Ch 13 Solutions Glencoe 2013

Transcription

Chapter 13 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
Section 1 Properties of Fluids: Practice Problems
5 1. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 1.0×10 Pa. What is the force at sea level that air exerts on the top
of a desk that is 152 cm long and 76 cm wide?
SOLUTION: F = PA = Plw
= (1.0×105 Pa)(1.52 m)(0.76 m)
= (1.0×105 N/m2)(1.52 m)(0.76 m)
= 1.2×105 N
2. A car tire makes contact with the ground on a rectangular area of 12 cm by 18 cm. If the car’s mass is 925 kg, what pressure does the car exert on the ground as it rests on all four tires?
SOLUTION: 3. A lead brick, 5.0 cm × 10.0 cm × 20.0 cm, rests on the ground on its smallest face. Lead has a density of 3
11.8 g/cm . What pressure does the brick exert on the ground?
SOLUTION: 4. Suppose that during a storm, the atmospheric pressure suddenly drops by 15 percent outside. What net force would be exerted on a front door to a house that is 195 cm high and 91 cm wide? In what direction would this force be Page 1
exerted?
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4. Suppose that during a storm, the atmospheric pressure suddenly drops by 15 percent outside. What net force would be exerted on a front door to a house that is 195 cm high and 91 cm wide? In what direction would this force be exerted?
SOLUTION: The pressure difference across the door is
Pdiff = (15%)(Patm)
= (0.15)(1.0×105 Pa) = 1.5×104 Pa
F = PdiffA = Pdifflw
= (1.5×104 Pa)(1.95 m)(0.91 m)
4
= 2.7×10 N directed from the inside of the house outward
5. Challenge Large pieces of industrial equipment are placed on wide steel plates that spread the weight of the
equipment over larger areas. If an engineer plans to install a 454-kg device on a floor that is rated to withstand
additional pressure of 5.0×104 Pa, how large should the steel support plate be?
SOLUTION: 6 6. A tank of helium gas used to inflate toy balloons is at a pressure of 15.5×10 Pa and a temperature of 293 K. The tank’s volume is 0.020 m3. How large a balloon would it fill at 1.00 atmosphere and 323 K?
SOLUTION: 7. What is the mass of the helium gas in the previous problem? The molar mass of helium gas is 4.00 g/mol.
SOLUTION: Page 2
7. What is the mass of the helium gas in the previous problem? The molar mass of helium gas is 4.00 g/mol.
SOLUTION: 8. A tank containing 200.0 L of hydrogen gas at 0.0°C is kept at 156 kPa. The temperature is raised to 95°C, and the volume is decreased to 175 L. What is the new pressure of the gas?
SOLUTION: 9. Challenge The average molar mass of the components of air (mainly diatomic nitrogen gas and diatomic oxygen
gas) is about 29 g/mol. What is the volume of 1.0 kg of air at atmospheric pressure and 20.0°C? SOLUTION: eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Section 1 Properties of Fluids: Review
10. Compare and contrast liquids, gases, and plasmas.
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9. Challenge The average molar mass of the components of air (mainly diatomic nitrogen gas and diatomic oxygen
gas) is about 29 g/mol. What is the volume of 1.0 kg of air at atmospheric pressure and 20.0°C? SOLUTION: Section 1 Properties of Fluids: Review
10. Compare and contrast liquids, gases, and plasmas.
SOLUTION: Liquids and gases are fluids that flow and do not have a definite shape. The volume and temperature of
liquids and gases can be changed by exerting forces on them. The relationship between pressure and
gases is represented by the combined gas law. Plasma is a gas like state of negatively charged electrons
and positively charged ions. Plasma is also a fluid.
11. Pressure and Force Two boxes are each suspended by thin strings in midair. One is 20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm. The other is 20 cm × 20 cm × 40 cm.
a. How does the pressure of the air on the outside of the two boxes compare?
b. How does the magnitude of the total force of the air on the two boxes compare?
SOLUTION: a. The pressure of the air is the same on the two boxes.
b. Because F = PA, the total force of the air is greater on the box with the greater area. The second box
has twice the surface area, so it has twice the total force of the first box.
12. Meteorology A weather balloon used by meteorologists is made of a flexible bag that allows the gas inside to
3
freely expand. If a weather balloon containing 25.0 m of helium gas is released from sea level, what is the volume
5 of gas when the balloon reaches a height of 2100 m, where the pressure is 0.82×10 Pa? Assume the temperature
is unchanged.
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SOLUTION: a. The pressure of the air is the same on the two boxes.
b. Because F = PA, the total force of the air is greater on the box with the greater area. The second box
Chapter
Practice
Problems,
Assessment
has 13
twice
the surface
area,Review,
so it hasand
twice
the total force of the first box.
12. Meteorology A weather balloon used by meteorologists is made of a flexible bag that allows the gas inside to
3
freely expand. If a weather balloon containing 25.0 m of helium gas is released from sea level, what is the volume
5 of gas when the balloon reaches a height of 2100 m, where the pressure is 0.82×10 Pa? Assume the temperature
is unchanged.
SOLUTION: 13. Density and Temperature Starting at 0°C, how will the density of water change as it is heated to 4°C? To 8°C?
SOLUTION: As the water is heated from 0°C, the density will increase until it reaches a maximum at 4°C. On further
heating to 8°C, the density of the water will decrease.
3
14. Gas Compression In a certain internal-combustion engine, 0.0021 m of air at atmospheric pressure and 303 K is
5 3
rapidly compressed to a pressure of 20.1×10 Pa and a volume of 0.0003 m . What is the final temperature of the
compressed gas?
SOLUTION: 15. The Standard Molar Volume What is the volume of 1.00 mol of a gas at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 273 K?
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15. The Standard Molar Volume What is the volume of 1.00 mol of a gas at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 273 K?
SOLUTION: 3
16. The Air in a Refrigerator How many moles of air are in a refrigerator with a volume of 0.635 m at a
temperature of 2.00°C? If the average molar mass of air is 29 g/mol, what is the mass of the air in the refrigerator?
SOLUTION: 17. Critical Thinking Compared to the particles that make up carbon dioxide gas, the particles that make up helium
gas are very small. What can you conclude about the number of particles in a 2.0-L sample of carbon dioxide gas
compared to the number of particles in a 2.0-L sample of helium gas if both samples are at the same temperature
and pressure?
SOLUTION: There are an equal number of particles in the two samples. In an ideal gas, the size of the particles is
not relevant to the volume of the gas or the pressure exerted by the gas.
Section 2 Forces Within Liquids: Review
18. The English language includes the term adhesive tape and the phrase working as a cohesive group. In these
examples, are adhesive and cohesive being used in the same context as their meanings in physics? Explain your
answer.
SOLUTION: Yes, adhesive tape is sticking to something different than tape. A cohesive group is a collection of
people working together.
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19. Surface Tension A paper clip, which has a density greater than that of water, can be made to stay on the surface
SOLUTION: There are an equal number of particles in the two samples. In an ideal gas, the size of the particles is
Chapter
Practice
Problems,
and
not 13
relevant
to the
volumeReview,
of the gas
orAssessment
the pressure exerted by the gas.
Section 2 Forces Within Liquids: Review
18. The English language includes the term adhesive tape and the phrase working as a cohesive group. In these
examples, are adhesive and cohesive being used in the same context as their meanings in physics? Explain your
answer.
SOLUTION: Yes, adhesive tape is sticking to something different than tape. A cohesive group is a collection of
people working together.
19. Surface Tension A paper clip, which has a density greater than that of water, can be made to stay on the surface
of water. What procedures must you follow for this to happen? Explain.
SOLUTION: The paper clip should be placed carefully and flatly onto the surface of the water. This will reduce the
weight per unit area of water surface on which it will rest. The surface tension of the water then is
sufficient to support the reduced weight per unit area of the paper clip.
20. Floating How can you tell that the paper clip in previous problem was not floating?
SOLUTION: If the paper clip broke through the surface of the water, it sank. An object that floats would simply bob
back to the surface.
21. Adhesion and Cohesion In terms of adhesion and cohesion, explain why alcohol clings to the surface of a glass
rod but mercury does not.
SOLUTION: Adhesion is the force between unlike materials. Alcohol has a greater adhesive attraction to glass
than mercury has. The cohesive forces of mercury are strong enough to overcome its adhesive force
with glass.
22. Evaporation and Cooling In the past when a baby had a high fever, the doctor might have suggested gently
sponging off the baby with a liquid that evaporates easily. Why would this help?
SOLUTION: Since alcohol evaporates easily, there is a very noticeable evaporative cooling effect.
23. Critical Thinking On a hot, humid day, Beth sat outside with a glass of cold water. The outside of the glass was
coated with water. Her friend, Sally, suggested that the water had leaked through the glass from the inside to the
outside. Design an experiment for Beth to show Sally where the water came from.
SOLUTION: Page 7
Beth could weigh the glass before putting it in the refrigerator for a while to cool it down. Then she
could remove it from the refrigerator and allow moisture to collect on the outside. Finally, she would
weigh the glass a second time. If water simply leaks from the inside to the outside, the mass of the glass
SOLUTION: Since
there
a very noticeable evaporative cooling effect.
Chapter
13 alcohol
Practiceevaporates
Problems, easily,
Review,
and is
Assessment
23. Critical Thinking On a hot, humid day, Beth sat outside with a glass of cold water. The outside of the glass was
coated with water. Her friend, Sally, suggested that the water had leaked through the glass from the inside to the
outside. Design an experiment for Beth to show Sally where the water came from.
SOLUTION: Beth could weigh the glass before putting it in the refrigerator for a while to cool it down. Then she
could remove it from the refrigerator and allow moisture to collect on the outside. Finally, she would
weigh the glass a second time. If water simply leaks from the inside to the outside, the mass of the glass
and water will be unchanged. However, if the moisture is condensation, there will be an increase in the
mass at the second weighing.
Section 3 Fluids at Rest and in Motion: Practice Problems
24. Dentists’ chairs are examples of hydraulic-lift systems. If a chair weighs 1600 N and rests on a piston with a cross-sectional area of 1440 cm2, what force must be applied to the smaller piston, with a cross-sectional area
of 72 cm2, to lift the chair?
SOLUTION: 2
25. A mechanic exerts a force of 55 N on a 0.015 m hydraulic piston to lift a small automobile. The piston the
2
automobile sits on has an area of 2.4 m . What is the weight of the automobile?
SOLUTION: 26. Challenge By multiplying a force, a hydraulic system serves the same purpose as a lever or a seesaw. If a 400-N
child standing on one piston is balanced by a 1100-N adult standing on another piston, what is the ratio of the areas
of their pistons?
3
27. Common brick is about 1.8 times denser than water. What is the net force on a 0.20 m block of bricks under
water?
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SOLUTION: Chapter 13 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
26. Challenge By multiplying a force, a hydraulic system serves the same purpose as a lever or a seesaw. If a 400-N
child standing on one piston is balanced by a 1100-N adult standing on another piston, what is the ratio of the areas
of their pistons?
SOLUTION: 3
27. Common brick is about 1.8 times denser than water. What is the net force on a 0.20 m block of bricks under
water?
SOLUTION: 28. A girl is floating in a freshwater lake with her head just above the water. If she weighs 610 N, what is the volume of the submerged part of her body?
SOLUTION: 29. What is the tension in a wire supporting a 1250-N camera submerged in water? The volume of the camera is
−3 3
16.5×10 m .
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SOLUTION: Page 9
29. What is the tension in a wire supporting a 1250-N camera submerged in water? The volume of the camera is
16.5×10
−3 3
m.
SOLUTION: 30. Plastic foam is about 0.10 times as dense as water. What weight of bricks could you stack on a 1.0-m × 1.0m × 0.10-m slab of foam so that the slab of foam floats in water and is barely submerged, leaving the bricks dry?
SOLUTION: 31. Challenge Canoes often have plastic foam blocks mounted under the seats for flotation in case the canoe fills with
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water. What is the approximate minimum volume of foam needed for flotation for a 480-N canoe?
31. Challenge Canoes often have plastic foam blocks mounted under the seats for flotation in case the canoe fills with
water. What is the approximate minimum volume of foam needed for flotation for a 480-N canoe?
SOLUTION: Section 3 Fluids at Rest and in Motion: Review
32. All soda cans contain the same volume of liquid, 354 mL, and displace the same volume of water. What might be a difference between a can that sinks and one that floats? (Hint: Place a full can of regular soda and a full can of diet
soda in water.)
SOLUTION: The difference is a lot of sugar. About one-fourth cup of sugar is dissolved in the regular drink, making
it denser than water. The diet drink has a small amount of an artificial sweetener. The diet drink is less
dense than the sugar-laden regular soft drink.
33. Transmission of Pressure A toy rocket launcher is designed so that a child stomps on a rubber cylinder, which
increases the air pressure in a launching tube and pushes a foam rocket into the sky. If the child stomps with a
−3 2
−4 2
force of 150 N on a 2.5×10 -m area piston, what is the additional force transmitted to the 4.0×10 -m launch
tube?
SOLUTION: 34. Floating in Air A helium balloon rises because of the buoyant force of the air lifting it. The density of helium is
3
3
0.18 kg/m , and the density of air is 1.3 kg/m . How large a volume would a helium balloon need to lift the lead
brick
shown
in Figure 18
?
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34. Floating in Air A helium balloon rises because of the buoyant force of the air lifting it. The density of helium is
3
3
0.18 kg/m , and the density of air is 1.3 kg/m . How large a volume would a helium balloon need to lift the lead
brick shown in Figure 18?
SOLUTION: 35. Floating and Density A fishing bobber made of cork floats with one-tenth of its volume below the water’s
surface. What is the density of cork?
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4 2
36. Pressure and Force An automobile weighing 2.3×10 N is lifted by a hydraulic cylinder with an area of 0.15 m .
35. Floating and Density A fishing bobber made of cork floats with one-tenth of its volume below the water’s
surface. What is the density of cork?
SOLUTION: 4 2
36. Pressure and Force An automobile weighing 2.3×10 N is lifted by a hydraulic cylinder with an area of 0.15 m .
a. What is the pressure in the hydraulic cylinder?
2
b. The pressure in the lifting cylinder is produced by pushing on a 0.0082-m cylinder. What force must be exerted
on this small cylinder to lift the automobile?
SOLUTION: a. b. 37. Which displaces more water when placed in a pool?
a. a 1.0-kg block of aluminum or a 1.0-kg block of lead
b. a 10-cm3 block of aluminum or a 10-cm3 block of lead
SOLUTION: Page 13
a. Both aluminum and lead will sink to the bottom of the pool. Because aluminum is less dense than lead, 1.0 kg of aluminum has a greater volume than 1.0 kg of lead. Therefore, the block of aluminum will
displace more water.
37. Which displaces more water when placed in a pool?
a. a 1.0-kg block of aluminum or a 1.0-kg block of lead
b. a 10-cm3 block of aluminum or a 10-cm3 block of lead
SOLUTION: a. Both aluminum and lead will sink to the bottom of the pool. Because aluminum is less dense than lead, 1.0 kg of aluminum has a greater volume than 1.0 kg of lead. Therefore, the block of aluminum will
displace more water.
b. Both blocks will sink, and each will displace the same volume of water, 10 cm3.
38. Critical Thinking A tornado passing over a house can make the house ex1plode from the inside out. How might
Bernoulli’s principle explain this phenomenon? What could be done to reduce the danger of a door or window
exploding outward?
SOLUTION: The fast-moving air of the tornado has a lower pressure than the still air inside the house. Therefore,
the air inside the house is at a higher pressure and produces an enormous force on the windows, doors,
and walls of the house. This pressure difference is reduced by opening doors and windows to let the air
flow freely to the outside.
Section 4 Solids: Practice Problems
39. A piece of aluminum house siding is 3.66 m long on a cold winter day of –28°C. How much longer is it on the hot summer day shown in Figure 22? SOLUTION: eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Page 14
The fast-moving air of the tornado has a lower pressure than the still air inside the house. Therefore,
the air inside the house is at a higher pressure and produces an enormous force on the windows, doors,
and walls of the house. This pressure difference is reduced by opening doors and windows to let the air
Chapter
Practice
Problems,
flow13freely
to the
outside. Review, and Assessment
Section 4 Solids: Practice Problems
39. A piece of aluminum house siding is 3.66 m long on a cold winter day of –28°C. How much longer is it on the hot summer day shown in Figure 22? SOLUTION: 40. A piece of steel is 11.5 cm long at 22°C. It is heated to 1221°C, close to its melting temperature. How long is it?
SOLUTION: 41. A 400-mL glass beaker at room temperature is filled to the brim with cold water at 4.4°C. When the water warms up to 30.0°C, how much water will spill from the beaker?
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41. A 400-mL glass beaker at room temperature is filled to the brim with cold water at 4.4°C. When the water warms up to 30.0°C, how much water will spill from the beaker?
SOLUTION: 42. A tank truck takes on a load of 45,725 L of gasoline in Houston, where the temperature is 28.0°C. The truck delivers its load in Minneapolis, where the temperature is –12.0°C.
a. How many liters of gasoline does the truck deliver?
b. What happened to the gasoline?
SOLUTION: a. b. The gasoline volume decreased because the temperature decreased. The mass of the gasoline
remained the same.
43. A hole with a diameter of 0.85 cm is drilled into a steel plate. At 30.0°C, the hole exactly accommodates an aluminum rod of the same diameter. What is the spacing between the plate and the rod when they are cooled to
0.0°C?
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b. The gasoline volume decreased because the temperature decreased. The mass of the gasoline
Chapter
13 Practice
Problems, Review, and Assessment
remained
the same.
43. A hole with a diameter of 0.85 cm is drilled into a steel plate. At 30.0°C, the hole exactly accommodates an aluminum rod of the same diameter. What is the spacing between the plate and the rod when they are cooled to
0.0°C?
SOLUTION: 44. Challenge A steel ruler is marked in millimeters so that the ruler is absolutely correct at 30.0°C. By what percentage would the ruler be incorrect at –30.0°C?
SOLUTION: Section 4 Solids: Review
45. On a hot day, you are installing an aluminum screen door in a concrete door frame. You want the door to fit well on
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a cold winter day. Should you make the door fit tightly in the frame or leave extra room?
Section 4 Solids: Review
45. On a hot day, you are installing an aluminum screen door in a concrete door frame. You want the door to fit well on
a cold winter day. Should you make the door fit tightly in the frame or leave extra room?
SOLUTION: Fit the door tightly. Aluminum shrinks when cooled much more than concrete does.
46. Types of Solids What is the difference between the structure of candle wax and that of ice?
SOLUTION: Candle wax is an amorphous solid; its particles do not form a fixed crystalline pattern. In contrast, ice is
a crystalline solid; its molecules form a crystal lattice.
47. Thermal Expansion Can you heat a piece of copper enough to double its length? SOLUTION: 48. States of Matter Does Table 2 provide a way to distinguish between solids and liquids?
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48. States of Matter Does Table 2 provide a way to distinguish between solids and liquids?
SOLUTION: The coefficients of volume expansion are much greater for liquids than for solids.
49. Solids and Liquids A solid can be defined as a material that can be bent and will resist bending. Explain how
these properties relate to the binding of atoms in a solid but do not apply to a liquid.
SOLUTION: Particles in a solid are closer and, therefore, more tightly bound. They vibrate about a fixed position.
This allows the solid to be bent, but it also resists bending. Particles in a liquid are farther apart and less
tightly bound. Because the particles are free to flow past one another, a liquid cannot be bent.
50. Critical Thinking The iron ring in Figure 23 was made by cutting a small piece from a solid ring. If the ring in
the figure is heated, will the gap become wider or narrower? Explain your answer.
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SOLUTION: The gap will become wider. All of the measurements of the ring increase when heated.
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SOLUTION: Particles in a solid are closer and, therefore, more tightly bound. They vibrate about a fixed position.
This allows the solid to be bent, but it also resists bending. Particles in a liquid are farther apart and less
Chapter
13 Practice
Problems,
tightly
bound. Because
the Review,
particlesand
are Assessment
free to flow past one another, a liquid cannot be bent.
50. Critical Thinking The iron ring in Figure 23 was made by cutting a small piece from a solid ring. If the ring in
the figure is heated, will the gap become wider or narrower? Explain your answer.
SOLUTION: The gap will become wider. All of the measurements of the ring increase when heated.
Chapter Assessment Section 1 Properties of Fluids: Mastering Concepts
51. How are force and pressure different?
SOLUTION: Force depends only on the push or pull on an object. Pressure depends on the force as well as the area
over which the force is applied.
52. A gas is placed in a sealed container, and some liquid is placed in a container of the same size. The gas and liquid
both have definite volume. How do they differ?
SOLUTION: The liquid’s volume will remain unchanged. The gas will expand to fill the volume of the container.
53. What characteristics do gases and plasmas have in common? How do gases and plasma differ?
SOLUTION: Both gases and plasmas have no definite volume and no definite shape. A gas is made of atoms. A
plasma is made of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. The particles of a plasma
are more energetic than the particles of a gas. Plasmas can conduct electricity. Gases cannot.
54. The Sun is made of plasma. How is this plasma different from the plasmas on Earth?
SOLUTION: The Sun’s plasma is extremely hot, but more importantly, it is very dense—denser than most solids on
Earth.
Chapter Assessment
Section 1 Properties of Fluids: Mastering Problems
Page 20
SOLUTION: Both gases and plasmas have no definite volume and no definite shape. A gas is made of atoms. A
plasma is made of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. The particles of a plasma
Chapter
Practice
Problems,
Review,
and
are 13
more
energetic
than the
particles
ofAssessment
a gas. Plasmas can conduct electricity. Gases cannot.
54. The Sun is made of plasma. How is this plasma different from the plasmas on Earth?
SOLUTION: The Sun’s plasma is extremely hot, but more importantly, it is very dense—denser than most solids on
Earth.
Chapter Assessment
Section 1 Properties of Fluids: Mastering Problems
55. Textbooks A 0.85-kg physics book with dimensions of 24.0 cm × 20.0 cm is at rest on a table. (Level 1)
a. What force does the book apply to the table?
b. What pressure does the book apply to the table?
SOLUTION: a. b. 56. Ranking Task Rank the following situations according to the pressure, from least to greatest. Specifically indicate any ties. (Level 1)
2
A. 20 N exerted over a surface of 0.35 m
B. 20 N exerted over a surface of 0.65 m2
2
C. 50 N exerted over a surface of 0.05 m
D. 50 N exerted over a surface of 0.35 m2
E. 60 N exerted over a surface of 0.55 m
2
SOLUTION: Pressure = Force ÷ Area
B<A<E<D<C
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Chapter
13 Practice Problems, Review, and Assessment
56. Ranking Task Rank the following situations according to the pressure, from least to greatest. Specifically indicate any ties. (Level 1)
2
A. 20 N exerted over a surface of 0.35 m
B. 20 N exerted over a surface of 0.65 m2
2
C. 50 N exerted over a surface of 0.05 m
D. 50 N exerted over a surface of 0.35 m2
E. 60 N exerted over a surface of 0.55 m
2
SOLUTION: Pressure = Force ÷ Area
B<A<E<D<C
57. As shown in Figure 24, a constant-pressure thermometer is made with a cylinder containing a piston that can
move freely inside the cylinder. The pressure and the amount of gas enclosed in the cylinder are kept constant. As
the temperature increases or decreases, the piston moves up or down in the cylinder. At 0°C, the height of the piston is 20 cm. What is the height of the piston at 100°C? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: Drinks
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58. Soft
Sodas
made
fizzy by the carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in the liquid. An amount of carbon Page 22
dioxide equal to about 8.0 L of carbon dioxide gas at atmospheric pressure and 300.0 K can be dissolved in a 2-L
bottle of soda. The molar mass of CO2 is 44 g/mol. (Level 1)
58. Soft Drinks Sodas are made fizzy by the carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in the liquid. An amount of carbon
dioxide equal to about 8.0 L of carbon dioxide gas at atmospheric pressure and 300.0 K can be dissolved in a 2-L
bottle of soda. The molar mass of CO2 is 44 g/mol. (Level 1)
a. How many moles of carbon dioxide are in the 2-L bottle? (1 L = 0.001 m3)
b. What is the mass of the carbon dioxide in the 2-L bottle of soda?
SOLUTION: a. b. 2
3
59. A piston with an area of 0.015 m encloses a constant amount of gas in a cylinder with a volume of 0.23 m . The
5 initial pressure of the gas equals 1.5×10 Pa. A 150-kg mass is placed on the piston, and the piston moves
downward to a new position, as shown in Figure 25. If the temperature is constant, what is the new volume of the
gas in the cylinder? (Level 2)
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2
3
59. A piston with an area of 0.015 m encloses a constant amount of gas in a cylinder with a volume of 0.23 m . The
5 initial pressure of the gas equals 1.5×10 Pa. A 150-kg mass is placed on the piston, and the piston moves
downward to a new position, as shown in Figure 25. If the temperature is constant, what is the new volume of the
gas in the cylinder? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: 60. Automobiles A certain automobile tire is specified to be used at a gauge pressure of 30.0 psi (psi is pounds per 3 square inch.) (One pound per square inch equals 6.90×10 Pa.) The term gauge pressure means the pressure above
5 atmospheric pressure. Thus, the actual pressure in the tire is 1.01×10 Pa + (30.0 psi) 3 5 (6.90×10 Pa/psi) = 3.08×10 Pa. As the car is driven, the tire’s temperature increases, and the volume and
3
pressure increase. Suppose you filled a car’s tire to a volume of 0.55 m at a temperature of 280 K. The initial pressure was 30.0 psi, but during the drive, the tire’s temperature increased to 310 K and the tire’s volume
3
increased to 0.58 m . (Level 3)
a. What is the new pressure in the tire?
b. What is the new gauge pressure?
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60. Automobiles A certain automobile tire is specified to be used at a gauge pressure of 30.0 psi (psi is pounds per 3 square inch.) (One pound per square inch equals 6.90×10 Pa.) The term gauge pressure means the pressure above
5 atmospheric pressure. Thus, the actual pressure in the tire is 1.01×10 Pa + (30.0 psi) 3 5 (6.90×10 Pa/psi) = 3.08×10 Pa. As the car is driven, the tire’s temperature increases, and the volume and
3
pressure increase. Suppose you filled a car’s tire to a volume of 0.55 m at a temperature of 280 K. The initial pressure was 30.0 psi, but during the drive, the tire’s temperature increased to 310 K and the tire’s volume
3
increased to 0.58 m . (Level 3)
a. What is the new pressure in the tire?
b. What is the new gauge pressure?
SOLUTION: a. b. Chapter Assessment
Section 2 Forces Within Liquids: Mastering Concepts
61. Lakes A frozen lake melts in the spring. What effect does this have on the temperature of the air above the lake?
SOLUTION: To melt, the ice must absorb energy in the amount of its heat of fusion from the air and water. It will
cool the air above it.
62. Hiking Canteens used by hikers often are covered with canvas bags. If you wet the canvas bag covering a
canteen, the water in the canteen will be cooled. Explain.
SOLUTION: The water evaporates into the air, absorbing energy from the canteen and the water inside.
Chapter Assessment
Section 3 Fluids at Rest and in motion: Mastering Concepts
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SOLUTION: Chapter
Practice
Problems,
and Assessment
The13
water
evaporates
into Review,
the air, absorbing
energy from the canteen and the water inside.
Chapter Assessment
Section 3 Fluids at Rest and in motion: Mastering Concepts
63. What do the equilibrium tubes in Figure 26 tell you about the pressure exerted by a liquid?
SOLUTION: The equilibrium tubes illustrate that pressure is independent of the shape of the container.
64. According to Pascal’s principle, what happens to the pressure at the top of a container if the pressure at the bottom
is increased?
SOLUTION: Changes in pressure are distributed equally to all parts of the container. The pressure at the top
increases.
65. How does the water pressure 1 m below the surface of a small pond compare with the water pressure the same distance below the surface of a lake?
SOLUTION: Size or shape of the body of water does not matter, only the depth. The pressure is the same in each
case.
66. Does Archimedes’ principle apply to an object inside a flask that is inside a spaceship in orbit?
SOLUTION: No, it does not. The net weight of the displaced fluid is zero because the fluid is in free-fall. Thus, there
is no buoyant force.
67. A stream of water goes through a garden hose into a nozzle. As the water speeds up, what happens to the water
pressure?
SOLUTION: The water pressure decreases because of Bernoulli’s principle.
Chapter Assessment
Section 3 Forces at Rest and in Motion: Mastering problems
68. Reservoirs A reservoir behind a dam is 17 m deep. What is the pressure of the water at the following locations? (Level 1)
a. the base of the dam
b. 4.0 m from the top of the dam
eSolutions Manual
Page 26
- Powered by Cognero
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: Chapter
Practice
Problems,
Review,
and of
Assessment
The13
water
pressure
decreases
because
Bernoulli’s principle.
Chapter Assessment
Section 3 Forces at Rest and in Motion: Mastering problems
68. Reservoirs A reservoir behind a dam is 17 m deep. What is the pressure of the water at the following locations? (Level 1)
a. the base of the dam
b. 4.0 m from the top of the dam
SOLUTION: a. b. 3
69. A test tube standing vertically in a test-tube rack contains 2.5 cm of oil (? = 0.81 g/cm ) and 6.5 cm of water. What
is the pressure exerted by the two liquids on the bottom of the test tube? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 70. Antiques An antique yellow metal statuette of a bird is suspended from a spring scale. The scale reads 11.81 N when the statuette is suspended in air, and it reads 11.19 N when the statuette is completely submerged in water. (Level 1)
a. Find the volume of the statuette.
3 3
3 3
b. Is the bird more likely made of gold (ρ = 19.3×10 kg/m ) or gold-plated aluminum (ρ = 2.7×10 kg/m )?
SOLUTION: eSolutions
a. Page 27
70. Antiques An antique yellow metal statuette of a bird is suspended from a spring scale. The scale reads 11.81 N when the statuette is suspended in air, and it reads 11.19 N when the statuette is completely submerged in water. (Level 1)
a. Find the volume of the statuette.
3 3
3 3
b. Is the bird more likely made of gold (ρ = 19.3×10 kg/m ) or gold-plated aluminum (ρ = 2.7×10 kg/m )?
SOLUTION: a. b. 71. During an ecology experiment, an aquarium half-filled with water is placed on a scale. The scale shows a weight of
195 N. (Level 1)
a. A rock weighing 8 N is added to the aquarium. If the rock sinks to the bottom of the aquarium, what will the scale read?
b. The rock is removed from the aquarium, and the amount of water is adjusted until the scale again reads 195 N. A fish weighing 2 N is added to the aquarium. What is the scale reading with the fish in the aquarium?
SOLUTION: a. b. eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Page 28
71. During an ecology experiment, an aquarium half-filled with water is placed on a scale. The scale shows a weight of
195 N. (Level 1)
a. A rock weighing 8 N is added to the aquarium. If the rock sinks to the bottom of the aquarium, what will the scale read?
b. The rock is removed from the aquarium, and the amount of water is adjusted until the scale again reads 195 N. A fish weighing 2 N is added to the aquarium. What is the scale reading with the fish in the aquarium?
SOLUTION: a. b. 72. Oceanography As shown in Figure 27, a large buoy used to support an oceanographic research instrument is
made of a cylindrical, hollow iron tank. The tank is 2.1 m in height and 0.33 m in diameter. The total mass of the buoy and the research instrument is about 120 kg. The buoy must float so that one end is above the water to support a radio transmitter. Assuming that the mass of the buoy is evenly distributed, how much of the buoy will
be above the waterline when it is floating? (Level 3)
Page 29
72. Oceanography As shown in Figure 27, a large buoy used to support an oceanographic research instrument is
made of a cylindrical, hollow iron tank. The tank is 2.1 m in height and 0.33 m in diameter. The total mass of the buoy and the research instrument is about 120 kg. The buoy must float so that one end is above the water to support a radio transmitter. Assuming that the mass of the buoy is evenly distributed, how much of the buoy will
be above the waterline when it is floating? (Level 3)
SOLUTION: 73. What is the magnitude of the buoyant force on a 26.0-N ball that is floating in fresh water? (Level 1)
Page 30
73. What is the magnitude of the buoyant force on a 26.0-N ball that is floating in fresh water? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 23 3
74. What is the net force on a rock submerged in water if the rock weighs 45 N in air and has a volume of 2.1×10
(Level 1)
m?
SOLUTION: 3
75. What is the maximum weight that a balloon filled with 1.00 m of helium can lift in air? Assume that the density of
3
3
air is 1.20 kg/m and that of helium is 0.177 kg/m . Neglect the mass of the balloon. (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 76. If a rock weighs 54 N in air and experiences a net force of 46 N when submerged in a liquid with a density twice that of water, what will be the net force on it when it is submerged in water? (Level 2)
Page 31
76. If a rock weighs 54 N in air and experiences a net force of 46 N when submerged in a liquid with a density twice that of water, what will be the net force on it when it is submerged in water? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: Chapter Assessment
Section 4 Solids: Mastering Concepts
77. How does the arrangement of atoms in a crystalline solid differ from that in an amorphous solid?
SOLUTION: The atoms in a crystalline solid are arranged in an ordered pattern. In the amorphous solid, the atoms
are randomly arranged.
78. Does the coefficient of linear expansion depend on the unit of length used? Explain.
SOLUTION: No. The coefficient is a measure of the expansion of an object relative to its total length. Units and total
length do not change the coefficient of linear expansion.
Chapter Assessment
Section 4 Solids: Mastering Problems
79. A bar of an unknown metal has a length of 0.975 m at 45°C and a length of 0.972 m at 23°C. What is its coefficient
of linear expansion? (Level 1)
eSolutions
Page 32
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: No. The coefficient is a measure of the expansion of an object relative to its total length. Units and total
length
do not change
the coefficient
of linear
expansion.
Chapter
13 Practice
Problems,
Review, and
Assessment
Chapter Assessment
Section 4 Solids: Mastering Problems
79. A bar of an unknown metal has a length of 0.975 m at 45°C and a length of 0.972 m at 23°C. What is its coefficient
of linear expansion? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 80. An inventor constructs a thermometer from an aluminum bar that is 0.500 m in length at 273 K. He measures the temperature by measuring the length of the aluminum bar. If the inventor wants to measure a 1.0-K change in
temperature, how precisely must he measure the length of the bar? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 81. Bridges How much longer will a 300-m steel bridge be on a 30°C day in August than on a –10°C night in January? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 82. What is the change in length of a 2.00-m copper pipe if its temperature is raised from 23°C to 978°C? (Level 1)
Page 33
3
82. What is the change in length of a 2.00-m copper pipe if its temperature is raised from 23°C to 978°C? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 3
83. What is the change in volume of a 1.0-m concrete block if its temperature is raised 45°C? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 84. Bridges Bridge builders often use rivets that are larger than the rivet hole to make the joint tighter. The rivet is
cooled before it is put into the hole. Suppose that a builder drills a hole 1.2230 cm in diameter for a steel rivet 1.2250 cm in diameter. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit into the rivet hole, which is at 20.0°C? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 85. A steel tank filled with methanol is 2.000 m in diameter and 5.000 m in height. It is completely filled at 10.0°C. If the temperature rises to 40.0°C, how much methanol (in liters) will flow out of the tank, given that both the tank and
the methanol will expand? (Level 2)
Page 34
85. A steel tank filled with methanol is 2.000 m in diameter and 5.000 m in height. It is completely filled at 10.0°C. If the temperature rises to 40.0°C, how much methanol (in liters) will flow out of the tank, given that both the tank and
the methanol will expand? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: 3
86. An aluminum sphere is heated from 11°C to 580°C. If the volume of the sphere is 1.78 cm at 11°C, what is the increase in sphere volume at 580°C? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: 3
87. The volume of a copper sphere is 2.56 cm after being heated from 12°C to 984°C. What was the volume of the copper sphere at 12°C? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: 88. A square iron plate that is 0.3300 m on each side is heated from 0°C to 95°C. (Level 3)
a. What is the change in the length of the sides of the square?
b. What is the change in area of the square?
SOLUTION: a. eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Page 35
88. A square iron plate that is 0.3300 m on each side is heated from 0°C to 95°C. (Level 3)
a. What is the change in the length of the sides of the square?
b. What is the change in area of the square?
SOLUTION: a. b. 3
89. An aluminum cube with a volume of 0.350 m at 350.0 K is cooled to 270.0 K. (Level 3)
a. What is its volume at 270.0 K?
b. What is the length of a side of the cube at 270.0 K?
SOLUTION: a.
b.
Page 36
3
89. An aluminum cube with a volume of 0.350 m at 350.0 K is cooled to 270.0 K. (Level 3)
a. What is its volume at 270.0 K?
b. What is the length of a side of the cube at 270.0 K?
SOLUTION: a.
b.
90. Industry A machinist builds a rectangular mechanical part for a special refrigerator system from two rectangular
pieces of steel and two rectangular pieces of aluminum. At 293 K, the part is a perfect square, but at 170 K, the part becomes warped, as shown in Figure 28. Which parts were made of steel and which were made of
aluminum? (Level 3)
SOLUTION: Parts 1 and 2 experienced a greater reduction in length than parts 3 and 4; therefore, parts 1 and 2 must
have been made of aluminum, which has a larger coefficient of expansion than steel.
Chapter Assessment: Applying Concepts
Page 37
91. A rectangular box with its largest surface resting on a table is rotated so that its smallest surface is now on the
table. Has the pressure on the table increased, decreased, or remained the same?
SOLUTION: Parts 1 and 2 experienced a greater reduction in length than parts 3 and 4; therefore, parts 1 and 2 must
have13been
madeProblems,
of aluminum,
which
hasAssessment
a larger coefficient of expansion than steel.
Chapter
Practice
Review,
and
Chapter Assessment: Applying Concepts
91. A rectangular box with its largest surface resting on a table is rotated so that its smallest surface is now on the
table. Has the pressure on the table increased, decreased, or remained the same?
SOLUTION: The pressure increased. The weight stayed the same, but the weight per area increased.
2
92. Show that a pascal is equivalent to a kg/m s .
SOLUTION: 93. Shipping Cargo Compared to an identical empty ship, would a ship filled with table-tennis balls sink deeper into
the water or rise in the water? Explain.
SOLUTION: It would sink deeper into the water because it would have a greater weight.
94. How deep would a water container have to be to have the same pressure at the bottom as that found at the bottom
of a 10.0-cm-deep beaker of mercury, which is 13.55 times as dense as water?
SOLUTION: 95. Drops of mercury, water, ethanol, and acetone are placed on a smooth, flat surface, as shown in Figure 29. From
this figure, what can you conclude about the cohesive forces in these liquids?
SOLUTION: The cohesive forces are strongest in mercury and weakest in acetone. The stronger the cohesive force,
the more spherical the drop will be.
96. Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water does at the same temperature. What does this observation allow you to
conclude about the properties of the particles in the two liquids?
SOLUTION: The cohesive forces of water are greater than those of alcohol.
Page 38
SOLUTION: The cohesive forces are strongest in mercury and weakest in acetone. The stronger the cohesive force,
the 13
more
spherical
the drop
will be.and Assessment
Chapter
Practice
Problems,
Review,
96. Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water does at the same temperature. What does this observation allow you to
conclude about the properties of the particles in the two liquids?
SOLUTION: The cohesive forces of water are greater than those of alcohol.
97. Five objects with the following densities are put into a tank of water.
a. 0.85 g/cm3 3
b. 0.95 g/cm c. 1.05 g/cm3
3
d. 1.15 g/cm
e . 1.25 g/cm3
3
The density of water is 1.00 g/cm . The diagram in Figure 30 shows six possible positions of these objects. Select
a position, from 1 to 6, for each of the five objects. Not all positions need to be selected.
SOLUTION: The positions of the objects should be a–1, b–2, c–6, d–6, e–6.
98. Equal volumes of water are heated in two tubes that are identical, except that tube A is made of soft glass and tube B is made of ovenproof glass. As the temperature increases, the water level rises higher in tube B than in tube A. Give a possible explanation.
SOLUTION: The ovenproof glass expands less than the soft glass when heated. The water does not rise as high in
tube A because the soft glass tube is expanding in volume.
99. A platinum wire easily can be sealed in a glass tube, but a copper wire does not form a tight seal with the glass.
Explain.
Page 39
SOLUTION: Platinum’s coefficient of thermal expansion is similar to that of glass, so it expands and contracts as the
glass does. Copper has a much larger coefficient than glass.
SOLUTION: The ovenproof glass expands less than the soft glass when heated. The water does not rise as high in
tube13APractice
because Problems,
the soft glass
tube is
expanding
in volume.
Chapter
Review,
and
Assessment
99. A platinum wire easily can be sealed in a glass tube, but a copper wire does not form a tight seal with the glass.
Explain.
SOLUTION: Platinum’s coefficient of thermal expansion is similar to that of glass, so it expands and contracts as the
glass does. Copper has a much larger coefficient than glass.
Chapter Assessment: Mixed Review
100. What is the pressure on the hull of a submarine at a depth of 65 m? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: –6 3
101. Scuba Diving A scuba diver swimming at a depth of 5.0 m under water exhales a 4.2×10 m bubble of air.
What is the volume of that bubble just before it reaches the surface of the water? (Level 1)
SOLUTION: 102. Reverse Problem Write a physics problem with real-life objects for which the following equation would be part
of the solution: (Level 1)
SOLUTION: Answers will vary, but a correct form of the answer is, “A sample of gas initially has a pressure of 77.0
kPa and a volume of 25.0 L. When allowed to cool to room temperature, the pressure drops to 61.2 kPa
and the volume expands to 28.0 L. What was the initial temperature of the gas?”
103. An aluminum bar is floating in a bowl of mercury. When the temperature is increased, does the aluminum float
Page 40
higher or sink deeper into the mercury? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: Answers will vary, but a correct form of the answer is, “A sample of gas initially has a pressure of 77.0
kPa13
and
a volume
of 25.0 L.
When and
allowed
to cool to room temperature, the pressure drops to 61.2 kPa
Chapter
Practice
Problems,
Review,
Assessment
and the volume expands to 28.0 L. What was the initial temperature of the gas?”
103. An aluminum bar is floating in a bowl of mercury. When the temperature is increased, does the aluminum float
higher or sink deeper into the mercury? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: The volume coefficient of expansion of mercury is greater than the volume coefficient of expansion of
aluminum. Therefore, as they are heated, the aluminum becomes denser relative to the mercury and
would sink deeper into the mercury.
104. There is 100.0 mL of water in an 800.0-mL soft-glass beaker at 15.0°C. How much will the water level have dropped or risen when the beaker and water are heated to 50.0°C? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: 105. Auto Maintenance A hydraulic jack used to lift cars for repairs is called a 3-ton jack. The large piston is 22 mm 4 in diameter, and the small one is 6.3 mm in diameter. Assume that a force of 3 tons is 3.0×10 N. (Level 2)
a. What force must be exerted on the small piston to lift a 3-ton weight?
b. Most jacks use a lever to reduce the force needed on the small piston. If the resistance arm is 3.0 cm, how long must the effort arm of an ideal lever be to reduce the force to 100.0 N?
SOLUTION: a. b. eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Page 41
105. Auto Maintenance A hydraulic jack used to lift cars for repairs is called a 3-ton jack. The large piston is 22 mm 4 in diameter, and the small one is 6.3 mm in diameter. Assume that a force of 3 tons is 3.0×10 N. (Level 2)
a. What force must be exerted on the small piston to lift a 3-ton weight?
b. Most jacks use a lever to reduce the force needed on the small piston. If the resistance arm is 3.0 cm, how long must the effort arm of an ideal lever be to reduce the force to 100.0 N?
SOLUTION: a. b. 106. Ballooning A hot-air balloon contains a fixed volume of gas. When the gas is heated, it expands and some gas
escapes out at the open end. As a result, the mass of the gas in the balloon is reduced. Why would the air in a
balloon have to be hotter to lift the same number of people above Vail, Colorado, which has an altitude of 2400 m, than above Norfolk, Virginia, which has an altitude of 3 m? (Level 2)
SOLUTION: Atmospheric pressure is lower at higher altitudes. Therefore, the mass of the volume of fluid displaced
by a balloon of the same volume is less at higher altitudes. To obtain the same buoyant force at higher
altitudes, a balloon must expel more gas, requiring higher temperatures.
Chapter Assessment: Thinking Critically
107. Problem Posing Complete this problem so that it can be solved using buoyant force and Newton’s second law: 3
“A block of metal has a volume of 2.4 cm and mass of 0.56 kg….”
eSolutions
Manual
Powered
by
Cognero
Page 42
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: Atmospheric pressure is lower at higher altitudes. Therefore, the mass of the volume of fluid displaced
by a balloon of the same volume is less at higher altitudes. To obtain the same buoyant force at higher
altitudes,
a balloon
must expel
moreand
gas,Assessment
requiring higher temperatures.
Chapter
13 Practice
Problems,
Review,
Chapter Assessment: Thinking Critically
107. Problem Posing Complete this problem so that it can be solved using buoyant force and Newton’s second law: 3
“A block of metal has a volume of 2.4 cm and mass of 0.56 kg….”
SOLUTION: Answers will vary. A possible form of the correct answer is “... if it is submerged in a tank of water and
released, what will be its acceleration?”
108. Analyze and Conclude One method of measuring the percentage of body fat is based on the fact that fatty tissue
is less dense than muscle tissue. How can a person’s average density be assessed with a scale and a swimming
pool? What measurements does a physician need to record to find a person’s average percentage of body fat?
SOLUTION: The physician weighs the person normally and then weighs the person totally submerged. Weight has to
be added to the weighing device because the density of a human is normally less than the density of
water. The volume of water displaced by the person also should be measured. The average density of
the person can be calculated from the balance of forces that hold the person in equilibrium underwater.
109. Analyze and Conclude A downward force of 700 N is required to fully submerge a plastic foam sphere, as 3
shown in Figure 31. The density of the foam is 95 kg/m .
a. What percentage of the sphere would be submerged if the sphere were released to float freely?
b. What is the weight of the sphere in air?
c. What is the volume of the sphere?
SOLUTION: a.
Page 43
b. What is the weight of the sphere in air?
c. What is the volume of the sphere?
SOLUTION: a.
b.
c.
110. Apply Concepts Tropical fish for aquariums are often transported home from pet shops in transparent plastic
bags filled mostly with water. If you placed a fish in its unopened transport bag in a home aquarium, which of the
cases in Figure 32 best represents what would happen? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION: Page 44
Chapter
110. Apply Concepts Tropical fish for aquariums are often transported home from pet shops in transparent plastic
bags filled mostly with water. If you placed a fish in its unopened transport bag in a home aquarium, which of the
cases in Figure 32 best represents what would happen? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION: Chapter Assessment: Writing in Physics
111. Some solid materials expand when they are cooled. Water between 4° and 0°C is the most common example, but rubber bands also expand in length when cooled. Research what causes this expansion.
SOLUTION: Rubber bands are made of long rubber molecules called polymers that act like chains with many long
links. The properties of rubber come from the ability of the chain links to twist and turn. When the
rubber is colder, the polymer links are stretched out in a straight line, like the links in a steel chain that
you hold at one end and let hang freely. Because the links are ordered that way, the polymers have
relatively little disorder, or entropy. Adding heat to the polymers increases their thermal motion. The
links begin to shake about and their disorder increases. If you shake a chain like this, you will see that
its average length becomes less than if the chain were hanging motionless.
112. Research Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac’s contributions to the gas laws. How did Gay-Lussac’s work lead to the
discovery of the formula for water?
SOLUTION: Gay-Lussac was a French scientist who also was interested in high-altitude balloon ascents. He
discovered that when gases are at the same temperature and pressure, their volumes react in ratios of
small, whole numbers. Gay-Lussac’s work contributed to the discovery of water’s formula by showing
that two volumes of hydrogen gas react with one volume of oxygen gas. Avogadro built on Gay-Lussac’s
Page 45
work to develop the relationship between moles of a gas and volume.
you hold at one end and let hang freely. Because the links are ordered that way, the polymers have
relatively little disorder, or entropy. Adding heat to the polymers increases their thermal motion. The
links begin to shake about and their disorder increases. If you shake a chain like this, you will see that
its average length becomes less than if the chain were hanging motionless.
Chapter
112. Research Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac’s contributions to the gas laws. How did Gay-Lussac’s work lead to the
discovery of the formula for water?
SOLUTION: Gay-Lussac was a French scientist who also was interested in high-altitude balloon ascents. He
discovered that when gases are at the same temperature and pressure, their volumes react in ratios of
small, whole numbers. Gay-Lussac’s work contributed to the discovery of water’s formula by showing
that two volumes of hydrogen gas react with one volume of oxygen gas. Avogadro built on Gay-Lussac’s
work to develop the relationship between moles of a gas and volume.
Chapter Assessment: Cumulative Review
113. Two blocks are connected by a string over a frictionless, massless pulley such that one is resting on an inclined
plane and the other is hanging over the top edge of the plane, as shown in Figure 33. The hanging block has a
mass of 3.0 kg and the block on the plane has a mass of 2.0 kg. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the inclined plane is 0.19. Answer the following questions assuming the blocks are released from rest.
a. What is the acceleration of the blocks?
b. What is the tension in the string connecting the blocks?
SOLUTION: a.
Page 46
a. What is the acceleration of the blocks?
b. What is the tension in the string connecting the blocks?
SOLUTION: a.
2
= 2.6 m/s
b.
114. A compact car with a mass of 875 kg, moving south at 15 m/s, is struck by a full-sized car with a mass of 1584 kg, moving east at 12 m/s. The two cars stick together, and momentum is conserved.
a. Sketch the situation, assigning coordinate axes and identifying “before” and “after.”
b. Find the direction and speed of the wreck immediately after the collision, remembering that momentum is a
vector quantity.
c. The wreck skids along the ground and comes to a stop. The coefficient of kinetic friction while the wreck is
skidding is 0.55. Assume that the acceleration is constant. How far does the wreck skid after impact?
SOLUTION: a. eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Page 47
c. The wreck skids along the ground and comes to a stop. The coefficient of kinetic friction while the wreck is
skidding is 0.55. Assume that the acceleration is constant. How far does the wreck skid after impact?
SOLUTION: a. b. c. eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Page 48
Chapter
c. 115. A 188-W motor will lift a load at the rate (speed) of 6.50 cm/s. How great a load can the motor lift at this rate?
Page 49

Ch 13 Solutions Glencoe 2013

Transcription

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