www.regione.lombardia.it

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www.regione.lombardia.it
LOMBARDY agriculture in figures - 2014
Fondo Europeo Agricolo per lo Sviluppo Rurale: l’Europa investe nelle zone rurali
PSR 2007-2013 Direzione Generale Agricoltura
Editing staff
Sabrina Giuca, INEA (supervisor); Maria Silvia Giannini (coordination for DGA, Lombardy Region); Alessandro Nebuloni,
DGA Regione Lombardia; Roberto Pretolani, DEMM; Renato Pieri, SMEA; Roberto Cagliero, INEA; Francesca Marras, INEA
Topical consultants
Daniele Bellomo, Danilo Bertoni, Lucia Briamonte, Roberto Cagliero, Maurizio Castelli, Stefano Dell’Acqua, Maria Silvia Giannini, Sabrina Giuca, Rita Iacono, Teresa Lettieri, Pietro Manzoni di Chiosca e Poggiolo, Sonia Marongiu, Renato Pieri, Roberto
Pretolani, Maria Rosaria Pupo d’Andrea
Editing revision
Sabrina Giuca e Maria Silvia Giannini
Processing
Marco Amato, Alessia Fantini e Fabio Iacobini
Translation
Barbara Perna
Editorial coordination
Benedetto Venuto
Layout plan and realisation
Carlo Silva e Fabio Lapiana
Photography
Carlo Silva
Internet edition
Massimo Perinotto
Secretarial staff
Lara Abbondanza, Debora Pagani, Francesca Ribacchi, Novella Rossi
We would like to thank for their collaboration: Maria Teresa Besana, Gabriele Boccasile, Roberta Capretti, Andrea Corapi,
Gloria Corti, Ersilia Di Tullio, Stefano Foschini, Claudio Liberati, Andrea Massari, Giovanna Nicastro, Donatella Parma,
Antonio Pepe, Andrea Povellato, Marina Ragni, Serena Tarangioli, Roberto Tonetti
“Lombardy agriculture in figures” represents an easy-to-read tool, proposed
by the Agricultural Department of the
Lombardy Region with an annually
periodicity, aimed at providing to the
various operators of the sector, through
figures and indicators, an updating
of the main features and dynamics
of the agri-food and forestry sector in
Lombardy. The present edition will be
particularly useful also in the occasion
of the international event “Expo Milan
2015”, for all those who care nutrition,
in terms both of food safety and of food
security, seeking for a sustainable development, and for those who are willing to find a dimension and declination
in the reality of the regional productive
system. The continuing availability of
this booklet is possible thanks to the
collaboration agreement between Lombardy region, INEA, DEMM and SMEA,
through the share and enhancement of
the statistical data and the analysis on
the agri-food system, carried on with
the aim of fostering the wider regional
programming activity. The Lombardy’s
agri-food system is the most important
at the Italian level, and one of the most
remarkable in the European framework. Nonetheless, its components
have suffered the difficult economic cycle following the worldwide economic
crisis.
Although the value of the agricultural
output, equal to 7.4 billion euro (13.9%
on the national total) exceeds the precrisis levels from already three years
on, the value added , after having recovered the decrease suffered in 2009,
doesn’t show positive signs (-1.5% in
2013), due both to the productive results of unfavourable agrarian years
(2012 and 2013), and to disadvantaged terms of trade for the agricultural
sector, despite a slight increase in 2013
(+0.2%).
The value of the regional agri-industrial output, amounting to 13.3 billion
euro (16.3% on the national total), is
further increased by 1.1% over 2012,
thanks to the role played by the food
industry, compared to a domestic demand for foodstuffs which suffers a
deadlock, and a continuous positive
trend in the agri-food exports (+4.6%).
The fluctuation of prices has led, over
these latest years, to a great variability
of the economic results of the agricultural sector in the various sectors, with
differentiated dynamics and impacts
even for the food industry.
The number of the agricultural businesses suffers a progressive decrease
(-3.2% between 2012 and 2013) with
an increase of the mortality rate, which
is, nevertheless, below the national
level, thus highlighting the continuous
higher resistance of the agricultural
businesses in Lombardy.
Although the livestock vocation and
the tendency at the processing of typical products represent one of the main
strength point, there are many complex
elements, in the global context, which
jeopardize the profitability of the business; that’s why the commitment of the
regional policy aims at adopting strategic choices, capable to provide perspectives to the future of agriculture
and of the agri-food sector.
During 2014 have been detected some
positive examples, such as: the recognition of the predominant role of the
3
livestock sector, to which it has been
earmarked over 50% of the coupled aid
established in the First Pillar of the new
CAP; and, always in terms of sustain
to the farmers’ income, the decision to
keep, in a still difficult economic cycle,
the allocation for the subsidies of the
regional advance payment of the CAP
funds, amounting to little more than
310.5 million euro, to the benefit of
about 30,500 Lombardy farmers.
There is no doubt that considering the
next abolition of the regime for the milk
shares, the unexpected crisis between
Ukraine and Russia and the subsequent embargo to the export for some
agri-food products, mostly of them
produced in the agricultural macroregion of North, have pointed out how
it is so important, in order to stabilize
earnings of the businesses and to allow
paths of growth, to adopt tools for regulating the market, at a level of overall
system, as well as protecting prices
from instability, even through forms of
insurance; all parts should act in this
way so as to achieve a sharing of all
possible solutions.
The rural development program represents an important financial source
aimed at sustaining and developing the
regional agricultural. As of 1st January
2015, it will be operative the new RDP
for the seven-year period 2014-2020,
which will provide 1.157 billion euro,
with 133 million euro more than the
previous programming period.
Among the measures which characterize the strategic choices of the Region,
are particularly important the interventions aimed at achieving innovation and competitiveness of businesses
and of the agri-food supply chains,
which will be characterized by a greater approach of the system.
Therefore, Expo represents a big oppor-
tunity to build and strengthen the competitive advantage of the businesses of
the agri-food supply chain, mainly for
the incentive towards innovation and
new channels; but Expo aims at being also an occasion for fostering concrete answers to the problems; it will
also represent a moment for sharing
papers, with the EU Institutions and
the EU countries, containing the measures for preventing and containing the
counterfeiting in the agri-food sector.
The so-called “Italian sounding”, besides producing a direct economic
damage, decreases the perception of
quality of the original product by the
consumer.
It is, therefore, necessary to intervene
in order to better safeguarding our productions, and to increase the knowledge of traceability, origin and quality
of the productions.
Gianni Fava
Councillor for Agriculture
of the Lombardy Region
4
CONTENTS
ECONOMY AND AGRICULTURE
Land and population
Protected areas
Gross domestic product
Value added
Employment
AGRICULTURE
pg. 10
pg. 16
pg. 21
pg. 24
pg. 26
AGRI-INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM
Components of the system
Food industry and cooperation
Distribution
Foreign trade Food consumption
6
pg. 32
pg. 34
pg. 39
pg. 41
pg. 44
Agri-meteorological trend
Production levels in agriculture
Intermediate consumption
Investments
Prices
Structures in agriculture
Economic results of the fadn farms
Mechanization
Credit for agriculture
Land market
pg. 48
pg. 50
pg. 60
pg. 63
pg. 66
pg. 69
pg. 80
pg. 90
pg. 93
pg. 96
Sustainability and
multi-functionality
Water resource management
Agricultural practices
Forests
Fishing and aquaculture
Agri-energy
Products of designated origin
and traditional products
Organic farming
Integrated production
Agritourism (farm stays)
Direct sales
Educational farms
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
pg. 100
pg. 104
pg. 108
pg. 112
pg. 114
pg. 117
pg. 126
pg. 130
pg. 132
pg. 136
pg. 141
Regional legislation on agriculture
Regional agricultural spending
Cap – First pillar
Rural Development Program
(Cap – Second pillar)
pg. 144
pg. 147
pg. 151
pg. 154
GLOSSARy
Glossary
pg. 160
7
ECONOMY AND AGRICULTURE
land and population
The region, amounting to 23,862
square kilometers, represents about
7.9% of the national area, and it is
characterized by lowlands (47%), hills
(12.4%) and mountains (40.5%). In
terms of population, Lombardy is the
most populated of the Italian regions
with nearly 10 million inhabitants
(equal to 16.4% of the national popu-
Land, inhabitants and population density in Lombardy, 2013
Land area
% breakdown
Inhabitants
% breakdown Density
% of foreign people
(sq.km)
of land
as from 1st Jan 2013
of inhabitants
(inhabitants/sq.km)
compared to the inhabitants
Lombardy
23,862.80 100.0
9,794,525 100.0 410.5 10.5
Mountains
Hills Lowlands
9,672.81 2,963.62 11,226.37 40.5
12.4
47.0
1,044,529 2,036,605 6,713.391 10.7 20.8 68.5 108.0 687.2 598.0 7.5
9.8
11.2
2,722.86 4,784.36 1,288.07 1,770.57 816.17 782.36 2,338.84 1,576.59 405.49 2,964.70 3,211.90 1,198.71 11.4
20.0
5.4
7.4
3.4
3.3
9.8
6.6
1.7
12.4
13.5
5.0
1,094,062 1,247,192 592,504 361,812 338,425 225,798 411,335 3,075,083 850,684 539,569 181,101 876,960 11.2 12.7 6.0 3.7 3.5 2.3 4.2 31.4 8.7 5.5 1.8 9.0 401.8 260.7 460.0 204.3 414.7 288.6 175.9 1.950.5 2.097.9 182.0 56.4 731.6 10.9
13.1
7.9
11.3
8.0
10.8
12.9
11.7
7.7
9.5
4.6
8.0
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantua
Milan
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Source: ISTAT.
10
lation), mostly concentrated in the
lowlands and foothills. In these areas,
the population density exceeds 600
inhab./square kilometers, compared
to the regional average of 410 inhab./
square Kms, and the national average
of 198 inhab./square kms.
Over the last decade, the population
of Lombardy has increased by 8%
compared to the 4.5% experienced
at a national level. This result is the
consequence of the migration flows:
Trend in the anthropised areas, in the agricultural and wooded areas (1955-2012)
1,400
1,322
1,262
1,200
(,000 ettari)
1,000
1,087
888
1,043
1,026
927
930
854
917
800
Agricultural lands
600
400
200
0
Anthropised areas
302
336
346
2007
2012
Woods and natural areas
194
100
1955
1980
1999
Source: ERSAF.
11
about 10.5% of the inhabitants is foreign, compared to the national share
of 7.4%.
The elderly people (aged over 65
years) represent 21.1% of the population, in line with the national average,
whereas the ageing rate, which expresses the ratio between the number
of inhabitants aged over 65 years and
those who are aged less than 15 years,
is equal to 1.5, and it is in line with the
national average.
The high population density, and the
growing trend of the population, depicts a widespread rate of human interventions on the territory, which
reaches about 14.5%; at a local level,
particularly high are the values of
Land coverage in Lombardy, anthropised areas, agricultural areas, and wooded territories
Anthropised areas Wooded areas
(%)
(%)
(%)
(000 ha)
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantua
Milan
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
Sondrio Varese
Lombardy
14.4
11.7
16.6
11.1
15.3
13.1
12.6
40.5
55.1
9.4
2.7
29.4
14.5
Source: ERSAF-DUSAF, 2007, 2012.
12
56.5
48.4
60.0
2.7
60.7
5.0
2.7
6.9
10.4
16.1
88.7
46.3
39.0
27.5
34.4
14.7
84.7
14.9
79.6
81.4
51.1
34.3
72.9
7.4
14.6
43.0
75.7 164.4 18.8 150.0 12.1 62.2 190.8 80.6 13.9 216.3 23.7 17.6 1,026.0 Agricultural areas
% of which % of which arable permanent crops
56.7
73.7
48.6
87.6
33.3
83.2
88.5
81.6
82.8
80.5
6.6
63.0
77.3
2.6
6.3
1.3
3.8
2.0
4.5
6.5
3.1
1.0
15.1
12.9
1.6
7.1
% of which meadows
40.8
19.9
50.1
8.7
64.8
12.3
5.0
15.3
16.2
4.4
80.6
35.4
15.6
% change 2012/07
-2.9
-1.7
-3.3
-0.9
-6.6
-0.9
-0.7
-2.2
-2.6
-1.6
-3.9
-3.6
-1.7
Monza and Milan, respectively of
55.1% and 40.5% (DUSAF data, 2012).
The woody areas and the natural areas cover 39% of the regional territory, particularly in the mountainous
areas, with a peak of 88% in the province of Sondrio. The agricultural land,
amounting to little more than 1 million hectares, corresponds to 43% of
the regional area, and it shows a peak
Food’ self-sufficiency rate in Lombardy and in Italy (average 2009-2011)
ItalyLombardy
Global self-sufficiency rate (kcal)
- of which vegetables
- of which animals
65.5
64.1
76.7
64.5
56.6
139.1
Self-sufficiency rate in the human consumption (kcal)
- of which vegetables
- of which animals
67.2
64.1
76.8
60.1
34.4
139.0
Domestic production per hectare of UAA (Kcal)
Domestic vegetable production per hectare of arable+woods (Kcal)
Domestic animal production per hectare of fodder (Kcal)
8,974,192 10,570,450 2,849,295 22,040,000
20,664,002
10,317,746
Maintainable inhabitants/hectare Total maintainable inhabitants with domestic productions 3.3
39,999,900 5.9
5,816,856
91.3
74.1
Self-sufficiency rate, in value Source: DEMM processing on Faostat data.
in the province of Cremona (84.7%)
and a minimum in the province of
Sondrio (7.4%). 77% of the agricultural
lands is earmarked to the arable crops.
The decrease of the agricultural lands
seems to be an unstoppable phenomenon, both because of the human interventions, mainly in the lowlands, and
of the phenomena of re-naturalization,
mostly on the hills and mountains;
compared to 1955, the loss of the agricultural areas has amounted to 22.4%,
compared to an increase of about 250%
of the areas modified through the human intervention. Between 2007 and
2012, the regional agricultural areas
have decreased by 1.7%, with a peak of
6.6% in the province of Lecco.
The issue of the food self-sufficiency
is closely related to the phenomenon
of the loss of UAA and of population.
According to the estimates released by
DEMM, and which refer to the period
2009-2011, the rate of total self-suffi-
13
ciency, ensured by the Lombardy agriculture, amounts to 64.5%, in terms of
calories, whereas, at a national level,
it represents 65.5%. By considering
the human consumption, despite a
greater average productivity, in terms
of calories per hectare (5.9 inhabitants per hectare, compared to 3.3 at
the Italian level), Lombardy manages
to maintain, in terms of calories, only
60.1% of its inhabitants, compared to
67.2% of Italy.
At the same way as for the population
density, also the ratio between the
inhabitants and the agricultural area
shows a very high value, decisively
higher than the corresponding national data and the community’s data.
60% of the annual tourist flow of Lombardy, generally equal to 13.6 millions
of arrivals, involves touristic places
and, in particular, the cities of historical and artistic interest (such as Milan, Bergamo, Como) and the places
14
located near the lakes (Garda’s lake,
Como’s lake, Lecco’s lake, Maggiore
lake), where the foreign people reach
respectively 60.8% and 69.6% of the
arrivals. 10.2% of the regional arrivals (compared to 20% of the national
level) is oriented towards non-hotel
accommodation, mainly represented
by camping, touristic villages, and
rental accommodation, which represent solutions with the higher foreign
presence, and an average permanence
of about one week. The arrivals, over
the last years, are progressively increased, whereas the same thing didn’t
occurred for the average permanence;
between 2008 and 2012, the share of
the foreign tourists has experienced an
Ratio population/agricultural land (inhabitants/100 ha of UAA), 2010
Lombardy
1,005
Italy - North
608
Italy
EU-27
Source: EUROSTAT, ISTAT, 2010.
472
292
increase, growing from 46.4% to 50.6%
of the total, thus remaining higher
than the national average (47%). Over
time, the rental accommodation has
increased its share on the total of the
arrivals, in 2012 it amounted to 2.4%,
as well as the farm holidays (0.9%),
and the bed and breakfast (1%).
Trends of the arrivals in the accomodation facilities in Lombardy, 2012
Total
% arrivals
% foreign arrivals
arrivals*
stay**
/total
Type of place
Country town and municipalities
5,434,480 10,040,495 40.0 36.9 Place of touristic interest 8,161,493 23,326,141 60.0 59.7 - cities of historical and artistic interest 5,341,832 11,301,948 39.3 60.8 - mountains
755,115 3,073,169 5.6 32.8 - lakes
1,927,016 8,545,662 14.2 69.6 - thermal places
69,425 259,945 0.5 23.5 - hilly places of various interest
68,105 145,417 0.5 35.1 Type of accomodation
Hotels
12,214,834 26,417,628 89.8 50.4 extra-hotel accomodations
1,381,139 6,949,008 10.2 53.1 - camping and touristic villages
615,186 3,666,493 4.5 57.5 - housing for rent
327,475 1,907,668 2.4 62.5 - farm stays
123,172 399,497 0.9 33.8 - bed and breakfast
131,323 285,443 1.0 39.0 - other types of accomodation
183,983 689,907 1.4 44.3 Lombardy 13,595,973 33,366,636 100.0 50.6 Italy
103,733,157 380,711,483 47.0 average stay/
n. of nigts/client
1.8
2.9
2.1
4.1
4.4
3.7
2.1
2.2
5.0
6.0
5.8
3.2
2.2
3.7
2.5
3.7
* number of tourists, both Italian and foreign, hosted in the period considered.
** number of nights, of both Italians and foreign people, in the accomodation facilities.
Source: ISTAT data processing.
15
protected areas
The sixth official list of protected areas (EUAP) has recorded 105 areas
in Lombardy, with a surface of about
134,000 hectares, equal to 4.5% of the
protected earth’s surface, at a national
level, and to 5.5% of the territorial regional area. By considering the whole
surface, it should be noticed that
44.6% is concentrated in the Stelvio
National Park, 47.6% in the thirteen
regional natural parks, and 7.1% in
the 62 regional natural reserves. The
two state’s natural reserves (Bosco
Fontana and Bosco Siro Negri) cover
0.2% of the total, whereas the other 27
protected areas (natural monuments,
oasis, natural areas of local interest)
involve the 0.5%.
Besides the ranking of the official list,
the system of the protected areas in
Lombardy (Regional Law 86/1983),
which has calculated 615,953 hectares (25.8% of the regional surface),
it also includes other types of pro-
16
tected areas, besides the natural regional Park of the Groane, recently
established; among these areas there
is a total of 24 regional parks, characterized by different levels of nature,
perceived as fluvial areas, mountainous areas, city areas, agricultural and
forestry areas; 14 of these areas can be
found in the EUAP, for the part of sur-
face characterized by highest levels of
nature, and aimed at the preservation
according to the discipline of the national law; 92 are the local parks with
an interest which goes far beyond the
city’s interest (PLIS) which represent,
with an overall surface of little less
than 80,000 hectares, an important
element for the connection with the
Distribution of the protected natural areas in Lombardy
44.6%
National Park
Statal Natural Reserve
0.2%
47.6%
Regional natural Park
Regional Natural Reserve
Other regional protected areas
7.1%
0.5%
Source: MATTM - Dept. For the Safeguarding of Nature, EUAP Official List of the protected natural areas, 6th updating of April 27th, 2010.
regional protected areas. The system
of the protected areas in Lombardy,
besides aiming at the safeguard of the
biodiversity, is characterized by the
attention at the recovery of the traditional activities related to agriculture,
forestry and pastoral activities of the
rural territory. 62.3% of the regional
park surface is represented by forestry
surface, whereas 36% seems to be agricultural and it involves about 9,000
agricultural firms (2012 data); 47% of
these farms seems to be represented
by livestock firms (poultry, bovine,
buffalo, pork, goats and sheep, horse,
burrowing animals).
The protected regional surface involves
also other types of protected areas: the
wet areas and the areas belonging to
the network Natura 2000, made up
of Sites of Community’s Importance
(SCI), and of Special Protection Areas
(SPAs). The SCI areas amount to 175,
and they cover 204,430 hectares (8.6%
The regional Parks in Lombardy
Parco Adamello (*)
Parco Adda Nord (*)
Parco Adda Sud
Parco Agricolo Sud Milano
Parco Alto Garda Bresciano (*)
Parco Campo dei Fiori (*)
Parco Colli di Bergamo (*)
Parco Grigna Settentrionale
Parco Groane
Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino (*)
Parco Mincio
Parco Monte Barro (*)
Parco Monte Netto
Parco Montevecchia e Valle del Curone (*)
Parco Nord Milano (*)
Parco Oglio Nord
Parco Oglio Sud
Parco Orobie Bergamasche
Parco Orobie Valtellinesi
Parco Pineta di Appiano Gentile e Tradate (*)
Parco Serio
Parco Spina Verde (*)
Parco Bosco delle Querce (*)
Parco Valle del Lambro (*)
TOTAL
Park (ha)
Natural area to Park (%)
50,935 43
6,900 28
24,343 0
47,055 0
37,452 15
6,337 24
4,683 21
5,541 0
3,696 35
91,618 22
15,859 0
645 64
1,470 0
2,746 74
641 13
15,173 0
12,745 0
69,860 0
44,094 0
4,833 76
7,514 0
967 88
44 100
8,179 52
463,32914
(*) Regional parks listed in the EUAP 2010.
Source: Lombardy Region.
17
Extension and number of the sites Natura 2000 by Region (ha)*
800,000
242
700,000
200
150
124
88
53
474,598
398,174
118,724
390,495
*The number and extension of the sites Natura 2000, by region, has been calculated by excluding the overlapping between the SCIs and the SPAs.
Source: MATTM, 2014.
18
50
zzo
Moli
se
Cam
pani
a
Pugl
ia
Basi
licat
a
Cala
bria
Abru
141,935
o 441,646
Lazi
130,092
390,842
269,812
149,093
149,764
418,019
176,181
149,898
372,154
Pied
mon
t
Valle
d'Ao
s
Lom ta
bar
dy
Bolz
ano
Tren
to
Vene
Friul
to
i-Ven
ezia
Giuli
a
Ligu
ri
Emil
ia-Ro a
mag
na
Tusc
any
Umb
ria
Mar
che
396,899
30
98,968
58
40
Sard
61
200,000
100
83
328,078
96
y 638,759
102
300,000
122
Sicil
400,000
150
133
130
171,765
142
inia 573,194
158
500,000 141
0
200
185
600,000
100,000
250
238
0
of the regional territory), whereas the
SPAs areas amount to 49 and they involve 277,656 hectares (11.6% of the
territory). If considering the 18 overlapping of the SCI areas with the SPAs
areas (the sites “C”), which amount to
18 on a territory of 19,769 hectares
(0.8% of the territory), the network
Natura 2000 includes, on the whole,
242 sites on a surface of 372,154 hectares (equal to 15.6% of the regional
surface). 46 sites, with a surface of
108,773 hectares (4.6% of the territory), have been designated as special
preserving areas (SPAs).
The management plans of the sites
“Natura 2000”, which are on the regional territory and which have been
approved, are amounting to 136, of
whom: 97 belong to entities who manage the SCI areas, 27 the SPAs areas,
12 the SCI/SPAs areas (data released
by DG Ambiente). The agricultural
firms which, to a different extent, hold
some parts in these areas, are about
4,400 (2012 data), equal to 8% of the
total agricultural farms in the region.
By considering these farms, 54.4% is
represented by livestock farms, equal
to 11% of the regional breeding. In the
specific, about 39.6% of the areas “Natura 2000” (in which about 1,700 firms
are recorded) are only involved in the
SPAs areas, 26.8% in the SCI areas,
whereas 32% is concerning two out of
the three types of areas (SCI, SPAs,
SCI/SPAs). Furthermore, if considering that there could be an overlapping between the areas “Natura 2000”
and some of the protected areas, the
firms which have also areas with parks
amount to about 2,500 (56.6% of the
firms with areas “Natura 2000”, and
27% of the firms with park areas).
The biogeographical region mostly
Surface and number of the protected natural land areas by class
Land protected National
Statal Natural
Regional
Regional
Other protected
Total
% total surface % surface of the
areas (n.)
Park
Reserve
Natural
Natural
regional areas
of protected
protected areas
Park
Reserve
land areas
compared to the
territorial surface
Italy
Lombardy
22
1
146
2
105 335 144 752100
13
62
27
105
4.5 9.7
5.5
Source: MATTM - Dept. For the Safeguarding of Nature, EUAP Official List of the natural protected areas, 6th updating of April 27th, 2010.
19
Natura 2000 Network are supported
by the specific elements of the regional
ecological network, through which are
carried out the necessary connections
involving the eco-system, structures
and functions in favor of the overall
functionality of the system.
represented in the SCI and in the SPAs
areas, is located in the Alpine region
(respectively 84.4% and 75.5% of the
surface), whereas the remainder of
the sites is located in the continental
area; in particular, the SCIs of this bioregion involve lagoons, swamplands,
moorlands, and sites where several
species of herons nest collectively,
which host more than 100 species of
community interest.
For the safeguarding of the natural
heritage, and of the bio-diversity, the
system of the protected areas and the
Protected areas in Lombardy
SCIs and SPAs on the Lombardy territory by bio-geographical region
Source: Lombardy Region Geoportal.
20
gross domestic product
In 2012, the GDP achieved in Lombardy has reached a value of about
331 billion euros at current prices,
equal to 21.1% of the national GDP,
and to 2.6% of the GDP of the EU-28.
The regional GDP exceeds, in absolute
value, the GDP of 19 EU’s countries,
thus being comparable to that of Belgium and Poland.
The value of the per capita GDP, equal
to 34,162 € at current prices, seems
largely exceeding both the national
average (+29%) and the community
average (+33%). The national per capita GDP exceeds by 2.9% the German
GDP, and by 9.7% the French one; in
the Italian context it ranks 3rd place,
only afterwards the GDPs of the autonomous province of Bolzano and
Valle d’Aosta.
Some similar considerations can be
referred to the GDP per work unit,
equal to about 75,000 € in current
terms, which exceeds by 14% the na-
tional GDP, and by 30% the community GDP; this value ranks Lombardy at
first place among the Italian regions.
As from 2009, the economic crisis
has involved also Lombardy, although
with dynamics less accentuated than
the national context. After a slight
recovery in the two-year period 20102011, the GDP, in 2012, has experienced again a new contraction of 0.9%
over the previous year, a decrease that
appears to be strictest if not considering the effects triggered by the prices
(-2.1% in real terms, compared to the
Trend in GDP per inhabitant in Lombardy (euro), from 2005 to 2012*
GDP/Inhabitant
LombardyItaly
Years
Current prices
Chained values Current prices
Chained values
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Lombardy/Italy (2012)
Lombardy/Northen Italy (2012)
Lombardy/EU-27 (2012)
31,750 32,531 33,827 34,543 32,994 34,213 34,610 34,162 1.29
1.08
1.33
31,750 24,819 32,131 25,713 32,526 26,694 32,415 26,855 30,163 25,757 31,240 26,219 31,186 26,622 30,410 26,383 1.30
1.08
1.31
24,819
25,282
25,637
25,155
23,633
23,963
24,007
23,387
* Chained values - reference year 2005.
Source: ISTAT, territorial economic accounts.
21
national value of -2.5%). The work productivity, measured at chained values,
is decreased by 1.4%, compared to the
national value of -1.5%).
Despite the undeniable positive results
achieved in the economic field by the
region, it should be noticed nonetheless the arise of a share of population
who could be jeopardized by poverty
or social exclusion, who according to
the EUROSTAT data should amount to
about 19%, which is far below, in any
Trend on GDP by work unit in Lombardy (euro) from 2005 to 2012*
GDP/Inhabitant
LombardyItaly
Years
Current prices Chained values Current prices Chained values
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Lombardy/Italy (2012)
Lombardy//Northen Italy (2012)
Lombardy/EU-27 (2012)
22
65,527 66,510 69,149 71,092 70,796 74,469 75,558 75,436 1.14
1.09
1.30
65,527 65,692 66,490 66,712 64,722 67,998 68,083 67,150 1.15
1.09
1.28
58,840
60,230
62,102
63,161
62,726
64,751
65,844
65,991
58,840
59,219
59,644
59,162
57,552
59,181
59,375
58,496
case, from the national and community averages (respectively of 30% and
25% of the population).
Population at risk of poverty or
social esclusion, 2012 (%)
50
46.6
40
30
29.9
24.8
24.8
20
20.1
19.1
16.4
10
0
Lombardy EU-28
Source: EUROSTAT.
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
North West North East Centre
Italy
South
Trend in GDP in Lombardy (mio. euro) from 2005 to 2012*
350,000
340,000
334,464
330,000
327,117
331,405
317,768
320,000
310,000
300,000
328,474
303,882
305,550
306,962
314,944
299,931
294,535
Current prices
301,375
295,004
300,147
Chained values
290,000
287,923
280,000
270,000
260,000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
23
value added
The value added of the economy, in
Lombardy, depends mostly on services (68.7%) and industry (30.3%),
whereas the contribution of the agricultural sector reaches only 1%, a
value which is inferior both to the
national average (2%) and to the community average (1.7%).
Despite a modest incidence on the
whole of the national economy, Lombardy contributes to the national agricultural value added with a share of
10.7%, which makes Lombardy the
second Italian region in terms of value
added produced, to a little distance
from Sicily. The incidence of the agricultural value added of Lombardy, out
of the total of the EU-28, amounts to
1.5%, and it is comparable, in absolute
value, to what has been realized by
Denmark, Portugal and Czech Republic, and well above to that one of the
twelve EU countries.
In the latest years, the value added of
the primary sector has pointed out a
certain pain, like the industrial sec-
VA at basic prices1 by sector in Lombardy (mio. euro), 2012
1.0%
30.3%
68.7%
1
Values at current prices.
Source: ISTAT, regional economic accounts.
24
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
3,010
Industry, including building 90,654
Services, including the public administration 205,805
Total 299,470
% incidence of the VA from
agriculture1 to GDP, 2012
VA
Lombardy1.0
Italy2.0
Italy - North
1.6
Italy - Centre
1.5
Italy - South and Islands
3.5
EU-271.7
Belgium0.7
Bulgaria5.4
Denmark1.4
France2.0
Germany0.8
Greece3.4
Netherlands1.7
Poland3.9
Portugal2.3
UK0.7
Romania5.6
Spain2.5
Sweden1.6
Hungary4.7
1
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing.
Source: ISTAT, regional economic accounts; EUROSTAT.
tor, but unlike the services’ sector.
Nonetheless, in 2011, it has been experienced a decisive recovery, which,
however, has not been confirmed in
2012, when there has been a new
sharp contraction, on annual basis, of
6.6% in real terms and of 4.2% at current prices.
Trend of VA by sectors in Lombardy1 (2005=100)
125
120
115
Economy
110
Services
105
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
100
Index n. % share (agriculture on economy)
95
Industry
90
Index n. % share (industry on economy)
85
80
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
1
25
employment
Lombardy shows a very high rate of
employment, equal to about 65% of
the population aged between 15 and
64. This value, which places the region in line with the community context, appears to largely exceed the average national value, stuck at 55.6%.
A similar trend has been pointed out
in the female employment, which,
nonetheless, is 15 percentage points
below the male rate. Conversely, the
rate of the youth employment (15-24
years), despite exceeding the national
average, is far below the community
average.
In terms of unemployment rate,
Lombardy holds relatively contained
levels (8.1%), above all if they are
compared with the national data
(12.2%) and with the community data
(10.8%). The female unemployment
seems to be a little bit more evident,
thus reaching 8.8%. Even less reassuring is the rate of the youth employment, which reaches even the share
of 30%, 10% lower than the national
Rate of employment
64.9 64.2 55.6 64.1 57.3 56.6 46.5 58.7 Source: ISTAT, Labour Force survey- average 2013; EUROSTAT.
26
2.4%
32.1%
Rate of unemployment
Total
Women Young people
Total
Women Young people
%%%
%%%
Lombardy
Italy - North
Italy
EU-28
Work unit by sector in Lombardy
(000 units), 2012
65.4%
Rate of employment and unemployment, 2013
average, but 7 points higher than the
community average.
The agricultural sector absorbs a share
of 2.4% of the work units of the region,
21.6 20.9 16.3 32.3 8.1 8.4 12.2 10.8 8.8 9.5 13.1 10.9 30.8
31.2
40.0
23.4
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 107.5
Industry, including building 1,410.5
Services, including public administration 2,875.2
Total 4,393.2
compared to 32.1% of the manufacturing, and 65.4% of the services. The average productivity of an agricultural
work unit is equal to 44.6% of an average work unit in the services, and
it is equal to 49.1% of the same data
referring to the industry. Despite the
remarkable difference with the other
sectors, there has been, in the latest
years, a constant upward trend of the
value added per employee, unlike the
other sectors and which represents a
reduction in the gap of productivity
per worker.
In 2012, according to the ISTAT data,
the workers in the agricultural sector
are about 64,000 units, corresponding to 1.5% of the total, and 7.9% of
the Italian agricultural employees. In
Lombardy, the incidence of the agricultural workers on the total is well
below of the national average 83.6%)
and of the EU-28’s average (5.1%).
The percentage of the female employment in the Lombardy agriculture is
of 17.4%, a share which is far below of
the total economy, and also compared
to the similar national data. The share
Total employment, and agricultural employed, by gender and geographical
area, 2013
Employed
agricultural employed
000 units
% women
000 units
% women
Lombardy
4,310.0 43.3 64.3 17.4
Italy - North
11,775.6 43.4 296.9 26.7
Italy 22,420.3 41.6 813.7 28.2
Source: ISTAT, Labour Force survey- average 2013; EUROSTAT.
% incidence of employed in
agricolture1 to total economy, 2013
%
Lombardy1.5
Italy3.6
Italy - North
2.5
Italy - Centre
2.4
6.8
EU-275.1
Austria4.5
Belgium1.3
Bulgaria19.2
Denmark2.4
France*2.7
Germany1.5
Greece12.9
Netherlands2.6
Poland*12.5
Portugal10.5
UK1.2
Romania30.0
Spain4.3
Sweden2.2
Hungary7.1
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing.
* 2012 data.
Source: ISTAT, Labour Force survey- average 2013; EUROSTAT.
1
27
VA at basic prices by worker and by sector (euro)*, 2012
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
Industry
Services
Agriculture
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Lombardy
Italy
EU-28
* Current prices.
Source: ISTAT, regional economic accounts; EUROSTAT
Immigrants working in agriculture, 2011
non-EU new-EU
Total immigrants
units % to agricultural
workersworkersworkers
Lombardy
Italy - North
Italy
15,730 50,883 126,754 27.4 16.4 14.9 3,170 57,801 106,083 Source: Inea, Survey on the use of immigrants in the Italian agriculture, 2011.
28
5.5 18.6 12.5 18,900 108,684 232,837 32.9
35.0
27.4
of the employees out of the total of the
employees in agriculture in Lombardy
amounts to about 40.5%, compared to
50.1% on a national basis.
The value added per agricultural employee in Lombardy exceeds by 46%
the national data, and by 166% the
EU-28 data, nonetheless, if it is compared with the other economic sectors, it shows negative differences of
26.2% compared to the industrial sector, and of 33.7% compared to the services’ sector.
The presence of foreign workers in the
regional agriculture is very remarkable. According to the survey carried
out by INEA, it seems there are about
16,000 non-EU agricultural workers,
and more than 3,000 workers coming
from new-EU countries, amounting
respectively to 27.4% and 5.5% of the
regional agricultural employees. By a
comparison with the national data, it
can be noticed that, at an Italian lev-
el, the share of the non-EU workers is
more contained (14.9%), whereas the
share of the new-EU is much more remarkable (12.5%). On the whole, the
incidence of the foreign workers is
much more remarkable in Lombardy
(32.9%) than the national 27.4%. The
sector which involves the most the
foreign workers is the livestock sector
(33% of the employees), followed by
the floriculture sector (24.6%).
VA at basic prices by work unit and by sector (euro)*, 2005-2012
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
Industry
20,000
Services
10,000
Agriculture
0
2005
2006
2007
20088
2009
2010
2011
2012
29
AGRI-INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM
components of the system
the national level.
In 2013, the value of the Lombardy
agri-food system, in current terms,
has an incidence of 11.6% on the regional GDP (it was 11.7% during the
previous year), whereas its incidence
In 2013, the economic size of the
Lombardy agri-food system has
been assessed at 38.2 billion, equal
to 16.5% of the value of the national
agri-food system, down by 1% over
2012, versus a -0.6% experienced at
on the GDP, at a national level, reaches 14.8%.
The most remarkable contribution to
the value of the Lombardy agri-food
system is represented by the marketing and catering services, whose
Main components of the agro-industrial system at basic prices in Lombardy (million euro), 2013
8.2%
11.4%
Intermediate consumption in agriculture, forestry and fishing
8.2%
Value added from agriculture, forestry and fishing
Value added from the food industry
15.4%
Marketing and distribution
38.8%
18.1%
Source: estimates on ISTAT data.
32
Value added from catering services
Agro-industrial indirect taxes
values have an incidence of respectively 38.8% and 18.1% on the total.
In 2013, the importance of the food
industry has been strengthened , thus
reaching an incidence of 15.4% on the
entire system (11.5% at a national level). In terms of production, the agricultural value added contributes only
by 8.2% at the development of the
system’s value (versus 13% recorded
by the national data), whereas the agricultural intermediate consumption
exceeds 11%.
Changes of the main components of the agro-industrial system at basic
prices in Lombardy, 2012-2013
Million % change
euro2013/2012
Intermediate consumption in agriculture, forestry and fishing 4,344 Value added from agriculture, forestry and fishing
3,129 Value added from the food industry
5,874 Value added from catering services
6,933 Marketing and distribution
14,837 Agro-industrial indirect taxes 3,122 Value of the agro-industrial system 38,240 1.3%
-1.4%
2.4%
0.4%
-2.3%
-6.3%
-1.0%
Source: estimates on ISTAT data.
33
food industry and cooperation
The value added (VA) of the Lombardy food industry, in 2013, has
amounted to 5.9 billion euro, or
19.6% of the value added of the National food industry and 15.4% of the
value of the regional agrifood system,
thus exceeding by 88% the agricultural value, whereas at a National level
the second one prevails by 13%. In
Lombardy, the food industry has an
incidence of 44% on the value of the
agri-industrial production, compared
to 32.6% at the national level.
In the Lombardy food industry, the
active firms amount to 6,021, or 5.6%
of the regional manufacturing firms
and 10% of the Italian food companies (Infocamere data, 2013). 95.5%
is involved in the food production,
while 4.5% in the drink sector. More
than 66% of the active firms is characterized by an handcrafted dimension;
except for the beverage sector, where
the artisans represent only 24.7% of
34
the total. In 2013, the number of the
food firms is increased by 1.4% over
the previous year, versus +1.1% on
national basis. The food sector high-
lights a better situation compared to
the regional handcraft sector on the
whole, which experiences a decrease
of the firms of 2.3% on annual basis.
Provincial distribution of the food and manufacturing industries in
Lombardy1, 2013
Food
Tot.
% share
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Monza
Milan
Mantua
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Total
1
Active firms.
Source: Infocamere.
668 909 304 357 226 122 342 1,621 441 401 208 422 6,021 11.1
15.1
5.0
5.9
3.8
2.0
5.7
26.9
7.3
6.7
3.5
7.0
100.0
Artisan food
Tot.
% share 522 668 234 234 160 78 230 903 289 263 136 310 4,027 13.0
16.6
5.8
5.8
4.0
1.9
5.7
22.4
7.2
6.5
3.4
7.7
100.0
Manufacturing
Tot.
% share
11,289 15,062 6,672 3,118 4,036 1,602 9,439 30,060 4,454 4,659 1,329 9,557 101,277 11.1
14.9
6.6
3.1
4.0
1.6
9.3
29.7
4.4
4.6
1.3
9.4
100.0
Food industries in Lombardy, 2013
8,000
7,000
322
6,000
6,496
Incidence of the type of juridical form in the food and manufacturing
industries, in Lombardy1, 2013
100
6.1%
23.3%
271
4,000
3,000
37.9%
80
56.5%
5,750
5,000
67
67
3,987
3,960
60
8.7%
11.9%
33.2%
44.6%
Partnerships
56.7%
36.2%
Sole proprietorships
24.4%
40
2,000
27.7%
1,000
20
36.9%
0
Registered
firms
Active
firms
TOTAL FIRMS
Beverage
Source: Infocamere.
Registered
firms
Active
firms
0
Food
58.1%
49.1%
Other
37.0%
31.3%
11.1%
Beverage
Food
Beverage
ARTISAN FIRMS
Foodstuffs
Capital companies
TOTAL FOOD
INDUSTRIES
ARTISANAL
FOOD FIRMS
Total
firms
Artisanal
firms
MANUFACTURING
FIRMS
1
Active firms.
Source: Infocamere.
35
Breakdown of the workers in the Lombardy food industries by type of production, 2011
Processing and conservation of meat and production of meat-based products
12.7%
14.8%
2.2%
Processing and conservation of fish, crustaceans and molluscs
1%
3.6%
Processing and conservation of fruit and vegetables
Production of vegetable and animal oils and fats
1%
Dairy industry
12.4%
20.1%
Processing of grains, production of starch and starch products
Production of bakery and flour products
2.1%
Production of other foodstuff products
Production of animal feeding
Beverage industry
30.1%
Source: 9° General Census of industry and services.
The provincial ranking of the firms
places Milan at first place (26.9%),
followed by Brescia (15.1%) and Bergamo (11.1%). The handcraft firms,
36
although having the same dynamic,
are homogeneously distributed along
all the territory. The annual trend has
pointed out remarkable increases of
the food firms in Milan (+3.8%) and
Monza (+3.6%).
In terms of their legal forms, among
the food firms the most widespread
type is represented by sole proprietorships and by partnerships. Moderate is the share of the capital companies (23.3%), which seem to prevail
in the beverage sector (56.5%). The
proportions of the sole proprietor-
ships change if considering just the
handcraft firms.
According to the data of the general
2011 Census on industry and services, the food processing ensures employment to about 70,000 local work-
ers, or 16.8% of the national total and
7.4% of the regional employees of the
manufacturing sector. By taking into
account the firms which are located
in Lombardy, the number of the employees in the food industry increases
Provincial distribution of the local units and their workers in Lombardy, 2011
Firms
Tot.
% share % artisan
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantua
Milan
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Lombardy
Italy
Lombardy/Italy (%)
Tot.
Workers in the firms
% share % artisan
Local units
Tot.
% share
Workers in the local units
Tot.
% share
70211.379.1 5,9557.943.7 818
11.4 7,0089.9
972 15.7 74.3
8,55111.4 38.6 1,09015.2 8,45112.0
323 5.280.2 3,3424.534.8 3735.2 3,1144.4
341 5.568.9 5,6337.519.6 4235.9 6,9869.9
226 3.673.9 2,4923.330.9 2583.6 2,5763.7
134 2.264.2 1,2931.728.5 1572.2 1,4942.1
449 7.261.7 6,8569.121.5 5217.37,08610.1
1,650 26.6 55.1 28,39737.8 13.6 1,86526.0 19,15427.2
394
6.4
64.7
3,146
4.2
30.3
457
6.4
3,309
4.7
406 6.568.0 2,8393.838.6 4756.6 4,1545.9
203 3.373.9 2,7513.732.8 2593.6 3,1354.4
399 6.4 77.4 3,808 5.1 35.3 486 6.8 4,029 5.7
6,199 100.0 67.8 75,063 100.0 25.2 7,182 100.0 70,496 100.0
57,805 69.5 420,312 38.7 64,560 420,430
10.72 17.86 11,12 16.77
Source: 9° General Census of industry and services.
37
to 75,000, of whom 25% is working in
handcraft firms. In terms of localization, 27% of the employees of the local
units is concentrated in the province
of Milan, where are located the bigsized companies, followed by Brescia
(12%) and Mantua (10%).
In the field of the food processing, the
phenomenon of cooperation plays an
important role, being supported by
more than 300 productive realities
spread on the regional territory, equal
to 5.2% of the national total. The average economic size of the Lombardy
food cooperatives is about double
38
than the national panorama, that
is why its incidence on the national
turnover exceeds 10% (3.6 billion
euro in absolute value). In Lombardy
are located the registered offices of
four out of the first thirty realities of
the Italian agrifood sector for their
turnovers: Consorzio Virgilio, Latteria Soresina, Produttori Suini Pro
Sus and Consorzio Casalasco del Pomodoro. Furthermore, many cooperatives hold in the region their own
supply basins or, in some cases, even
productive plants.
Distribution of the agro-food
cooperatives in Italy and
Lombardy, 2011
Firms Turnover
(million euro)
Lombardy
Italy
309 5,901 3,611.5
35,051.8
Italy - North
Italy - Centre
Italy- South and Islands
2,479 826 2,596 28,256.0
2,491.0
4,305.0
5.2 12.5 10.3
12.8
Lombardy/Italy (%)
Lombardy/Italy North (%)
Source: Observatory on the Italian Agricultural Cooperation.
distribution
Lombardy is confirmed as one of the
leaders of the national and European
distribution: in 2013, the density of
the current sales points (hypermarkets, supermarkets, mini-supermarkets and discount stores) has amounted to about 300 square meters per
1,000 inhabitants. It is an extremely
relevant figure, similar or superior to
the one referring at the most densely
inhabited European areas.
In the region there are 2,497 sales
points of the modern food distribution, with an overall surface of over
2.9 million square meters, down compared to 2012 (-0.1% versus +0.2% of
the national average).
This trend is not uniform along all
the territory with some provinces
(Brescia, Como and Cremona) which
show an increase in the surfaces.
All of the main types of distribution
have experienced a setback (-1.2%
the supermarkets, and -0.2% the hy-
Sales points of the modern distribution in Lombardy, 2013
N. sales points
Superettes
591
Supermarkets
1,069
Hypermarkets
240
Discount
597
Total
2,497
Area
sqm
% change 2013/12
165,712-2.0
1,080,797-1.2
1,267,288-0.2
387,2224.2
2,901,019-0.1
Source: SMEA processing on the Nielsen data, and Observatory on Commerce of the Lombardy Region.
Area per 1,000 inhabitants in modern distribution sales points in Lombardy
(sqm), 2013
Superettes Supermarkets Hypermarkets Discount Total Super+Hyper
Bergamo 18.4118.6109.8 52.1 228.4
Brescia 18.7168.9149.1 58.4 318.1
Como 15.3 89.4139.8 45.6 229.2
Cremona 9.9124.8122.9 40.6 247.8
Lecco 14.4 89.7143.5 36.9 233.2
Lodi
13.1 94.5222.4 41.3 316.9
Mantua 19.6169.8117.2 72.1 287.0
Milan 16.7 84.9124.1 25.9 209.0
Monza e Brianza 15.7
80.7
145.0
32.0
225.7
Pavia 17.5118.8144.0 47.8 262.8
Sondrio 59.6111.8140.4 43.4 252.1
Varese 12.6143.4113.3 35.5 256.7
Regional Total
17.2112.1131.4 40.2 243.5
Total
298.9
395.2
290.1
298.3
284.4
371.3
378.7
251.6
273.5
328.0
355.1
304.8
300.9
39
permarkets), except for the discount
stores (+4.2%). It is mainly the decrease of the hypermarkets, with the
closure of three structures at regional
level, which highlights the difficulties
that the distribution sector has had
to cope with, although the hypermarkets continue in being the main tool
through which the Lombardy chains
are controlling the territory.
In the region there is a prevalence of
the private chains of the large-scale
distribution. The important restructuring of the purchasing centers has
continued also in 2013, with the dissolution of Cieffea, which had gathered two leading firms such as Carrefour and Finiper. Centrale Italiana
holds the leadership (Coop, Despar,
Sigma and il Gigante) thus representing almost 15% of the surface of the
regional selling, followed by Esd Italia
(13.6%) and by Auchan-CRAI (10.9%).
40
Breakdown of the selling area in the modern distribution in Lombardy, 2013
14.7%
16.5%
3.0%
13.6%
3.4%
3.6%
6.3%
10.9%
8.9%
9.3%
9.8%
Centrale Italiana
427,409
Esd Italia
394,563
Centrale Auchan-Crai
315,256
Centrale Finiper
284,845
Esselunga
268,696
Carrefour
257,993
Bennet
181,429
Standa/Rewe
105,884
Conad
98,669
Centrale Aucube
87,005
Others
479,270
Total (smq) 2,901,019
foreign trade
In Lombardy, during 2013, the deficit in the foreign trade of agrifood
products, equal to 4,068 million euro,
doesn’t change, at current prices,
over the previous year; conversely,
at a national level, it drops down to
5,855 million euros, with a decrease
of 7.5%, besides the contraction of
29.2% registered in 2011.
Lombardy contributes for almost
seven tenths to the formation of the
national agrifood deficit. The growth
in the exports during 2013, both
in Lombardy and in Italy, is almost
twice the imports. The increase in
the Lombardy exports (+4.6%) depends more on the growth in terms
of quantities (+3.5%), rather than of
prices (+1.0%), whereas the modest
growth in the imports (+2.6%) is the
result of a similar growth in terms
of both quantities (+1.3%) and price
(+1.2%).
The agrifood imports, in Lombardy,
Foreign trade of the Lombardy’s
agro-food products at current
prices (million euro)
% contribution of the agro-food
products in the Lombardy’s trade
balance
Import ExportBalance
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013*
% change 2013/2012
% change 2013/1999
5,6902,425-3,265
6,1202,608-3,512
6,2732,811-3,462
6,2833,025-3,258
6,5423,152-3,390
6,8443,278-3,566
7,1193,559-3,560
7,9023,742-4,160
8,3094,122-4,187
8,5594,571-3,988
7,9294,214-3,715
8,6914,579-4,112
9,6374,856-4,781
9,1865,121-4,065
9,4215,354-4,068
2.6 4.6 65.57 120.78
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013*
ImportExport
7.173.84
6.363.55
6.363.59
6.514.00
6.664.15
6.474.14
6.44.17
6.634.01
6.244.07
7.064.41
8.175.12
7.494.88
7.824.66
7.914.74
8.484.95
* Provisional data.
Source: SMEA processing on the ISTAT data, according to SH6 ranking.
* Provisional data.
41
represent 8.5% of the regional imports, whereas the exports reach only
5%; the same percentage shares calculated for Italy are, instead, respectively 11.1% and 8.7%.
The main foreign market for the provision of the region is represented by
France with a share of 19.7%, followed
by Germany (14.1%), Netherlands
(11.1%) and Spain (11.0%). In terms
of exports, France and Germany are
respectively placed at the first two
places (14.9% and 12.6%), followed by
two non-EU markets: US (8.3%) and
Switzerland (7.5%). Therefore, the
sources of procurement seem to be
more concentrated than the export
markets.
The dairy products are the main commodity-exchange both in the imports
(15.3%) and in the exports (18.7%).
Also the cereal derivatives cover
an important share of the exports
(18.7%). The prepared meat and the
42
Main countries of origin and destination of Lombardy’s agro-food import
and export, 2013*
IMPORT
19.7%
32.0%
France
Germany
Netherlands
Spain
14.1%
2.5%
2.6%
2.7%
4.4%
Belgium
Hungary
UK
Austria
11.1%
Others
11.0%
EXPORT
14.9%
France
Germany
36.5%
12.6%
USA
Switzerland
UK
8.3%
3.8%
3.9%
5.4% 7.2%
7.5%
* Provisional data.
Netherlands
Belgium
Spain
Others
8.2%
6.2%
5.9%
4.2%
5.8%
Shares of import and export of Lombardy’s agro-food products,
2013*
IMPORT
EXPORT
15.3%
32.6%
42.5%
18.7%
Dairy products
Fresh and frozen meats
Processed and preserved fish
11.9%
Feedingstuffs
wine represent respectively 6.1% and
5.3% of the export, with a similar incidence respectively to the category of
the sugar and confectionary, and oils
and fats.
18.5%
Oils and fats
8.2%
6.2%
4.2% 5.8% 5.9%
EXPORT
Cereal derivatives
Soft drinks
Processed and preserved fish
Feedingstuffs
Sugar and sweet products
18.5%
Oils and fats
Cereal derivatives
4.9%
5.3%
Cereal derivatives
5.3%
7.2%
6.1%
6.7%Other products
Dairy products
18.7%
Dairy products
Fresh and frozen meats
32.6%
4.9%
7.2%
6.1%
6.7%Other products
Prepared meats
Wine
Oils and fats
Other products
* Provisional data.
Dairy products
Cereal derivatives
Soft drinks
43
food consumption
In 2013, the average monthly household consumption, in Italy, has
amounted to 2,359 euro, down (-2.5%
on annual basis) in current terms for
the second year in a row. If considering the trend in the inflation (+1.2%),
the household consumption shows
an even sharpest drop in real terms.
Lombardy is no longer the first region
with the highest average monthly expenditure (2,774 euro, down by 3.2%
on annual basis): now, it is preceded
by Trentino Alto Adige (2,968 euro,
in an upward trend of 2.2%, on annual
basis), and followed by Emilia Romagna (2,762 euro) and Veneto (2,706
euro). Also in 2013, Sicily highlights
the lowest monthly expenditure average. These differences become even
more significant if considering also
the different numbers of the components of the family which characterizes each single region.
At the national level, the average
44
Average montly household expenditure at current prices (euro), 2005-2013
3,500
3,033
3,000
2,872
2,886
2,896
2,930
2,918
2,896
2,866
2,774
2,689
2,500
2,000
2,398
2005
2,786
2,796
2,810
2,461
2,480
2,485
2006
Lombardy
2007
Italy
2008
2,768
2,796
2,843
2,442
2,453
2,488
2009
Italy-North
Source: SMEA processing on the ISTAT data, sample survey on the household consumption.
2010
2011
2,761
2,419
2012
2,694
2,359
2013
household consumption, for the
purchasing of food and drinks, is decreased from 468 to 461 euro (-1.5%),
with a remarkable drop for the purchasing of meat (-3.2%). In 2013, it is
increased the percentage of families
who has reduced the quantity and/or
quality of the food purchased (from
53.6% in 2011, to 62.3% of the following year and, then, to 65% in 2013),
and the percentage of people purchasing at the hard discount (from
12.5% to 14.4%). Lombardy points out
an average monthly expenditure of
461 euro for food and drinks; it is preceded by Campania, Lazio, Abruzzo,
Tuscany, Marche, Umbria and Molise,
all regions with a highest number of
the components per family, and with
a distribution market less efficient.
For the second year in a row, the
expenditure is in a downward trend
with higher variations compared to
the national data.
Average montly household expenditure, at current prices, for foodstuffs
and beverage (euro), 2005-2013*
500
490
486
491
486
483
480
467
470
460
450
456
461
466
475
463
464
470
461
475
467
477
473
473
468
463
461
455
454
461
461
458
449
440
430
420
410
400
2005
2006
Lombardy
2007
Italy
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Italy-North
* The figure for Lombardy is estimated on the basis of the information provided by ISTAT.
Source: SMEA processing on the ISTAT data, sample survey on the household consumption.
45
Average monthly household expenditure (euro) and % share for foodstuffs
and drinks, by region in Italy, in 2013
3,500
30
3,000
25
2,500
20
2,000
15
1,500
10
1,000
5
500
0
Pied
m
Valle ont
d'Ao
Lom sta
bar
dy
L
Tren
tino-A iguria
lto A
dige
Friuli
V
-Ven eneto
ezia
Giu
Emil
ia-Ro lia
mag
na
Tusc
any
Umb
ria
Mar
che
Lazio
Abru
zzo
Moli
s
Cam e
pania
Pugli
a
Basil
icata
Cala
bria
Sicil
y
Sard
inia
Ital
y
0
average monthly expenditure (=100%)
Source: ISTAT, household consumption.
46
% share for foodstuffs and drinks
% share for foodsftuffs and drinks
average montly household expenditure
The share of expenditure for the purchasing of foodstuffs and drinks is
experiencing an upward trend, compared to 2012: from 19.4% to19.5%;
the most sizeable increase is registered, as in 2012, in the central regions (from 19.3% to 19.6%), but it
is just the South which is experiencing the highest values (25.3%). Lombardy, with a share of 16.6%, is preceded by Trentino Alto Adige (14.9%),
Veneto (16.1%) and Emilia Romagna
(16.3%). The lowest values of the
share of expenditure for foodstuffs
and drinks have been registered in
Sicily (26.9%), Calabria (26.7%) and
Campania (25.8%).
agriculture
agri-meteorological trend
During 2013, the weather conditions
in Lombardy were characterized by
a trend of rains which has quite always exceeded the reference average
of 1972-2000, by showing widespread
critical situations in all the regional
territory.
The winter season has been affected
by a surplus in rains, which has led
to a sudden increase in the streams’
levels, exacerbated by the thawing
of the snow in the Apennines, as a
consequence of the increase in the
temperatures which caused floods (in
particular of the Secchia river). The
rainfalls didn’t allow the access to the
fields, thus impeding the usual fertilization of the crops, whereas the seeding has suffered strong delays.
The spring season didn’t improve
the situation and the long-lasting
rains, besides disadvantaging some
products such as the tomato, have
increased the levels of many rivers
48
which have required the use of water
pumps. Furthermore, there have occurred some exceptional events, such
as the tornado that affected Modena,
thus reaching even some southern
areas of Mantua, with hailstorms that
have damaged the vineyards of Lambrusco, and the groves of pears. The
sowing of rice has been obstructed
in the area between Pavia-VercelliNovara, where there is 90% of the
Italian production. In the southern
Bergamo, there occurred subsidence
of fields, which led to the collapse
of some agricultural structures and
to the consequent evacuation of the
houses located close to the mountain.
The spring’s weather conditions have
led to percentages of loss amounting
to 40/50% for maize, followed by fodder (30/40%) and by honey (40%), to
which it should be added a productive
deficit of about 50% for the grapevine,
which has suffered a delay in the har-
vesting of 3-4 weeks, because of the
postponement of the flowering, the
spread of cryptogams and the growth
of weeds remained in the fields, since
the technical means didn’t manage to
get the access to the fields.
In the summer, the heat waves and a
certain dry condition have been interrupted by some patchy storms, responsible for the damage to the crops.
In particular, in the southern Brescia,
and in Cremona, there have occurred
floods and damage to the stables and
to the fields cultivated at maize and
soya. In July, in the areas of Mantua, Pavia, Bergamo and Milan, the
bad weather conditions have damaged the crops of maize, vineyards,
fruit trees, watermelons and melons.
The concurrence of strong rains and
high temperatures has caused delays
in the seeding of maize, with a consequent reduction in the yields, both
cut and in grains, estimated at around
40-50%, by damaging the availability
of the animal feed in the livestock
breeding.
In the Autumn, the waves of bad
weather have increased the risk of
productive losses for the maize, mainly for the selected qualities of Arborio
rice and Carnaroli rice; some critical
situations have been also detected for
vineyards and fruit trees, in particular
for the apple trees.
49
production levels in agriculture
In 2013, the surface under cereals
amounted to little less than 390,000
hectares (11.2% of the national total),
down by 4% over the previous year.
Among the cereals it stands out the
maize (200,000 hectares and 23% of
the national production), which experiences a reduction in quantities of
20% over 2012. It is followed by the
rice, cultivated on more than 87,000
hectares, for a productive volume
amounting to 39% of the national one,
down by 18% in the last year. Conversely, the cereals cultivated in Autumn, Winter highlight an increase of
the surfaces equal to 10% in the 20122013 period. Even more pronounced
(+44% on an annual basis) is the in-
crease of the surfaces cultivated with
oily seeds.
Among the fodder crops, it should
be pointed out the grasslands, which
occupy about 245,000 hectares
(172,000 just the waxy maize), with
surfaces increasing by 8.8% on annual
basis. The production of waxy maize,
representing 63% of the national one,
Areas and productions of the main crops in Lombardy and in Italy, 2013
Crops
Cereals
- soft wheat
- barley
- rice
- grain maize
Oilseeds
- rape
- soya
Dried legumes
Tuber plants
Total area (ha)
389,440 65,198 19,713 87,393 199,685 36,739 2,868 32,862 1,431 897 Lombardy
Yield
Harvested
Total area
(t/ha) production (000 t)
(ha)
7.2 4.9 4.4 6.3 9.0 3.3 2.6 3.4 2.8 28.3 2,813 319 86 551 1,807 123 7
113 4
25 3,462,078 632,372 237,268 216,019 908,114 295,022 12,186 174,934 68,256 58,652 ItalyLombardy/Italy
Yield
Harvested
%
%
area
production
5.2 5.3 3.7 6.6 8.7 3.0 2.2 3.5 1.8 25.4 18,090 3,342 873 1,417 7,897 888 26 621 125 1,491 11.2
10.3
8.3
40.5
22
12.5
23.5
18.8
2.1
1.5
15.5
9.6
9.9
38.9
22.9
13.8
27.8
18.2
3.2
1.7
>>>>> continued
50
Areas and productions of the main crops in Lombardy and in Italy, 2013 >>>>> continued
Crops
Total area (ha)
Vegetables in plein air*
- watermelon*
- industry tomatoes*
- melon
Greenhouse vegetables*
Temporary forage*
- grasslands*
- waxy maize*
- ryegrass*
Alternated meadows*
- alfalfa*
- mixed meadows*
Permanent fodder*
Permanent meadows*
Pastures*
Fresh and dried fruit
- apple tree
- pear tree
Wine grapes
Olive tree
12,672 1,012 5,588 2,343 2,348 329,171 245,910 172,829 34,237 83,261 59,965 22,515 238,642 126,701 111,941 3,806 1,687 773 21,542 2,315 Lombardy
Yield
Harvested
Total area
(ha)
39.7 47.6 57.3 27.0 42.4 42.1 41.4 46.2 32.4 44.1 46.1 39.2 16.1 27.9 2.6 21.1 27.5 17.8 10.2 2.5 503 48 320 63 100 13,858 10,186 7,986 1,110 3,672 2,764 882 3,835 3,539 295 80 46 14 219 6
n.a. n.a. n.a. 20,228 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 225,370 53,006 31,526 656,172 1,117,913 ItalyLombardy/Italy
Yield
Harvested
%
%
area
production
n.a. n.a. n.a. 22.9 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 23.7 41.8 23.6 10.5 2.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. 463 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 5,350 2,217 743 6,899 2,946 3.4
11.5
8.6
11.6
6.9
15.6
23.8
56
60
8
10.6
10.6
10.5
18.3
7.2
1.7
3.2
2.5
3.3
0.2
5.3
13.8
9.2
13.7
7
30
44.6
63.1
70.2
15.3
20.3
22
29.2
36.3
9
1.5
2.1
1.9
3.2
0.2
* Figures at 2012.
Source: ISTAT and Ente Nazionale Risi.
51
has experienced a decrease of 16.5%,
despite the increase of 4.3% of the
surfaces. The alternated meadows appear to be stable, with the prevalence
of the alfalfa which is a crop covering
about 60,000 hectares, equal to 20.3%
of the national production. In terms
of fodder crops, the areas devoted to
meadows and pastures are decreasing,
which on the whole cover a surface of
238,000 hectares.
Compared to the national context, the
area devoted to the permanent crops
and to the horticulture in Lombardy
is quite contained. Among the permanent crops it prevails the grapevine,
cultivated on about 21,500 hectares.
It is then followed by the fruit crops,
mainly the apple tree and the pear
tree, as well as the olive tree. Horticulture is practiced on about 13,000
hectares in the open field, mainly industrial tomato and melon, and 2,000
hectares in the nursery.
The livestock sector stands first place
in the Lombardy agriculture, so much
as to represent 40% of the national
pork production, and 37% of the
dairy production. Nonetheless, the
year 2013 has recorded a decrease
of 3.5% of the animals raised, with
peaks of 4.2% for dairy cows and buffaloes. Conversely, the pork breeding
is remained stable, compared to a decrease of the animals raised amounting to 1.2% at a national level.
Consistencies and productions of the breeding farms in Lombardy, 2013
Lombardy
ItalyLombardy/Italy
Number of heads Production (t)
Number of heads Production (t)
% heads % production
Beef
1,361,092 Pigmeat
4,055,217 Sheepmeat and goatmeat
216,527 Poultry meat
n.a. Cows and buffalo -cow’s and buffalo’s milk (000 hl)
458,327 Sheep - sheep milk and goat milk (000 hl)
183,604 Eggs (million units)
n.a. Honey (n. of hives)
n.a. Source: ISTAT.
52
345,900 828,200 900 327,300 41,278 29 2,284 1,400 5,846,672 8,561,683 8,157,686 n.a. 2,103,291 7,119,586 n.a. n.a. 1,332,183.0
2,063,218.6
59,358.2
1,735,524.2
111,280.9
5,369.1
13,011.8
9,620.7
23.3 47.4 2.7 n.a. 21.8 2.6 n.a. n.a. 26.0
40.1
1.5
18.9
37.1
0.5
17.6
14.6
For the Lombardy region, worthy of
note is the production of beef (26%),
poultry (18.9%), eggs (17.6%) and
honey (14.6%). Clearly more contained is the incidence of the sheep
and goat production (1.5% meat and
0.5% milk).
In terms of value, the regional agricultural output at basis prices (OBP),
including the connected services and
the secondary activities, has exceeded
7.3 billion euro in 2013, by confirming the regional record related to the
share of the value of the national agricultural production detained (14%). If
considering only the livestock sector,
this incidence on the national framework arises to 26.2%. If compared to
the EU, the Lombardy agriculture has
an incidence of 1.9% on the OBP of
the agricultural sector in the EU-28,
or 2.6% if considering only the livestock productions (EUROSTAT 2012
data). At the OBP of the agricultural
sector it should also be added the value of the output of the forestry sector (76 million euro, or 11.7% of the
national total), and the values of the
fishing sector and aquaculture (31
million euro, corresponding to 1.7% of
the comparable national data).
The value of the goods and of the agricultural services remains almost unchanged over the previous year, since
the decrease in the total quantities
(-2.2%) has been offset by an average
increase of the prices equal to 2.3%. In
the same period the national agricultural OBP is increased by 3.6%. The
productions which suffer the most
are the vegetables, with an annual decrease of 3.4%, triggered by a contraction in the quantities not offset by the
increase in prices, whereas the livestock products are increasing by 1.3%
in value, on annual basis, mainly ascribable to an increase in prices equal
to 1.9%. It has been also detected an
increase in value for the connected
services (+3.8%) and the secondary
activities (+3.1%).
The agricultural OBP is mostly represented by the livestock sector:
the breeding contributes, in fact, for
62.5% to its development, followed by
the vegetable productions (27.7%),
by the connected services and by the
secondary activities. Conversely, at
the national level, it prevails the vegetable OBP compared to the livestock
one (respectively of 52.8% and 33.4%).
As far as each single sector is involved,
in terms of incidence on the OBP of
the goods and agricultural services,
there is a prevalence of milk (24.2%),
followed by pork meats (16.7%), cow
meats (10.9%), and cereals (9.2%). Remarkable shares are also represented
by other types of meat (8.5%), mostly
represented by poultry meat, and the
fodder-culture (8.1%). Less importance is represented by the horticul-
53
Agricultural production at basic prices, intermediate consumption and VA in Lombardy (million euro), 2013
Lombardy
ItalyLombardy/Italy
million euro % tot. OBP % on the sector million euro % tot. OBP % on the sector
%
Agricultural crops
2,039 Herbaceous crops
1,043 Fodder
587 Trees
409 Breeding
4,605 Meat
2,598 Milk
1,748 Other livestock
260 Related services
577 Total OBP and agricultural services 7,221 (+) secondary activities*
215 (-) secondary activities*
71 Total OBP in the agricultural sector
7,365 (-) Intermediate consumption
4,313 Value added of the agricultural sector 3,052 Total OBP of the forestry sector
76 (-) Intermediate consumption
18 Value added of the forestry sector 59 Total OBP of the fishing and aquaculture sectors 31 (-) Intermediate consumption
13 Value added of the fishing and aquaculture sectors 18 27.7 100.0 14.2 51.1 8.0 28.8 5.6 20.1 62.5 100.0 35.3 56.4 23.7 38.0 3.5 5.6 7.8 98.0 2.9 1.0 100.0 58.6 41.4 100.0 23.2 76.8 100.0 43.2 56.8 27,730 14,193 1,710 11,827 17,557 10,741 5,271 1,544 6,665 51,952 1,583 995 52,540 24,089 28,451 654 91 563 1,880 850 1,030 52.8 100.0 27.0 51.2 3.3 6.2 22.5 42.7 33.4 100.0 20.4 61.2 10.0 30.0 2.9 8.8 12.7 98.9 3.0 1.9 100.0 45.8 54.2 100.0 13.8 86.1 100.0 45.2 54.8 7.4
7.3
34.3
3.5
26.2
24.2
33.2
16.8
8.7
13.9
13.6
7.2
14.0
17.9
10.7
11.7
19.6
10.4
1.7
1.6
1.7
*Secondary activities involve both the activity carried out in the agricultural sector and which can not be set apart, such as farm stays, processing of milk, fruit and meat, highlighetd with the sign (+), and also the activity
carried out by other economic sectors, within the crops and breeding which are highlighted with the sign (-).
Source: ISTAT, Value added at agricultural basic prices by region.
54
ture (3.5%), viticulture (3.3%), and
the other tree crops (2.4%). In terms
of value, the connected services have
an incidence equal to 8%.
In 2013, the increase in the value
of the livestock productions seems
mostly supported by the poultry
meats (+4.8%) and by the pork meats
(+3.7%), as well as milk (+2.2%),
whereas the cow meat has experienced a strong contraction of 5.7%.
In terms of vegetable OBP, the cereals have experienced a loss in value of
over 18%, compared to 2012, mainly
triggered by quantitative changes
caused by unfavorable weather conditions. Conversely, on annual basis,
it is increased the value of the industrial crops (+11%) and of fodder
(+4.9%), whereas the floriculture has
experienced a decrease of 8.4%. The
tree crops have gained in value 18.7%,
supported by the viticulture and olive growing, which have experienced
increases as much as 35% on annual
basis, due to a combined effect of
quantities and prices, whereas more
contained has been the increase in
Value of the agricultural output at basic prices by main sectors in
Lombardy, 2013
Cereals and dried legumes
Vegetables
3.6%
8%
9.2%
3.5%
Industrial crops
0.7%
1.1%
3.3%
0.6%
1.8%
24.2%
8.1%
Flower and plants
Grapevine
Fruit
Other woody crops
Fodder
Cow meat
Pork meat
10.9%
8.5%
16.7%
Other meat
Milk
Eggs and other
Related services
55
the fruit production (+1.9%).
Among the single crops, the cereals
have undergone a widespread decrease in value, on annual basis; rice,
representing 41.2% of the national
OBP of rice, has experienced a contraction of 5%, ascribable to an analogous decrease in prices. Conversely,
what has most affected the OBP of
maize (-24.2%), and the autumn-winter cereals, have been the quantitative
decreases. In a clear countertrend is
Main vegetable crops in Lombardy, 2013
OBP1 at current prices
Milion euro
% Lombardy/Italy
Soft wheat
Durum wheat
Barley
Rice
Hybrid maize
Soya
Sugar beet
Potatoes
Tomatoes
Melons
Sold table wine
Wine
Oil
Peaches
Apples
Pears
Kiwis
69.9
12.1
17.4
125.9
390.7
40.7
5.8
10.5
43.4
45.9
21.3
213.4
2.2
2.0
21.3
9.7
5.5
9.3
0.9
10.6
41.2
24.4
17.2
5.9
1.4
4.1
20.7
2.3
7.5
0.1
0.5
2.1
1.8
1.8
OBP1 at chained values 2005
Million euro
35.7
6.7
10.9
157.5
228.1
19.0
5.8
5.7
42.7
47.0
19.4
128.1
3.0
1.7
14.5
6.7
5.3
% change 2013/2012
Quantity
Price
OBP
-11.8
-4.9
-16.1
-34.1
3.1
-32.1
-10.2 -4.5-14.3
-0.4-4.7-5.0
-20.2
-5.0
-24.2
37.8 5.445.2
-60.7
5.4
-58.6
-25.637.0 1.9
-25.1 17.1-12.2
0.1-2.1-1.9
6.1
-10.7
-5.2
20.317.741.6
28.6 7.237.8
-19.425.9 1.5
1.512.914.6
-18.8 0.9-18.1
1.132.634.1
1
Production value at basic prices.
56
the soya, which is the main industrial
crop of Lombardy.
In terms of tree crops, the grapevine
has experienced a strong contraction
of price, only partially offset by quantitative variations, phenomena that
on the whole have led to a decrease
of 5.2% in value. The same positive
variations of price have increased
the OBP of some fruit trees, such as
apples and kiwis. With regard to the
processed products, the OBP of wine
has registered an annual variation of
41.6%, 37.8% for the oil.
Concerning the livestock sector, the
region boasts of many records at a
national level with an output of 39.1%
in value of the pork meats, of 23.2%
of the cow meat, and 36.3% of the
cow milk compared to the respective
national shares. In 2013, worthy of
note have been also the percentages,
on the national total, of the poultry
meats (17.1%), of eggs (17%) and of
honey (14.7%).
The increase in value of the livestock
OBP has been detected, at the level of
each single product, in the pork meats
(+3.7% in value and +2.4% in quantity), in the poultry meats (+4.8% in
value and -1.1% in quantity), and in
the cow milk (respectively of +2.2%
and -1.1%). The OBP of the cow meats
Main livestock productions in Lombardy, 2013
OBP1 at current prices
Million euro
% Lombardy/Italy
Cow meat
Pork meat
Goat and sheep meat
Poultry meat
Eggs
Cow milk
Goat and sheep milk
Honey
784.0 1,202.4 2.7 515.0 253.9 1,745.2 2.7 5.5 23.2
39.1
1.5
17.1
17.0
36.3
0.6
14.7
OBP1 at chained values 2005
Million euro
717.3 940.2 3.2 378.8 148.7 1,545.9 2.0 3.1 % change 2013/2012
Quantity
Price
OBP
-4.3
2.4
0.0
-1.1
1.7
-1.1
3.6
-6.7
-1.4
1.3
-0.6
6.0
-2.7
3.3
7.3
8.5
-5.7
3.7
-0.6
4.8
-1.1
2.2
11.1
1.3
1
Production value at basic prices.
57
has instead registered a strong decrease (-5.7%).
The deadlock of the production value,
along with the increase in the intermediate consumption, during 2013,
it has led to an erosion of 1.5% of the
regional agricultural value added, thus
leading to a decrease of the incidence
of the value added on the value of the
agricultural output down to 41.4%. In
the same period the value added of
the Italian agriculture is increased by
6.2%.
The distribution of the agricultural
OBP has not been uniform at the
provincial level. Over a fourth of the
regional agricultural value has been
registered in the province of Brescia
(26.3%), followed by the provinces of
Mantua (21.7%), Cremona (14.7%),
Bergamo (9.2%) and Pavia (9%).
Estimate of the OBP at basic prices by Lombardy’s provinces (million euro), 2012
LombardyBergamoBresciaComoCremona Lecco Lodi Mantua Milan Monza Pavia SondrioVarese
Agricultural crops
Herbaceous crops
Fodder
Woody crops
Breeding
Meat
Milk
Other livestock
Related services
Total production of goods and agricultural services (+) secondary activities (farm stay, processing)
(-) secondary activities (firms)
Total production of the agricultural sector
(-) intermediate consumption
Value added at basic prices
Source: estimates on ISTAT figures.
58
2,110 1,206 560 345 4,548 2,575 1,711 262 556 7,214 209 70 7,353 4,255 3,097 197 141 43 13 398 232 135 31 65 660 25 6
679 425 254 374 29 173 15 142 4
59 9
1,436 31 882 16 459 14 95 1
87 78 1,897 137 55 13 18 1
1,934 149 1,124 50 809 100 293 141 132 20 765 322 431 13 26 1,085 9
11 1,083 757 325 21 9
4
7
24 15 8
1
44 89 15 1
103 31 72 129 81 45 2
320 146 161 13 12 461 3
4
460 287 173 461 280 100 81 1,081 670 321 91 47 1,590 24 15 1,598 811 786 145 106 31 7
172 62 104 6
44 361 13 4
370 242 128 29 18 4
8
15 8
5
2
33 77 2
1
79 66 13 378 225 39 114 218 176 41 1
53 649 19 6
662 368 294 27 2
7
19 49 30 17 2
14 90 20 1
110 41 69 29
15
9
6
38
16
16
6
54
121
10
1
130
54
76
Even in terms of percentage composition of the agricultural OBP, the situation seems to be quite variegated.
The meat sector has been decisively
dominant in the provinces of Brescia
(45.6% of the OBP) and Mantua
(41.9%). In the provinces of Cremona
(39.8%) and Lodi (35%) has prevailed
the milk, in relative terms, although
the province with the highest production has been Brescia. The sector of
the herbaceous crops is mainly located in Pavia (34%) and Milan (28.8%).
In the provinces characterized to a
lesser extent by an agricultural vocation, important shares of the OBP
have been represented by the connected services, first of all in the province of Como with 60.2% of the provincial agricultural OBP, followed by
the provinces of Lecco (56%), Varese
(48.3%) and Monza (44.3%).
% distribution of the OBP in the Lombardy’s provinces, 2012
Varese
Sondrio
Pavia
Monza
Milan
Mantua
Lodi
Lecco
Cremona
Como
Brescia
Bergamo
Lombardy
0%
Herbaceous crops
10%
20%
Fodder
30%
Woody crops
40%
Meat
50%
Milk
60%
70%
Other livestock
80%
90%
100%
Related services±secondary activities
Source: estimates on ISTAT figures.
59
intermediate consumption
In 2013, the intermediate consumption (IC) of the agriculture in Lombardy have reached a value of 4.3
billion euro, or 17.9% of the national
total, with an increase in value of 1.4%
over the previous year. At this amount
it should be added 17.7 million euro of
the intermediate consumption of forestry, and 13.4 million euro of fishing
and aquaculture.
The regional intermediate consumption has an incidence of 57.9% on
the value of the production at basic
prices, a value which is much more
Value at
%
% to % change % change % change
current prices category Italy
value
quantity price
(million euro), 2013/12 2013/12 2013/12
2013
Source: ISTAT.
60
163.2
3.8
11.8
-5.9
-6.9
% incidence of intermediate
consumption to the value of
agricultural production, 2012
%
Intermediate consumption (IC) in agriculture in Lombardy, 2013
Seeds and shots
Feedingstuffs and various
expenses for the livestock Fertilizers
Crop protection products
Motive energy
Re-uses
Other goods and services
Agricultural IC Forestry IC
Fishing and aquaculture IC in line with the levels of the EU-28,
but of over 10 points higher than the
national level.
1.0
1,768.5
41.0
25.3
3.5
-1.0
4.5
274.6 6.4
17.5
-4.4-2.5-1.9
56.71.3
6.7
10.14.85.1
495.211.5
14.9
-5.7-1.5-4.3
740.317.2
29.7
6.60.95.6
814.5
18.9
10.9
0.1
0.5
-0.4
4,313.1 100.0 17.9 1.4
-0.7
2.1
17.7 100.0 19.6 -1.5
-1.2
-0.3
13.4 100.0 1.6 3.5
-6.0
10.1
Lombardy57.9
Italy47.1
Italy - North
53.4
Italy - Centre
42.4
39.9
EU-2760.5
France58.8
Germany70.1
Netherlands67.9
Poland61.1
UK64.7
Romania57.0
Spain49.0
Source: ISTAT, Value added at agricultural basic prices by region;
EUROSTAT.
The increase of the spending for the
intermediate consumption has been
caused, on the one side, by the in-
crease of the prices of the factors,
equal to 2.1%, and on the side, by a
decrease in the quantities of 0.7%.
The agricultural output at basic prices
(OBP), which has remained constant
in value (+0.2%), led to a decrease of
Terms of trade and productivity of the Lombardy agriculture, 2002-2013
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
OBP/CI
2006
2007
2008
OBP/CI (chained values)
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Terms of trade for OBP/CI prices
61
the agricultural value added, both in
relative terms and in absolute terms.
The productivity of the factors has
decreased, both at current prices and
at constant prices (respectively -1.2%
and -1.4%), whereas the terms of trade
between the production costs and the
factors’ costs is improved by 0.2%, although remaining far from the values
of the last decade.
The animal feeding, with 41% of the
62
total value of the intermediate consumption in the Lombardy agriculture, represents the main category of
technical means; in a scale of values,
they can be pointed out the following items “other goods and services”
(18.9%), the re-uses (17.2%), and the
motive power (11.5%). In 2013, the
increase in the intermediate consumption has been mainly boosted by
pesticides (+10%), the re-uses (+6.6%)
and the animal feed (+3.5%). The value of the energy is decreased, mainly
due to the decrease in prices, whereas
the animal feeds, the re-uses and the
pesticides have experienced an increase in prices of about 5%.
The intermediate consumption of the
forestry sector is decreased by 1.5%
on annual basis, while those for fishing and aquaculture are increased by
3.5%.
investments
In 2011, according to the latest available ISTAT data, the volume of the regional agricultural gross fixed investments has amounted to a value of over
2.2 billion euro, thus showing an increase of 9.6% over the previous year,
so as to confirm and strengthen the
sizeable increase detected in 2010.
The regional agricultural gross fixed
investments represent a share of
19.5% of the national agricultural investments, whereas their incidence
on the total of the regional gross fixed
investments amounts to 3.7%. Both
figures exceed the average of the last
decade.
The incidence of the investments on
the regional agricultural value added
amounts to 70.5% at current prices.
The degree of intensity of the regional
agricultural activity, detectable by an-
Trend in agricultural fixed gross investments* in Lombardy
Current value
(million euro)
% to tot. Investments
in Lombardy1
% to tot. agricultural
Investments in Italy1
% to agricultural VA
in Lombardy1
1,337.2
1,393.2
1,579.8
1,656.5
1,869.1
1,773.2
1,924.3
1,527.5
2,037.6
2,234.2
2.5 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.5 3.4 3.7 13.1 13.0 13.7 14.1 15.5 14.9 16.3 14.8 18.4 19.5 37.4
39.8
44.9
55.5
60.2
56.8
59.7
54.0
71.7
70.5
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
* Agriculture, forestry and fishing.
1
63
alyzing the entity of the investments
by agricultural work unit (AWU), is
twice the national index. This indicator can be compared to the per capita
investments in the sectors of the industry and services, which have been
overtaken respectively by 35% and
61% in 2011.
Incidence of agricultural gross fixed investments* in Lombardy to the total
regional investments and national agricultural investments1
20
18.4
15.5
15
13.1
13.7
13.0
14.1
19.5
16.3
14.8
14.9
10
5
2.5
2.7
2.9
2.8
2002
2003
2004
2005
3.0
2.6
2.8
2.5
2007
2008
2009
3.4
3.7
0
2006
% to total investments in Lombardy
* Agriculture, forestry and fishing.
1
64
2010
2011
% to total agricultural investments in Italy
Gross fixed investments1 by work unit and by sector in Lombardy and Italy, 2011
25.000
20,783
20,000
15,313
15,000
12,626
12,900
12,765
9,330
10,000
Agriculture
Industry
5,000
Services
0
Lombardy
Italy
Lombardy
Italy
Lombardy
Italy
1
65
prices
In 2013, the prices of the agricultural
products have continued an upward
trend, which had characterized the
previous years, thus marking a +3.1%
in the region and a +5.7% at the National level. This increase has been
confirmed in the wood crops (+8.6%)
and in the breeding (+2.1%), whereas
the shares of the herbaceous crops are
decreased by 1.8% on annual basis.
In terms of vegetable productions,
are decreased the shares of cereals
(-4.5%), mainly rice (-5%); conversely,
are increased the prices for the industrial crops (+5.1%) and vegetables
(+6.5%). Remarkable increases in
prices have been detected also for fodder (+8%), whereas the prices of the
horticultural products are decreased
by 6.1%.
The wine products and fruits have
pointed out the highest increases
in price, respectively of 14.4% and
13.3%. Wine, in particular, has regis-
66
Change in implicit prices of agricultural products in Lombardy and Italy, 2013
Sector
% change 2013/12 Lombardy
% change 2013/12 Italy
Agricultural crops
3.1
5.7
Herbaceous crops
-1.8
3.0
Cereals
-4.5-2.5
Dried legumes
-2.3
-2.0
Potatoes and vegetables
6.5
8.0
Industrial plants
5.1
3.3
Flowers and ornamentals
-6.1
-4.6
Fodder crops
8.0
9.0
Woody crops
10.1
8.6
Wine products
14.4
7.8
Olive products
7.1
7.0
Fruit
13.314.6
Other woody crops
2.3
1.8
Breeding
1.92.1
Meat
1.52.0
Milk
3.33.6
Eggs
-2.7-2.7
Honey
8.58.5
Non-food livestock
3.8
1.7
Related services
2.5
2.2
Total production of goods and agricultural services
2.3
4.0
(+) secondary activities*
2.7
1.6
(-) secondary activities*
4.4
3.9
Total agricultural output b.p. 2.3
3.9
2.1
2.0
* Secondary activities involve both the activity carried out in the agricultural sector and which can not be set apart, such as farm stays, processing of
milk, fruit and meat, highlighetd with the sign (+), and also the activity carried out by other economic sectors, within the crops and breeding which
are highlighted with the sign (-).
Trend in the price index of the products from the origin to the final consumption (2010=100)
ISTAT price index for agricultural products
140
Price index for the domestic market of the food industries, beverage and tobacco
135
Price index for the consumption of foodstuff and soft drinks in Lombardy
130
Price index for the consumption of foodstuff and soft drinks in Italy
125
120
115
110
105
100
January-10
90
June-14
95
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Source: ISTAT.
67
tered an annual change of prices of
17.7%, down by 10.7% are, instead,
the grapevines. Also the shares of the
olive oil are on the increase ( +7.2%).
Among fruits, have been detected
sizeable increases in the prices of apples, peaches and mainly kiwis, while
the prices for pears have remained
unchanged.
All of the livestock sectors have experienced increases in prices, except for
eggs (-2.7%). Are increased, in fact, the
prices of milk (+3.3%), meat (+1.5%)
and honey (+8.5%). Among the various types of meat, they have been
68
mainly strengthened the prices of the
poultry meats (+6%) and, to a lesser
extent, of the pork meats (+1.3%). On
the contrary, the prices of the cow
meats are decreased (-1.4%).
The comparison of the price indices
of the agricultural products, at the
industrial production and at the consumption, calculated on the basis of
the year 2010, has highlighted a widespread tendency of increase in prices
at all the levels, mainly starting from
the second half of 2010. Are, nonetheless, the prices at the agricultural output, despite their characteristic and
sudden fluctuations, and the prices at
the industrial production, those with
a more decisive upward trend, by
determining, at least during the last
period, a modest erosion of the margins at the distribution. In any case,
as from the beginning of 2013, there
has been a general stabilization of the
industrial prices, and of the prices at
consumption, as a consequence of
the contraction in demand. Similarly,
the upward trend of the agricultural
prices, despite the usual fluctuations,
seems to be softened.
structures in agriculture
According to the results of the 6th general Agricultural Census, in 2010, are
located in Lombardy 54,333 agricultural farms, amounting to 3.3% of the
national total. The total agricultural
area (TAA) amounts to about 1.2 million hectares, while the utilised area
(UAA) has been estimated in 986,826
hectares, or 7.7% of the national UAA.
The UAA of the Lombardy farms has
undergone a reduction of 5.1%, over
2000. This decrease, being inferior in
absolute value compared to that of the
number of farms (-23.5%), has led to
an increase of the average farm UAA
from 14.6 to 18.2 hectares, which is
double the national average.
Sole proprietorship and direct management remain the prevailing legal form and management method;
undoubtedly the legal form of partnership has grown in importance in
Lombardy over 2000. On the whole,
it is on the increase the availability of
Structural features of the agriculture in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
Lombardy ItalyLombardy/Italy
(%)
Farms (n.)
54,333 1,620,884 3.35
Total livestock farms (n,)
22,064 217,449 10.15
Cattle farms (n,)
14,718 124,210 11.85
- of which dairy cows 8,463 50,337 16.81
Agricultural and forestry area (AFA) (ha)
1,229,561 17,081,099 7.20
Utilised agricultural area (UAA) (ha)
986,826 12,856,048 7.68
Livestock units (LSU)
2,739,158 9,957,399 27.51
Workers at the farms (n,)
137,447 3,870,754 3.55
- of which family (n,)
98,157 2,932,651 3.35
Total working days (thousand)
19,261 250,806 7.68
-of which family (thousand)
15,067 200,905 7.50
Average TAA per farm (ha)
Average UAA per farm (ha)
Breeding/farms (%)
LSU/UAA (n.)
LSU/breeding (n.)
Workers per farm (n.)
Working days per farm (n.)
Working days/UAA (n.)
Family working days (%)
Standard output (million euro)
Standard output/firm (euro)
22.63 18.16 40.61 2.78 124.15 2.53 354.5 19.52 78.2
10.54 7.93 13.42 0.77 45.79 2.39 154.7 19.51 80.1
214.74
229.0
302.7
358.4
271.1
105.9
229.1
100.1
97.7
7,388 135,979 49,460 30,514 14.94
445.62
Source: ISTAT - 6° General Agricultural Census.
69
rented UAA, thus representing a widespread land tenure form in the region
(49.5%), in terms of hectares, compared to the ownership, unlike what
happens at a national level (29.9%);
at the same way, a greater incidence,
in terms of farms and areas, is repre-
sented by the farms holding a rented
land (also the other forms of ownership) and the farms that holds surface
only rented.
In 2010, 40.6% of the Lombardy
farms, or 22,064 units, has conducted
a breeding activity, compared to the
corresponding 13.4% at a national
scale. The importance of the Lombardy livestock sector, in the national
framework, is detected by the widespread breeding, which exceeds three
times the corresponding national parameter, as well as by the number of
Features of management of the farms in Lombardy and Italy
Lombardy 2010
Italy 2010 Lombardy 2000
farms UAA % UAA
% UAA
n. %
hectares %
Legal form
- individual farms
44,554 82.0 527,520 53.5 76.1 63.6 - companies
9,523 17.5 405,539 41.1 17.7 29.8 - other legal form
256 0.5 53,766 5.4 6.3 6.6 Type of management
- run by the farmer
50,687 93.3 805,868 81.7 82.8 82.1 - run with employees
3,106 5.7 134,373 13.6 11.6 17.9 - other type of management
540 1.0 46,585 4.7 5.6 0.0 Title of possession
- property
449,309 45.5 61.9 55.3 - rent
488,206 49.5 29.9 41.5 - for free
49,311 5.0 8.5 3.3 TOTAL
54,333 100
986,826 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: ISTAT - 6° General Agricultural Census.
70
Italy 2000
% UAA
79.1
11.7
9.2
81.2
18.7
0.1
76.8
19.4
3.8
100.0
Farms by class of UAA in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
Class of UAA
< 5 ha
5-10 ha
10-20 ha
20-30 ha
30-50 ha
> 50 ha
Total
Lombardy
farms
UAA (ha)
27,076 47,655 7,726 55,154 7,341 103,794 3,635 88,434 3,730 142,681 4,825 549,108 54,333 986,826 Italy
farms
UAA (ha)
1,182,320 1,846,841 186,145 1,295,295 120,115 1,663,483 46,687 1,128,980 40,915 1,556,922 44,702 5,364,526 1,620,884 12,856,048 % Lombardy
farms
UAA (ha)
49.8
4.8
14.2
5.6
13.5
10.5
6.7
9.0
6.9
14.5
8.9
55.6
100
100
% Lombardy/Italy
farms
UAA (ha)
2.3
2.6
4.2
4.3
6.1
6.2
7.8
7.8
9.1
9.2
10.8
10.2
3.4
7.7
Farms and UAA in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
Lombardy
Italy
farms*ha
farms ha
Arable crops
35,222 715,263 828,390 7,009,311 Agricultural woody crops
14,660 36,484 1,192,081 2,380,769 Permanent meadows and pastures21,822 234,591 274,486 3,434,073 Total UAA
53,680 986,826 1,615,590 12,856,048 Trees for wood
2,103 18,796 26,772 101,628 Woods
16,098 141,675 328,358 2,901,038 Non-used area
10,267 35,902 302,940 648,746 Other area
43,637 46,362 945,829 573,638 total agricultural area
54,189 1,229,561 1,619,228 17,081,099 average areas (ha)
% Lombardy/Italy
Lombardy Italyfarms area
20.3 8.5 4.3
10.2
2.5 2.0 1.2
1.5
10.8 12.5 8
6.8
18.4 8.0 3.3
7.7
8.9 3.8 7.9
18.5
8.8 8.8 4.9
4.9
3.5 2.1 3.4
5.5
1.1 0.6 4.6
8.1
22.7 10.5 3.3
7.2
* Each farm can cultivate different crops.
71
Farms by economic size class in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
Economic
size
farms
Very small (< 4,000 €)
12,853 Small (4,000 - 25,000 €)
19,574 Medium-small (25,000 - 50,000 €) 6,254 Medium (50,000 - 100,000 €)
4,827 Medium-large (100,000 - 500,000 €) 7,928 Large (≥ 500,000 €)
2,897 Total
54,333 Lombardy
% Lombardy
% Italy
% Lombardy/Italy
UAA standard output
farms UAA standard farms UAA standard farms
(ha) (million euro)
output
output
16,302 25.1 23.7 1.7 0.3 48.3 8.6 2.6 1.6
107,397 227.3 36.0 10.9 3.1 32.9 21.8 11.4 3.7
92,001 223.0
11.5 9.3 3.0 7.9 13.4 9.2 4.9
125,598 341.7 8.9 12.7 4.6 5.5 16.0 12.6 5.4
378,390 1,821.6 14.6 38.3 24.7 4.7 29.3 30.4 10.3
267,137 4,749.5 5.3 27.1 64.3 0.7 10.9 33.8 24.6
986,826 7,388.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.4
animals per farm (2.7 times) and per
hectare of UAA (3.6 times). Even the
entity of the livestock heritage, which
represents 27.5% of the livestock units
(LSU) at the national level, marks out
Lombardy in the Italian context. With
the exception of the goats and sheep,
the highest number of animals is concentrated in the farms located in the
lowlands.
According to the Census data, the
standard regional production amounts
72
to about 7.4 billion euro, or 14.9% of
the corresponding national value. The
average standard production per farm
is of about 135,000 euro, almost four
and a half times the average of the
Italian farms, which amounts to just
30,000 euro.
Over the half of the Lombardy farms
is located in the lowlands; in these
areas is concentrated 65% of the TAA
and 73% of the UAA, thus showing an
average farm size of 24.4 hectares,
which is superior than the regional
average (18.4 hectares/farm). On the
mountains is located 23.5% of the
farms, which manage 25.7% of the
TAA, and 17.6% of the UAA, with an
average size of 13.8 hectares. 85% of
the standard production of the Lombardy agriculture is produced in the
lowlands.
The distribution of farms by economic
size class depicts a framework for the
Lombardy agriculture which is deeply
different from the national one. The
small-sized farms and the very smallsized farms, with a standard production of less than 25,000 euro, are in
the region less than 60%, compared
to the national 81%. Conversely, the
big-sized farms, more than 500,000
euro, represent 5.3% of the total, by
involving 64.3% of the regional standard production (0.7% of the farms and
33.8% of the standard production in
the national context). Worthy of note
is, furthermore, the presence of medium-large-sized farms, equal to 14.6%
of the total and to 24.7% of the standard production.
The economic size represents the
main parameter for determining the
degree of entrepreneurship of the
farms, but it is not the only one. On
the basis of the type of management,
Distribution of farms by type of business in Lombardy, 2010
Farms (%)
Total area (%)
Utilised area (%)
Gross standard output (%)
Total working days (%)
AWU (%)
Self-consumption
19.1
3.9
3.5
0.8
1.2
1.5
Deconstructed
14.3
16.9
14.3
5.2
3.7
4.6
Subsistence
39.5
14.7
13.5
5.2
33.4
34.9
Professional 27.0
64.4
68.7
88.8
61.7
59.0
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Average features Total area per farm (ha)
Utilised area per farm (ha)
Work units per farm (AWU)
Working days per hectare
Gross output per farm (euro)
Gross output per hectare (euro)
Gross output per work unit (euro)
Gross output per day (euro)
Self-consumption
4.65 3.29 0.10 6.8 5,524 1,677 56,228 248 Deconstructed
26.70 18.14 0.39 4.9 49,243 2,715 125,397 556 Subsistence
8.42 6.22 1.08 46.8 17,913 2,879 16,589 61 Professional
53.96 46.14 2.67 17.1 446,835 9,684 167,162 567 Total
22.63
18.16
1.22
19.0
135,979
7,487
111,037
394
Source: DEMM processing on ISTAT figures - 6° General Agricultural Census.
73
Farms by type of farming in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
Lombardy
% Lombardy
% Lombardy/Italy
farms UAA standard output farms
UAA standard farms UAA standard
(ha) (million euro)
output
output
Farms specialised in arable crops
22,308 466,511 963.0 41.1 47.3 13.0 5.8 9.5 10.7
- of which specialised in rice cultivation
1,455 96,229 200.0 2.7 9.8 2.7 42.3 42.1 41.0
Farms specialised in fruit and vegetables 2,640 14,875 374.3 4.9 1.5 5.1 7.0 10.0 8.8
Farms specialised in permanent crops
7,662 35,769 338.9 14.1 3.6 4.6 0.9 1.3 2.5
- of which specialised in viticulture
5,426 27,820 289.7 10.0 2.8 3.9 2.7 2.9 3.9
Farms specialised in herbivorous
15,265 334,085 2,164.3 28.1 33.9 29.3 11.8 9.8 23.2
- of which specialised in cattle farms - milk orientation 6,969 247,545 1,758.6 12.8 25.1 23.8 20.3 27.1 38.8
- of which specialised in cattle farms - breeding and fattening orientation 2,950 35,394 286.8 5.4 3.6 3.9 8.9 3.9 14.8
Farms specialised in granivores
1,747 65,534 3,126.3 3.2 6.6 42.3 18.7 36.6 34.8
- of whch specialised in pork breeding 1,176 59,718 2,562.7 2.2 6.1 34.7 24.5 45.8 52.3
- of which specialised in poultry breeding 511 5,404 554.9 0.9 0.5 7.5 13.8 12.4 14.1
Farms with poly-culture 1,689 16,576 89.0 3.1 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.1 3.9
Farms with mixed livestock
403 12,348 169.2 0.7 1.3 2.3 9.5 15.0 39.4
Mixed farms (crop - breeding)
2,393 40,274 163.1 4.4 4.1 2.2 6.7 7.4 11.4
Non-classified farms
226 855 0.4 0.1 - 0.9 0.9 Total
54,333 986,826 7,388.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.4 7.7 14.9
use of work, income level, age of the
workforce and diversification of income, it has been proposed (Pretolani, 2014), starting from the Census
data, a classification of the agricultur-
74
al businesses into four categories: selfconsumption, deconstructed, subsistence and professional. At the regional
level, the farms really ascribable to
the category of the professional farms
would be only 27% of the total, which,
nonetheless, would concern 68.7% of
the regional UAA, 59% of the work
units and as much as 88.8% of the
standard production.
In terms of productive specialization,
41.8% of the Lombardy farms is specialized in the production of seeds,
while 28.1% in the breeding of her-
bivorous. The greatest average farm
sizes, in economic terms, have been
detected in the specialized pork farms
(over 2 million euro), in the poultry
farms and in the dairy cattle farms.
Usually, in quite all of the classes of
the type of farming, the Lombardy
farms have highlighted physical and
Farms by type of farming in Lombardy and Italy, 2010 - firms’ average
Firm’s average in LombardyFirm’s average in Italy
UAA (ha
standard output
UAA (ha
standard output
(euro) (euro)
Farms specialised in arable crops
20.9 43,170 12.8 23,431
- of which specialised in rice cultivation
66.1 137,439 66.5 142,060
farms specialised in fruit and vegetables 5.6 141,796 3.9 112,917
Farms specialised in permanent crops
4.7 44,229 3.0 15,397
- of which specialised in viticulture
5.1 53,390 4.7 36,652
Farms specialised in herbivorous
21.9 141,783 26.3 72,137
- of which specialised in cattle farms - milk orientation 35.5 252,350 26.6 132,115
- of which specialised in cattle farms - breeding and fattening orientation 12.0 97,209 27.6 58,710
Farms specialised in granivores
37.5 1,789,497 19.1 959,536
- of whch specialised in pork breeding 50.8 2,179,200 27.2 1,021,630
- of which specialised in poultry breeding 10.6 1,085,907 11.8 1,064,456
Farms with poly-culture 9.8 52,667 7.5 21,782
Farms with mixed livestock
30.6 419,925 19.4 101,432
Mixed farms (crop - breeding)
16.8 68,166 15.3 40,146
Non-classified farms
3.8 - 4.0 Total
18.2 135,979 7.9 30,514
75
economic sizes which are double than
the national ones. Furthermore, in
Lombardy is concentrated 52.3% of
the standard production of the Italian
specialized pork-breeding, 41% of the
rice-culture, and 38.8% of the dairy
cattle breeding.
The incidence of the agricultural
work in Lombardy on the total of
Italy amounts to 3.5%, expressed in
number of workers, to 7.7% in terms
of working days and to 6.7% in terms
of work units, thus highlighting a
greater relevance of the full-time job
compared to the other Italian regions.
78.2% of the working days has been
performed by the family of the owner,
compared to 80% at a national scale.
The incidence of the extra-family
workforce is much more high in Lombardy (28.6% compared to 24.2% at
the national level), and it highlights
an higher foreign component (42%
compared to 24.8%), mainly of non-
76
EU origin (54.8%). The incidence of
family workforce is lower if expressed
in work units (22.2% compared to the
national 20.9%).
In Lombardy, there are fewer women
involved in the farm management
compared to the national average
(19.8% compared to 30.7%). By contrast, the number of young farm man-
agers is higher (14.5& compared to
10%). By considering the whole workforce, 19% of the agricultural work
units in Lombardy is represented by
women, compared to the national
28.5%. Conversely, the incidence of
the young people is higher than the
national situation (27% of the work
units compared to 20%).
Management and agricultural labour in lombardy and Italy, 2010
Owner
- with a school certificate
- graduated
- aged less than 40 years
- woman
Extra-family labour
of whom - foreign labour
- extra-EU - EU-27 foreigners
of whom - permanent workers
- temporary workers
Lombardy
Italy
n.% n. %
34,853 64.1
1,158,494
71.5
3,516 6.5
100,981
6.2
7,894 14,5
161,716 10.0
10,761 19.8
497,847
30.7
39,290
28.6 938,103
24.2
16,527 42.1 233,05524.8
9,065
54.8
98,581
42.3
7,462 45.2 134,47457.7
18,353
46.7 163,145
17.4
16,494
42.0 695,557
74.1
Structural features of the Lombardy farms by altitude, 2010
Mountain
% on total
Hill
% on total
Plain
% on total
Lombardy
zones
zones
zones
Total farms (n.)
12,768
23.5
11,561
21.3
30,004
55.2
54,333
UAA (ha)
173,578
17.6
91,962
9.3
721,286
73.1
986,826
-of which arable crops
7,123 1.0 49,666 6.9 658,47392.1
715,263
-of which agricultural woody crops4,471 12.3 22,54961.8 9,46425.9
36,484
-of which permanent fodder
160,766
69.2
19,541
8.4
52,061
22.4
232,368
Total agricultural area (ha)
316,238
25.7
115,982
9.4
797,341
64.8
1,229,561
Average total agricultural area (ha)
24,8
10,0
26,6
22,6
Average UAA (ha)
13,8
8,0
24,4
18,4
Total breeding (n,)
7,597
34.8
3,910
17.9
10,353
47.4
21,860
% breeding/farms
59,5 33,8 34,5
40,2
Cattle (heads)
77,820 5.2
107,722 7.3
1,299,449 87.5
1,484,991
- of whom dairy cows 38,467 7.0
36,649 6.7
471,204 86.3
546,320
cattle/breeding
16 45 176 101
Goats (heads)
59,134 55.9
14,014 13.3
32,611 30.8
105,759
goats/breeding
49 53 163 64
Sheep (heads)
37,624 65.2
6,725 11.7
13,356 23.1
57,705
sheep/breeding
25 19 41 26
Pork (heads) 6,789 0.1
113,032 2.4
4,639,142 97.5
4,758,963
pork/breeding
11 283 2,813 1,801
Poultry (heads)
1,365,813 5.2
5,158,916 19.5
19,988,194 75.4
26,512,923
poultry/breeding
1,756 8,941 19,201 11,065
Standard output (million euro)
331,1 4.5 768,9 10.4 6,288,1 85.1 7,388,1
Standard output/farm (euro)
25,931 66,512 209,576 135,979
77
Crop investments and livestock
holdings
In terms of soil use, the arable crops
are the most widespread type of cultivation, covering 58.2% of the agricultural land, compared to 41.1% at
the national level. On the contrary,
the contribution of the wood crops on
the total of the surface is quite modest and clearly below the average.
The permanent fodder covers 19.1%
of the TAA, in line with the national
datum (20.1%), whereas the wood has
an incidence of 11.5%. The incidence
of the UAA on the TAA is of 80.3%
(75.3% in Italy).
In terms of breeding, 70% raises cattle, with an average size, expressed in
% breakdown of the total agricultural area in Lombardy and in Italy, 2010
LOMBARDY
ITALY
3.8% 3.4%
2.9% 3.8%
11.5%
Arable crops
17.0%
1.5%
41.1%
0.6%
Woods
58.2%
Non-used area
20.1%
78
Permanent meadows and pastures
Trees for wood
19.1%
3.0%
Woody crops
Other area
14.0%
Structural features of the livestock farms in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
Cattle
- of whom dairy cattle
Buffalo
Goats
Sheep
Horse
Pork
Poultry
Rabbit
Ostrich
Total breeding
% breeding/tot. Farms
Lombardy
breedingheads
14,718 1,484,991 8,463 546,320 86 10,209 1,659 105,759 2,210 57,705 5,664 30,196 2,642 4,758,963 2,396 26,512,923 1,060 415,452 31 980 22,064 40.6
Italy
breedingheads
Average size
LombardyItaly
% Lombardy/Italy
breeding heads
124,210 5,592,700 101 45 11.8
50,337 1,599,442 65 32 16.8
2,435 360,291 119 148 3.5
51,096 6,782,179 64 133 3.2
22,759 861,942 26 38 9.7
45,363 219,159 5
5
12.5
26,197 9,331,314 1,801 356 10.1
23,953 167,512,019 11,065 6,993 10.0
9,346 7,194,099 392 770 11.3
244 5,246 32 22 12.7
217,449 10.1
13.4 26.6
34.2
2.8
1.6
6.7
13.8
51
15.8
5.8
18.7
number of heads, which is as much
as twice the national one (101 vs
45). The dairy breedings amount to
8,463, or 16.8% of the Italian ones,
with a number of heads corresponding to a little more than one third of
those raised in Italy. The pig breeding involves 2,642 firms, amounting
to 10.1% of the national total, which
control by themselves over 51% of
the heads raised in Italy. Conversely,
the incidence of the goat and sheep
sectors is lower, while the regional
poultry farming represents a share of
15.8% of the total heads raised in Italy. It is interesting notice how, despite
the widespread decrease of the farms
over 2000, the heads raised are increased in the sectors of pigs (+24%),
goats (+17%) and sheep (+16.8%).
The cattle raised show, instead, a
contraction of 7.6% over ten years,
nonetheless inferior to the decrease
of farms.
79
economic results of the fadn farms
The economic-structural data concerning the farms detected by the
Farm Accountancy Data Network1
have pointed out the regional differences existing compared to the na-
tional level (2012 data). In particular,
the classification by class of economic
size has highlighted the incidence of
the big-sized farms in Lombardy: only
6.4% of the total but with a contribu-
tion of 58% to the total Standard Output (SO) compared, in Italy, to respectively 1.2% of the total and 31% of the
standard production. Furthermore,
they have been noticed the highest
Farm results by type of economc size in Lombardy and Italy, 2012
Economic size
% farm
% SO
SO/farm UAA/farm WU /farm LSU/farm Kw/Ha GSP/farm GSP/WU VC/GSP FC/GSP
(€)
(ha)
(€)(€) (%)(%)
Italy
Small
62.1 12.9 12,342 6.93
0.82
0.85
9.5
18,261
22,333
45.1
19.7
Medium-small
16.2 9.9 36,312 14.95
1.21
4.28
7.1
42,229
34,802
42.9
17.3
Medium 11.1 13.3 71,341 25.20
1.64
10.21
5.8
73,832
44,935
46.7
15.4
Medium-large
9.4 32.9 207,453 50.44
2.72
34.47
4.8
210,584
77,456
49.5
11.7
Large
1.2 31.0 1.503,038 88.34
5.39
347.95
4.8
841,276
156,008
57.7
10.3
Total
100.0
100.0 59,399 15.35
1.21
9.86
8.5
56,505
46,759
48.9
14.3
LOMBARDY
Small
41.8 3.7
14,662 6.461.011.9320.2
22,259
22,00545.622.5
Medium-small 17.0 3.8
36,816 13.661.375.7111.2
53,534
38,94841.819.1
Medium
13.1
5.4
68,476 24.56
1.45
10.04
8.4
84,150
57,846
39.2
18.4
Medium-large
21.6
28.7
218,007 44.96
2.06
58.77
7.1
249,239
120,988
43.3
11.2
Large
6.4
58.3 1,495,415 78.52
4.17
562.13
6.8
898,815
215,393
50.2
12.0
Total
100.0
100 164,390 23.00
1.56
51.85
11.2
140,968
90,320
45.8
13.3
Source: Italian FADN, average figures.
1
For further information about the FADN survey please visit the website ww.rica.inea.it.
80
average extension and economic size
of the regional farms (164,390 euro
per farm compared to 59,399), the
highest number of animals (52 compared to 10 LSU per farm), and the
highest degree of mechanization and
of work productivity (GSP/AWU).
In terms of variation, the agricultural
sector in Lombardy has registered,
between 2011 and 2012, positive
signals, by facing well the economic
challenge and by increasing the productivity of farms and work; these
increases are also detectable at the
national level, but mainly as consequence of a decrease in employment.
It has been also detected a tendency
in containing the variable costs (%
incidence VC/GSP) and, wherever it’s
possible, the fixed costs, in order to
cope with the market volatility.
The business competitiveness of the
agricultural system in Lombardy, registered in the 2009-2011 period, pro-
Average farm results of Lombardy and of the main EU countries (2009-2011)
% farm
% SO
% LSU
SO/farm (€) GP/farm (€) GP/WU (€) % Subsidies/GP NI/ha (€)
NI/FWU (€)
Romania 21.53 3.43 5.81 11,120 12,297 8,579 18.56470 3,830
Greece 6.64 1.95 1.69 20,47922,77718,468 11.37
1.516 12,264
Poland 15.00 6.14 7.58 28,60025,86715,216 26.08492 6,164
Spain 10.72 10.19 9.83 66,36146,34333,188 23.16579 20,593
Austria 1.88 1.87 1.84 69,42763,90444,511 26.30806 18,928
Italy 16.06 16.42 7.73 71,41851,70840,084 10.15
1.418 23,790
France 6.11 16.41 17.07 187,520173,977 85,144 19.46415 24,636
Lombardy 0.77
2.40
2.00 217,796 140,339 93,375
23.102.725 52,033
UK
1.90 6.17 9.50 226,395220,002103,295 27.83328 40,834
Germany 4.28 14.20 13.42 231,756199,414 92,895 24.03376 23,211
Belgium 0.63 2.57 3.09 283,348222,141104,785 36.36
1.110 32,399
Denmark 0.59 2.94 3.50 349,871379,419218,585 31.95 -17 -1,924
Netherlands1.06 6.73 5.34 442,112426,159153,848 17.33
1.181 28,528
EU FADN100.00100.00 100.00 69,84061,42838,396 20.79516 13,870
Source: FADN, average figures.
81
vides a summary indicator of different
components (structural characteristics, factors’ conditions, relationships
with the markets, economic and institutional environment), albeit with
a slightly negative value, ranks the
region at a significant level compared
to the average of Italy and of other European countries, such as Poland and
Spain. Conversely, the EU countries
with an agriculture of “continental”
type and linked to the livestock sector, show an overall indicator higher
than the Lombardy one. By paying
the attention on the single contributions, it can be noticed that the Lombardy agriculture enjoys of a good
position within the community framework for what concerns the structural
aspects, the market and the factors’
conditions; on the contrary, it shows
weaker elements in the economic and
institutional context. In particular,
the countries resulting more competitive show better rankings than the
Lombardy, in structural terms and in
terms of approach to the markets; and
even in terms of economic and institutional context, except for Netherlands
and Denmark, where the burden of
Specialised cereal farming, average farm results for Lombardy and the main EU production regions (2009-2011)
Country/Region
%
SO/farm GP/ha GP/WU
NI/ha
NI/FWU
farm(€)(€)(€)(€)(€)
Lombardy
2.25 58,9132,02743,791
Romania/Bucuresti-Ilfov 0.04 88,572 51440,808
Italy
19.88 30,7891,29234,159
Hungary/Йszak-Alfцld
1.73 36,602 58648,111
Spain/Andalucia
1.86 40,080 66938,393
Poland/Pomorze and Mazury 2.84
46,265
720
28,514
EU FADN
100.00
58,558
871
49,539
France/Centre
1.77 158,040 1,172122,167
UK/England-East
1.61 216,160 1,244147,287
82
794
244
524
207
507
292
268
340
431
18,156
58,049
15,249
33,276
41,718
15,190
21,589
42,323
86,354
Subsidies
/GP
29.8
25.9
33.8
39.5
59.8
38.2
31.0
26.4
24.1
% ha
cereals
UAA/farm % cereals % to GP
(ha)
to GP
EU cereal
89.4
69.0
74.4
58.9
55.1
70.0
65.0
62.2
54.7
27.48
201.93
23.34
59.70
58.16
69.58
73.77
149.39
189.89
88.8
2.85
69.3 0.08
75.6 11.56
62.6 0.97
73.7 1.36
62.6
2.28
61.0
100.00
61.5
4.87
54.65.29
taxation is particularly relevant. But if
the operators of the Lombardy system
can be active in terms of the variables
relating to the structures, factors and
markets (of a slight positive value),
for what concerns the institutional aspects these are out of their reach; except for, at least partially, for the rural
development, which places Lombardy
just a little below the community
benchmark. This last one should be,
therefore, considered much more as a
threat than as a weak point.
By shifting the attention to a European
comparison, as regards the variation
of some indicators of firm’s performance (three-year average 2008-10
and 2009-11), it could be noticed how
the improvement of the farm GSP has
been supported also by highest public
subsidies; nonetheless, this has not
managed to offset in Lombardy the
strong increase in the variable costs,
thus leading to a remarkable contraction of the farm net income (NI), and
of the profitability per hectare. This
phenomenon has been accompanied
Arable crops specialised not only in cereals*, average farm result for Lombardy and the main EU production
regions (2009-2011)
Country/Region
%
SO/farm GP/ha GP/WU
NI/ha
NI/FWU
farm(€)(€)(€)(€)(€)
Subsidies
/GP
% ha
cereals
UAA/farm % cereals % to GP
(ha)
to GP
EU cereals
Lombardy
0.98
123,961
3,124
53,124
1,401
31,005 16.341.922.73
Romania/Centru
2.17
20,098
985
18,560443
12,369 29.543.520.85
Italy
24.6071,868 2,183 36,239 1,046 23,501
19.3 33.3 20.75
Germany/Bayern
2.13
113,447
2,091
75,617528
25,558 22.950.154.31
Spain/Castilla-Leon
1.88
73,599
618
39,673260
17,870 38.054.176.14
Poland/Mazowsze and Podlasie 7.08 16,867
1,160
9,969
592
5,897
33.1
57.5
14.75
EU FADN
100.00 76,460
1,735
45,055
570
20,955
22.8
45.4
40.06
France/Nord-Pas-de-Calais0.95
211,680
2,500
109,487539
39,512 13.148.290.64
Greece/Makedonia-Thraki7.57
22,720
1,376
18,047750
11,757 68.642.013.37
21.20.84
23.10.59
16.4 10.46
28.03.89
39.62.01
27.6
1.92
25.1
100.00
26.43.25
22.91.83
* Cereals mixed with other arable crops (industrial plants, aromatic plants, vegetable gardens at the open air), other specialised arable crops.
83
by an increase in the use of workforce; this has triggered a contraction
of the work productivity, conversely
to what happened in the other European countries.
In terms of tendency of the main
crops, the cereal-growing in Lombardy, represented by farms highly
dedicated to the growing of cereals
(90% of the UAA), boasts of a remark-
able Gross Production/hectare, over
2,000 €/hectare, and a sizeable Net
Income/hectare (about 800 €/hectare).
The big-sized farms in Lombardy,
although registering the best performances compared to some European
regions, which enjoy of the same
generous subsidies, didn’t reach the
same levels as the regions located in
the centre of France or in the eastern
UK, where have been detected farms
with sizeable lands cultivated at cereals, well equipped, with an high work
productivity and which generate high
NI per family work unit.
The grape growing in Lombardy,
aimed at producing wine, represents
an evolving sector trying to improve
its image mainly abroad, even though
it is not so important in terms of land
Specialised viticulture, average farm results for Lombardy and the main EU production regions (2009-2011)
Country/Region
%
SO/farm GP/ha GP/WU NI/ha NI/FWU Subsidies % ha UAA/farm % GP
% to GP
farm(€)(€)(€)(€)(€)
/GP grapevine
(ha) grape-wine EU grape-wine
Lombardy
0.85
85,320
8,271
42,065
3,686
25,0316.069.06.99 85.0 0.71
Hungary/Dйl-Alfцld
0.59 13,847 3,28119,266 711 7,760 13.4 78.7 10.54 93.1
0.32
Spain/La Rioja
1.17
42,920
2,528 25,816
1,137
15,628
3.2
75.0
13.24
94.8
0.63
Italy
47.73
67,577
5,092
33,224
2,046
18,1695.649.57.87 81.0 26.37
EU FADN
100.00
85,712
4,966 40,244
1,607
20,422
4.7
59.9
13.43
88.2
100.00
Germany/Rheinland-Pfalz
2.22149,040 10,96655,728 3,336 23,291 1.9 69.9 13.64 90.4
5.10
France/Champagne-Ardenne 2.78
334,920
40,353
104,728
13,888
79,0760.548.86.95 95.7 12.70
Czeck Republic
0.32
86,789
5,199 26.122
1,244
12,498
11.0
68.3
12.87
86.0
0.32
Austria
2.87101,205 3,87141,076 1,314 17,141 15.5 31.8 15.93 69.4
2.09
84
extension and not being comparable
with the rich grape growing of the
French regions such as Champagne
and Ardenne (in terms of standard
output/farm and productivity per
work unit), and with the German
ones, such as Rheinland-Pfalz, which
are vocated to this type of cultivation
(highest productivity per hectare).
Despite the particular attention by
the region, the Lombardy wine has
not yet reached the notoriety that its
quality is worth having; mainly the
prices of the southern Lombardy are
very cheap. In terms of profitability
per family worker, the situation has
worsened due to the long-lasting crisis; only the rich French region seems
to have overcome it.
As far as the livestock sector is concerned, the dairy cows represent a
leading sector for the region (covering
about 40% of the Italian production);
the farms enjoy of an excellent rank-
Specialised dairy cattle, average farm results for Lombardy and the main EU production regions (2009-2011)
Country/Region
%
SO/farm GP/ha GP/WU NI/ha NI/FWU LSU/ha farm % ha
UAA/ % milk % to GP
farm(€)(€)(€)(€)(€)
cows fodder
farm and milk
milk and
(ha)
products
milk products
on GP
(EU)
Poland/Mazowsze and Podlasie 12.14
32,258
1,381
14,985
624
6,862 1.10
14.18
58.2
19.38
66.3
3.24
Hungary/Dйl-Alfцld
0.20109,2151,64334,140 31418,6200.9232.5856.159.0749.7
0.15
Spain/Galicia
1.94104,2724,43549,7071,95422,6752.4230.6797.217.3877.7
1.75
EU FADN
100.00103,5372,50951,978 65316,0621.3531.1175.937.9969.7 100.00
Ireland
2.72135,2002,37784,257 86135,3711.8963.7997.758.5069.9
3.98
Italy
5.82164,5376,12789,7372,69950,0252.5446.5580.928.6171.8 11.04
France/Pays de la Loire
1.04 182,344
1,957
90,293
496
24,636 1.09
53.57
73.3
91.34
67.2
1.89
Germany/Niedersachsen
1.45285,1333,226
131,767 75438,5341.7473.5183.976.7976.4
4.12
Romania/Nord-Est
0.35 297,025 3,449134,354 831 43,114 2.24 113.15 97.0 83.49 78.0
1.17
UK/England-West
0.70458,640 3,414137,587 735 54,1521.78135.52 87.6119.84 73.8
3.17
Lombardy
1.04329,8628,888
145,8914,29589,5403.5176.4376.036.2574.4
3.74
85
ing in Europe in terms of productivity
and revenue per worker (respectively
145,000 euro gross production/work
unit and 90,000 euro net income/family work unit). The Lombardy farms
have a breeding of intensive type(high
number of cows per farm and a high
number of LSU per hectare) and this
could represent a critical point for
the environment. The dairy farms,
in Lombardy, whose average size in
terms of area is of 36 hectares compared to the 120 of the western UK,
are practicing also fodder crops besides the intensive breeding, thus producing in the farm a part of the animal
food requirement; but other European
regions are more equipped with fodder products, such as Germany (Niedersacht) and the North-East Romania,
which have a more extensive farming
and more meadows and pastures.
In Lombardy, the livestock farms with
a mixed tendency (milk and meat)
Combined dairy cows, breeding and fattening cattle*, average farm results of the main EU countries (2009-2011)
Country/Region
Portugal/Açores
Czeck Republic
Ireland
Greece/Makedonia-Thraki
EU FADN
Spain/Extremadura
Italy
France/Bourgogne
Germany/Nordrhein-Westfalen
Lombardy
Belgium/Vlaanderen
% SO/farm GP/ha GP/WU NI/ha NI/FWU LSU/ha % ha UAA/farm % meat % milk % to GP - meat
farm(€)(€)(€)(€)(€)
fodder
(ha)
to GP
to GP and milk (EU)
0.7631,7605188,974598
10,6031.0699.316.74 68.6 7.9 0.15
0.70 86,28445123,036 18523,1750.46 91.0167.60 33.3 13.3 0.64
16.42 22,200 647 23,750 31811,947 1.07 98.3 36.96 74.0 5.6
9.07
0.84 44,4943,733 30,420 2,155 24,604 4.53 53.3 11.86 44.7 38.3
0.89
100.00
58,978 1,001
36,198
312 12,587
1.06
87.7
49.56
55.9
13.6
100.00
1.18 60,36339436,391 24024,1770.47 92.9129.29 84.9 0.5 1.49
8.17 84,4511,933 48,599 885 24,681 1.32 84.8 33.91 52.1 15.4
16.21
1.13106,92167259,229 15915,2431.07 90.2131.37 84.7 1.6 2.49
0.85 137,1862,021 76,737 370 15,121 1.51 79.7 49.80 54.7 15.7
1.75
0.76 110,5986,837 77,218 3,456 39,743 5.05 61.9 12.41 70.3
8.2
1.47
0.79 198,0802,936 77,797 782 20,716 2.61 79.7 39.31 59.2 15.4
1.99
* Specialised combined granivorous excluded.
86
are small sized in terms of surface,
however with great results in terms
of NI/FWU and GP/worker, because of
a structure in the animal husbandry
which is confirmed to be intensive. In
the other EU regions the results are
very different, due to the greater extension of the animal husbandry.
The specialized breeding of granivo-
rous (pigs and poultry, also mixed)
represents an important activity in
Lombardy, mainly for the results
achieved by the pig sector. It’s a long
time that the sector is suffering a market crisis, due to the low prices and
the growing costs, therefore the farms
have tried to integrate production,
processing and distribution, even
through a restructuring of the pig sector. The farms enjoy of a sizeable area
but with a high number of animals.
The intensive animal breeding is accompanied by a NI/hectare not comparable with the other competitive
European regions.
Specialised granivorous (porks and poultry), average farm results for Lombardy and the main EU production
regions (2009-2011)
Country/Region
%
SO/farm GP/ha GP/WU NI/ha NI/FWU LSU/ha UAA/farm % pork % poultry % to GP
farm(€)(€)(€)(€)(€)
(ha)
meat meat and
EU
to GP eggs to GP granivorous
Romania/Sud-Muntenia
4.7433,94813,29824,9843,058 8,73711.93 2.89
Poland/Wielkopolska and Slask 8.4480,4803,55545,024 91513,761 3.0522.20
EU FADN
100.00348,685 7,439112,466 1,036 24,073 7.61 31.12
Spain/Aragyn
1.86673,503 6,635148,762 1,408 51,036 11.20 47.23
Italy
4.531,321,242 16,210 158,955 6,376 92,331 23.33 23.30
Germany/Nordrhein-Westfalen 3.39336,880 5,478178,634 716 28,364 4.30 53.48
France/Pays de la Loire
1.81 492,528
5,736 210,210
568
24,922
6.01
67.68
Belgium/Vlaanderen
2.15563,89818,636270,061 2,418 36,615 18.27 23.53
Lombardy
0.97
2,180,55117,826290,294 7,590167,972 22.55 39.80
20.0
51.5
54.0
62.0
51.8
70.0
26.5
64.6
68.8
70.3 0.29
26.9 2.74
24.7 100.00
12.8
2.89
20.8
7.08
4.7
5.57
45.5
1.48
20.8
4.87
12.5
3.79
87
Aggregated indices of competitiveness of Lombardy and the main EU countries (2009-2011)
Total
Structural
Conditions of Relationships
Economic and
competitiveness
features
the factors
with the markets
institutional
environment
Romania -0.39 -0.84 -0.08 -0.56 -0.07
Greece
-0.33 -0.83 -0.03 -0.45 0.00
Poland
-0.31 -0.73 0.06 -0.54 -0.02
Italy
-0.24 -0.63 0.10 -0.27 -0.16
Spain
-0.11 -0.50 0.06 -0.00 -0.01
Austria -0.08 -0.50 -0.03 -0.12 0.33
France -0.04 0.30 -0.50 0.02 0.02
Lombardy
-0.03 0.14 0.13 0.17 -0.57
Germany 0.18 0.46 -0.11 0.32 0.05
Belgium
0.19 0.78 -0.34 0.27 0.05
Denmark 0.48 1.30 0.08 0.98 -0.43
UK 0.53 1.01 0.33 0.33 0.45
Netherlands
0.58 1.17 0.35 1.15 -0.34
88
Total competitiveness of Lombardy and the main EU countries (2009-2011)
0.6
0.5
0.4
Netherlands
UK
Belgium
Denmark
-0.2
Germany
-0.1
France
Austria
Spain
Italy
Poland
0.0
Greece
0.1
Romania
0.2
Lombardy
0.3
-0.3
-0.4
89
mechanization
The automation indices related to the
agriculture in Lombardy are higher
than the national average; in particular, the degree of mechanization, expressing the availability of power per
hectare of cultivated land, amounts to
11.2 Kw/ha compared to the 8.5 kw/ha
of the national average (+31.6%).
At the same way as in the national
pared to 10 kw/ha), thus resulting be
almost double.
The polyculture and the poly-breeding
rank themselves among the regional
average with a power/ha amounting to about 16-17 Kw/ha, whereas
the remaining sectors, among whom
that one specialized in arable crops,
amount to about 8 Kw/ha.
level, the highest degree of mechanization characterizes the horticulture
and the permanent crops; but, while
the horticulture sector, more than
double than the regional average
(26.2 kw/ha compared to 11.2 kw/ha),
shows a level quite similar to the national corresponding, the permanent
crops differ considerably (19.3 com-
Indicators of mechanization by type of farming in Lombardy and Italy, 2012
Degree of mechanization of lands (Kw/UAA)
Specialised in granivorous
Specialised in arable crops
Specialised in herbivorous
Crops and breeding mixed
Average in Lombardy
Mixed with poly-breeding Mixed with poly-culture Specialised in permanent crops
Specialised in fruit and vegetables
Average in Italy
90
8.0 8.3 8.4 8.6 11.2 15.8 16.8 19.3 26.2 8.5 Motive power (Kw/farm)
Intensity of
mechanization (Kw/TWU)
326.0 211.0 228.0 233.0 203.0 178.0 137.0 115.0 174.0 101.0 111.5 154.2 135.1 181.2 134.1 143.4 107.8 90.6 81.2 86.4 Incidence of sub-contracting
(% hours/total hours)
2.3
3.4
1.8
3.7
2.4
3.0
0.9
1.8
0.2
1.1
Referring to the power of the farm’s
machinery, the regional average,
equal to 203 Kw, seems to be twice the
national one (101 Kw); the productive
sectors with the levels exceeding the
regional average are detectable in the
breeding of granivorous (326 Kw), in
the mixed orientation of crops and
animal husbandry (233 Kw), in the
breeding of herbivorous (228 Kw) and
in the arablke crops (211 Kw).
The degree of regional intensity,
equal to the power per total work
unit (TWU), is instead 1.5 times the
national one (134 Kw/total work unit
compared to 86.4 Kw/total work unit);
in particular, the average of this index
at the national level is quite equal to
the minimum level of the Lombardy
scale. Also in this case, the sectors
over the average, as it occurs at the
Indicators of the mechanization by economic size in Lombardy and Italy, 2012
Degree of mechanization of lands (Kw/UAA)
Motive power (Kw/farm)
Intensity of
mechanization (Kw/TWU)
Incidence of sub-contracting
(% hours/total hours)
Small
20.2 121.0 118.4 Medium-small
11.2 152.0 110.7 Medium 8.4 207.0 142.1 Medium-large
7.1 319.0 155.0 Large
6.8 531.0128.7
Average in Lombardy
11.2 203.0 134.1 Small
9.5 64.0 78.8 Medium-small
7.1 105.0 87.9 Medium
5.8 147.0 90.7 Medium-large
4.8 240.0 89.4 Large 4.8428.0 75.7
Average in Italy
8.5 101.0 86.4 1.0
1.9
2.3
3.4
3.1
2.4
1.0
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.6
1.1
91
national level, appear to be the same
(mix of cultivations and breeding, specialized in arable crops, mixed with
poly-breeding and specialized in the
breeding of herbivorous), even though
with a different positioning compared
to the regional scale.
On the whole, these indicators highlight, on one side, the link between
the use of automation and the produc-
92
tive systems adopted and, on the other side, the territorial differentiation
as a consequence of the productive
specialization and of the structural
connotation of farms (average farm
size and use of work).
Another information on the use of the
mechanization concerns the use of
subcontracting; even in this case, the
regional index expressing the share of
time covered by the subcontracting,
that is the hours of subcontracting
compared to the total, appears to be
double than the national one (2.4%
compared to 1.1%); in particular, at
the regional level, the sectors using
most the subcontracting are the productive mixed orientations in cultivations and breeding (3.7%), as well as
the specialized in arable crops (3.4%).
credit for agriculture
The value of the agricultural credit
allocated in Lombardy, in 2013, has
amounted to 8.8 billion euro, compared to an amount of 44.1 billion
euro in the national context. In the
region and in the national framework,
it amounts respectively to 1.9% and
2.4% of the total allocated credit.
The size of the agricultural credit
per hectare of UAA, which for Italy
amounts to 3,422 euro, in Lombardy
reaches about 8,944 euro, thus showing a strong variability: from 1,665
euro of the farms in the province of
Sondrio, to 13,461 euro of the farms
of Cremona.
In the last three-year period, the variation of the amount of the agricultural
credit, on annual basis, despite remaining of positive sign, falls dows: it
decreases from +8.2% in 2011, to +3%
of the following year and then to 1.1%
of 2013 in Lombardy, and from +7.1%
to +1.0% and to -0.3% in Italy. The ag-
ricultural credit amounts to 742 million euro, and it is equal to 8.4% of the
regional agricultural credit, a strong
growth rate on annual basis, but very
lower than that detected at the national level, where its incidence on
the total agricultural credit reaches
11.1%.
The component of the agricultural
credit, lasting over 5 years, is clearly
prevailing on the other two types (the
one lasting less than one year, and
Consistency of credit in Lombardy and Italy (million euro), 2013
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantua
Milan
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Lombardy
Italy
Lombardy/Italy (%)
Total
credit
Total
non-performing loan
credit for
agriculture
non-performing
loan for agriculture
38,5423,311 815 70
58,5174,383 2,067 274
15,5021,114 130 10
10,853 9701,837139
9,196787 52 2
5,898384 602 14
14,6131,238 1,417 62
248,36913,185 762 70
23,800
1,764
87
6
11,8001,269 829 86
4,337172 124 1
20,7701,753 87 7
462,197
30,330
8,809
742
1,845,336
148,890
44,096
4,884
25.0
20.4
20.0
15.2
Source: SMEA processing on Bank of Italy figures.
93
the one lasting between one year and
five years), and on annual basis it is
on the growth both at the national
level (from 65.6% to 66.1%) and in
Lombardy (from 70.5% to 70.8%). Its
distribution in the region varies at
the provincial level, exceeding 75% in
Cremona and Bergamo, and remaining below 65% in the provinces of Lecco, Milan and Pavia.
Credit for agriculture per hectare of UAA in Lombardy and Italy (euro), 2013
Sondrio
1,665
Pavia
4,670
Lecco
4,938
Como
5,453
Varese
6,573
Mantua
8,420
Monza e Brianza
8,850
Lombardy
8,944
Lodi
10,810
Bergamo
11,508
Brescia
11,518
Milan
11,770
13,461
Cremona
3,422
Italy
0
3,000
94
6,000
9,000
12,000
15,000
% distribution by type of credit for agriculture in Lombardy and Italy, 2013
Bergamo
15.5
7.3
Brescia
18.5
Como
21
Cremona
77.1
9.1
10
16.9
8.7
20.9
71.7
25
9.1
Milan
23.7
11.4
19.5
Pavia
26.8
Sondrio
26.5
Varese
73.6
10.8
62.3
67.7
11.8
72.3
8.6
22.8
0
64.9
5.9
20.6
Italy
65.9
6.9
15.9
Lombardy
56.6
7.4
Mantua
Monza e Brianza
More than five years
76.5
34.7
Lodi
Between one and five years
69
6.6
Lecco
Less than one year
72.4
70.8
11.1
20
66.1
40
60
80
100
95
land market
In 2013, the land market, in Lombardy, has experienced a quite flat
trend as in the previous year. The
buying and selling activity have involved almost exclusively the areas
in the lowlands and on the richest
hills. In the Po valley the demand
has been expressed by the medium
and big-sized firms with specialized
orientations, mainly fruit and vegetables, addressed also to the European
and world markets; conversely, on the
hills, the demand has involved mainly
the firms with multifunctional orientations, of small or medium size.
The region continues in suffering
the deadlock of the market and the
consequent difficulty in evaluating
the agricultural lands; in fact, for the
mountain and the hill, there is more
a “perception of the market”, rather
than real values. In the lowland, on
the contrary, the land market shows
the most remarkable mobility with a
96
decrease in the land values, although
more contained over the previous
year. Worthy of note is the case of
the horticulture of 4th range, in the
area of Bergamo, where it is in place
the delocalization of the primary production in favour of the central re-
gions and of the southern Italy, since
in these regions the cost of the soil
use is cheaper. In the irrigated plain
of Brescia it has been detected a decrease of about 5% of the land values
compared to 2012.
The spin-off of the business activities
Average land values in Lombardy (thousands euro ha/UAA), 2013
Mountains Altitude Hills Total
Lowlands Varese
15.5 26.740.3
Como
5.5 31.427.3
Sondrio 7.0 --
Milan
- 26.339.4
Bergamo 13.5 35.368.9
Brescia
8.5 54.443.4
Pavia
7.0 23.532.4
Cremona
- -35.5
Mantua
- 64.345.8
Lecco
8.731.4 -
Lodi
- -42.0
Lombardy 8.4 39.840.9
Italy
11.6 15.332.3
Source: INEA, land values data bank.
% change
2013/2012
28.4
16.4
7.0
39.0
45.8
35.6
30.4
35.5
47.3
22.1
42.0
35.1
20.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.8
-3.5
0.5
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.0
-0.7
-0.4
and the selling of lands due to financial difficulties, or for the generational
change, are quite widespread. The
region also experiences increases in
the values of lands, as it occurs for the
vineyards in the areas of production
of Lugana (Brescia) and for the olive
trees in the agricultural region of the
hills of Chiese (Bergamo).
During the year are essentially finished also the transactions related to
the expropriations resulting from the
fulfilment of the great works, since it
is close to the conclusion the highway
Bre.Be.Mi.
According to the data released by the
6th general Agricultural Census, despite the decrease of the firms that
has occurred in the last ten-year period, the rented UAA in Lombardy
(amounting to 487,180 a) has exceeded the owned UAA (about 447,000
ha), and a share also concerns the use
for free (47,422 ha). To this regard, it
should be noticed how, in the latest
years, the farmers, mainly the dairy
farmers, who want to maintain and
strengthen the big size of farm, rent
the lands, rather than buying new
agricultural lands. Furthermore, in
terms of the rental market, the 2013
data have registered a slight increase
Trend in the land prices in Lombardy and Italy*
40,000
Lombardy
35,000
30,000
25,000
Italy
20,000
15,000
10,000
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
* Euro ha/UAA, current prices.
Source: INEA, land values data bank.
97
also in the renewals of contracts, as
a consequence of a more widespread
regularization of contracts.
Although these values are double than
the ordinary ones, it has been registered a decrease of the rental of the
lands allocated to the production of
biomasses for the plants of energy
production from renewable sources,
mainly in the province of Cremona
which is leader for the use of soils to
such destination.
Rental contracts rates in Lombardy (euro/ha), 2013
Contracts for the management of woods and afforestation (VA)
100
Derogation contracts for arable crops and grasslands (VA)
140
Soils/grounds for flora nursery (CO)
350
Verbal contracts for grasslands and arable crops (CO e LC)
190
Derogation contracts for fruit gardens in Valtellina (SO)
320
Contracts for mountain pastures in Sondrio
42
Seasonal contracts for vegetables on the hills of Bergamo
2,100
Derogation contracts for the irrigated arable crops in the low plains of Bergamo 785
Contracts for mountain pastures on the mountains of Bergamo 65
Derogation contracts for the arable crops in the plains of Brescia 820
Derogation contracts for the vinmeyards on the hills of Brescia
1,500
Derogation contracts for rice paddies (PV)
550
Derogation contracts for DOC vineyards (oltrepo of Pavia)
500
Derogation contracts for arable crops (PV)
550
Outside-contractors for irrigated arable crops (MI)
570
Derogation contracts for irrigated arable crops (MI)
570
Derogation contracts for irrigated arable crops (LO)
500
Contracts to supply biomass to RES plants (CR)
1,170
Seasonal contracts for tomatoes and vegetables (Casalasco,CR)
700
Derogation contracts for irrigated arable crops (CR)
670
Derogation contracts for nurseries (MN)
1,450
Seasonal contracts for vegetables and melon (Viadananese, Oltrepo Dx Secchia, Medio Mantovano) 850
Outside-contractors for arable crops (MN)
580
Source: INEA, Survey on the Land Market.
98
MinMax
150
200
600
420
430
73
2,300
1,140
160
1,000
1,800
1,100
750
1,100
890
890
1,200
1,260
1,000
850
1,900
1,800
730
Sustainability and multi-functionality
water resource management
In Lombardy, the irrigated area
amounts to about 582,000 hectares,
equal to 57.8% of the utilized agricultural area (UAA), a figure which
exceeds the National average (18.7%)
and that of the southern Italian regions (34.5%) (ISTAT data, 2010).
The potentially irrigable surface area
reaches almost 694,000 ha, or 69% of
the UAA, while such incidence at the
national level drops down to 28.9%.
The regional incidence on the national
irrigable UAA amounts to 18.5%, a figure which increases to 24% if considering just the irrigated UAA. The share
of the area effectively irrigated compared to the irrigable one is of about
84%, whereas at the national level it
amounts to 64%. Only 3.8% out of the
31,000 irrigable farms, uses irrigation
advice services, for an area equal to
5.5% of the irrigable area.
Regarding the different irrigation systems, in Lombardy there is a prevalent
use of surface flow and lateral infiltration (57.6% of the irrigated area compared to the national 30.9%), followed
by sprinkling (25.8%, value below the
national average which is 39.6%), and
by the submersion (14.6%), value
which exceeds the national average for
its close relation with the rice-growing. Conversely, it seems to be sharply
Farms and irrigated surface area - Share to total farms and cultivated surface area, 2010
Farms with irrigated
Irrigated surface
surface area
area (ha)
Lombardy
Italy
Italy-North
Italy-Centre
Italy-South and Islands
27,039 398,979 158,172 33,002 207,805 1
The total of farms and land includes UAA and arboriculture.
Source: ISTAT, 6th General Agriculture Census.
100
581,714 2,418,921 1,591,746 145,102 682,072 Irrigable
surface area
(ha)
693,718 3,749,514 2,311,899 328,177 1,109,437 % farms with
rrigated surface
to total farms1
50.4
24.7
40.1
13.1
21.4
% irrigated
% irrigable
surface area
surface area
to UAA1 to UAA1
57.8
18.7
34.5
6.6
11.1
69.0
28.9
50.1
14.8
18.1
contained the percentage incidence
of the drip irrigation (1.4%), which is
typically spread in the Centre-South.
76.8% of the regional irrigated area
makes use of aqueducts, land reclamation and irrigation consortia or other
irrigation firms, all representing sources of supply which characterize the
North of the country; three quarters of
these surfaces are supplied with delivery in shifts, the remaining part with
Irrigated land by irrigation system, 2010
Irrigation systems (%)
Surface flow and
Submersion
Sprinkler
Micro-irrigation
lateral furrow irrigation Lombardy 57.6
Italy
30.9
Italy-North 40.8
Italy-Centre 10.1
Italy-South and Islands 12.4
Other
system
14.625.8 1.4 0.6
9.139.617.5 2.8
13.436.4 7.7 1.7
0.561.822.0 5.5
1.1
42.5
39.3
4.8
Irrigated land by source of irrigation water supply, 2010
Source of supply
Groundwater on
Surface water
Surface water
Aqueduct, irrigation and
Aqueduct, irrigation and
Other
or near the farm
on the farm
off the farm
reclamation consortium or reclamation consortium or source
(natural or artificial
(lakes, rivers
other irrigation authorithy other irrigation authorithy
basins)
or streams)
with delivery on turn
with delivery on demand
Lombardy7.4
2.3
11.3
59.1
17.7 2.3
Italy 25.5
5.1
10.0
33.2
22.53.7
Italy-North15.6
3.7
11.9
42.9
23.1 2.8
Italy-Centre47.2
14.1
15.5
6.6
12.0 4.6
Italy-South and Islands 44.0
6.4
4.3
16.2
23.5
5.7
101
delivery on request. 13.6% of the irrigated surface makes use of the surface
water, while 7.4% by underground water resources, mainly supplied in the
South of the country (47.2% and 44%).
According to the data of the information system for the management of
water resources in agriculture on a
national level (SIGRIAN), the total extension of the network managed by the
Lombardy irrigation firms amounts to
about 4,500 km, by just considering
the main irrigation network, and excluding the private one. Taking into
account the features of the irrigation
Surface of irrigation authorities in Lombardy, 2012
Reclamation areas
Reclamation consortia
Lomellina-Oltrepo
Associazione Irrigazione Est Sesia
Est Ticino Villoresi
Est Ticino Villoresi
Muzza
Muzza - Bassa Lodigiana
Media Pianura Bergamasca
Media Pianura Bergamasca
Adda - Oglio
Dugali, Naviglio, Adda Serio
Oglio - Mella
Oglio - Mella
Mella e Chiese
Mella e Chiese
Destra Mincio
Garda - Chiese
Laghi di Mantova
Territorio del Mincio
Navarolo
Navarolo
Terre dei Gonzaga in Destra Po
Terre dei Gonzaga in Destra Po
Burana
Consorzio della bonifica Burana
Total Lombardy
Data refer exclusively to Lombardy.
Figures at 2010.
3
UAA in the area, 2010 figures.
Source: DG for the area, town planning and defence of the Lombardy Region ground.
1
2
102
areas1 (ha)Farms2 2010UAA3 2010 (ha)
165,959 278,258 72,690 76,000 167,740 99,074 94,043 75,565 75,455 47,792 41,219 17,830 1,211,625 3,048 4,451 1,200 3,198 3,899 4,681 4,289 3,335 2,228 1,983 1,688 606 34,606 111,996
116,044
51,774
37,326
128,315
69,842
60,260
57,599
51,994
33,676
28,518
12,333
759,677
network, it can be noted that 58% of it
has a double function of both land reclamation and irrigation. Almost all of
the ducts are at the open air (89.6%),
while intake devices are characterized
by uptake from groundwater for 35%
, or collection from the river (30%),
from the source of water (16.7%), and
from the canal (14.3%).
Lombardy has recently adopted in its
regulation the contents of the agreement between State-Regions of 18th
September 2008 which, besides other
measures, establishes the redefining
of the land reclamation sites, thus introducing the principle according to
which in each of them can act just one
reclamation consortium. The legislation has led to the melting of different
realities, and to the settlement of 12
new land reclamation areas and irrigation, 4 of which at an interregional
level.
Boundaries of the territory classified as reclamation and irrigation areas
Source: water resources and agriculture in Lombardy, Dept. for the agricultural and environmental sciences - Production, Territory, Agro-energy - University of
Milan, Feb 2014.
103
agricultural practices
The data of the 6th Agricultural Census have allowed to point out some of
the aspects of the complicated system
of relation between agriculture and
environment. Among the surveyed
phenomena of agro-environmental
interest, there is the management of
the system soil-cultivation in relation
to the crop rotations, to the tillage and
to the ways with which it is covered.
In terms of crop rotation, in Lombardy, the mono-alternation of the
Soil conservation practices for the arable crops
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantua
Milan
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Lombardy
Italy
%
monoculture
36.6
42.2
10.0
28.3
7.9
28.9
9.0
44.2
10.6
39.6
46.0
16.9
30.5
13.9
Crop rotation*
Winter coverage*
% free crop
% plan of crop
% winter % coverage
% crop
%
rotation
rotation
crops crops residualsno-one
44.2
19.2
35.26.832.625.3
36.6
21.2
28.48.036.127.5
26.1
63.9
24.75.131.338.9
50.0
21.7
19.05.430.844.9
66.2
26.0
21.11.660.916.4
47.1
24.0
23.52.844.529.2
53.6
37.4
36.43.912.147.6
33.6
22.2
26.74.153.016.2
62.7
26.7
34.5
2.7
47.1
15.7
33.4
27.0
11.13.363.622.0
19.5
34.4
21.85.310.462.4
60.2
22.9
50.63.527.918.0
42.5
26.9
24.64.837.633.1
45.2
40.9
50.13.014.332.7
* Percentages calculated on the arable crops of people answering the survey, year 2010.
Source: ISTAT - 6th General Agricultural Census.
104
crops involves 30.5% of the arable
UAA, a percentage which exceeds
the Italian average figure (13.9%);
conversely, the percentage of freerotation, where the alternation of
the crops is decided annually, is not
far from the regional average data,
and equal to 42.5% (compared to the
45.2% at the national level), the adoption of a rotation plan (cyclical alter-
Tillage on the arable crops
Tillage*
% conventional
% preservation
% no-one
Bergamo 94.92.52.6
Brescia
96.51.91.6
Como
90.66.62.8
Cremona 94.24.21.6
Lecco
95.72.81.4
Lodi
92.46.11.5
Mantua
88.73.18.2
Milan
92.75.81.5
Monza e Brianza
90.6
7.0
2.4
Pavia
93.43.63.0
Sondrio
96.22.31.5
Varese
96.20.92.9
Lombardy 93.03.63.4
Italy
89.95.24.9
* Percentages calculated on the arable crops of people answering the survey, year 2010.
nation of crops) suffers a decisively
more contained diffusion compared to
the national context (26.9% compared
to 40.9%).
In order to safeguard the land and
improve its fertility, can be adopted
some practices of land conservation
which expect the winter coverage of
the soil. The use of crop residuals,
such as stubble and straw, involving
37.6% of the arable lands (compared
to 14.3%), represents the prevailing
modality of coverage; it is followed by
the use of winter crops (whose incidence amounts to the half of the national one), with 24.6% of the surface,
which are harvested and used as grazing, while the use of coverage crops, of
no-economic interest (with the burial
before the main cultivation), involves
only 4.8%. The remaining 33.1% of
the arable lands does not undergo
any form of winter coverage of the
soil, which remains, therefore, uncov-
105
ered until the next tillage during the
spring, a percentage in line with the
national data.
In terms of ways for the processing of
the soil, the conventional way appears
to be the most widespread practice,
adopted in Lombardy in 93% of the arable lands (89.9% at the national level). The processing of the minimum
conservation is practiced only in 3.6%
of the arable surfaces (5.2% at the national level), whereas in the 3.4% is
practiced no type of processing (4.9%
at the national level).
In order to foster the adoption of techniques of the processing of lands with
low environmental impact, the Lombardy region has activated, within the
agro-environmental measures of the
RDP 2007-2013, a specific measure
for applying conservative agricultural
techniques in the arable lands (minimum processing and seeding). According to the 2012 data, the measure
106
214.M “Introduction of techniques
for a conservative agriculture” seems
to have been applied in about 23,000
ha, of which 97.2% is handled with
minimum processing, whereas 2.8%
(641 ha) with seeding. The crops with
a more widespread application of the
measure for a conservative agriculture are represented by the maize
and rice, with respectively about
40% of the surface, followed at a long
distance by the soft wheat, triticum
(an hybrid cereal) and soya. In relative terms, the implementation of the
Measure 214.M concerns about 9% of
the regional area cultivated with rice,
and 3% of that one cultivated with
maize.
Admitted surface, measure 214, action M (preservative agriculture) of the
RDP of the Lombardy Region, 2012
Action
M.01 - Seeding without intermediate winter crop and direct injection M.02 - Seeding with intermediate winter crop
M.03 - Seeding with direct injection M.04 - Seeding with intermediate winter crop and direct injection Total seeding
M.05 - Minimum tillage without intermediate winter crop and no landfill of effluents M.06 - Minimum tillage with intermediate winter crop M.07 - Minimum tillage with landfill of effluents
M.08 - Minimum tillage with intermediate winter crop and landfill of effluents Total minimum tillage
Source: DG Lombardy Region Agriculture.
Admitted surface (ha)
170.6
279.6
67.9
122.9
641.0
8,207.7
7,763.2
3,133.8
3,406.4
22,511.0
Breakdown by crop of the required surface area, Measure 214 action M
(preservative agriculture), 2012
4.2%
3.5%
5.3%
4.6%
39.0%
14.1%
Rice
9,041
Grain maize
6,825
Waxy maize
3,263
Soft wheat
1,072
Triticale
963
Soya
815
Other
1,226
Total 23,206
29.4%
107
The regional forest area amounts to
621,381 hectares, corresponding to
26% of the regional surface, that is 635
sqm per inhabitant. The forestry area
is mostly concentrated in the mountainous areas (about 80%), and to a
lesser extent in the plains and on the
hills. At the provincial level, 27.3% of
the forests is located in Brescia, followed by Sondrio (18.5%) and Bergamo (18.4%).
The incidence of wood on the territorial surface is higher in the mountainous areas (51%), whereas it is very
limited in the plains (4.1%). Among
the provinces, the rate of forestry extension on the territory places Lecco
at the first place (52.8%), followed by
Como (49.6%), Varese (45.4%) and
Bergamo (42%). Conversely, it stands
out Mantua with just 1.3% of the
wooded land, followed by Cremona
(2%) and Lodi (3.4%).
The wooded areas highlight, com-
108
pared to 2012, an increase of 616
hectares (+0.10%), ascribable to the
establishment of 265 hectares of ar-
tificial wood, mainly in the plains,
and of 495 hectares of natural afforestation, mostly in the mountainous
Breakdown of wooded surface area by province in Lombardy, 2012
Bergamo
8.9%
Brescia
18.4%
Como
Cremona
18.5%
Lecco
Lodi
6.1%
0.5%
1.7%
0.5%
0.4%
Mantua
Milan
27.3%
6.9%
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
0.6% 10.2%
Sondrio
Varese
Source: ERSAF, Report on the state of forests in Lombardy.
areas. The forest areas are on the increase in all the provinces, except for
the province of Varese.
In 2013, the requests for the wood
cutting and the surfaces for the cutting are increased, respectively by
15.4% and 13%, over the previous
year. The increase of the masses for
cutting is lower, limited to just +4.7%
over 2012. On about 600,000 cube
meters required for the cutting, about
73% is represented by the woods, the
remaining part by trunks whose masses are decreasing by 9.1% over the
previous year. 81.5% of the cut wood
is used for energy. To the overall wood
production, arising from forestry cuts,
it should also be added the extraforest productions of riparian poplar
and grove poplar, estimated in 2013 at
598,000 cube meters.
In 2013, the authorizations for changing the use of the wooded areas (526)
have involved 82 hectares, according
to still provisional data; over 76% of
the permissions has been required by
private people.
Over 81% of the transformed surface has involved cutting woods, 13%
trunks, the remaining is represented
Share of wooded land to territorial surface in Lombardy, 2012
Territorial surface (ha)
of which wooded (ha) % wooded/territorial surface
Provinces
Bergamo
272,286 114,489 Brescia
478,436 169,783 Como
128,807 63,432 Cremona
177,057 3,549 Lecco
81,617 42,847 Lodi
78,236 2,678 Mantua
233,884 3,119 Milan
157,659 10,868 Monza e Brianza
40,549 3,392 Pavia
296,470 37,742 Sondrio
321,190 114,873 Varese
119,871 54,608 Altitude zone
Lowlands
1,122,637 46,405 Hills
296,362 81,724 Mountains
967,281 493,252 Lombardy
2,386,280 621,381 42.0
35.5
49.2
2.0
52.5
3.4
1.3
6.9
8.4
12.7
35.8
45.6
4.1
27.6
51.0
26.0
109
“Composition of forest surface by
type in Lombardy, 2011”
Registered felling and production in Lombardy
Forest type
% breakdown
Oaked-hornbeam and hornbeams 1.1
Oak forests 7.3
Chestnut forests
13.4
Fraxinus ornus and Ostria carpinifolia forests 11.0
Flowering ash and hop hornbeam forests 3.9
Birch and hazelnut forests 3.2
Beech forests 15.0
Lily-of-the-valley1.0
Mountain pine forests 2.3
Scotch pine forests 1.6
Fir forests
2.6
Spruce forests
12.8
Larch and stone pine forests
6.8
Black alder forests 2.5
particular formations
1.0
Anthropogenic formations 8.4
Pre-forestry formations 2.9
Non-classified forest areas 3.2
Cutting requests (n.)
20,676 23,870 15.4
- of which high trees 2,392 2,235 -6.6
- of which copse or mixed 18,284 21,635 18.3
- of which lowland
2,053 2,432 18.5
- of which hills
5,122 5,881 14.8
- of which mountains
13,501 15,557 15.2
Surface area for felling (ha)
8,712 9,847 13.0
- of which high trees 2,600 2,654 2.1
- of which lowland
1,025 1,285 25.4
- of which hills
1,683 1,984 17.9
6,004 6,578 9.6
557,700 584,022 4.7
Mass requested for felling (m3)
- of which high trees 170,082 154,542 -9.1
- of which lowland
44,092 45,691 3.6
- of which hills
119,031 130,045 9.3
394,577 408,285 3.5
- of which lumber
122,761 108,161 -11.9
- of which for heating
454,488 475,861 4.7
Poplars-culture
Surface area for felling 2,872 2,708 -5.7
Mass requested for felling 633,765 597,947 -5.7
- of which lumber
519,285 489,647 -5.7
- of which for heating
114,480 108,300 -5.4
Total100.0
110
2012
2013
% change 2012/13
by mixed woods or shrubs. In terms of
share of the surface, the destination
of use of the deforested lands has concerned: quarries or landfills (2.4% of
the practices, 21.9% of the processed
woods, 38.4% of the compensation
costs); agricultural use (12.4% of the
practices, 17.5% of the processed land,
1.2% of the compensations costs), residential or commercial use (16.7% of
the practices, 13.7% of the processed
woods, 1.2% of the compensation
costs); agricultural-forestry-pastoral
road system (17.1% of the practices,
10.9% of the processed woods, 2.4%
of the compensation costs); ordinary
road system (10.6% of the practices,
10% of the processed woods, 12.9% of
the compensation costs). The permissions without duty of compensation
have been 324.
According to the INEMA (air emissions inventory) estimates, the forestry tank of CO2 would account for 87.9
million tons, with annual increases of
4.4 million tons.
In terms of forestry planning, in the
Lombardy region, there are 27 plans
of forestry orientation adopted or in
force, and 152 plans of forestry adjustment in force which involve, respectively, 29% and 23.7% of the regional wooded area.
The management and the economic
exploitation of the forestry resources,
in the Lombardy region, is performed
by 25 forestry consortia, and by 268
forestry firms enrolled in the regional
register, to which it should be added
ERSAF (regional entity for the services to agriculture and forests) and
the forestry entities (Provinces,
mountainous communities, Parks
and Reserves). The forestry consortia
manage 103,000 hectares of land, of
which 64,500 are wooded lands, supported by 270 employees; it has been
estimated that the number of the em-
ployees and collaborators in the forestry firms amounts to about 1,000
units. In 2013, the production value of
the forestry sector, in the Lombardy
region, has amounted to 76.5 million
euro, with an added value of 58.7 million euro.
The regional policies in the forestry
sector envisage the joined action of
many measures of the rural development Programming. Among these
measures there is the measure 221,
which expects the financing of permanent wood installations, with a medium-long cycle for the high quality
wood, with a short cycle for biomass
and poplar woods (885 hectares of
new installations admitted for financing in 2012).
111
fishing and aquaculture
Although the Lombardy territory is
not lapped by the sea, the sector of
fishing and aquaculture is quite important within the regional primary
sector. The sector has a turnover of
about 31.6 million euro, with a value
added of 17.6 million euro (ISTAT,
2013). The regional incidence of the
fishing and aquaculture on the national total is of 1.7% in terms of the
production value.
The professional fishing is practiced
in about ten lakes in Lombardy ,
thus involving about twenty commercial species. In 2011, the number
of the professional fishermen, which
has sharply reduced over time, has
amounted to about 200 units, mainly concentrated in the provinces of
Brescia, Como and Varese. The greatest number of fishermen in Lombardy
is located in the Como Lake (71), followed by the Garda Lake (48) and the
Iseo Lake (38). In 2010, the amount
112
of the captured fish amounted to
about 400-500 tons.
According to the 2010 data, released
by the API (Association of Italian fish
farmers), the aquaculture sector employs in the region over 600 workers,
Number of professional fishermen by province, 2011
100
87
80
60
55
40
29
18
20
0
5
2
Brescia
Bergamo
Como
Cremona
1
Lecco
Source: Program for fishing and aquaculture of the Lombardy Region 2012-2014.
Lodi
6
Mantua
Varese
spin-off included. In the same year,
the productive sites surveyed amount
to 69, mainly dedicated to the troutculture, for an annual production of
over 5,800 tons of fish and a gross
saleable production of about 30 million euro, characterized by 50% of the
trout-breeding, 30% of sturgeons (for
which it has not been calculated the
value of the caviar), and for 18% of
eels.
Professional fishermen and quantity of fish in Lombardy
N. fishermen (2011)
Annual catch (2010) - tonn*
Garda Lake (Lombardy)
48
82.6
Maggiore Lake (Lombardy)
15
134.8
Como Lake
71
206.7
Iseo Lake
38
23.1
Lugano Lake (Lombardy)
7
23.7
Varese Lake
7
33
Idro Lake
3
4.9
Comabbio and Monate Lake
2
8.4
Mantua Lakes
6
n.d.
River network
6
n.d.
Total203
* The data of the fishes trapped in the Maggiore and Lugano Lakes refer to the entire Lake; Varese Lake (2007 figures).
Source: Program for fishing and aquaculture of the Lombardy Region 2012-2014.
Sites, production and value of the Lombardy aquaculture, 2010
Productive sites (n.)
Production (t)
Trout
Sturgeon
Eel
Other
Total
42
17
4
6
69
4,050 880 600 300 5,830 GSP* (million euro)
14.7
9.0
5.6
1.0
30.3
* Excluding the value of the caviar.
Source: Association of the Italian fishermen.
113
agri-energy
The vocation in the livestock sector
of the Lombardy agriculture and the
need of disposing of the animal waste,
along with the economic subsidising
to the agro-energy supply chain, have
led in these latest years to an increase
of the biogas plants. According to the
ISTAT data, in the Lombardy region,
there are over 40% of the biogas
plants.
In July 2014, the number of the active plants in the Region amounted to
380, mostly concentrated in the provinces of Cremona (144), Brescia (65),
Lodi (53), Mantua (50) and Pavia
(38). The plants located in the Region
have an installed electric power of
about 300 MWe, for an average power
per plant of 763 KWe. Cremona, Lodi,
Brescia and Mantua detain over 80%
of the electric energy from biogas produced in the Lombardy region. The
province with the highest average size
of the plants is Milan, whereas that
114
one with the plants which are, on the
average, small-sized is Bergamo.
According to the estimates of the
project “Eco-Biogas”, the most widespread type of plants is the one between 0.75 MWe and 1 MWe, which
concerns about 57% of the installations; this size allows the businessmen
to draw maximum advantage from the
all-inclusive rate, valid for plants up
to 1MW, a limit that in the past rep-
resented the maximum threshold
for obtaining a public co-financing
for the investment. Only 4.4% of the
plants exceeds this size, although in
this category is concentrated 16.7%
of the electric energy produced. The
biogas plants in Lombardy burn annually 2.5 million tons of corn silage,
0.8 million tons of autumn-winter cereal silage and about 5 million tons of
livestock animal waste, as well as mi-
Bio-gas plants in Lombardy, 2014
Plants (n.)
Bergamo 16
Brescia65
Cremona144
Lodi53
Mantua50
Milan11
Pavia38
Sondrio 3
Lombardy 380
1
Electrical energy power.
Installed electrical energy (MWe)1
7.8
43.7
104.9
47.4
40.5
10.5
33.5
1.8
290.08
Average power (kWe)1
487.5
672.8
728.2
894.3
810.6
950.9
881.6
600.0
763.4
nor quantities of grass, flour products,
glycerine, vegetable oils and urban
waste of organic nature.
The bio-energy production is not relegated only to the livestock areas,
but it has also found a new development path in the mountainous areas
through the start-up of a wood-energy
supply chain, which allows to value
the forestry resources aimed at producing heat and electric energy. In
particular, in 2011, there are in Lombardy 12 heating networks for public
use, fueled or co-fueled with wood
biomasses, mainly located in the
provinces of Brescia and Sondrio, and
a series of installations for private use
currently under census.
The sector relating to the production
of bio-fuels (bio-ethanol and bio-diesel) enjoys, in the Region, of 5 processing plants, whose productive capacity is, nonetheless, free from the
use of local raw materials. According
to the census data, there are 4,600
hectares devoted to energetic crops
under cultivation contract, out of a
total of 17,000 registered hectares at
the national level.
Distribution of biogas plants in
Lombardy, 2013*
Bio-mass plants by power class in
Lombardy, 2013*
60%
57.3%
50%
40%
30%
20%
12.7%
10%
15.5%
10.0%
4.4%
0
0-250
* The survey refers to the provinces of BG, BS, CR, LO, MN, MI and PV.
Source: processing on the figures of the research project Eco-Biogas,
financed by the Lombardy Region.
251-500
501-750 751-1000 Oltre 1 MW
*The survey refers to the provinces of BG, BS, CR, LO, MN, MI and PV.
Source: processing on the figures of the research project Eco-Biogas,
financed by the Lombardy Region.
115
In terms of solar panelling, according to the 2013 data released by the
GSE (Energy Services Management),
the surface occupied by the installations in Lombardy, whose majority
is located in the agricultural areas,
amounts to about 400 hectares, for an
electric production of 238 MWe, equal
to 13.1% of the regional total.
Tele-heating plants using agri-forestry bio-mass in Lombardy
Location of the plant
TypeBeginning year
Sedrina (BG)
Brescia (BS)
Edolo (BS)
Sellero (BS)
Collio (BS)
Temù - Ponte di Legno (BS)
Villaguardia (CO)
Tirano (SO)
Sondalo (SO)
Madesimo (SO)
Valfurva (SO)
Marchirolo (VA)
Co-generation of electricity and heat
Multi-fuel system, co-generation of electricity and heat Heat production
Heat production
Heat production
Heat production
Heat production
Heat production
Source: processing on SIRENA figures - Lombardy Region, 2011.
116
2009
2005
2004
2004
2007
2005
2010
2000
2000
2006
2007
2008
products of designated origin and traditional products
Lombardy offers a wide range of
products of designated origin, recognized under the (EU) Regulation n. 1151/2012, of which Italy is
Leader at the European level. Out of
264 PDO and PGI products present
in our country, 31 are produced in
Lombardy, a figure which places the
region among the first places at the
national level. The livestock vocation of the regional agriculture leads
to a sharp prevalence of cheese and
cold cuts among the PDO and PGI
products, with respectively 13 and
10 recognitions, although there are
products of designated origin also
in the olive oil sector, fruit and vegetable sector, honey and aquaculture.
Furthermore, in the regional territory
there are 15 consortia for the guardianship of the PDO and PGI products.
During the last year, the Lombardy
region has obtained the recognition
of as much as 4 products of desig-
Number of PDO and PGI products in Lombardy and Italy*
264
250
200
150
103
100
50
0
47
43
3
2
Fruit & vegetables Olive oil
and cereals
13
Cheese
38
10
Prepared meats
33
31
3
Other
Italy
Lombardy
TOTAL
*Situation as of September 15th, 2014.
Source: MIPAAF.
117
List of PDO and PGI products in Lombardy*
CategoryProduct
Cheese
Prepared meats
Olive oil
Bitto
Formaggella del Luinese DOP
Formai de Mut dell’Alta Valle Brembana
Gorgonzola
Grana Padano
Nostrano Valle Trompia
Parmigiano Reggiano
Provolone Valpadana
Quartirolo Lombardo
Taleggio
Salva cremasco
Strachitunt
Valtellina Casera
Bresaola della Valtellina
Coppa di Parma
Cotechino Modena
Mortadella Bologna
Salame Brianza
Salame Cremona
Salame d’oca di Mortara
Salame di Varzi
Salamini italiani alla cacciatora
Zampone Modena
Olio extravergine d’oliva Garda
Olio extravergine d’oliva Laghi Lombardi
Denomination
PDO
PDO
PDO
PDO
PDO
PDO
PDO
PDO
PDO
PDO
PDO
PDO
PDO
PGI
PGI
PGI
PGI
PDO
PGI
PGI
PDO
PDO
PGI
PDO
PDO
Territory
SO, municipalities in the province of BG
municipalities in the province of VA
municipalities in the province of BG
BG, BS, CO, CR, LC, LO, MI, PV, VA
BG, BS, CO, CR, LC, LO, MN(sinistra Po), MI, PV, SO, VA
municipalities in the province of BS
MN(destra Po)
CR, BS, municipalities of the provinces of BG, MN, LO
BG, BS, CO, CR, LC, LO, MI, PV, VA
BG, BS, CO, CR, LC, LO, MI, PV
BG, BS, CR, LC, LO, MI
municipalities of the province of BG
SO
SO
MN, PV, municipalities in the provinces of CR, LO, MI
BG, BS, CO, CR, LC, LO, MN, MI, PV, VA
Entire regional territory
municipalities of the provinces of CO, LC, MI
municipalities in the province of PV
municipalities in the province of PV
BG, BS, CO, CR, LC, LO, MN, MI, PV, VA
municipalities in the province of BS
municipalities in the provinces of BG, BS, CO, LC
>>>>> continued
118
List of PDO and PGI products in Lombardy* >>>>> continued
CategoryProduct
Fruit and vegetables Mela di Valtellina
Melone Mantovano Pera Mantovana
Other
Miele Varesino
Salmerino del Trentino
Trota del Trentino
* Situation as of 15 September 2014.
nated origin: the PDO “formaggio
Strachitunt”, the PDO “Miele Varesino d’acacia”, the PGI “Melone Mantovano” and the PGI “Trota del Trentino”. There are, furthermore, many
other products which have started
the procedure for obtaining the PDO
designation, among which the cheeses Silter and Bagoss, “Salame Bergamasco”, “Salame Mantovano” and
“Miele di Valtellina”; the “Asparago di
Cantello” and the “Pizzoccheri della
Valtellina” have, instead, started the
Denomination
PGI
PGI
PGI
PDO
PGI
PGI
procedures for obtaining the PGI designation.
According to the 2012 ISMEA data,
the turnover of the PDO and PGI
productions amounts to 1.78 billion
euro, or one fourth of the national
turnover; a figure which places the region at the second place in Italy after
Emilia-Romagna.
According to the 2013 ISTAT data,
the farms involved in the production of PDO cheeses are 4,201, corresponding to over 5,000 breeding
Territory
municipalities in the province of SO
MN,CR
municipalities in the province of MN
VA
BS
BS
farms (17.5% of the national total).
The incidence of the cattle raised for
the production of PDO cheeses is of
45% on the national total (2011 datum). Furthermore, there are 370
active processing activities, of which
292 are dairy activities, representing a share of little more than 20%
of the national total. The number of
the farms producing milk for the PDO
cheeses in Lombardy is experiencing
a strong decrease over 2012 (-14.3%).
Worthy of note is also the contribu-
119
tion of the Lombardy region to the
sector involved in the prepared products with PDO and PGI meats, with
as much as 1,453 producers and
1,947 farms, mostly pig breedings, for
a share of 42% of the national total.
Important is also the presence of the
cold cuts processors, equal to 15.8%
of the Italian total, which reaches up
to 28% if considering only the butchers. Also in the case of the breeding
farms devoted to the production of
PDO and PGI meat-based food, the
decrease on annual basis is very remarkable (-19.1%).
Less relevance, in the comparison
with the Italian context, play the
fruit and vegetable productions PDO
and PGI, the PGI meats, and the extra
virgin olive oils PDO and PGI.
In the wine sector, the Lombardy region boasts of a range of 5 DOCG, 22
DOC and 15 IGT. It should be pointed
out that the EU regulation envisages
120
Turnover of the PDO and PGI production by region (million euro),
2010-2012
Region
2010
2011
2012
% change % incidence
2012/11
2012
Emilia-Romagna2,615.92,897.0 2,894.9 -0.1 42.2
Lombardy
1,586.21,827.3 1,775.8 -2.8 25.9
Trentino-Alto Adige
423.7
455.4
528.8
16.1
7.7
Veneto
361.2417.4 454.3 8.8 6.6
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
335.0
331.6
312.6
-5.7
4.6
Campania
283.3287.3 286.8-0.2 4.2
Piedmont
181.1199.9 201.1 0.6 2.9
Sardinia
162.0 110.4 137.024.0 2.0
Tuscany
92.9 98.1 94.8-3.4 1.4
Lazio
45.3 41.7 51.122.5 0.7
Puglia
22.1 33.8 34.52.2 0.5
Umbria
35.0 13.9 20.245.1 0.3
Sicily
24.2 17.5 16.8-3.6 0.2
Calabria
11.2 9.1 13.649.6 0.2
Marche
15.8 11.4 11.95.0 0.2
Liguria
5.2 5.2 4.6-11.5 0.1
Valle d’Aosta
26.7
25.4
24.0
-5.4
0.3
Basilicata
1.6 1.8 2.117.9 0.0
Abruzzo
3.0 2.6 1.9-29.5 0.0
Molise
1.41.1 0.8-27.8 0.0
Source: ISMEA processing on figures released by Control Authorities and consortia of safeguarding.
the designation of PDO to the wines
DOC and DOCG, and the designation
of PGI to the wines IGT, although, at
the moment, it is expected the coexistence with the traditional Italian
designations.
On the basis of the assessments concerning the 2013 grape-harvesting,
the surface of the vineyards with
designation, in Lombardy, amounts
to about 17,930 hectares compared
to a regional vineyard area of 23,600
ha, in increase of 2.5% over the previous year. In particular, the vineyard
area registered in the records of the
DOC and DOCG vineyards, according
to the 2013 data released by the DG
Agriculture of the Region, amounts to
12,222 ha, in increase of 1.3% over
2012, while the IGT reach 5,709,
thus marking a +5.1% over the previous year. The production of wine
grape DOCG, DOC and IGT reaches
almost 2 million quintals (+17.2%
over 2012), to which it corresponds
a wine production of 148,000 hl of
wine DOCG, 576,000 hl of wine DOC
and 586,000 hl of wine IGT. About
40% of the wine grapes cultivated in
Lombardy is turned into wine at the
Operators1 in the sector of the PDO and PGI products in Lombardy and
Italy, 2013
PDO cheese
Lombardy Producers - farms
4,201 Producers - cattle farms
5,124 Head of cattle
n.d. Processors
370 Processors - of which cheese makers 292 Italy
% Lombardy/Italy
27,190 29,357 n.d. 1,691 1,383 15.5
17.5
n.d.
21.9
21.1
1,453 1,947 117 55 3,562 4,614 741 197 40.8
42.2
15.8
27.9
PDO and PGI fruit and vegetables Producers - farms
Processors
466 16 17,076 1,165 2.7
1.4
PDO and PGI extra-virgin olive oil Producers - farms
Processors
Processors - of which millers
172 53 19 19,083 1,863 1,038 0.9
2.8
1.8
15 873 1.7
Preparation of PDO and PGI meat Producers - farms
Producers - cattle farms
Processors
Processors - of which slaughterers PGI meat
Processors
Figures for processors refer to businesses and not to plants.
Source: ISTAT.
1
121
firm itself, whereas 20% is processed
by cooperatives; the share of cooperation reaches up to 27% for the PGI
wines. Among the main designations
in terms of surface, the Pavia area besides the Po river is decreased by 2.7%
over 2012, as it occurred in Bonarda
(-0.8%). Conversely, on the increase
is Lugana, whose registered areas
have registered an annual increase of
8.7%, and Franciacorta (+3.2%).
The value of the wine export, which
amounts to 285 million euro and represents 5.5% of the national total, is
increasing by 11.9% over 2012, while
in quantitative terms by 1.9%. The
quality wine (DOP and IGP) represents 75% of the regional export,
produced for 95% in packaged way.
The second regional export item is
represented by the sparkling wines
(13.4%), while the value of the exports
for the wines with no designation covers 5.3% (also in this case they are
122
PDO and PGI wines in Lombardy and Italy*
350
332
300
250
200
150
118
100
73
Italy
50
0
22
5
DOCG
* as of 10 July 2014.
Source: MIPAAF.
Lombardy
15
DOC
IGT
Area enrolled in DOC/DOCG vineyard registries and lists of IGT vineyards for the 2013 harvest
Name of DOC/DOCG registry DOC - Oltrepo’ Pavese DOC - Bonarda Dell’oltrepo’ Pavese
DOCG - Franciacorta DOC - Lugana
DOC - Garda
DOC - Lambrusco Mantovano DOCG - Valtellina Superiore DOC - Sangue Di Giuda Dell’oltrepo’ Pavese
DOC - Curtefranca
DOC - Valcalepio DOCG - Oltrepo’ Pavese Metodo Classico
DOC - Pinot Nero dell’Oltrepo’ Pavese
DOC - Valtenesi
DOCG - Sforzato di Valtellina o Sfursat
DOC - Valtellina Rosso o Rosso di Valtellina
DOC - Riviera del Garda Bresciano DOC - Oltrepo’ Pavese Pinot Grigio
DOC - Buttafuoco dell’Oltrepo Pavese DOC - San Colombano al Lambro DOC - Capriano del Colle DOC - Garda Colli Mantovani DOC - Botticino DOCG - Scanzo o Moscato di Scanzo DOC - Colleoni o Terre del Colleoni
DOC - San Martino della Battaglia DOC - Cellatica DOC - Casteggio
Land enrolled Grapes production
(ha)(q)
2,929
276,215
2,697
280,960
2,537
215,259
997
120,025
626
52,917
367
51,546
344
22,598
255
24,361
254
21,451
175
11,982
169
12,168
126
10,006
119
9,058
99
6,402
87
5,738
78
6,689
69
8,440
64
5,483
63
4,266
58
5,394
35
3,796
24
1,312
13
698
13
1,275
8
600
7
544
7
473
Name of IGT list Land enrolled Grapes production
(ha)(q)
IGT - Provincia di Pavia o Pavia 4,814
704,237
IGT - Provincia di Mantova o Mantova 317
62,492
IGT - Bergamasca 127
11,916
IGT - Collina Del Milanese 90
8,385
IGT - Alto Mincio 75
11,392
IGT - Terrazze Retiche di Sondrio 69
4,128
IGT - Benaco Bresciano 51
4,802
IGT - Quistello 46
9,557
IGT - Terre Lariane 30
1,804
IGT - Valcamonica 25
1,184
IGT - Montenetto di Brescia
24
1,779
IGT - Sebino 19
4,273
IGT - Ronchi di Brescia 12
748
IGT - Ronchi Varesini 5
399
IGT - Sabbioneta 3
141
TOTAL DOC and DOCG
12,222
1,159,655
TOTAL IGT
5,709
827,235
Total land enrolled in DOC/DOCG registries and IGT lists 17,930
1,986,890
123
mainly packaged), in the same way
as the value of the aromatised wines
covers 5.2%. In terms of import, 75%
is represented by the sparkling wines
and the remaining 25% by the wines
with designation.
To complete the framework of the
products with designation, there are
the traditional agro-food products,
whose list is updated to June 2014.
The Lombardy region stands at the
9th place among the Italian regions,
with a basket of 246 products (equal
to 5.1% of the national total). Among
the regional specialties, are prevailing, for their numbers, the bakery
products (71), the meat derivatives
(68) and the milk derivatives (67).
Quite remarkable is also the share of
the fruit and vegetables, with 30 traditional products recognized.
Production and positioning of the table grapes by channel of processing,
2013
Total grape
% wine produced % production
% production
production
at the farm
to cooperatives
to other
(q)farms
PDO
PGI
Wine with no designation TOTAL
1,160,835 828,996 192,301 2,182,132 17.5 27.5 11.6 20.8 39.0
43.6
29.1
39.9
Foreign exchanges of wine products, Lombardy 2013
Wines with no designation Wines with designation Sparkling wines Aromatised wines Must Total wines Import (million euro) 3.0 25.1 75.0 0.2 1.4 104.7 Source: DG Agriculture processing of ISMEA figures.
124
43.6 29.0 59.3 39.3 Export (million euro)
% import
%
export
15.0 214.4 38.1 14.8 2.6 284.9 2.9 24.0 71.6 0.2 1.3 100.0 5.3
75.3
13.4
5.2
0.9
100.0
Traditional agri-food products by sector in Lombardy
80
70
68
71
64
60
50
40
30
30
20
10
3
0
Fresh and
Cheese
processed meats
Fresh milk
and ricotta
2
1
Honey
Fruit and
vegetables
Fats
Fresh pasta,
(butter and baked goods
oils)
and pastries
4
Fish
products
1
2
Beverage
Gastronomy
Source: MIPAAF national list of traditional agri-food products, 14th revision (June 2014).
125
organic farming
In the Lombardy region, the organic
farming is not so widespread as in the
other regional realities of the national
territory. In 2013, the organic workers amounted to 3.3% of the national
total, in the specific 2.2% in terms of
producers, whereas the percentage
increases up to 8.2% for the processors, including both the producers
and the transformers, and to 16.5%
for the importers. Very scarce is also
the share of surface devoted to the or-
Operators1 in the organic sector in Lombardy, 2013
Farms ProducersPreparers
number% number % number%
Bergamo
16710.9 9410.5 9911.8
Brescia
27217.8 18921.2 13415.9
Como
573.7 364.0 283.3
Cremona
694.5 384.3 445.2
Lecco
503.3 242.7 384.5
Lodi
241.6 70.8 202.4
Mantua
16110.5 101 11.3 77 9.2
Milan
26417.3 56 6.3 217 25.8
Monza e Brianza
38
2.5
8
0.9
33
3.9
Pavia
31620.7 27530.8 8610.2
Sondrio
513.3 343.8 303.6
Varese
603.9 313.5 354.2
Lombardy 1,529100.0 893100.0 841100.0
The figure relates to the province of the registered office and it does not refer to importers.
Share of regional organic category
to national total, 2013
10%
9%
8.0%
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
3.0%
2.0%
2%
1%
0%
Operators
1
126
1.6%
Source: SINAB.
Producers
Processors
UAA
who perform production activity,
whereas those who perform an activity of preparation, including also the
producers involved, amount to 55%
ganic farming which amounts on the
whole to 1.6% (SINAB data, 2014) on
the national total.
In the Lombardy region, in 2013, ac-
cording to the data released by the
DG Agriculture, the active organic
operators amounted to 1,529; of
these ones 58.4% are the operators
Organic producers in Lombardy,
2013
Breakdown of regional organic UAA by crop*, 2013
Vegetable Animal products*husbandry*
number% number%
Bergamo
9110.5 15 9.7
Brescia
18421.3 25 16.2
Como
313.6 11 7.1
Cremona
414.7 15 9.7
Lecco
222.5 15 9.7
Lodi
70.8 1 0.6
Mantua
10011.6 17 11.0
Milan
515.9 9 5.8
Monza e Brianza
8
0.9
2
1.3
Pavia
27031.3 30 19.5
Sondrio
303.5 9 5.8
Varese
293.4 5 3.2
Lombardy
864100.0 154 100.0
* Exclusive and not exclusive producers.
46.5%
Cereal grain
Industrial plants and dried legumes
Vegetables
32.7%
Grapevine
Olive tree
1.7%
0.4%
0.6%
6.1%
Other arable
Other agricultural woody crops (fruit, small fruit)
2.4%
8.1%
Fodder (rotated fodder crops and
permanent meadows and pasture)
* Including surface under conversion.
127
of the total. During the last year, the
trend of the operators highlights an
increase of 5.7%, with an increase of
13% mainly of the transformers and of
6.4% of the producers.
By observing the provincial distribution of the farms, it can be detected
the record of the province of Pavia
(20.7%), followed by Brescia (17.8%),
Milan (17.3%), Bergamo (11%) and
Mantua (10.5%). By taking into account only the producers, the province of Pavia reaches 30.8%, followed by Brescia (21.2%) and Mantua
(11.3%). Milan, instead, holds the record of the organic preparators with
25.8% of the total, followed by Brescia
with 15.9%.
96.7% of the organic producers, in
Lombardy, has obtained the certification for the vegetable productions
(among them also producers of the
livestock sector); the organic livestock sector involves, instead, 17.2%
128
of the producers. Both in terms of
vegetable productions and in terms
of livestock sector, Pavia confirms its
role as a leader province, with 31.2%
of the vegetable producers and 19.5%
of the livestock producers.
In the Lombardy region, the agricultural surface with crops cultivated
with organic method represents
about 2% of the regional UAA. 67.5%
of the overall organic surface, equal
to 20,634 hectares, concerns the
Land used for organic farming in Lombardy (ha)*
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantua
Milan
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Lombardy
Organic
Area under
Total
%
areaconversionareabreakdown
429 80 509 2.5
1,032 358 1,390 6.7
225 - 225 1.1
467 22 489 2.4
83 11 95 0.5
793 71 864 4.2
1,324 26 1,350 6.5
1,144 44 1,189 5.8
231 29 260 1.3
12,910 1,021 13,931 67.5
80 19 98 0.5
222 14 236 1.1
18,939 1,695 20,634 100.0
*Main uses of the land used: arable, agricultural woody crops, permanent meadow and pasture.
Source: DG Lombardy Region Agriculture, gifures updated at July 2014.
province of Pavia; it is followed then
by Brescia (6.7%), Mantua (6.5%) and
Milan (5.8%). About 1,700 hectares,
or 8.2% of the total, are under conversion; in 2013, the highest share of
surface in conversion is detectable in
the provinces of Brescia, Sondrio and
Bergamo.
The repartition of the organic surface
points out that as much as 46.5% of
the organic surface is cultivated with
cereals, where rice (58.9%) and maize
(24.6%) hold the prevailing share;
they are then followed by the fodder
Number of head raised using organic methods in Lombardy, 2012
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantua
Milan
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Lombardy
Cattle
232 305 254 733 4
1,242 112 1,110 207 5,610 126 79 10,014 Pigs
93 203 - 37 3
1,930 2,158 100 - 41 - - 4,565 Goats and Sheep
68 172 107 759 208 - 77 5
27 70 - 205 1,698 Poultry
16
1,736
6,299
10,100
87,256
1,400
706
107,513
crops, both alternated and permanent, with 32.7%, the industrial crops
(dried legumes included) with 8.1%,
the grapevine with 6.1%, the vegetables with 2.4%, and the other agricultural cultivations represented by
fruit, with 1.7% (which includes the
small fruits).
Despite the remarkable incidence of
the livestock sector in the Lombardy
agriculture, the share of the organic
within the sector is decisively contained and inferior compared to the
vegetable productions. In particular,
in 2012, the cattle, increasing by 3.3%
on annual basis, places itself just a little above 10,000 units, whereas the
pigs and the goats and sheep have
amounted, respectively, to 4,565
and 1,698 units. Just a little above
107,000 units is, instead, the poultry
which suffers a decrease of 33% over
2011.
129
integrated production
In order to quantify the spread of the
methods of the integrated production,
in absence of statistical data, have
been considered the data relating to
the adhesion to the action 214.B “integrated agricultural productions”,
within the measure 214 “agro-environmental measures” of the RDP
2007-2013 of the Lombardy region.
This action aims at fostering the productions with a low environmental
impact, through the use of specific
guidelines of integrated production,
approved at the regional level, for the
vegetable and fruit cultivations, the
wine growing, for rice and maize.
According to the 2012 data, the surface admitted for financing within
the action 214:B, amounts to about
30,000 hectares, of which 54% is
represented by the wood crops and
45.6% by arable crops. In terms of the
single crops, about 47% of the surface
concerns the grape growing, 24.5%
130
the maize, mainly in combination
with the action 214.A “Balanced fertilization and rotation”, and 15.7% the
rice. Among the integrated vegetable
productions, it prevails the melon.
In relative terms, the cultivation most
involved in the practice of the inte-
grated production is the grapevine,
with about 70% of the total regional
surface involved in the implementation of the action. High values are
also detectable for the apple-tree,
pear-tree and melon, whereas the incidence of the integrated production
Breakdown by crop of the area under Measure 214.B (integrated
agricultural productions), 2012
1.5%
2.7%
1.2%
1.7% 2.6%
3.2%
Maize
24.5%
Rice
Grapevine
Apple tree
Pear tree
Olive tree
46.9%
15.7%
Other fruit trees
Melon
Other vegetables
within the arable crops is modest.
At the surfaces involved in the implementation of the action B of the
measure 214, should be added the
surfaces interested in the implementation of the action for the integrated
Area admitted to payment
- measure 214.B (Integrated
agricultural productions) of the
RDP in the Lombardy Region, 2012
Action
Admitted area %
(ha)
B.01 - Vegetable crops
1,684.8 5.6
B.02 - Small fruits
7.4 0.0
B.03 - Tree crops
16,377.6 54.3
B.05 - Maize without adhesion 214.A* 895.8 3.0
B.06 - Mais with adhesion 214.A*
6,412.1 21.3
B.07 - Rice without adhesion 214.A* 4,100.3 13.6
B.08 - Rice with adhesion 214.A*
656.7 2.2
Total Integrated Agricultural Productions 30,134.8 100.0
* 214.A Balanced fertilization and rotation crop.
production, within the CMO for fruit
and vegetable, which in Lombardy involves about 3,000 hectares of indus-
trial tomatoes, equal to over 50% of
the overall surface of the cultivation
in the Region.
Share of the surface area for the main crops under Measure 214.B
(Integrated Agricultural Productions), 2012
100
80
69.9%
58.0%
60
44.0%
40
33.0%
20
Total production
15.8%
2.0%
0
% integrated production
Maize
4.9%
Rice
Grapevine Apple tree Pear tree Olive tree
Melon
Source: DEMM estimates on DG Lombardy Region Agriculture figures and ISTAT.
maize
rice
grapevine
131
agritourism (farm stays)
The Lombardy region is the third Italian region in terms of farm stays, with
6.9% of the national facilities, thus
ranking only after Tuscany and Trentino Alto-Adige. By considering only
the farm stays authorised for catering,
the Region ranks second place, with
an incidence on the national total
of 10%, a percentage which reaches
22.6% if considering the farms authorised exclusively for catering.
Despite being less suited than other
regions for providing accomodations,
the Lombardy agri-tourism sector
provides, in any case, 4.4% of the facilities and 5.2% of the national beds
(ISTAT, 2012).
Despite the presence of many operators and the period of economic crisis,
the upward trend of the agri-tourism
phenomenon, in the Lombardy region, doesn’t seem to undergo a deadlock; on the contrary, in 2013, it experiences a sharp net annual increase
132
of 7.5%, with a peak of 11.9% in the
mountainous areas. Changes higher
than 10% have been detected in half
of the Lombardy provinces, with Sondrio leading the ranking (+13.8%).
Conversely, Mantua and Pavia have
Farm stays active in Lombardy
2012*
2013**
% change % breakdown
2013/12 per surface area (2013)
Provinces
Bergamo
139145 4.39.5
Brescia
297 328 10.421.6
Como
104116 11.57.6
Cremona
71 75 5.64.9
Lecco
70 78 11.45.1
Lodi
30 33 10.02.2
Mantua
218 223
2.314.7
Milan
97108 11.37.1
Monza e Brianza
11
12
9.1
0.8
Pavia
212 217
2.414.3
Sondrio
94107 13.87.0
Varese
72 79 9.75.2
Altitude zone
Mountains
404 452 11.929.7
Hills
453 478
5.531.4
Lowlands
558 591
5.938.9
Total Lombardy
1,415 1,521 7.5
100.0
Total Italy
20,474 n.d n.d
Lombardy/Italy (%)
6.91%
n.d n.d Source: *ISTAT and **DG Lombardy Region Agriculture (provisional data).
shown increases slightly higher than
2%. Even in the urban areas the number of the farm stays is increasing by
8.4% over 2012.
The areas most suited for the farm
stay are represented by the Garda
Lake, by the Morainic hills of Mantua
and the area over Po in the nearby
of Pavia, along with the pre-Alpine
belt and the foothill areas in general.
In absolute terms, most of the 1,521
farm stays is located in the provinces
of Brescia (21.6%), Mantua (14.7%)
and Pavia (14.3%), with a rather balanced distribution by altitude areas.
52.1% of the farm stays provides
12,194 beds (+7.2% over 2012). 76% of
the residential farm stays provides inhouse accommodations, while 37.9%
in independent residences. There are
also 442 areas for outdoor stays. Full
board is offered by 52% of the facilities
with accommodation, whereas 29.6%
provides only housing. The accom-
modation activity is mainly practiced
on the mountains and the hills; the
most representative province is Mantua (66.4% of the facilities), whereas
on the opposite side there is Varese
(34.2%).
Catering is the most widespread activity, so that 69.5% of the farm stays are
Distribution of farm stay sites in Lombardy, 2013
133
authorised in providing meals, with
peaks of over 80% in the provinces of
Bergamo and Varese. Conversely, the
catering service is provided by only
the half of the farm stays of Pavia and
Milan, and by about 40% of the facili-
ties of Lodi. On the whole, the catering
service seems to be performed mainly
in the mountainous areas (roughly in
Type of farm stay sites in Lombardy, 2013
Provinces
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantua
Milan
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Altitude zone
Mountains
Hills
Lowlands
Total Lombardy
% farms
N. beds
N. outdoor
% farms
N. seating
% farms
% farms
licensed for
rest stops
licensed for
capacity
licensed for
licensed for
lodgingscateringtastings
other activities
39.3
58.5
48.3
62.7
39.7
42.4
66.4
34.3
41.7
59.0
57.9
34.2
753 4,001 624 705 370 253 1,977 665 134 1,625 782 305 17
100
27
7
34
0
121
30
0
26
67
13
87.6
75.9
72.4
76.0
76.9
39.4
65.0
50.9
75.0
50.2
77.6
83.5
8,724 17,963 4,442 4,283 3,510 750 6,633 5,386 902 5,859 5,536 4,646 3.4
10.4
11.2
17.3
7.7
12.1
9.0
2.8
0.0
8.3
13.1
17.7
37.9
42.4
34.5
74.7
32.1
63.6
62.3
63.9
58.3
37.8
31.8
69.6
55.3
60.7
44.7
52.9
3.176 5.243 3.775 12,194 218
104
120
442
75.4
69.0
65.3
69.5
19,515 23,737 25,382 68,634 8.4
13.0
7.4
9.5
34.5
40.8
62.8
47.5
Source: DG Lombardy Region Agriculture (provisional data).
134
75% of the farm stays).
The daily meals, authorized in 2013,
almost reach 70,000 units, roughly 65
meals per farm authorised in providing catering service. 9.5% of the farm
stays performs tasting at the farm, an
activity that is particularly remarkable in the hilly areas (13% of the
farms).
The range of services offered by the
farm stays in the Lombardy region
involves also sports, recreational and
cultural activities, which are mainly
offered by the farms located in the
cities and in the plain areas. Among
these activities, a great importance
is represented by the horseback riding and by the courses (performed
respectively by 13% and 12% of the
farms), the sport activities (6.2%) and
the hiking (3.5%).
About 37% of the farms stays is run by
a woman, a figure which exceeds by
1% the national average. Incidences
over 40% have been detected in the
provinces of Varese, Lecco, Como and
Monza.
135
direct sales
According to the 6th Agricultural
Census data, the direct sales, in the
Lombardy region, are practiced by
over 12,000 farms, equal to 27.8% of
the regional total, compared to 26.1%
of the national datum.
In the provinces of Como, Lecce and
Varese, the direct sales are performed
by over 70% of the farms, whereas
Lodi, Cremona and Mantua reach
levels of just 10%. The population
density and, therefore, the size of the
market, represent an important factor
in the spread of the direct selling; in
the municipalities nearby the cities
such activity is practiced by 50% of
the farms, except for the province of
Milan (27.2%). A development similar
to that of the city areas is detectable
on the hilly and mountainous areas,
mostly interested by tourism.
Direct sales, performed out of the
farm, involve 31% of the farms, with
peaks of over 40% in the provinces of
136
Cremona, Pavia and Monza, and an
highest incidence in the plains and in
the cities. In terms of types of products offered to the consumer, the most
remarkable farms are those selling
vegetable products (42.2%), followed
by those selling processed products
(35.4%) and products of animal origin.
Farms with direct sales to consumers in Lombardy, 2010
Provinces
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantua
Milan
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Altitude zone
Mountains
Hills
Lowlands
Total Lombardy
Total Italy
Farms with
direct sales
% farms with direct sales
to total farms with sales
1,847 2,896 1,173 369 782 129 894 558 316 1,399 952 871 44.5
28.4
72.6
8.8
75.6
10.0
10.7
27.2
49.0
21.8
35.7
74.7
4,240 3,988 3,958 12,186 270,579 59.9
45.4
14.2
27.8
26.1
The e-commerce of the products involves 4.4% of the farms with direct
sales to the consumer; an incidence
which is in line with that of the shares
in the North and in the Centre of Italy,
but superior to the national average
(2.4%), which suffers of its scarce use
in the South (0.9%) and on the Islands
(1.6%).
In the plains with an intensive farm-
ing, and in the cities, the direct sales
involve mainly the vegetable products, whereas in the mountainous
areas it prevails the direct marketing
of the processed products and of the
Type of farms with direct sales to consumers in Lombardy, 2010
% with direct sales % with direct sales
% with direct sales % with direct sales
% with direct sales
on the farm
off the farm
of vegetable products
of animal products
of processed products
Provinces
Bergamo
86.226.7 31.8 46.2 36.1
Brescia
88.323.4 35.0 31.0 48.0
Como
82.034.5 41.9 48.4 23.2
Cremona
72.146.9 67.5 22.5 15.2
Lecco
88.224.3 38.7 53.1 24.7
Lodi
78.331.0 46.5 30.2 29.5
Mantua
78.936.2 70.4 18.2 19.5
Milan
80.538.0 56.6 34.4 19.9
Monza e Brianza
75.0
45.3
70.9
23.4
13.0
Pavia
84.243.4 41.7 9.9 54.2
Sondrio
88.923.3 25.9 41.6 46.3
Varese
86.232.3 50.2 41.6 19.3
Altitude zone
Mountains
90.521.2 23.8 49.8 44.6
Hills
85.034.8 44.1 23.4 42.0
Lowlands
78.437.5 60.1 28.8 18.7
Lombardy
84.830.9 42.2 34.3 35.4
137
products of animal origin. Pavia is the
province with the highest incidence of
marketing of the processed products,
boosted by the wine sector, whereas
in the provinces of Monza and Mantua there is a prevalence of vegetable
products, provided by over 70% of the
farms.
The Census data allow to get a quantification of the regional operators who
practice direct sales; the most numerous are the flower-sellers, about
2,000, followed by the wine cellars
(1,511), by the producers of the milk
derivatives and by the producers of
the derivatives of meats and cold cuts.
The direct sales of vegetable plants
are performed by over 1,000 farms.
On the Lombardy territory, besides
the official register of the farmers’
markets based on the communications of the Municipalities to the
Region, there are many similar initiatives mainly coordinated by the ag-
138
Farms with direct sales to final consumers and use of e-commerce, 2010
Italy
North-West
Lombardy
North-East
Centre
South
Islands
Farms with direct sales
to final consumers
n.%
270,579 31,924 12,186 28,220 45,539 120,767 44,129 100.0 11.8 4.5 10.4 16.8 44.6 16.3 E-Commerce for
product sales and
farm services (%)
E-Commerce/
direct sales
(%)
100.0 19.8 8.0 21.1 31.1 17.1 10.9 2.4
4.1
4.4
5.0
4.5
0.9
1.6
ricultural professional organizations.
According to an estimate obtained by
matching the municipality’s authorizations with the list of the markets
of “Campagna Amica Coldiretti” and
with those organized by the farm stay
Consortium of Mantua, there are 142
farmers’ markets in the region, mainly
concentrated in the provinces of Milan and Mantua.
By considering the Lombardy’s emphasis in the livestock sector, the
distribution of raw milk to the final
consumers through automatic suppliers, represents an important type
of short supply chain, although in the
latest years there has been a decrease
of the facilities, mainly in the less
populated areas. In 2014, the number
of the vending machines authorised in
Lombardy is decreased by 14.7% over
the previous year, mainly on the hilly
and mountainous areas; nonetheless,
it has been the hill that has suffered
the most, decreasing from 36.8% to
35.3%. Very much widespread, but
hardly quantifiable in the region, is
the presence of the ethical purchasing
N. of farms with direct product sales to final consumers in Lombardy, 2010
groups, for whom it has been estimated an incidence on the national total
of about 25%.
Distribution of farmers’ markets in
Lombardy
1,949
2,000
1,511
1,500
1,329
1,146
1,046
1,000
572
500
430
427
0
Cereals
Horticulture
Nursery
products
Milk
Wine
Olive oil
Milk der.
Meat and
prepared meats
Source: DG Lombardy Region Agriculture and Coldiretti - Campagna
Amica, July 2012.
139
Raw milk distributors in Lombardy*
Raw milk distributors in Lombardy
Raw milk
% breakdown by % change
distributors
geographical area
2014/2013
Provinces
Bergamo
7119.1 -7.8
Brescia
39 10.5-27.8
Como
38 10.2-15.6
Cremona
1 0.3-50.0
Lecco
40 10.8-13.0
Lodi
4 1.133.3
Mantua
12 3.2-20.0
Milan
6918.6 -6.8
Monza e Brianza
27
7.3
-10.0
Pavia
6 1.6-14.3
Sondrio
9 2.4-43.8
Varese
55 14.8-16.7
Altitude zone
Mountains
55 14.8-14.1
Hills
131 35.3-18.1
Lowlands
185 49.9-12.3
Total Lombardy
371
100.0
-14.7
Source: DG Lombardy Region Health, July 2014.
* Situation as of July 2014.
Source: DG Lombardy Region Health.
140
educational farms
The educational farms are farms engaged in educating the consumers
and, in particular, in receiving school
groups and young people within the
school activities and extra-school activities. This type of diversification
has had great success in the Lombardy region where, since 2002, it
has been established a register of the
educational farms and a Paper of the
quality requirements, which has undergone a first revision in 2014, thus
declaring the necessary requirements
for the farms for being recognized.
In 2013, have been detected 203 educational farms on the regional territory, mainly located in the plain (58%),
where there is the highest number of
potential users, mainly represented
by the schools. The educational farms
are increased by 10% over 2012; it is
mainly the mountainous area that
has experienced the highest percentage change (+17%). The phenomenon
of the educational farms is particularly developed in the province of Bergamo, that gathers one fourth of the
facilities, followed by the provinces of
Brescia and Pavia.
Distribution od educational farms
in Lombardy, 2013
Educational farms in Lombardy,
2013
Educational % change
Provinces
farms2013/2012
Bergamo
5312.8
Brescia
2926.1
Como
912.5
Cremona
130.0
Lecco
814.3
Lodi
110.0
Mantua
1812.5
Milan
166.7
Monza e Brianza
6
50.0
Pavia
230.0
Sondrio
60.0
Varese
110.0
Altitude zone
Mountains
4117.1
Hills
571.8
Lowlands
10512.9
Total Lombardy
203
10.3
141
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
regional legislation on agriculture
The regulatory regional text regulating the agricultural sector is represented by the regional law n. 31, 5th
December 2008, the consolidated
regional laws relating to agriculture,
forestry, fishing and rural development (BURL n. 50, 1st ordinary additional, 10th December 2008), consisting of the following titles:
TITLE I - Subject of the consolidated
act.
TITLE II - Measures in the rural sector,
in the forestry and pastoral sectors, in
the agro-food sector and fishing.
TITLE III - Partition of the competences.
TITLE IV - Provisions on the forestry
surfaces and economy.
TITLE V - Regional agency providing
services to agriculture and forestry
(ERSAF).
TITLE VI - Phyto-sanitary supervisory.
TITLE VII - Provisions for land recla-
144
mation and irrigation.
TITLE VIII - Provisions on the harvesting, cultivation and marketing of truffles.
TITLE VIII bis - Penalty provisions under Community regulations for the
CMO, mainly for the wine sector.
TITOLO VIII ter - Provisions relating
to the monitoring of the wine production’s potential.
TITLE VIII quater - Provisions on the
agronomic use of the nitrogen-based
fertilizers, including animal effluents,
water from olive mills and waste water from farms and small agro-food
businesses.
TITLE IX - Provisions for expanding
and safeguarding the fish heritage,
and provisions on fishing activities in
the waters of the Region.
TITLE X - Regional regulation on farm
stays.
TITLE XI - Provisions on the civic uses.
TITLE XII - Final provisions.
The recent amendments to the consolidated act are the following:
•Regional law n. 19, 8th July 2014
– Provisions for containing the regional interventions in the institutional field and in economy, health
and territory;
• Regional law n. 14, 3rd April 2014
– Amendments to the regional law
n. 17, 21st November 2011 (Participation of the Lombardy region to
the development and implementation of the EU rights). Regional EU
law 2014 – Provisions for the fulfilment of the duties by the Lombardy
region arising from the membership
of Italy in the EU: fulfilment of the
Directive 2005/36/EC, Directive
2006/123/EC, Directive 2011/92/
EU, Directive 2009/147/EC, Directive 2011/36/EU and Directive
2011/93/EU;
• Regional law n. 13, 25th February
2014 – Amendment to the regional
law n. 31, 5th December 2008 (consolidated act of the regional laws
on agriculture, forestry, fishing and
rural development), for the agricultural cooperation;
• Regional law n. 19, 24th December
2013 – Provisions for the implementation of the regional economic-financial programming, under
art. 9-ter of the regional law n. 34,
31st March 1978 (rules on the procedures of the programming, financial statement and accounting of
the Region) – 2014;
• Regional law n. 14 – 18th November 2013 – Amendments to the regional law n. 31, 5th December 2008,
related to the rural markets and the
promotion of the local products
(consolidated act of the regional
laws for agriculture, forestry, fishing
and rural development).
RECENT REGULATORY ACTS
• Regional regulation n. 5, 9th December 2013 – Safeguarding of the
fish fauna and regulation of the fishing activity in the Garda lake;
• Regional regulation n. 1, 8th June
2012 – Regulation of the electoral
process for the land reclamation’s
consortia, under art. 82 of the
reg. law 31/2008 and art. 2 of the
reg. law 25/2011;
• Regional regulation n. 1, 14th February 2011 – Amendments to the
regional regulation n. 5, 20th July
2007, “Regional forestry rules, in
the implementation of the art. 50,
clause 4, of the regional law n. 31,
5th December 2008 (consolidated
act of the regional laws for agriculture, forestry, fishing and rural development)”;
• Regional regulation n. 7, 19th December 2011 – Amendments to
the regional regulation n. 4, 6th May
2008 “Rules for the implementation of the title X of the regional law
n. 31, 5th December 2008 (consolidated act of the regional laws for agriculture, forestry, fishing and rural
development)”;
• Regional regulation n. 1, 19th January 2010 – Amendments to the
regional regulation n. 5, 20th July
2007 “Forestry rules, in the implementation of the art. 11 of the regional law n. 27, 28th October 2004,
(safeguarding and enhancement of
the areas, landscape and forestry
economy)”;
• Regional regulation n. 3, 8th February 2010 – Regulation of the hydraulic police under art. 85, clause
5, of the regional law n. 31, 5th December 2008, “Consolidated act of
the regional laws for agriculture,
forestry, fishing and development”;
• Regional regulation n. 4, 8th February 2010 – Amendments to the
145
regional regulation n. 9, 22nd May
2013, “Implementation of the reg.
law n. 12, 30th July 2001 “Rules for
the increase and the safeguarding of
the fish heritage and the practice of
the fishing activity in the waters of
the Lombardy region”;
• Regional regulation n.8, 27th September 2010 – Regulation for the
recognition, in the implementation
of the art. 54, clause 9, of the reg.
law n. 31, 5th December 2008 (consolidated act of the regional laws
for agriculture, forestry, fishing and
rural development) of the works for
the forestry maintenance which,
avoiding changes in the natural
landscape, can not be considered
as installations or building works,
in its narrow sense, since they refer
to the fulfilment of the regulation
about the public works, and fixing
of the related amount limits;
• Regional regulation n. 7, 28th December 2009 – Amendments to
the regional regulation n. 4, 6th May
2008, “Implementation of the regional law n. 10, 8th June 2007
(regional guideline for the farm
stays)”;
• Regional regulation n. 4, 6th May
2008 – Rules for the fulfilment of
the title X of the regional law n. 31,
5th December 2008 (consolidated
act of the regional laws for agriculture, forestry, fishing and rural development).
The texts mentioned are available at the following link:
http://normelombardia.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/NormeLombardia/Accessibile/main.aspx.
146
regional agricultural spending
In the period 2008-2011, the total
amount of the public subsidies to the
agricultural sector, at the regional
level, is amounted roughly to 1,447
million euro, 74.5% of which (equal
to 1,077 million euro) is made up of
money transfers of agricultural policy,
and the remaining 25.5% by the tax
relief granted (370 million euro).
The main stakeholders implementing
the sectorial regional policy are, besides the Region which with its own
budget has an incidence of about 20%,
AGEA (OPR – regional paying agency
of the Lombardy region) (50.4%) and
the Ministry for Agriculture, Food and
Forestry Policies (3.7%). The subsidies, in slightly decrease over the pre-
Consolidation of the support to the agricultural sector in Lombardy (million euro)
2008%2009%2010%2011%Average%
2008-11
Agea/OPR Lombardia
56035.6 84663.2 61739.5 786 50.4 702 48.5
Mipaaf
694.4 715.3 634.0 58 3.7 65 4.5
Ministry for the Productive Activties
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Sviluppo Italia - ISMEA
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Lombardy Region
28518.1 31623.6 33021.2 310 19.9 310 21.4
Total Transfers
91369.4 1,23378.4 1,01075.4 1,154 74.0 1,077 74.5
Tax credit
00.0
00.0
00.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
VAT
342.2 382.8 432.8 53 3.4 42 2.9
Fuel subsidies
1419.0 144
10.7 1378.8 1549.9 1449.9
Reductions on income tax
73
4.7
41
3.0
39
2.5
68
4.4
55
3.8
Reductions on the local property tax (ICI)
9
0.6
9
0.6
9
0.6
9
0.6
9
0.6
Benefits on regional business tax (IRAP)
28
1.8
24
1.8
25
1.6
28
1.8
26
1.8
Benefits on social and security contributions 116
7.4
85
6.4
77
4.9
94
6.0
93
6.4
Total Benefits
40230.6 34121.6 32924.6 406 26.0 370 25.5
Overall Total
1,315100.0 1,573100.0 1,340100.0 1,560 100.0 1,447 100.0
Source: INEA, data bank on public spending in agriculture.
147
vious years, have amounted to 74% in
2011.
The adhesion to the Pact for the Euro,
signed in March 2011 by some EU
countries, has asked the regions some
adaptation requirements, and many
financial and spending restraints. In
such a context, the Lombardy region,
as all of the regional administrations,
has experienced a decrease of the re-
sources for the agricultural sector.
In the Lombardy region, the agricultural spending is decreasing with a
percentage incidence on the value
added down from 11.9% in 2010, to
10.3% in 2011, a reduction that has
been detected also at the national
level although to a lesser extent. In
particular, in 2011, the total amount
to the regional agricultural sector
Agriculture budget in Lombardy, by
type of resources, 2011
1.2%
69.5%
29.3%
Payments to the agricultural sector, and % incidence on the regional
agricultural value added (million euro)
2008%2009%2010%2011%
Lombardy 284.8 8.8 317.911.2 339.511.9 322.410.3
North-West 537.79.6579.0
11.7528.5
10.7501.79.4
North-East 515.97.3 543.48.4 534.58.2 560.67.9
Centre
290.56.1 251.55.8 251.05.8 188.64.2
South
1,161.815.71,057.615.6 813.111.9 762.110.4
Islands 1,032.926.0 657.417.4 971.226.01,286.134.1
Italy
3,538.812.33,089.011.73,098.311.83,299.111.7
148
EU funds
5,532.2
Statal funds 309,858.5
Regional funds 130,664.6
Total 446,055.4
(thousands of euro)
has triggered interventions for a total
amount of little more than 322 million
euro, compared to about 340 million
euro in 2010.
With the 2007-2013 programming,
the shares related to the co-financing,
by the State and the EU, of the measures relating to the RDP are no longer
earmarked to the regional financial
statements, as it occurred in the past
programming periods, but they are
now paid directly through the AGEA’s
budget or by the regional paying
Agency; in terms of repartition of the
funds available to the primary sector,
in the financial statement of the Lombardy region the 69.5% is endowed by
the State, 29.3% comes from regional
Breakdown of total payments by type of functional economic allocation,
2010-2011
Functional economic
allocation
Enterprise management
Technical assistance and reserach
Forestry activities
Firm investments
Other
Infrastructures
Promotion and marketing
Hydrogeological safeguarding
2010
2011
Total
%
Total
%
payments payments
201.19
59.3
101.84
31.6
46.81
13.8
99.07
30.7
31.68
9.3
47.11
14.6
12.83
3.8
33.38
10.4
24.587.2 31.95 9.9
16.134.8
7.63 2.4
6.23
1.8
1.37
0.4
0.02
0.0
0.04
0.0
339.47100.0
322.39 100.0
funds and 1.2% from EU funds.
In 2011, the most remarkable amount
of the regional spending (total payments) for the measures of agricultural policy, refers to the item “business
management” (31.6%), concerning
the aid to the management of farms/
aid to the income, followed by the
payments for the items “Technical
assistance and research” (30.7%),
“Investments in forestry activities”
(14.6%) and “business investments”
(10.4%).
Compared to the year 2010, it can be
detected that the repartition of the
subsidies remain quite unchanged,
except for the firm investments that
in 2011 exceed the investments for
the infrastructures. Conversely, what
is changed is the percentage incidence
of some expenditure items; there is,
in fact, a decrease of the share to be
allocated to the “business management” (from 59.3% in 2010, to 31.6%
149
in 2011, about 99 million euro less),
while the payments for the technical
assistance and research are increased
more than double, with about 99 million euro compared to about 47 million euro in 2010, with a percentage
incidence equal to 30.7% in 2011 and
to 13.8% in 2010.
At last, in terms of indices of the
spending efficiency, it can be detected
a good efficiency of the administration, in 2011, mainly relating to the
capability of the Region to cope with
the allocations and the commitments
expected by the financial statement.
Indicators of efficiency in the Lombardy spending (%)
120
106.9
96.9
100
80
74.1
67.3
60
97.5
72.3
71.9
55.3
53.6
Commitment capacity
Spending capacity
40
20
0
2009
150
2010
Payment capacity
2011
cap
In 2013, the Lombardy region has
earmarked 492.2 million euro of direct payments, net of modulation,
within the First Pillar of the CAP. It is
an mount which is slightly lower than
that in 2012 (-2.3%), thus explaining
the lower incidence of the Region on
the national price ceiling (11.9% compared to 12.3% in 2012).
34,543 firms have enjoyed of the direct payments, 25.7% of which are
located in the province of Brescia,
and 21% in the province of Mantua,
followed by the provinces of Pavia,
with 12.3%, and Cremona, with 10.8%.
0.7% of the beneficiaries and 1.2% of
the payments relate, instead, to the
firms located out of the Region. The
territorial repartition of the direct
payments has shown at the first place
the province of Pavia, with 20.2% of
the amount earmarked in the Region,
followed, to a short distance, by the
provinces of Mantua (19.2%) and
- first pillar
Brescia (18.9%). If considering also
Cremona, it emerges a quite polarized
framework, with 4 provinces absorbing 75% of what spent for the direct
payments in the Lombardy region,
and the other eight provinces sharing the remaining 15%. Nonetheless, if
considering the average aid per farm,
the situation changes; in fact, the
farms of Pavia receive, on the average,
22,300 euro yearly, and those located
in Cremona slightly exceed 20,000
euro, whereas the farms of Brescia do
not reach 10,000 euro and those of
Mantua reach little less than 12,000
euro. Nonetheless, the province with
the highest unitary aid is Lodi, where
the farms perceive an average of little
more than 25,000 euro per year. The
province of Sondrio, instead, is bringing up the rear with about 2,500 euro
per farm.
Almost 460 million euros, of the
amounts allocated in 2013, equal to
93,3% of the total, are represented by
the value of the securities of the single payment. The remaining sum is
related to the specific support envisaged by the article 68 of the regulation
(EC) n. 73/2009. All the provinces depict the same situation, with a figure
which is in line with the regional average distribution, except for Sondrio,
where the support to the art. 68 highlights an incidence considerably higher than the average (18.3% compared
to the regional 6.8%). The difference
between the total of the direct payments earmarked and the amounts
allocated for the single payment and
the art. 68 is essentially ascribable to
the recovery of the sums for the unaccomplished respect of the clauses.
Concerning the payments for the
measures of the art. 68, the most remarkable are those fostering the milk
quality, which have totalised 48.5%
of the spending for the regional arti-
151
cle 68, equal to 16.2 million euro. 3.7
million tons of milk have been admitted to the subsidies, little less than the
half of the quantities admitted to the
aid at the national level (46.2%). The
provinces with the highest allocations
are Brescia and Cremona (each with
26.4% of the sums earmarked to this
measure in the Lombardy region),
Subsidies in Lombardy, in 2013 (to the net of modulation) - euro
N. RPU
Art. 68 reg. (EC) n. 73/2009
farms
titles
Total
of which
of which
of which
Art. 68
Contribution
Aid to the
Aid to the
to the
milk quality
beef quality
insurances*
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantua
Milan
Monza e Brianza
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Out of the Region
Total
3,09724,936,324
2,122,583367,0181,260,999372,565
8,869 86,527,1196,519,160 885,343 4,276,725 1,303,566
9244,249,728
267,57940,957133,01764,579
3,726 77,182,8736,045,992 1,558,820 4,278,422 108,807
4902,012,499
167,59215,284 88,47646,977
1,12028,248,093
2,197,870476,5931,560,967120,026
7,240 86,562,6287,885,2923,076,427 2,868,0061,316,473
2,150 38,770,3592,417,754 1,198,016 1,018,147 161,458
431
3,622,266
136,353
63,460
53,421
18,855
4,257 95,154,3744,230,136 3,571,251 292,467 282,427
1,457 3,612,794807,204 574,905 187,861 6,010
5402,743,251
184,39119,629141,71119,706
242
5,559,178
450,957
351,011
41,818
34,209
34,543 459,181,48733,432,863 12,198,714 16,202,037 3,855,659
* Including the national funds and the share of the national co-financing .
Source: processing of DG Lombardy Region Agriculture figures.
152
Total
direct
payments
27,026,198
92,871,287
4,517,853
83,187,291
2,178,182
30,411,060
94,388,881
41,186,615
3,756,178
99,323,678
4,422,739
2,926,923
6,009,348
492,206,234
followed by the province of Mantua
(17.7%).
There is, then, the aid for the insurance premiums which have totalised
a spending of 12.2 million euro, thus
including both the national co-financing and the integrative sums of the
national funds (36.5% of the regional
total). 29.3% of these funds is for
the province of Pavia, followed, with
25.2%, by Mantua.
At a long distance, with 11% of the
funds of the art. 68, equal to 3.8 million euro, there are the payments for
the quality in the beef sector. On the
whole, have been admitted to the premium 101,300 heads of cattle, little
less than 12% of the national total.
Within this payment, the most important measure is concerning the
slaughtering of livestock raised in
compliance with the a facultative labelling guideline approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry policies, which has involved over
97,000 heads of cattle (96% of the
regional total), thanks to which there
has been 88% of the funds for this payment to the regional level (15% at the
national level). 75% of the financial resources allocated to the Region for the
payment of the beef is relating exclusively to these two provinces: Mantua,
with 34.1%, and Brescia, with 33.8%.
The other payments of the art. 68,
in the Region, concern the quality of
the olive oil, sugar, sheep and goats
and the measure for the alternation
which, on the whole, totalise a spending of little less than 1.2 million euro.
In terms of management of the markets, within the regime of the milk
quotas, also in the 2013/14 campaign,
the national production has remained
below the national reference quantity.
The Lombardy region confirms to be
the most important producer with
4,479,880 tons of milk, equal to 41.6%
of the national total.
For the other great productive sector,
the wine sector, the Lombardy region
has received, in 2013, a financial endowment of 11 million euro, 4% of
the resources distributed among the
regions (272 million euro). 47% of
these sums has been earmarked to the
measure for the restructuring and reconversion of the vineyards, followed
by that one fostering the promotion
on the third markets (27%), and by
that one for the investments (25%).
153
rural development program (cap
The total financial endowment of
the public spending for the implementation of the rural development
program (RDP) 2007-2013 amounts
to 1,026,027,304 euro; 46%, equal
to 471,110,000 euro, represents the
- second pillar)
EAFRD quota, whereas the remaining share is the national quota of the
state and regional resources. The advancement of the public spending at
31st December 2013 has amounted to
over 800 million euro, which corre-
spond to about 78% of what has been
programmed. The Lombardy region
exceeds the average of the regions
(67.9%) which belong to the competitiveness area, thus ranking at third
place in the development ranking,
Financial fulfilment of RDPs in the Lombardy Region (euro)
Axis/measure
Axis 1
Meas. 111 - Training, information and raising awareness Meas. 112 - Setting up of young farmers Meas. 113 - Early pensions Meas. 114 - Advisory services
Meas. 115 - Setting up management, aid and consulting services
Meas. 121 - Modernising on farms Meas. 122 - Making best economic use of forests Meas. 123 - Increasing value added of farm products Meas. 124 - Cooperation
Meas. 125 - Improvement and development of infrastructures Meas. 126 - Restoring potential of farm output Meas. 132 - Support for farmers participating in quality systems
Meas. 133 - Information and promotion of quality products TOTAL AXIS 1
Payments 2013
Public spending of which EAFRD
1,191,743.76 532,709.48
2,926,018.72 1,300,962.20
- 0.00
- -20.00
- 0.00
21,311,176.13 14,770,683.05
1,090,888.02 487,626.96
6,572,237.99 2,937,790.38
470,368.66 210,254.78
8,890,029.80 6,116,324.26
- 0.00
12,096.97 540,732.00
- -0.01
42,464,560.05 26,897,063.10 Spending progress as of 31 Dec 2013 % progress
Public spending of which EAFRD 31/12/13 (EAFRD)
4,098,576.16
25,680,326.98
32,762.09
13,699.96
187,593.26
181,483,458.60
6,591,607.77
40,700,982.09
1,585,111.08
37,918,509.32
13,221.00
1,121,453.18
2,186,639.37
301,613,940.86 1,819,545.57
11,392,188.33
14,022.14
6,123.88
82,240.70
86,176,962.09
2,949,404.19
18,127,135.78
708,606.94
18,457,467.99
5,658.77
500,543.41
978,166.51
141,218,066.30 48.02
98.42
100.11
100.00
100.00
84.01
76.41
66.45
29.84
55.36
99.99
50.93
100.00
75.60
>>>>> continued
154
Financial fulfilment of RDPs in the Lombardy Region (euro) >>>>> continued
Axis/measure
Payments 2013
Spending progress as of 31 Dec 2013 % progress
Public spending of which EAFRD
Public spending of which EAFRD 31/12/13 (EAFRD)
Axis 2
Meas. 211 - Indemnity favouring farmers in mountain areas 6,800,903.67 2,992,395.50
68,580,618.72 30,175,473.58
96.41
Meas. 214 - Agri-environmental payments
25,296,843.38 17,558,182.90
229,638,755.70 104,931,138.56
83.70
Meas. 216 - Non-productive investments 6,525,600.21 2,871,264.00
16,765,916.96
7,377,003.44
75.72
Meas. 221 - Forestation of farm land 4,387,168.57 1,930,311.90
66,446,819.13 29,232,944.26
90.92
Meas. 223 - Forestation of non-agricultural land 46,018.57 20,248.10
301,383.44
132,608.71
48.83
Meas. 226 - Reconstitution of forest potential 6,342,689.82 2,790,783.40
16,432,031.48
7,230,093.80
65.06
TOTAL AXIS 2
49,399,224.22 28,163,185.80
398,165,525.43 179,079,262.35 85.34
Axis 3
Meas. 311 - Diversification into non-agricultural activities Meas. 312 - Support to set up and develop micro-businesses Meas. 313 - Incentives for tourist activities Meas. 323 - Protection and requalification of rural heritage
Meas. 331 - Training and information TOTAL AXIS 3
12,914,126.31 356,215.87 2,022,147.09 4,655,132.72 315,584.19 21,040,921.61 5,771,581.60
159,299.70
907,208.70
2,081,775.10
141,129.20
11,799,788.60
TOTAL AXIS 4
10,196,636.23 Technical Assistance
TOTAL
43,121,574.18 19,279,691.72
2,317,250.97
1,036,295.73
4,127,040.29
1,845,752.10
16,164,319.89
7,229,073.01
755,659.26
337,930.84
76,414,456.16 34,775,959.01 75.84
96.64
69.98
70.64
46.98
74.12
4,486,519.90 19,651,782.46
8,646,784
42.27
2,379,676.48 1,047,057.60 6,864,317.70
3,007,161.05
60.04
125,481,018.59 72,393,615.00 802,710,022.59 366,727,232.96
78.19
155
156
Spending progress of RDPs in Italian regions (euro)
Competitiveness
Area Programme
RDP* Payments
RDP payments
programmed 2007-2013
Abruzzo
252,999,447.93
426,327,617.00
Bolzano
294,706,665.22
330,192,224.00
Emilia-Romagna 764,880,073.37 1,157,893,833.00
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
178,684,480.21
265,683,479.00
Lazio
452,827,110.29
700,434,557.00
Liguria
187,980,514.02
290,140,047.00
Lombardy
802,784,657.07 1,026,027,304.00
Marche
313,802,332.00
482,282,568.00
Molise
135,227,564.83
206,582,326.00
Piedmont
646,065,048.99
974,087,993.00
Sardinia
835,836,373.96 1,284,746,987.00
Tuscany
561,486,136.91
870,527,329.00
Trento
218,587,441.20
278,764,791.00
Umbria
529,816,294.63
785,813,348.00
Valle d’Aosta
89,202,544.38
123,649,759.00
Veneto
701,016,686.81 1,042,158,575.00
Total
6,965,903,371.82 10,245,312,737.00
Basilicata
423,329,249.82
667,928,664.00
Calabria
717,546,352.96 1,087,508,918.00
Campania
1,077,550,737.72 1,809,983,083.00
Puglia
1,030,782,463.90 1,595,085,914.00
Sicily
1,389,532,517.06 2,172,958,855.00
Total
4,638,741,321.46 7,333,465,434.00
National Rural Network
54,189,587.08
82,919,766.00
TOTAL ITALY
11,658,834,280.36
17,661,697,937.00
Convergence
after the autonomous provinces of
Bolzano and Trento, and before Valle
d’Aosta.
The Axis 2 has a financial execution
exceeding 85%, followed by the interventions of the Axis 1 with 75.6%;
it aims at fostering a sustainable agricultural and forestry development,
in hatmony with the safeguard of the
bio-diversity, the enhancement of the
landscape and the development of
renewable energy resources. The actions of the other two axes have experienced a remarkable increase of
the spending in 2013, reaching 74.1%
compared to 48.6% of the previous
year for the Axis 3, and 42.3% compared to 17.9% for the Axis 4.
In 2013, the public spending has
amounted to about 125 million euro,
and the highest allocation of resources has concerned the measure 214
“agro-environmental payments” (over
25 million euro), followed by the
* as of 31 December 2013.
Source: processing of National Rural Network figures.
Spending
progress (%)*
59.34
89.25
66.06
67.25
64.65
64.79
78.24
65.07
65.46
66.33
65.06
64.50
78.41
67.42
72.14
67.27
67.99
63.38
65.98
59.53
64.62
63.95
63.25
65.35
66.01
-
measure 121 “Modernization of the
farms” (about 21 million euro). As in
the previous three years, also in 2013
the Axis 3 has registered a sharp recovery for the public spending, thus
reaching over 21 million euro.
The certified expenditures during
2013 are referred mainly to the ordinary measures, since the engagements of the previous programming
period have been met, except for
the twenty-year engagements of the
measure 221, and some other engagements of the measure 214.
The situation of the payments doesn’t
Percentage distribution of public spending of RDPs disbursed by measure, 2007-2013
5.4%
3.2%
Agri-environmental
5.1%
Forestation
28.6%
Compensatory indemnity
Modernisation
Increase in VA
22.6%
Diversification
8.3%
Young farmers
8.5%
157
jeopardize the Region, thus avoiding
any risk of disengagement according
to the rule n+2.
As from 1st January 2015, it will be
operative the new rural development
Program, for the next seven-year period 2014-2020, which will earmark
on the whole 1.157 billion euro, with
133 million euro more than the previous programming.
Percentage distribution of public spending of RDPs disbursed by measure, 2012
2.3%
Agri-environmental
10.3%
20.2%
Forestation
Compensatory indemnity
Modernisation
5.2%
Increase in VA
Diversification
3.5%
17.0%
158
5.4%
Young farmers
glossary
glossary
Aggregated index of competitiveness
It is an index involving many different
aspects of the firm competitiveness,
due to groups of factors. The first
group of factors includes the structural features, as the economic size,
the physical size or the firm’s herd;
the second group takes into account
the conditions of the productive factors, such as the availability of work,
land and capital; in the third group
are included the factors of relationship with the market, both in terms
of hesitation of the firm’s products
(output), and in terms of finding the
factors of production (input); in the
last group it is included the public aid
earmarked to the farms and the level
of taxation. In order to establish an
aggregated index of competitiveness,
the various variables have undergone
a standardization procedure, that is,
they have been led back to common
field of variation, and then aggregated
160
by groups, these latest connected to
the final index.
Agritourism (farm stays)
The most common multifunctional
activity for Italian farms. In addition
to lodgings and hospitality services,
agritourism includes, in accordance
with Law 96/06, recreational, cultural
and educational activities, sports, hiking, horseback riding, and the tasting of farm products, including wine.
Meals and drinks are to consist mainly
of farms’ own products and products
of farms in the area, with preference
for typical, quality (PDO and PGI) and
traditional products.
All-inclusive tariff
Disbursement of a monetary benefit,
differentiated by source, paid per net
kWh of electricity fed into the network. Unlike the tariff for photovoltaic
energy and Green Certificates, which
provide incentives for all energy produced (including own-consumption),
the tariff is only paid for electricity actually sold to the grid, net of internal
consumption. The producer who benefits from the all-inclusive tariff does
not have the right to sell the energy
produced, and thus waives any further
economic consideration, as opposed
to the economic benefit of Green Certificates, which is added to the proceeds from the sale of electricity.
AWU – Annual Work Unit
The AWU is equivalent to the contribution of at least 2,200 hours/year for
a family worker and 1,800 hours/year
for a wage-earner.
Bio-geographical regions
The European Union is divided into
the following nine bio-geographical
regions, or geographical areas with
homogeneous ecological character-
istics: Atlantic, Continental, Alpine,
Mediterranean, Boreal, Macaronesian,
Pannonian, Steppic and the Black Sea
region. Italian territory is affected
by Alpine, Continental and Mediterranean regions. The effectiveness of
the Natura 2000 network for the conservation of habitats and species is
ossesse at the bio-geographical level,
independently from political and administrative borders.
CAP – first PILLAR
Is the part of the CAP that funds via
the EAGF the payments for farmers
and the management measures of
farmers’ markets implemented within
the COM.
CAP – Common Agricultural Policy
Constitutes one of the most important
policies of the European Union and
aims to increase the productivity of
agriculture, ensure a fair standard of
living for the agricultural community,
stabilise markets, guarantee the safety of supplies and ensure reasonable
prices for consumers. Includes measures of market support, direct aid to
producers and support measures for
the development of rural areas.
Capacity for commitment
Index ex pressing the ratio between
commitments and allocations.
CAP – SECOND PILLAR
Is the part of the CAP that funds the
rural development measures via the
EAFRD.
Capacity for payment
Index expressing the ratio between
payments and commitments.
Chain indexes
The chain index is the system of
evaluating production and prices in
real terms. The chain index consid-
ers changes in price or volume, not
only in the values of the variables in
the current and base years, but also
with respect to the overall trend in the
whole time interval examined.
CMO - Common Market Organisation
Designed to achieve the objectives of
the CAP, a set of measures to manage the market of a given agricultural
product (production and trade), based
on respect for principles of uniqueness of agricultural markets, financial
solidarity and Community preference.
Reg (EC) No. 1234/2007 on organising
the so-called Single CMO has integrated the twenty-one previous CMOs.
Degree of mechanization of fields
(KW/SA)
It indicates the degree of firm’s mechanization in terms of power, expressed
in KW, which is available per hectare
of used agricultural area. A relatively
161
high value of this index compared to
the average datum of similar firms can
highlight, in many cases, an excessive
mechanization.
Department store
Retail business that has a sales area
of over 400 sq. m. and a minimum of
5 distinct departments (as well as any
adjoining food department), each for
the sale of items belonging to different
product sectors and mostly for broad
consumption.
Depreciation and amortisation
Through amortisation, the long-term
cost of assets and breeding are spread
over several years in terms of their
economic lifetime. Calculated according to the criterion of replacement value for plantations (including
forestry plantations), buildings, fixed
plants, land improvements, machines
and tools.
162
Direct sales
Sale to the final consumer on the
farm, with stands – or allowing the
gathering of produce from trees and
gardens (“pick your own”) – and at
outside points or through innovative
forms, such as: mail order (by catalogue); e-commerce (selling via Internet); delivery to individuals or organised groups of consumers, such as
collective buyer groups; sale through
public spaces provided by local government, so-called farmers’ markets;
vending machines in urban areas selling raw milk, fresh orange juice, portions of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Discount
Point of sale that contains a limited
assortment of foodstuffs and household items at very affordable prices.
Size varies between 300 and 1,000
square metres and the basic layout offers minimum service.
DOC – Controlled Designation of
Origin
Awarded to wines produced in limited
areas (small and medium-size), which
carry their geographical name.
DOCG – Controlled and Guaranteed
Designation of Origin
Awarded to wines of special quality,
nationally and internationally known,
produced in areas of limited size (few
municipalities).
EAFRD – European Agricultural
Fund for Rural Development
Replaced the EAGGF along with FEAGA; it supports European policy on
rural development, by funding programs of the Member States and regions of the European Union.
EAGF – European Agricultural
Guarantee Fund.
Operating since 2007, it replaced the
“guarantee” section of the former European Agricultural Fund (EAGGF),
and co-finances, among other things,
measures to regularise agricultural
markets and direct payments to
farmers.
farmers and the territory.
EBITDA – Earnings before interest,
taxes, depreciation and amortisation
Indicator of profitability of a farm
based on its type of management, ie
before interest (financial management), taxes (fiscal management), depreciation of assets and amortisation.
Engine power (KW)
The power of the firm’s machineries,
no matter what the possession title,
is expressed in terms of KW, and it is
referred to the agricultural movers,
to the self-propelled machines and
to the vehicles used for the internal
and external firm’s activities (active
subcontracting). The vehicles for the
services of the passive subcontracting
are not included in the calculation of
the engine power.
Educational farms
Farms with an agritourism certificate,
dedicated to educating consumers
and in particularly young children
about aware consumption and respect
the environment, offering opportunities to learn about farming activities
and food cycle, animal and plant life,
trades and also about the social role of
ES – Economic size
From 2010 with the new type system for classifying the farms, the ESU
(Economic size unit) was replaced by
a new distribution of economic size in
euro; the FADN Italia adopts 8 types
of economic size in order to classify
its farms, using the classes proposed
by the FADN EC. In the brochure
the data are represented in the following economic size types in order
to make reading easier: Small (from
4,000 to under 25,000 euro) Small
Medium (from 25,000 to under 50,000
euro); Medium (From 50,000 to under
100,000 euro); Medium large (from
100,000 to under 500,000 euro); Large
(equal to or above 500,000 euro).
External and State factors
This item represents the costs incurred by the farm for salaries and
social security, rents, passive interest expense and taxes and VAT (both
on current operations and on investments).
FADN (Farm Accountancy Data
Network)
A tool for evaluating the income of
the European farms, and the impacts
of the common agricultural policy
(“RICA” in Italy).
163
FADN-REA
Survey conducted jointly by ISTAT
and INEA in collaboration with the
Regions and Autonomous Provinces.
It surveys, at the level of each individual farm, the economic results for
the year of reference: costs, stocks
and surpluses, purchases and sales
of fixed capital, redeployments, revenues, own consumption, farm subsidies, labour costs and incomes of farm
households.
FC – Fixed costs
Includes costs incurred for the use of
inputs (depreciation, salaries, social
security contributions, quotas for severance allowances - TFR, land rents,
interest on capital loans, tariffs and
taxes, other overheads and land expenses, withheld VAT taxes) that are
used for more than one year in the
production process, as well as windfall losses (arising from loans, portfolio, debt).
of the producer factors, economic-institutional environment, relationships
between the firms and the markets. To
this purpose it has been used an overall proxy variable of these features, by
resorting to the available information
of the FADN database, and by taking
into account the EU average as reference point; in some cases have been
directly used the FADN variables, in
some other cases it has been decided
to create specific indices.
Family labour
Persons aged 15 and over, members of
the holder’s family who perform agricultural work on the farm.
Firm’s overall competitiveness
It is the result of numerous combined
factors: the physical capital and the
human one, the economic and organizational structure of the firm, the
overall factors of the so-called environment external to the firm. In general, for measuring the firm’s competitiveness it is mainly used a ranking of
factors related to some sizes: structural features of the firms, conditions
FS – Farm size
Since 2010, with the new system of
farm classification, the ESU (European Size Unit) acquired a new distribution of economic size in euro; FADN
(RICA) Italy adopts 8 economic size
classes to identify farms, adding to the
classes proposed by FADN EC.
Farmers’ markets
Public spaces provided by regions and
municipalities to provide farmers with
direct sales of local and organic produce, in accordance with Ministerial
Decree of 20 November 2007.
164
FT – Farm type
The classification of farms by FT is
based on the determination of the economic importance of different productions on the farm and combinations
thereof. To this end, using the SGM of
the area where the farm is located, the
number of hectares or animals raised
is multiplied by the corresponding
SGM. The combination obtained is
compared with a typological scheme
that is used to identify the FT according to criteria established at the Community level and valid for all official
statistics. A farm is called specialised
when the SGM of one or more productive activities exceeds 2/3 of the farm’s
total SGM. Since 2001, the typology
used comes from reg. (EC) n.1555/01.
FWU – Family Work Unit
Persons working on the farm who do
not receive wages or salary but are
paid through the income remaining in
the household derived from agricultural activity.
GD – Large-scale retail
The total of companies with stores operating in the form of supermarkets,
hypermarkets, discounts, department
stores, and other large-size specialised companies.
GDP – Gross Domestic Product
The GDP is the total value of goods
and services produced within a country during a given period of time (usually a calendar year). Does not include
the value of intermediate goods and
services.
GP – Gross Production
Production value of crops and livestock and other farm products. Includes: sales, redeployments, own
consumption, changes in stocks and
storage, and farm products. To this
value is added the amount of public subsidies received by each farm;
the variable thus obtained therefore
measures the actual amount received
by the farmer for his products according to the criterion of “basic price”
indicated in the ESA95 methodology.
Health Check of the CAP
Assessment by the European Commission of the implementation of the
CAP reform of 2007, which focussed
on new challenges for European agricolture (climate change, renewable
energy, water resource management,
biodiversity, restructuring of the dairy
sector, broadband for rural areas).
This has led, among other things, to
the inclusion in the RDP of specific
support for innovative operations for
agriculture in rural areas related to
the new challenges.
Holder
Legal and economic director of the
farm. This can be a physical person,
company or public body. In the event
165
of a share-cropping (metayage), the
holder of a farm is considered the
share farmer. In the case of agistment,
the farm holder is considered the
agister.
Hypermarket
Retail business with area of over 2,500
square meters, divided into sections
(food and non-food), each of which
has the characteristics of a supermarket and a department store.
IGT - Typical Geographical Indication
Assigned to wines whose production
areas are generally large, accompanied by mentions (vine, oenological
type, etc.).
Implicit prices (price indexes)
The ratio between the value of an economic aggregate at current prices and
the corresponding aggregate at constant prices.
166
INEA database on public spending in
agriculture
Examines public spending in agricolture on the basis of budgets and final
accounts of the regions through a
methodology that explores the trend
and amount of regional spending,
quantifying and qualifying the items
that directly or indirectly make up
public support in the sector. Through
the construction of “consolidated
public expenditure for agriculture”,
the database provides an estimate of
total public support to the primary
sector, which benefits regional and
central governments.
Aggregate of current expenses of
farms (seeds, fertilisers, pesticides,
feed, energy, irrigation water and
various services). Redeployments are
included.
LSU – Live Stock Unit
Unit of measure of the size of a herd
which, as the ratio to UAA, is used to
determine herd density.
Mechanization’s intensity (KW/TWU)
This index measures the level of
mechanization’s intensity in terms of
power, expressed in KW, available for
TWU. A relatively high value of this
index, compared to the average datum
of similar firms, can express, in many
cases, an excessive mechanization.
Multi-functionality
The term multi-functionality is used
to indicate a new role of agricolture –
partly supported by the CAP – which
is no longer limited to producing food,
but which performs other important
functions such as the protection of
the environment, land conservation,
maintenance of rural areas, safeguarding of typical products and the
preservation of customs and traditions of rural life.
Natura 2000 network
A network of sites that covers all 27
Member States of the EU with the aim
of halting the decline of biodiversità
through the long-term protection of
the most threatened species and habitats, consistent with the needs of human activities in the territory. Natura
2000 network includes Sites of Community Importance (SCI), set up by
Directive 92/43/EC (“Habitats Directive”) for the conservation of natural
habitats and of wild flora and fauna,
selected for each bio-geographical
region, and Special Protection Areas
(SPAs) established through Directive
79/409/EEC (“Birds Directive”) on the
conservation of wild birds.
NB – Normalized Balance
The ratio between the simple balance
(exports - imports) and the volume
of trade (exports + imports); varies
between -100 (no exports) and +100
(no imports) and is used to compare
the trade performance of aggregates of
different products and with different
absolute value.
NI - Net family income
Calculated as GP - (intermediate consumption + depreciation + external
and State factors). Represents the remuneration of fixed factors of production made by the entrepreneur and
his family (land, family labour and
capital) and business risk.
Non-family labour
Long-term workers, special categories, employees, managers, workers
on temporary contracts and sharecroppers.
OBP – Output at basic prices
With ESA 95, production includes redeployment and exchanges between
farms, as well as services related to
agriculture. The valorisation of production is made at basic prices, meaning the price received by the producer
per unit of product, minus taxes on
the product and including all payments linked to the product. Does not
include contributions not commensurate with the products.
Organic Farming
Sustainable management system of
agriculture to obtain high-quality
products and food, with respect for
the environment and human, plant
and animal health, under Reg. (EC)
no. 834/2007. It does not involve the
use of plant protection products and
synthetic fertilisers, herbicides, phytoregulators, genetically modified organisms, or the use of livestock anti-
167
biotics for prophylaxis and hormones.
PDO – Protected Designation of
Origin
Assigned to an agricultural product
or a foodstuff originating in a region,
a specific place or, in exceptional
cases, a country, in accordance with
Regulation (EC) n. 1151/2012, when
“quality or properties are significantly or exclusively determined by the
geographical environment, including
natural and human factors, and whose
production, processing and preparation take place within the determined
geographical area”.
PGI – Protected Geographical
Indication
Assigned to an agricultural product
or a foodstuff originating in a region,
a specific place or, in exceptional
cases, a country, in accordance with
Regulation (EC) n. 1151/2012, when
168
“a given quality, reputation or other
characteristics can be attributed to
that geographical origin and whose
production, processing and preparation take place within the determined
geographical area”.
Production subsidies
With the CAP reform of 2005 and the
introduction of the single farm payment, the classification was recise
for aid that previously flowed into
the base price. Aid is now classified
as: product subsidies, other subsidies
on production, and subsidies to other
economic activities. Only the first category, product subsidies, is part of the
valuation of the base price.
Range IV
Fruits and vegetables (fresh), washed,
dried, cut, packed in trays or in plastic
sacks ready for consumption. The service involves value added that trans-
forms the agricultural product into an
industrial product in all respects, with
a higher price than that of a vegetable
sold as such.
RDP – Rural development
programme
Programme to be implemented on a
regional level for each member state.
This is the main planning instrument
of the rural sector and it defines the
strategies, objectives and interventions for the agricultural, agri-industrial and forestry sectors for rural
development.
Redeployments
ESA 95 distinguishes between those
reused within the same farm and
those exchanged between farms with
economic compensation. The new
evaluation excludes from the calculation the following productions:
grapes for the production of wine by
the farm, because the relative value is
included in the transformation of the
wine; olives for oil production directly
by farms; the milk to feed calves on
the same farm; permanent fodder
crops not bought and sold between
farms; by-products without economic
value; and seed re-used on the same
farm. Included in the calculation of
redeployments: seeds which have
economic value and are sold to other
farms; products also used for animal
feed; directly marketable fodder output (hay, corn silage, etc.).
Related services
Exercise for third parties and rental of
vehicles and agricultural machinery
with operators; preparation (excluding processing), preservation of agricultural products and other service
activities related to agriculture on
behalf of third parties; maintenance
of parks, gardens and flower beds;
service activities associated with livestock, except veterinary services.
RES – Renewable energy sources
Sources of which the speed of use is
below the speed of regeneration. The
traditional RES are hydroelectric Energy and solid biomass energy (remnants of biological origin coming from
agriculture including vegetable and
animal substances, forestry and from
connected industries including fishing and acquaculture), from industrial
and urban waste and biogas (produced
by the bacterial fermentation of organic and animal and vegetable leftovers, livestock manure, sewage sludge,
agro-industry scraps). While the most
innovative RES are wind power, solar
panel energy, geothermic energy and
sea energy (tidal and wave energy).
Secondary activities
Activities carried out in the agricul-
tural sector (farm stays, processing
of milk, fruit and meat, aquaculture,
direct sales) and those performed by
other branches of production (trade
and processing) but on agricultural
goods and products.
SFP – Single Farm Payment
Payment that farms receive under the
SPS.
SGM – Standard gross margin
A parameter determined for defined
production activities as the difference between saleable production and
the amount of certain specific costs
(seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, feed,
fodder, etc.) not including labour and
machinery. Gross income thus determined is defined as “standard”, in that
saleable output and costs are calculated on a three-year average and with
reference to specific geographical areas (the regions and autonomous prov-
169
inces). The SGMs are espresse in euro
and updated by INEA during structural surveys and censuses conducted
by ISTAT. The amount of SGM corresponding to farm production divided
by 1,200 equals the farm’s economic
size and is expressed in ESU.
SO – Standard Output
Standard Output of each agricultural
production activity is determined
by multiplying its farm size by the
standard production unit typical for
the territory (region or autonomous
province) where the farm is located.
The sum of standard outputs of all activities carried out by the same farm
in a given accounting period (or crop
year) is the Standard Output for the
farm.
Spending power
Index expressing the ratio between
payments and allocations.
170
SPS – Single Payment Scheme
Introduced by the Fischler reform, it
includes and disciplines most of the
direct sector aid provided through
CMOs of the CAP. Each farmer who
accesses the SPS is the owner of a
payment entitlement per hectare in
accordance with the rules on crosscompliance (criteria of obligatory
management and good agronomic and
environmental conditions).
Subcontracting
Supply of machinery from compagnie
and/or firms specialising in farm production activities (ploughing, sowing,
harvesting, etc.).
Subsidies
Meaning subsidies on current operations related to production (not to
investments). Payments for cessation of agricultural activities, therefore, are not included. Subsidies are
considered on the basis of ownership
and not on the actual receipt of a payment, in order to obtain consistent results (production/costs/subsidies) for
a given fiscal year.
Supermarket
Retail business with self-service and
payment at the exit, with a surface
area greater than 400 square meters
and a vast assortment of consumer
food goods, mostly pre-packaged, as
well as non-food items for everyday
household use.
TAA – Total Agricultural Area
The total area of land on a farm intended for growing herbaceous and/or
tree crops, including forests and nonused agricultural area, as well as area
occupied by parks and ornamental
gardens, buildings, ponds and canals,
located within the perimeter of the
land constituting the farm.
Taxes
Mandatory charges levied by government. They are of two kinds: direct taxes, which are levied periodically on income and capital; indirect
taxes, which operate on production
and imports of goods and services,
labour force, ownership and use of
land, buildings or other assets used in
production.
TO – Total output
Value of farm products sold, those
intended for own consumption, compensation of employees, and docking up of capital; takes into account
the changes of stocks of warehoused
product. For livestock farms, total
output, as well as sales and purchases,
takes into account the increase in value of animals intended for fattening
and breeding as they change category.
Total output also includes contingent
assets (arising from loans, portfolio,
debt) and other farm revenues including those resulting from agritourism,
rental income and the rental of farm
machinery (if occasional), as well as
government grants received by the
farm for disasters, charges, rented
land and VAT payments.
Traditional products
Food products whose methods of processing, preservation and ageing have
been inextricably linked to the customs and traditions of the territory
for at least 25 years. They are identified by the regions and listed on the
national register established by the
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Food Policies (MIPAAF), updated by
annual decrees.
Turnover
The amount of all invoices issued during the reference period for sales on
domestic and foreign markets. The
value of turnover is net of VAT invoiced to customers, rebates and discounts, and gross of expenses (transport, packaging, etc.) and expenses
charged to customers (eg. processing
tax). Turnover also includes the selling of products not processed by the
business and invoices for services and
work performed for third parties on
raw materials supplied by them; it excludes sales of fixed capital.
UAA – Utilised Agricultural Area
Surface of all arable crops, permanent
grassland and pastures, tree crops,
family garden plots and chestnut
stands.
VA – Value added
The balance between output and intermediate consumption, in which
output is valued at basic prices, net
of taxes on products and inclusive of
subsidies on products. Output valued
171
at basic prices differs from that measured at factor cost: the latter is net of
all taxes (both on products and other
taxes on production) and gross of all
contributions (both the contributions
commensurate with the value of the
goods produced, and other subsidies
on production).
VC – Variable costs
Includes all expenses incurred, in-
172
cluding the redeployment of farm
products, inputs used up in the course
of the year (seeds, fertilisers, feed, energy, etc.), as well as for the use of occasional labour.
Workforce
Including employed persons and
those job hunting (unemployment,
searching for their first job and other
persons in search of employment).
WU – Work unit
The unit of analysis that uniformly
quantifies the volume of work performer by persons who work in a farm
and do not receive a salary or wage
but are remunerated through the income remaining in the family household that is derived from agricultural
activities.
“Lombardy agriculture in figures - 2014” is also available in Italian.
The publication can be consulted in Italian and English at the website of the Lombardy Region
(http://www.agricoltura.regione.lombardia.it) and at the website of INEA (www.inea.it).

www.regione.lombardia.it

Transcription

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