547
1 726
1 647
1 330
1 572
1 620
1977
1 5 19
1 722
1 861
1 797
1 549
1 740
1 805
1978
1 648
1 891
2 012
1 952
1 657
1979
2 380
1 985
2 265
2 141
1980
2 954
2 101
2 665
2 429
-- ---- - -
--
!
- -
I
1 727
1 933
- ----
I
II
I
,
1 884
1 975
2 043
2 153
2 313
2 361
I
I
- --- - ---- --..- ----- -
Source:
ABS ( 19 80c ) . AlP
(1981) .
>'
H
::0
I-'
Ul
Ul
I
Ul
--=
:t>'
H
!;(I
TABLE 6 . 3
�
U1
U1
I
U1
ROAD CONSTRUCTION COST INDEXES
STATE ROAD AUTHORITY AND NATIONAL ACCOUNTING PRICE INDEXES
1969/70 to 1979/80
( 1971/72
=
1000 )
SRA I ndexes
Year Endi ng 30th J une
New South Wal es
Queensl and
Western Austral i a
South Austral i a
Tasmania
SRA2
Average
Impl i citl Defl ator
For GFCE
1970
854
848
853
858
n.a.
820
847
875
1971
930
915
914
918
912
908
916
932
1972
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1973
1097
1100
1086
1069
1104
1097
1092
1068
1974
1249
1292
1262
1223
1303
1331
1277
1224
1975
1600
1567
1634
1533
1564
1634
1589
1548
1976
1852
1811
1889
1776
1843
1914
1848
1797
1977
2079
2016
2118
2032
2115
2161
2087
2028
1978
2259
2 177
2322
2237
2315
2323
2272
2198
1979
2403
2303
2444
2392
2501
2509
2425
2341
2761
2619
2681
2574
2757
2741
2689
2606
1980
-
Notes :
Vi cto ri a
-- --
1.
Implicit price deflator of Gross Fixed Capital Expenditure :
2.
Th e SRA Average Index shown is a simple average of the available SRA Indexes.
Private (Other Building and Construction)
Source :
NAAS RA
(1981) .
-...J
W
74
AIR 15 5-5
AIR 1 5 5 - 5
75
APPEN D I X A
FUNCT I ONAL CLASS I F I CAT I ON OF ROADS AND CORRESPON D I NG ' F I NAN C I AL '
CATEGORY OF ROADS I N AUSTRAL I AN GOVERNMENT LEGI SLAT I ON*
Functional
Class
Corresponding Category of
Road i n Australian
Government Legislation
Definition
�-------�- --------+---�
R U R A L A R EAS
�
�
Those roads which for m the principal avenue for
commu nications be tween major regions of Aust·
ralia i ncluding d irect connexion between capital
cities.
2
4
5
)
)
function is to form the principal avenue of
communications for moveme n t s :
(I)
3
)
1 hose roads, not being Class I , whose main
between a capital c i t y and
States and their cupital cities;
adjoining
(Ii)
between a capital city and kp,y towns;
(iii)
between key towns.
Those roads, not being Class I , or 2, whose
main function is to form an avenue of comlllun­
kation for movements:
(I)
between important cen t res and the Class I
a n d Class 2 rouds and/or key towns;
(Ii)
between i m portant cen t res ;
(Iii)
o f an arterial nature within a town in a
rural area.
Those roads, not being (,Iuss I , 2 or 3, whose
main function is to provide acce5S to a b u t t ing
property (including prope rty within a town In a
fural u rea).
Those roads which provide almost exclusively
for one activity o r function and which cannot
be assigned t o Classes I , 2, 3 or 4.
)
)
) "RURAL A RTERIAL
) ROADS" except t ho5e .
» (kclared as National
Houd!l lll' (in Ql d.) Ut'ef
) Roads.
)
)
�
�
�
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
"RURAL
LOCAL
ROADS" except ( i n
Qld.) those declared
as Beef Roads.
)
)
URBAN A R EAS
(as defined )
6
Those roads whose main function is to perform
Ihe principal avenue or cOlllm u n icatio n for
massive t ramc niovements.
(Arte rial Roads)
7
Those roatis, not being Class 6, whose main
runction is to supplement the Class 6 roads in
providing for t ra rnc movements or which dist ri­
bute t ra rtle to loca l s t ree t systems.
(Sub­
arterial Roads)
8
9
Those roads not being Class 6 or 7, whose main
ru nct ion is to provide access to a b u t t ing pro­
pert y .
Those roads wh ich provide al most excl usively
for one activity or rU lict illn and which cannot
be assigned t o Classes 6, 7 or H.
)
)
) "URBAN A RT E R I A L
) ROADS" except t hose
declared as National
Roads.
)
�
)
)
)
)
�
) " U R Il A N
ROADS"
LOCAL
)
)
L-________-L________________ _____�__________ _____ __ L________ _______
Note :
*
This class i f ication r elates to the data presented in this repor t .
I t has subs equently been modif ied b y NAASRA .
Source :
CBRd s ( 1 9 7 5b )