The Zgounder Silver Deposit Taroudant Province, Kingdom of

Transcription

Form 43-101F1
Technical Report
The Zgounder Silver Deposit
Taroudant Province, Kingdom of Morocco
MAYA GOLD AND SILVER INC.
September 28, 2012
View toward the east of the ancient medieval workings in oxidized silver-bearing zones at the contact
of the Brown Formation sediments (north) with a dolerite dyke/sill (south), Zgounder silver mine,
Michel Boily, PhD., P. Géo.
GÉON
DATE AND SIGNATURE
CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFICATIONS
I, Michel Boily, Ph.D., P. Geo. HEREBY CERTIFY THAT:
I am a Canadian citizen residing at 2121 de Romagne, Laval, Québec, Canada.
I obtained a PhD. in geology from the Université de Montréal in 1988.
I am a consulting geologist with Geon Ltd. providing services to the mining industry.
I am a registered Professional Geologist in good standing with l’Ordre des Géologues du Québec (OGQ; permit
# 1097).
I had the following work experience:
From 1986 to 1987: Research Associate in Cosmochemistry at the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,
USA.
From 1988 to 1992: Researcher at IREM-MERI/McGill University, Montréal, Québec as a coordinator and
scientific investigator in the high technology metals project undertaken in the Abitibi greenstone belt and
Labrador.
From 1992 to present: Geology consultant with Geon Ltd, Montréal, Québec. Consultant for several m ining
companies. I participated, as a geochem ist, in two of the m ost important geological and m etallogenic studies
accomplished by the Ministère des Richesses naturelles du Québec (MRNQ) in the Jam es Bay area and the Far
North of Québec (1998-2005). I am a specialist of granitoid-hosted precious and rare metal deposits and of the
stratigraphy and geochemistry of Archean greenstone belts.
I have gathered field experience in the following regions : James Bay, Quebec; Strange Lake,
Labrador/Quebec; Val d’Or and Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec; Grenville (Saguenay and Gatineau area); Cadillac,
Quebec; Otish Mountains, Quebec, Lower North Shore, Quebec,Sinaloa, Sonora and Chihuahua states, Mexico,
Marrakech and Ouarzazate, Morocco.
I am the author of the 43-101F1 Technical Report entitled : "The Zgounder Silver Mine, Taroudant Province,
Kingdom of Morocco, MAYA GOLD AND SILVER INC. with an effective date of September 28, 2012."
I consent to the filing of this report with any stock exchange and any other regulatory authority and any publication by
them for regulatory purposes, including electronic publication in the public company files on their websites accessible
by the public.
As of the date of the certificate, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, this Technical Report
contains all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the Technical Report
not misleading.
I have read the definition of “qualified person” set out in National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101") and certify that by
reason of my education, registration of a professional geologist, affiliation with a professional association (as defined in
NI 43-101) and past relevant work experience, I fulfill the requirements to be a “qualified person”(QP) for the purposes
of NI 43-101.The Qualified Person, Michel Boily, has written this report in its entirety and is responsible for its content.
I read the National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (the "Instrument") and the
report fully complies with the Instrument.
I am an independent qualified person, QP, according to NI 43-101. I have no relation to MAYA GOLD AND SILVER
INC. (the Issuer) and to the Office National des Hydrocarbures (ONHYM; the Vendor) according to section 1.5 of NI 43-101.
I am not aware of any relevant fact which would interfere with my judgment regarding the preparation of this technical report.
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As of the effective date of July 16, 2012, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, this technical report
contains all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the report not misleading.
I had no prior involvement with the Zgounder silver mine that is the subject of this report.
I have visited the Zgounder property on September 11 and 12, 2012. The inspection of the property lasted the full two
days.
_______________
Michel Boily, PhD., P. Geo.
Dated at Montréal, Qc
September 28, 2012
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DATE AND SIGNATURE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ITEM 1 SUMMARY
ITEM 2 INTRODUCTION
ITEM 3 RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS
ITEM 4 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
ITEM 5 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES,
INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
ITEM 6 HISTORY
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6.1-Timeline
6.2-Historical Mineral Resources
6.2.1-Mineral Resources Estimates
6.2.2-Distribution of Historical Mineral Resources
6.3-Mining Installations and Ore Processing
6.4-Historical Metallurgical Tests
ITEM 7 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALIZATION
7.1-Geology of Morocco
7.2- The Anti-Atlas Orogen of Southern Morocco
7.3- The Siroua Precambrian "Boutonnière"
7.3.1-The Zenega Complex
7.3.2- The Anti-Atlas Supergroup
7.3.2.1- The Bleïda Group
7.3.2.2- The Sarhro Group
7.3.2.3-The Bou Salda Formation
7.3.2.4-The Ouarzazate Group
7.3.2.5- The Tata Group
7.3.3-Tectonic Evolution
7.4- Geology and Structure of the Zgounder Property
7.5- Mineralization
ITEM 8 DEPOSIT TYPE
ITEM 9 EXPLORATION
9.1- Drill Core Samples and Ag Assays
9.3- Silver Assays From Adit Samples
ITEM 10 DRILLING
ITEM 11 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY
ITEM 12 DATA VERIFICATION
ITEM 13 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING
ITEM 14 MINERAL RESOURCES ESTIMATE
ITEM 23 ADJACENT PROPERTY
ITEM 24 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION
ITEM 25 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
ITEM 26 RECOMMENDATIONS
26.1-Budget Breakdown
ITEM 27 REFERENCES
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Localization and boundary of the Zgounder property Mining permit.
Figure 2. The Zgounder silver mine area, Siroua “boutonnière”, Anti-Atlas, Taroudant
Province, Kingdom of Morocco.
Figure 3. a) Vista around the Zgounder silver mine with hills of moderate
elevation and sparse vegetation typical of the prevalent desert climate, b) Cultivated
valley floor flanked by moderate hills with sparse vegetation near the Zgounder silver
mine
Figure 4. a) General view toward the west of the Zgounder mine installations showing
the conveyor belts, crushers, and two cyanuration lines, b) Conveyors and silo circuit
carrying the silver ore to the crusher in the background, Zgounder silver mine.
Figure 5. a) Close-up view of the cyanuration vats/flotation cells, Zgounder silver mine,
b) View of the housings for the mining crew located 1.2 km southeast of the Zgounder
mine site. A mosque appears in the background.
Figure 6. a) View to the east of the ancient mining excavations at the Zgounder mine
showing the oxidation of the silver-rich zones in the Brown Formation sediments
near the contact with the dolerite sill/dyke forming the ridge. To the south is
a rhyolite from the Blue Formation, b) Oxidized mining residues left after the ancient
workings on the northern flank of the Central Sector, Zgounder silver mine
Figure 7. View toward the east of the Zgounder mine showing the portal of the 2,000
and 2,025 m adits and a network of water pipes.
Figure 8. Geology, structure and silver-mineralization at the Zgounder Mine. The trace
of the main five adit levels are reproduced on the map with the localization of the
ancient workings.
Figure 9. Typical NNE-SSW cross-section through the Zgounder mine showing the
relation between the silver-mineralized zones and the stratigraphy and structural
make-up.
Figure 10. Localization and projection on the surface level of the surficial drill holes
sunk by the BRPM and CMT mining companies between 1989 and 2004 at the
Zgounder silver mine.
Figure 11. Localization and projection on the surface level of the underground drill
holes sunk by the BRPM and CMT mining companies between 1989 and 2004 at the
Figure 12. Sketch of the new adit development carried out by CMT from 2002-2004
on the 2,000 m level.
Figure 13. a) Surface view of the modern tailings, Zgounder silver mine, b) Northward
view of the modern tailings dam which is breached in several areas, Zgounder silver
mine.
Figure 14. Ag-mineralized shoots and probable mineralized shoots in the Central and
Northern Sectors.
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LIST OF FIGURES (Ctnd.)
Figure 15. Geological outline of the Kingdom of Morocco.
Figure 16. The Moroccan Anti-Atlas with the Proterozoic “boutonnières” harbouring
numerous polymetallic (Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co) deposits including the Zgounder silver
mine
Figure 17. Geology of the Siroua Proterozoic “boutonnière”, Anti-Atlas, Morocco.
Figure 18. Stratigraphy of the Zgounder volcanosedimentary assemblage showing the
association of the silver-mineralized zones with the Brown Formation.
Figure 19. Geological map of the Zgounder property.
Figure 20. a) Picture of the feldspar-pyroxene dolerite sill/dyke at the top of the Brown
Formation, Zgounder silver mine, b) Sheared contact between micaschist/silstone (left)
and dolerite dyke/sill (right) from the Brown Formation, Zgounder silver mine.
Figure 21. a) View of an oxidized fault gouge with centimetric sub-rounded clasts in a
fine-grained matrix representing the major NNW-SSE trending fault crosscutting the
western flank of the Zgounder Central Sector, Zgounder mine, b) Cataclasite rock with
centimetric sub-rounded to sub-angular clasts of rhyolite in a fine-grained matrix
representing the major NNW-SSE- trending fault crosscutting the western flank of
the Central Sector, Zgounder silver mine.
Figure 22. a) Finely disseminated pyrite-arsenopyrite in pelitic layers of the Brown
Formation, Zgounder silver mine, b) Sphalerite+galena-rich veins in tension gashes
associated with a shear zone in micaschist, Zgounder silver mine.
Figure 23. Station locations where new samples were collected from the adit faces at
level 2,000 m, Zgounder silver mine.
Figure 24. Proposed grid to carry out a ground-based magnetic survey over the
Zgounder silver mine area.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Localization and coordinates of the surficial and underground drill holes sunk
on the Zgounder silver mine from 1999-2004.
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Table 2. New and historical silver assays for selected Ag-mineralized intersections of
drill core preserved in the Zgounder mine core shack.
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Table 3. Silver and base metal assay results of a 16 m mineralized road exposure near the
Zgounder mine. From ACA Howe International (1999).
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Table 4. Silver and base metal assay results of ancient tailings samples, Zgounder mine
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From ACA Howe International (1999).
Table 5. Summary of underground workings from CMT during the period of 2002 to
2004.
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Table 6. Summary of the Zgounder silver mine estimated historical resources
established from 1990 to 2004
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Table 7. Assay values for Ag and other metals for one bulk sample of the ancient tailings
and one bulk sample representing the underground ore material at the Zgounder mine.
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Table 8. Results of the flotation test for one bulk sample collected from the ancient
tailings.
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LIST OF TABLES (Ctnd.)
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Table 9. Comparison of silver assay values from core samples, Zgounder silver mine.
Table 10. Computed standard deviation and absolute deviation for the original and new
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silver assay values of core samples, Zgounder silver mine.
Table 11. Comparison of silver assay values for adit face samples taken at 6 stations,
level 2,000 m.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Certificates of analyses.
Appendix 2. Mining Permit, Zgounder property.
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ITEM 1 SUMMARY
With an historical mineral resources set in 2004 at 869,650 t *of silver mineralization grading
405.4 g/t Ag and a strong potential to expand the deposit by systematic surface and
underground drilling, the Zgounder mine represents an attractive investment for a junior mining
company ready to exploit a medium-sized deposit in a relatively short time span.
*
The estimates presented above are treated as historic information and have not been verified or
relied upon for economic evaluation by Maya Gold and Silver or the writer. These historical
mineral resources do not refer to any category of sections 1.2 and 1.3 of the NI-43-101
Instrument such as mineral resources or mineral reserves as stated in the CIM Definition
Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. The explanation lies in the inability by
the author to verify the data acquired by the various historical drilling campaigns and
underground works. The author has read the documents pertaining to the description of the
different methods used in the historical evaluation of the reserves. The author, also acting as the
QP, has not done sufficient work yet to classify the historical estimates as current mineral
resources or mineral reserves. Therefore, the author is in the opinion that the above quoted
resources for the Zgounder silver deposit cannot be relied upon. Finally, the author is not aware
of more recent estimates or data available to the issuer.
First explored and exploited between the 10th and 13th centuries, the Zgounder silver deposit
was mined from 1982 to 1990 by SOMIL from various EW-oriented adits. Mining installations
included a cyanuration plant with a 300 t/day capacity, a chemical analytical laboratory, a
crusher plant with a capacity of 300 t/h, a compressor station, an electrical power station and a
machine shop. At the end of mining operations, the historical reserves were set at 366,258 t
grading 360 g/t Ag. From 1990 to 2004, surface and underground drilling concomitant with the
extension of existing adits and excavation of new drifts and raises conducted by several mining
companies lead to a substantial increase of the historical mineral resources.
Preliminary validation of the historical silver assay values was carried out on selected
mineralized drill core and on adit wall faces on 6 stations at the 2,000 m level. The new silver
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concentrations obtained from the ancient cores are similar to the historical assay values, whereas
the adit chip samples display values which are 2 to 15 x higher than the historical concentrations.
The Zgounder silver property, 85% owned by Maya Gold and Silver Inc. with a 15%
participation of ONHYM, is located approximately 210 km east of Agadir in the Kingdom of
Morocco. The property consists of one Mining Title (09/2096) including an exploitation license
(no. 2306) covering an area of 16 km2. It lies within the Proterozoic Siroua "boutonnière" of the
Anti-Atlas Range; an important segment of the Pan-African belt (~500 Ma) of North Africa. The
Zgounder deposit was formed within the Zgounder volcanosedimentary assemblage of the Sahro
Group (700 Ma) which forms a thick succession of deformed, low-metamorphic grade basin-fill
sediments. The Zgounder assemblage is a south-dipping EW-oriented monoclinal structure
composed of three units: 1) The Blue Formation (sandstones, shales, tuffs, quartz keratophyres,
rhyolites), 2) the Brown Formation (micaceous schistose sandstones, arenaceous schists,
breccias, pelites overlain by a dolerite sill/dyke). Unit 2 of the Brown Formation contains most
of the mineralization. It is composed of coarse-grained pelites with mm- breccia clast bands and
sericitic or chloritic layers showing an original stratiform polymetallic mineralization including
pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, silver sulphides and native silver; and finally 3), the
Black Formation (felsic volcanic rocks, sandstones, greywackes, conglomerates).
The Zgounder silver deposit is classified as a Neoproterozoic epithermal hypogene system
resulting from distinct stages of fluid circulation associated with two major stages of mineral
deposition. There appears to be a strong structural control of the Ag-Hg mineralization whereas
it occurs in small NNE-oriented discontinuous lenses (gash) extending at depth and which were
dismembered and crushed along EW-oriented shears. The silver mineralization occurs in three
genotypes: 1) Mm-thick beds of well-crystallized, finely disseminated pyrite, 2) Native silver
veinlets associated with proustite-argentite filling micro-fractures and 3), Native silver
disseminations with sulphide veinlets (sphalerite, galena, argentite and cinabar) in brecciated
sandstones-shales.
The author recommends a re-sampling and assaying of all available mineralized core sections
and of mineralized wall faces of the non-flooded mine adits. A systematic sampling of the new
and ancient tailings including the collection of deep cores through an auger type or portable drill
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is another priority. The author also suggests the completion of 1.5 x 1.4 km grid centered on the
mining installations to carry a magnetic survey. Finally, it is suggested that a geologist be
assigned to produce a metallogenic model of the silver mineralization. The total expenditure
related to this exploration program is expected to reach $CAN138, 324.
ITEM 2 INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE
On June 20th 2012, Maya Gold and Silver Inc. of Blainville, Quebec, Canada, mandated GÉON
Ltd. of Montreal, Canada to write a 43-101F1 Technical Report on the Zgounder silver mine
located in the Anti-Atlas, Province of Taroudant, Kingdom of Morocco. The Zgounder silver
mine constitutes a property of merit for Maya Gold and Silver Inc who proceeded to its
acquisition in early 2012. This 43-101 Technical report was prepared in compliance with
National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects and form 43-101F1.
The study is based on documents gathered from the mine site and provided to the author by
Maya Gold and Silver who owns 85% of the Zgounder silver mine. Other documents were
obtained from the ONHYM (Office National des Hydrocarbures du Maroc) office located in
Rabat, Morocco and form the ACA Howe International consulting firm of London.
Units presented in this report use the metric system. Precious metal concentrations are given in
grams of metal per metric ton (g/t Ag) or in parts per million metal (ppm). Reference to base
metals is reported in weight percent (wt. %) or ppm. Tonnage figures are in dry, metric tons
unless otherwise stated. Currency unit used is the Canadian Dollar ($CAD) and Moroccan
Dirham (MAD). The weight and the measurement which are used in the course of this study is
in conformity with the nomenclature of the international system (IS).
The author has relied upon a limited amount of correspondence, pertinent maps and agreements
information provided by Maya Gold and Silver Inc. that described the purchase option agreement
into which Maya entered into the Zgounder mine project. The author has also reviewed the
Mining Permit and ownership agreement. Consequently it is the opinion of the author that the
Zgounder Mine is the property of Maya and that it is in good standing. The Mining Permit
documented in this report was obtained from information provided by the Moroccan Government
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(Agence Nationale de la Conservation Foncière du Cadastre et de la Cartographie Conservation
Foncière de Taroudant) and is considered current as of July 2012. The author does not accept any
responsibility for errors pertaining to this information.
The author has visited the Zgounder mine site on September 11 and 12, 2012. The visit consisted
of a general tour of the property that included a close survey of the different types of lithologies,
structures and mineralization. Both tailings were investigated. The mining installations
containing a cyanuration plant, an analytical laboratory, a crusher plant, a compressor station, an
electrical power station and a machine shop were carefully inspected. Underground adits (levels
2025 and 2000) were examined with an emphasis on observing the relation of the silver
mineralization to the principal structures. Finally, the author went into the core shack to verify
the status and preservation of the core held since 1997. The author could find all the newly
analyzed core material referred into the Technical Report.
ITEM 3 RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS
The Mining Title (09/2096) was first delivered on October 17, 1983, when the prospection
license (no. 27837) was transformed into an exploitation license (no. 2306). The author has
relied upon the opinion of the Mr. Boujemaâ El Guernaoui, Conservateur, Conservation Foncière
de Taroudant, Agence Nationale de la Conservation Foncière du Cadastre et de la Cartographie,
Royaume du Maroc for validating the location and perimeter of the Zgounder property. On
November 20, 2007 Mr. El Guernaoui, gave the authorization to prospect base and precious
metals on the Zgounder property for a period of three years. Since the original text was written in
Arabic, the author has relied upon the translation of Mr.Youssef Chebihi Hassani, a sworn
translator, for producing a French version of the document on June 4, 2012 (see Appendix 2). On
August 3, 2012, the Directeur Régional du Département de l'Energie et des Mines à Agadir, Mr.
Med Ail Haddouch confirmed that the Mining Title (no 09/2096) was owned by ONHYM and
that the initial exploitation license given by decree on October 1, 2005 by Mr. Wali (decree no.
018/05) was extended until October 16, 2014 (see Appendix 2). The Mining Title will be
transferred to the Zgounder Silver Mining Company which will be owned jointly by Maya and
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ONNYM. The author does not take responsibility for the validity, accuracy or translation in
French language of the Mining Title.
ITEM 4 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
The Zgounder silver mine is located approximately 210 km east of the major port city of Agadir
(pop. 575,320), Kingdom of Morocco within the Proterozoic Siroua Massif of the Anti-Atlas
Range. Zgounder lies also 160 km ENE by road form the town of Ouarzazate (pop. 486,536).
The property consists of one Mining Title (no.09/2096) including an exploitation license (no.
2306) (Figure 1) and covers an area of 16 km2 (4 km x 4 km). The center of the property is
situated at Longitude: 7° 42’ 49” West and Latitude: 30° 45’ 5” North at an elevation of 1225 m
ASL or at coordinates: Easting=277201, Northing=420127 (Sud Maroc; Merchich). The
boundary stone (Point de Pivot) is located at coordinates: Easting=282201, Northing=425027
(Sud Maroc; Merchich).
Mining Title no.09/2096 provided by the Service Minier of Rabat, Morocco, part of the Office
National des Hydrocarbures et des Mines (ONHYM), gives the authorization to prospect base
and precious metals for a period of three years after the title is granted. The exploitation license
(no. 2306) also grants surface rights and access to the property and allows all type of mining
exploration and exploitation. According to government records, no part of the land covered by
the property is a park or mineral reserve. To our knowledge, the property is devoid of back
royalties, back in rights, environment liabilities or other encumbrances. There is an existing
silver processing plant, originally designed to process 75-80,000 t of ore per year that has been
kept on care and maintenance by BRPM. There are two sets of tailings, "ancient" to the north
with a retaining dam that is breached and a "new" one to the south (Figure 2). There was no
environment liability on the Zgounder silver deposit at the time of signing of the Partnership
Agreement between Maya and ONHYM.
On January 6, 2012 a Partnership Agreement was established between l'Office National des
Hydrocarbures et des Mines (ONHYM), located on 5, Moulay Hassan Ave., BP 99, Rabat,
Morocco and Maya Gold and Silver (Maya) situated on 10 Boulevard de la Seigneurie East,
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Blainville, Quebec, Canada, J7C 3VS concerning the Zgounder silver deposit. In this Partnership
Agreement, Maya offers a 15% participation ex gratia to ONHYM to the issued capital of a
mining company, to be formed, which will develop and exploit the Zgounder silver deposit. The
participation of Maya and ONHYM (85% and 15% respectively) will be abided to and
maintained during the exploitation phase until the depletion of the mining resources.
All justified decisions, commonly agreed, concerning future or possible increase in the issued
capital will have to respect the agreed participation. Maya confirmed to have visited and verified
the Zgounder mining site and installations and agreed to their acquisition in their current state
without any future claim against ONHYM for any reason. There was no liability on the
Zgounder silver deposit at the time of signing of the Partnership Agreement.
Maya will have to perform a feasibility study pertaining to the initiation of the mining
operations, no later than the 24th month after the approval of ownership transfer. Maya and
ONHYM will proceed with their own evaluation of the mineral reserves no later than 24
months after Maya completes its feasibility study in order to settle the amount and schedule of
payments due to ONHYM. The transfer of the Zgounder silver deposit from ONHYM to Maya
will be done in a separate document written by ONHYM.
Maya agreed to initiate an exploration program on the Zgounder silver deposit no later than three
months after the date of transfer of all mining titles. The program will consist of two phases:
Phase I, expected to last 24 months, involves exploration work to increase the silver resources of
the deposit and the completion of a feasibility study. Phase II should be carried out
simultaneously and implies the rehabilitation of the mining installations and the mine
environment in order to start the mining operation 18 months after the approval date of transfer
of all mining titles.
All exploration and rehabilitation work is under the care of Maya who will realize all necessary
financial, industrial and commercial operations related to the future exploitation of the Zgounder
silver mine. Maya agreed to inform periodically the Direction Régionale de l'Énergie et des
Mines and ONHYM on the work progress. Maya agreed to respect the environmental laws and
regulations currently in force in Morocco. Maya will undertake all possible means and
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278500 E
277500 E
276500 E
275500 E
275500 E
Zgounder Silver
Property
(PE 2306)
421500 N
Zgounder
Silver Mine
420500 N
419500 N
Ouarzazate
Zgounder
Silver Mine
418500 N
Taliouine
0
500
Source and date: This study, 2012.
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1,000 m
0
10 km
Figure 1. Localization and boundary of the Zgounder property MiningPermit. E=Easting; N=Northing; Merchich, Sud Maroc. The background is
defined by a Quickbird satellite photo having ± 50 cm resolution.
Ancient
Tailings
Ancient Mining Area
and Residues
3404300 N
Dam
3403900 N
Zgounder Mining
Installations
3403500 N
3403100 N
Ouarzazate
Zgounder
Silver Mine
New/Recent
Tailings
Housing and
Offices
612110 E
Taliouine
620700 E
620300 E
619900 E
619500 E
619100 E
3402700 N
100 200 m
618700 E
0
Figure 2. The Zgounder silver mine area, Siroua “boutonnière”, Anti-Atlas, Taroudant Province, Kingdom of Morocco.
E=Easting, N=Northing; WGS84; Zone 29N.The background is defined by a Quickbird satellite photo having a ± 50 cm resolution.
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0
10 km
procedures to protect the environment of the Zgounder mine and surrounding terrane. Maya is
committed to minimized the negative environmental impact of any future work at the Zgounder
mine. To our knowledge, Maya
ITEM 5 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES
INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
Access to the Zgounder mine from Agadir is by well maintained paved highways (N10 and
P1706) running east for 205 km to Taliouine in the Taroudant province. The final 56 km to the
mine are traveled northward on a normally well paved road to the village of Askaoun. The last
5 km to the mine is accessible via a dirt road which could be easily be upgraded. It takes about
1½ hour to attain the mine site from Taliouine. One can also take the road from Ouarzazate (pop.
486,536) travelling first northwestward on highway N09 for 35 km to the intersection with
Highway N10. Going south for 48 km until we pass the village of Tazenakht, we veer west for
75 km to attain the village of Taliouine.
During the northern summer, the Azores anticyclone produces a northerly airstream over almost
the entire North African region, but although this crosses the Mediterranean, it is a dry stream
and brings virtually no rain. These dry winds blow right across Morocco to the Sahara. High
pressure prevails over the Sahara during the northern winter and winds then blow off the desert
towards the southwest and northeast. They are hot, dry and dusty, but a stream of humid westerly
air from the Atlantic penetrates along the northern coast at this time, and brings rain to the
coastal fringe. Consequently northern and central Morocco have a Mediterranean- type climate
with cool wet winters and hot dry summers.
The Zgounder property lies at the confluence of the Souss Valley and the mountainous Jbel
Siroua region of the Anti-Atlas. The Sous Valley is the alluvial basin of the Oued Sous
separated from the Sahara by the Anti-Atlas Mountains. This semitropical verdant valley is hot
and humid, with temperatures ranging between 22°C and a steamy 38°C, when water vapor rises
like a mist from the huge citrus groves that fill the valley. The natural vegetation in the Sous is
savanna dominated by the Argan; a local endemic tree. A well irrigated area, the Sous Valley has
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been one of Morocco's most fertile regions, known since at least from the eleventh century for its
cultivation and export of sugar.
The topography at Zgounder is characterized by moderately steep hills with high altitudes in the
range of 2,100 m ASL and low valleys filled by dry oueds (1960 m) (Figure 3). The summits of
the Anti-Atlas reach heights of 2,500-2,700 m. To the north lies a plateau 1,700–1,800 m in
height. To the south the Sahara highlands sits at approximately 700 m. The Jbel Siroua region
(3,304 m) is the highest point of the Anti-Atlas and culminates just 14 km SE of the Zgounder
mine. The Jebl Siroua range is strongly fissured, particularly in a southerly direction.
Climatically the mountains are separated by the High Atlas to the north from the Mediterranean’s
influence and belong to the Sahara climate zone. In the Anti-Atlas the annual precipitation is
typically below 200 mm, while the climatic conditions on the north and west slopes are locally
more favorable. The deep valleys are filled with flower pastures, dry-stone villages and terraced
fields of barley and saffron.
The desert zone is an inhospitable environment supporting herbs and small shrubs with larger
shrubs and trees where moisture levels are higher. The bushes are often widely spaced, with a
considerable amount of bare stony ground between the clumps which gives the vegetation a very
parched appearance in the summers. Flowers such as dwarf varieties of asphodel, daisy and
statice bloom after the infrequent spring showers Typical plants are tamarix, acacia, thymus and
artemisia. Larger animal life in Morocco is dominated by the extensive nomadic herds of goats,
sheep and camels which use the most inaccessible and barren patches of wilderness as seasonal
grazing areas. Larger herbivores include the Edmi gazelle and the rare Addax antelope. Smaller
animals include the desert hedgehog and the jerboa.
There is a paved road that reaches the village of Askaoun, roughly 8 km away from the mine.
Mining installations include a cyanuration plant with a 300 t/day capacity, a chemical analytical
laboratory, a crusher plant with a capacity of 300 t/h, a compressor station, a machine shop and
an electrical power station (Figures 4, 5a). Electricity from the Moroccan electrical grid reaches
Askaoun. BRPM has already estimated the cost to connect the mine to the national grid in order
10
Figure 3a. Vista around the Zgounder silver mine with hills of moderate elevation and
sparse vegetation typical of the prevalent desert climate.
Figure 3b. Cultivated valley floor flanked by moderate hills with sparse vegetation near the
11
to reduce power costs. Industrial water supply to the mine is via two 500m3 reservoirs filled by
wastewater and by the Kchaouachki oued and Macoste spring. Lodging is available on site and
contains 10 houses for engineers, geologists and managers; and 56 houses for the miners and
their families (Figure 5b). Administrative offices are on site accompanied by an infirmary and a
mosque. Low skilled workers are probably available from the village of Talouine.
Ouarzazate is the closest urban center from the Zgounder mine. Average summer temperatures
reach a high of 40°C and a low of 20°C in July; with minimal rain precipitation from April to
August (13 mm). The winter is mild with average maximum of 18°C in January and a minimum
of 1°C. Rain is more abundant during the months of September to March (82 mm) with
occasional snow persisting in the mountainous regions. Known as the "Porte du désert" the city
is propelled by the tourist and cinematographic industry. Ouarzazate has an international airport
with daily access to Casablanca, the economic hub of Morocco. It is also accessible by road (3½
hour drive) from Marrakech (pop. 1,063,415).
ITEM 6 HISTORY
6.1-Timeline
900-1200- Zgounder was first explored and exploited for silver between the 10th and 13th
centuries principally in shallow oxidized zones containing visible stringers of native silver within
EW, NS, NW and NE-trending veins 0.5 to 1 m wide and several decameter long. Some of the
workings eventually reached a depth of 100 m. Tailings from these ancient workings now were
laid upon the southern bank of the Talat N'ouna Oued as a thin 2 m-thick veneer (Figure 6).
1950-197? - Exploration campaigns by SNAM (1950-1955), BRMP (1956-1965 and 1969-1972)
and SACEM-BRMP consortium (1971-1972). At the end of the 70's a new exploration at the
mine site lead to the definition of a silver deposit with mineral reserves of 435,000 t @ 385 g/t
Ag*.
12
Figure 4a. General view toward the west of the Zgounder mine installations showing the conveyor belts,
crushers, and two cyanuration lines..
13
Figure 4b. Conveyors and silo circuit carrying the silver ore to the crusher in the background, Zgounder
silver mine.
Figure 5a. Close-up view of the cyanuration vats/flotation cells, Zgounder silver mine.
Figure 5b. View of the housings for the mining crew located 1.2 km southeast of the Zgounder mine site.
A mosque appears in the background.
14
Figure 6a. View to the east of the ancient mining excavations at the Zgounder mine
showing the oxidation of the silver-rich zones in the Brown Formation sediments
near the contact with the dolerite sill/dyke forming the ridge. To the south is
a rhyolite from the Black Formation.
Figure 6b. Oxidized mining residues left after the ancient workings on the northern flank of the Central Sector,
Zgounder silver mine
15
Figure 7. View toward the east of the Zgounder mine showing the portal of the 2,000 and 2,025 m adits
and a network of water pipes.
16
Zgounder Series
(Sahro Group)
Black Formation
Ag-mineralized
Outcrop
(Ignimbrite, rhyolitic breccia
Pyroclastic rock)
Ancient working
Dolerite sill/dyke
Ancient residue
(Mineralized)
Brown Formation
(Micaceous sandstone,
aranaceous schist)
Ag-mineralized
Micaceaous schist
(Sandstone)
Mine level
(Adit)
2,500 m
2,300 m
2,100 m
Clay-filled
Fault, fracture
Fault, fracture
2,000 m
1,950 m
Source and date: BRMP, 1999.
Central Sector
0
20
50 m
East Sector
Figure 8. Geology, structure and silver-mineralzation at the Zgounder Mine. The trace of the main five adit levels are reproduced on the map with the localization of the ancient workings.
17
Table 1. Localization and coordinates of the surface and underground drill holes sunk on the Zgounder silver mine from 1999-2004.
Hole no.
18
Easting (m)* Northing (m) Elevation (m)
Plunge (°)
Azimuth (°)
Depth (m)
Company
89-1
89-2
89-3
89-4
89-SW7
89-S8W
89-SW9
89 - 10
89 - 10 bis W
89 - SW .11
275833
275904
276037
276373
275078
275334
275462
275544
275544
275194
420426
420456
420493
420475
240456
420435
420390
420372
420373
420444
2054
2071
2109
2198
1993
1989
1993
1998
1996
1983
-54.0
-60.0
-53.0
-65.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-1.0
-44.0
0.0
122.0
208.0
120.0
148.0
215.0
228.0
216.0
239.0
239.0
215.0
321.6
365.0
362.3
325.5
231.0
197.7
72.3
103.3
110.6
193.0
BRPM/SOMIL
BRPM/SOMIL
BRPM/SOMIL
BRPM/SOMIL
BRPM/SOMIL
BRPM/SOMIL
BRPM/SOMIL
BRPM/SOMIL
BRPM/SOMIL
BRPM/SOMIL
97-1
97-2
97-3
97-4
97-5
97-6
97-7
97-8
275902
276038
275975
276126
276186
276257
276371
276325
420456
420501
420525
420560
420529
420544
420475
420545
2075
2100
2110
2150
2182
2188
2198
2195
-45.0
-46.0
-46.0
-45.0
-45.0
-45.0
-55.0
-50.0
210.0
190.0
180.0
180.0
180.0
180.0
353.0
180.0
158.3
196.5
286.7
230.3
220.1
259.8
209.0
200.2
BRPM
BRPM
BRPM
BRPM
BRPM
BRPM
BRPM
BRPM
SF 1 bis
SF 2 bis
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
SF 10
SF 11
SF 12
SF 13
SF 13 bis
SF 14
SF 15
SF 16
SF 17
SF 18
SF 19
SF 20
SF 21
SF 22
SF 23
SF 24
SF 25
SF 26
275764
275764
275768
276378
276380
276376
276335
276330
276246
276083
276003
276085
275961
275925
276356
276357
276302
276303
276243
276243
275805
276080
276003
275822
276032
276023
275950
420453
420454
420454
420342
420341
420338
420413
420413
420380
420356
420346
420355
420378
420380
420344
420344
420340
420340
420336
420336
420409
420354
420346
420362
420428
420433
420400
2005
2005
2005
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2007
2006
2007
2005
2004
2098
2098
2098
2098
2098
2097
2003
2006
2005
2003
2004
2004
2004
-0.8
0.6
0.0
-0.5
0.3
-0.1
-0.2
0.8
-0.4
0.3
0.3
-0.1
0.3
-0.8
-50.0
-55.0
-45.2
-52.0
-55.0
-60.6
-0.3
-1.1
-2.5
0.8
1.9
0.0
0.0
292.8
250.9
83.6
33.0
78.1
254.2
88.3
275.5
307.0
35.4
39.3
60.0
56.5
50.0
328.5
357.3
293.0
325.0
335.0
309.0
74.0
316.0
22.0
64.0
104.0
68.0
81.0
195.5
120.3
174.3
128.5
116.0
42.4
146.0
189.6
201.4
150.4
170.5
170.2
14.7
187.1
120.3
120.6
121.4
120.1
120.1
103.2
237.7
250.0
180.2
180.0
160.0
150.0
134.7
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
ZG 1
ZG 2
ZG 3
ZG 4
275977
275918
275834
275731
420522
420539
420521
420510
2108
2113
2101
2090
-56.0
-62.0
-58.0
-62.0
240.0
238.0
222.0
233.0
256.1
200.4
204.5
220.0
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
Hole no.
ZG 5
ZG 6
ZG 7
ZG 8
ZG 9
ZG 10
LT Y W1 +38
LT Y W1 +23
LT Y W1 +7
LT Y W1 -10
LT Y W1 -27
LT Y W1 +0
LT Y 11N+40
LT Y 11N-45
LT Y 21N+40
LT Y 21N+25
LT Y 21N +5
LT Y 21N -5
LT Y 21N -25
LT Y 21S +40
LT Y 21S +25
LT Y 21S +5
LT Y 21S -5
LT Y 21S -25
LT Y 22N+40
LT Y 22N+25
LT Y 22N+5
LT Y 22N-5
LT Y 22N-25
LT Y 22S +40
LT Y 22S +25
LT Y 22S +5
LT Y 22S -5
LT Y 22S -25
LT Y 23S -25
LT Y 23S -5
LT Y 23N -25
LT Y 23N -5
LT Y 23N +5
LT Y 23N +25
LT Y 23N +40
LT Y 24S -25
LT Y 24S -5
LT Y 24S +5
LT Y 24S +25
LT Y 24S +40
LT Y 24n -25
LT Y 24n -5
LT Y 24n +5
LT Y 24n +25
LT Y 24N +40
LT Y 1 -25
19
276115
420564
2144
276728
420513
2090
276322
420548
2189
276477
420518
2212
276179
420586
2165
276192
420527
2158
275734.9
275734.71
275734.06
275734.16
275734.13
275734.1
275815.25
275815.25
276008.52
276008.23
276009.17
276008.19
276008.22
276009.21
276009.34
276009.52
276009.55
276009.55
276052.94
276052.87
276052.71
276052.67
276052.66
276053.28
276053.43
276055.88
276055.85
276055.86
276125.6
276125.5
276123.6
276123.87
276124.01
276124.34
276124.53
276160.99
276161.09
276161
276160.91
276160.28
276159.53
276159.3
276159.02
276158.11
276157.88
275949.6
420430.85
420430.84
420430.86
420430.88
420430.86
420430.87
420333.6
420334.1
420333.59
420334.2
420334.48
420334.4
420334.35
420331.89
420331.55
420331.24
420331.16
420331.22
420341.63
420341.88
420342.47
420342.6
420342.62
420340.42
420339.89
420340.03
420340
420340.01
420353.2
420353.3
420356.03
420355.98
420355.27
420354.77
420354.49
420359.28
420359.28
420359.47
420359.71
420359.94
420363.33
420362.77
420362.67
420362.34
420362.24
420398
2008
2007
2007
2007
2006
2007
2006
2003
2006
2006
2005
2005
2004
2006
2006
2005
2005
2004
2006
2006
2006
2005
2005
2006
2006
2006
2005
2005
2006
2007
2006
2007
2007
2008
2008
2007
2008
2007
2009
2009
2007
2008
2008
2009
2009
2003
Plunge (°)
-57.0
-59.0
-53.0
-53.0
-54.0
-53.0
Azimuth (°)
242.0
254.0
225.0
216.0
221.0
205.0
Depth (m)
240.5
300.0
335.3
303.3
384.6
283.0
Company
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
38.0
23.0
7.0
-10.0
-27.0
0.0
40.0
-45.0
40.0
25.0
5.0
-5.0
-25.0
40.0
25.0
5.0
-5.0
-25.0
40.0
25.0
5.0
-5.0
-25.0
40.0
25.0
5.0
-5.0
-25.0
-25.0
-5.0
-25.0
-5.0
5.0
25.0
40.0
-25.0
-5.0
5.0
25.0
40.0
-25.0
-5.0
5.0
25.0
40.0
-25.0
270.0
270.0
270.0
270.0
270.0
270.0
0.0
180.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
342.0
162.0
162.0
162.0
162.0
162.0
344.0
344.0
344.0
344.0
344.0
164.0
164.0
164.0
164.0
164.0
147.0
147.0
327.0
327.0
327.0
327.0
327.0
160.0
160.0
160.0
160.0
160.0
340.0
340.0
340.0
340.0
340.0
65.0
58.8
52.8
30.0
52.8
28.8
55.2
39.6
26.4
40.8
24.0
28.8
26.4
7.2
36.0
56.4
8.4
38.4
38.4
39.6
55.2
33.6
50.4
34.8
20.4
39.6
37.2
54.0
43.2
51.6
10.8
21.6
48.0
44.4
56.4
39.6
39.6
38.4
24.0
60.0
48.0
54.0
50.4
42.0
60.0
48.0
50.4
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
Hole no.
LT Y 1 +25
275949.6
420398
2005
LT Y 2 -25
275945.25
420400.5
2004
LT Y 2 +25
275945.25
420400.5
2005
LT Y 3 +20
276233.07
420382.66
2009
LT Y 4 -10
276232.28
420382.36
2008
LT Y 4 -20
276232.39
420382.15
2008
LT YW2 +40
275663.53
420485.36
2004
LT YW2 +25
275663.6
420485.24
2004
LT YW2 +5
275664.6
420485.61
2003
LT YW2 -5
275664.7
420485.66
2003
LT YW2 -25
275664.65
420485.64
2002
* Merchich, Sud Maroc
20
Plunge (°)
25.0
-25.0
25.0
20.0
-10.0
-20.0
40.0
25.0
5.0
-5.0
-25.0
Azimuth (°)
65.0
329.0
329.0
338.0
315.0
315.0
81.0
81.0
81.0
81.0
81.0
Depth (m)
44.4
51.6
57.6
57.6
7.2
51.6
50.0
54.0
44.4
50.0
31.2
Company
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
CMT
Table 2. New and historical silver assays for selected Ag-mineralized intersections of drill core preserved in the Zgounder mine core
shack.
Hole no.
From (m)
To (m)
Intersection (m)
Ag (ppm)
17.50
18.50
19.50
20.50
21.50
22.10
23.10
24.00
24.25
25.25
26.25
27.25
28.25
29.05
29.55
30.55
18.50
19.50
20.50
21.50
22.10
23.10
24.00
24.25
25.25
26.25
27.25
28.25
29.05
29.55
30.55
31.55
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.60
1.00
0.90
0.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.80
0.50
1.00
1.00
217
781
1809
950
37
94
499
290
1293
5869
59
5398
606
51
199
59
17.50
31.55
14.05
1266
114.80
115.80
117.15
118.15
119.75
120.75
115.80
117.15
118.15
119.75
120.75
121.40
1.00
1.35
1.00
1.60
1.00
0.65
2849
4024
283
421
843
2204
114.80
121.40
6.60
1744
97-3
162.50
163.65
1.15
320
97-3
188.70
189.70
191.00
192.00
193.00
189.70
191.00
192.00
193.00
194.00
1.00
1.30
1.00
1.00
1.00
298
67
46
102
375
188.70
194.00
5.30
171
256.65
257.65
258.65
259.65
260.65
257.65
258.65
259.65
260.65
261.80
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.15
77
102
50
440
115
256.65
261.80
5.15
155
97-5
62.50
63.50
1.00
585
97-5
110.90
111.75
112.75
111.75
112.75
113.75
0.85
1.00
1.00
132
262
49
97-1
97-2
97-3
21
shack.
Hole no.
From (m)
119.40
120.30
121.00
122.00
122.75
123.75
124.75
125.75
126.75
127.75
128.75
129.75
To (m)
120.30
121.00
122.00
122.75
123.75
124.75
125.75
126.75
127.75
128.75
129.75
130.75
Intersection (m)
0.90
0.70
1.00
0.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Ag (ppm)
45
100
180
495
2
1792
632
235
149
124
140
79
110.90
130.75
14.20
298
158.55
159.55
159.55
160.55
1.00
1.00
805
229
158.55
160.55
2.00
517
203.85
205.00
206.00
207.00
205.00
206.00
207.00
208.00
1.15
1.00
1.00
1.00
78
1615
34
94
203.85
208.00
4.15
441
250.65
251.65
252.30
253.30
254.30
255.30
256.30
251.65
252.30
253.30
254.30
255.30
256.30
257.30
1.00
0.65
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
230
824
157
163
640
268
85
250.65
257.30
6.65
312
20.00
21.00
21.00
22.00
1.00
1.00
199
78
20.00
22.00
2.00
277
71.00
72.00
73.00
74.00
72.00
73.00
74.00
75.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
396
186
136
63
71.00
75.00
4.00
195
89-2
2.00
3.00
1.00
207
89-2
114.00
115.00
1.00
600
97-5
97-5
97-6
89-1
89-1
22
shack.
Hole no.
From (m)
139.00
140.00
141.00
142.00
To (m)
140.00
141.00
142.00
143.00
Intersection (m)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Ag (ppm)
500
1200
4000
103
114.00
143.00
5.00
1281
151.00
152.00
153.00
154.00
155.00
156.00
152.00
153.00
154.00
155.00
156.00
157.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
90
5300
560
2600
3000
100
151.00
157.00
6.00
1942
89-2
160.00
161.00
1.00
430
89-2
192.00
193.00
1.00
158
89-2
212.00
213.00
1.00
250
89-3
149.00
150.00
150.00
151.00
1.00
1.00
300
50
149.00
151.00
2.00
175
169.00
294.00
295.00
296.00
170.00
295.00
296.00
297.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
138
400
68
118
169.00
297.00
4.00
181
89-3
301.00
302.00
1.00
338
89-3
308.00
309.00
1.00
1850
89-4
296.00
297.00
1.00
202
SF 1 bis
54.00
55.20
55.20
56.20
1.20
1.00
312
159
54.00
56.20
2.20
242
59.20
60.20
61.00
62.30
63.30
60.20
61.00
62.30
63.30
64.30
1.00
0.80
1.30
1.00
1.00
426
232
96
1064
24
89-2
89-3
SF 1 bis
23
shack.
Hole no.
From (m)
64.30
To (m)
65.60
Intersection (m)
1.30
Ag (ppm)
215
59.20
65.60
6.40
329
68.60
69.60
70.00
71.00
75.15
69.60
70.00
71.00
72.00
75.80
1.00
0.40
1.00
1.00
0.65
486
826
87
97
359
68.60
75.80
4.05
305
94.70
95.70
96.70
97.70
98.30
95.70
96.70
97.70
98.30
99.30
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.60
1.00
99
46
1618
133
140
94.70
99.30
4.60
431
19.40
21.40
23.40
25.40
26.90
21.40
23.40
25.40
26.90
28.90
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.50
2.00
171
27
234
1331
69
19.40
28.90
9.50
316
SF 2 bis
46.80
48.80
2.00
232
SF 2 bis
86.80
88.80
88.80
90.80
2.00
2.00
306
110
86.80
90.80
4.00
208
2.00
4.00
5.20
4.00
5.20
7.20
2.00
1.20
2.00
66
2881
174
2.00
7.20
5.20
757
13.20
15.20
17.80
22.80
15.20
17.80
22.80
24.80
2.00
2.60
5.00
2.00
1620
20
146
340
13.20
24.80
11.60
405
31.40
33.40
33.40
36.50
2.00
3.10
710
144
31.40
36.50
5.10
366
SF 1 bis
SF 1 bis
SF 2 bis
SF 3
SF 3
SF 3
24
shack.
Hole no.
SF 3
From (m)
64.50
66.50
69.30
To (m)
66.50
69.30
71.30
Intersection (m)
2.00
2.80
2.00
Ag (ppm)
130
62
362
64.50
71.30
6.80
170
SF 8
51.30
54.20
2.90
170
SF 8
118.00
120.00
2.00
230
SF 8
153.60
154.60
164.10
166.10
154.60
156.00
166.10
168.10
1.00
1.40
2.00
2.00
359
93
2470
106
153.60
168.10
6.40
881
175.60
176.90
176.90
178.90
1.30
2.00
8025
246
175.60
178.90
3.30
3310
0.00
0.80
0.80
1.20
0.80
0.40
156
3660
0.00
1.20
1.20
1324
30.70
32.70
34.70
36.30
32.70
34.70
36.30
38.30
2.00
2.00
1.60
2.00
65
312
1450
94
30.70
38.30
7.60
429
62.30
64.30
66.30
67.80
69.00
64.30
66.30
67.80
69.00
71.00
2.00
2.00
1.50
1.20
2.00
507
34
249
2674
55
62.30
71.00
8.70
549
SF 9
103.60
105.10
1.50
458
SF 10
112.80
113.80
113.80
115.80
1.00
2.00
226
211
112.80
112.80
3.00
216
SF 12
4.00
6.00
2.00
330
SF 12
146.80
148.80
148.80
150.80
2.00
2.00
162
136
SF 8
SF 9
SF 9
SF 9
25
shack.
Hole no.
From (m)
150.80
To (m)
152.80
Intersection (m)
2.00
Ag (ppm)
162
146.80
152.80
6.00
153
SF 13 bis
44.90
46.90
2.00
1637
SF 15
32.90
34.90
36.80
38.70
34.90
36.80
38.70
40.70
2.00
1.90
1.90
2.00
73
161
5859
64
32.90
40.70
7.80
1502
60.80
62.80
64.80
62.80
64.80
66.80
2.00
2.00
2.00
221
293
1344
60.80
66.80
6.00
619
SF 16
14.00
16.00
2.00
202
SF 16
47.90
49.90
2.00
238
SF 16
119.50
121.40
1.90
277
SF 18
106.80
109.00
109.00
110.60
2.20
1.60
69
1152
106.80
110.60
3.80
525
87.10
89.40
91.40
93.40
89.40
91.40
93.40
95.40
2.30
2.00
2.00
2.00
207
206
905
504
87.10
95.40
8.30
447
SF 20
36.00
38.20
38.20
40.20
2.20
2.00
1398
60
SF 20
36.00
40.20
4.20
761
SF 20
72.20
74.20
2.00
161
SF 21
91.10
93.10
2.00
1453
SF 21
132.80
134.60
134.60
135.40
1.80
0.80
152
344
132.80
135.40
2.60
211
141.40
143.40
143.40
145.40
2.00
2.00
236
75
SF 15
SF 19
SF 21
26
shack.
Hole no.
From (m)
To (m)
Intersection (m)
Ag (ppm)
141.40
145.40
4.00
156
SF 23
54.00
56.00
2.00
1020
SF 23
164.90
166.90
2.00
284
SF 24
16.00
18.00
2.00
177
SF 26
6.00
8.00
10.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
35
1012
143
6.00
12.00
6.00
397
28.00
30.00
32.00
30.00
32.00
34.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
48
448
149
28.00
34.00
6.00
215
103.30
104.20
105.25
106.30
107.05
107.65
108.50
104.20
105.25
106.30
107.05
107.65
108.50
109.00
0.90
1.05
1.05
0.75
0.60
0.85
0.50
80
64
126
80
5240
4594
150
103.30
109.00
5.70
1308
ZG 8
1.55
3.10
1.55
240
ZG 8
153.05
153.55
0.50
797
ZG 8
193.30
193.80
0.50
215
ZG 8
197.80
198.30
198.30
198.80
0.50
0.50
174
650
197.80
198.80
1.00
824
199.00
200.00
200.00
201.00
1.00
1.00
79
544
199.00
201.00
2.00
312
38.40
39.60
40.80
42.00
39.60
40.80
42.00
43.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
2267
183
111
83
38.40
43.20
4.80
661
SF 26
ZG 4
ZG 9
LT Y W1 +38
27
shack.
Hole no.
From (m)
To (m)
Intersection (m)
Ag (ppm)
27.60
28.80
28.80
30.00
1.20
1.20
1207
318
27.60
30.00
2.40
763
40.80
42.00
43.20
44.40
45.60
46.80
48.00
49.20
42.00
43.20
44.40
45.60
46.80
48.00
49.20
50.40
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
282
623
817
1986
1286
626
661
49
40.80
50.40
9.60
791
19.20
20.40
20.40
21.60
1.20
1.20
174
333
19.20
21.60
2.40
507
LT Y W1 -10
25.20
26.40
1.20
211
LT Y W1 -10
36.00
37.20
38.40
39.60
40.80
42.00
43.20
37.20
38.40
39.60
40.80
42.00
43.20
44.40
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
160
10
169
130
94
209
106
36.00
44.40
8.40
125
LT Y W1 -10
51.60
52.80
1.20
1070
LT Y W1 +0
33.60
34.80
36.00
37.20
38.40
39.60
40.80
42.00
43.20
44.40
45.60
46.80
48.00
49.20
50.20
51.20
52.20
34.80
36.00
37.20
38.40
39.60
40.80
42.00
43.20
44.40
45.60
46.80
48.00
49.20
50.20
51.20
52.20
53.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
148
57
54
64
190
492
804
647
253
256
330
292
184
200
176
210
383
LT Y W1 +23
LT Y W1 +23
LT Y W1 -10
28
shack.
Hole no.
From (m)
53.20
54.20
To (m)
54.20
55.20
Intersection (m)
1.00
1.00
Ag (ppm)
460
507
33.60
55.20
21.60
299
0.00
1.20
2.40
3.60
4.80
6.00
1.20
2.40
3.60
4.80
6.00
7.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
169
175
88
254
178
79
0.00
7.20
7.20
157
13.20
14.40
15.60
14.40
15.60
16.80
1.20
1.20
1.20
147
162
182
13.20
16.80
3.60
164
20.40
21.60
22.80
24.00
25.20
26.40
27.60
21.60
22.80
24.00
25.20
26.40
27.60
28.80
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
100
59
6018
1404
695
115
77
20.40
28.80
8.40
1210
2.40
3.60
4.80
6.00
7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
3.60
4.80
6.00
7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
284
229
507
97
80
95
691
89
2.40
12.00
9.60
259
LT Y 21N+40
6.00
7.20
1.20
240
LT Y 21N+25
3.60
4.80
6.00
4.80
6.00
7.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
248
41
801
3.60
7.20
3.60
363
LT Y 21S +40
12.00
13.20
1.20
381
LT Y 21S -5
14.40
15.60
15.60
16.80
1.20
1.20
390
196
LT Y 11N+40
LT Y 11N+40
LT Y 11N+40
LT Y 11N-45
29
shack.
Hole no.
From (m)
To (m)
Intersection (m)
Ag (ppm)
14.40
16.80
2.40
293
16.80
18.00
18.00
19.20
1.20
1.20
244
103
16.80
19.20
2.40
174
LT Y 22N-25
21.60
22.80
1.20
155
LT Y 22S -25
0.00
1.20
2.40
3.60
4.80
6.00
7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00
13.20
1.20
2.40
3.60
4.80
6.00
7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00
13.20
14.40
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
338
1213
295
56
1208
1713
7822
5056
1297
501
153
70
0.00
14.40
14.40
1644
10.80
12.00
13.20
14.40
15.60
16.80
18.00
19.20
20.40
21.60
22.80
24.00
25.20
26.40
27.60
12.00
13.20
14.40
15.60
16.80
18.00
19.20
20.40
21.60
22.80
24.00
25.20
26.40
27.60
28.80
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
49
1125
287
1815
1840
320
890
1240
689
404
462
242
114
174
86
10.80
28.80
18.00
649
42.00
43.20
43.20
44.40
1.20
1.20
1154
91
42.00
44.40
2.40
623
LT Y 24S +40
31.20
32.40
1.20
632
LT Y 24n -5
36.00
37.20
38.40
37.20
38.40
39.60
1.20
1.20
1.20
327
829
1058
LT Y 22N-25
LT Y 23S -25
LT Y 23N +25
30
shack.
Hole no.
LT Y 24n +5
LT Y 24n +25
LT Y 1 -25
LT Y 2 -25
LT Y 2 -25
LT Y 2 +25
31
From (m)
39.60
40.80
42.00
43.20
44.40
To (m)
40.80
42.00
43.20
44.40
45.60
Intersection (m)
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
Ag (ppm)
614
121
46
44
157
36.00
45.60
9.60
400
7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00
13.20
14.40
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00
13.20
14.40
15.60
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
136
3764
433
230
438
93
79
7.20
15.60
8.40
739
57.60
58.80
58.80
60.00
1.20
1.20
237
256
57.60
60.00
2.40
247
10.80
12.00
13.20
14.40
15.60
16.80
12.00
13.20
14.40
15.60
16.80
18.00
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
310
520
480
420
123
69
10.80
18.00
7.20
320
2.40
3.60
4.80
3.60
4.80
6.00
1.20
1.20
1.20
310
77
70
2.40
6.00
3.60
152
43.20
44.40
45.60
46.80
48.00
49.20
50.40
44.40
45.60
46.80
48.00
49.20
50.40
51.60
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
69
386
726
746
412
318
240
43.20
51.60
8.40
414
3.60
4.80
4.80
6.00
1.20
1.20
555
149
3.60
6.00
2.40
352
shack.
Hole no.
LT Y 2 +25
From (m)
9.60
10.80
To (m)
10.80
12.00
Intersection (m)
1.20
1.20
Ag (ppm)
395
125
9.60
12.00
2.40
260
14.40
15.60
16.80
18.00
19.20
20.40
15.60
16.80
18.00
19.20
20.40
21.60
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
395
2520
2500
120
68
55
14.40
21.60
7.20
943
44.40
45.60
46.80
48.00
49.20
50.40
51.60
52.80
54.00
55.20
56.40
45.60
46.80
48.00
49.20
50.40
51.60
52.80
54.00
55.20
56.40
57.60
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
252
266
76
70
90
101
295
1515
1850
1635
955
44.40
57.60
13.20
646
19.20
20.40
21.60
22.80
24.00
20.40
21.60
22.80
24.00
25.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
96
335
335
172
70
19.20
25.20
6.00
202
9.60
10.80
12.00
10.80
12.00
13.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
136
270
168
9.60
13.20
3.60
191
LT YW2 +40
49.00
50.00
1.00
587
LT YW2 -5
3.60
4.80
6.00
7.20
8.40
4.80
6.00
7.20
8.40
9.60
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
194
215
1621
379
81
3.60
9.60
6.00
498
4.80
6.00
1.20
258
LT Y 2 +25
LT Y 3 +20
LT Y 4 -20
LT YW2 +40
LT YW2 -5
32
shack.
Hole no.
LT YW2 -25
33
From (m)
6.00
7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00
13.20
To (m)
7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00
13.20
14.40
Intersection (m)
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
Ag (ppm)
378
7209
8596
2115
793
111
89
4.80
14.40
9.60
2444
7.20
8.40
1.20
506
*
resources for the Zgounder silver deposit cannot be relied upon.
1978- The BRMP/PNUD excavated pits on a 20 m-spaced grid in the area of the ancient working
residues. These consist of 1 to 10 cm fragments which can often be traced back to individual
ancient excavations. From the excavated pits an estimated historical reserved of 66,000 t @
325g/t Ag was calculated assuming a density of 1.5 g/cm3 *.
*
1982-1990- The Zgounder silver deposit was first exploited by the Société Minière de Sidi
Lahcen (SOMIL). The mining proceeded from a series of adit levels each tunneled at 25-50 m
34
height intervals and connected by raises (see Figure 8). Sub-levels were set at each 12.5 m in
ore-rich zones. Several exploration and exploitation crosscuts and drifts were bored. Drilling was
conducted at various mine levels which were named according to the elevation of the portal
above sea level. The 2,000 m portal is the principal drainage level shedding in the Zgounder
Oued (Figure 7). The highest adit level was excavated at 2,175 m at the eastern end of the mine.
During the later stages of the mining operations, deeper levels were excavated from winzes and
potential zones of silver resources was acquired by Maya Gold and Silver (Figure 9). The author
has been able to assess from reliable sources in the Moroccan mining industry that, from 1982 to
1989, approximately 500,000 t of silver ore grading 330 g/t Ag was extracted from the Zgounder
mine by the SOMIL using a cutoff grade of 125 g/t Ag.
SOMIL extracted the majority of the silver ore from a strongly fractured area named the Central
Sector (Figure 8) in which mineralized bodies were exploited. Three parallel zones were also
explored and partially developed from the 2,000 m level. The southern zone, along the dolerite
contact, was largely extracted, while the more northern zones, some 80 and 120 m to the north
were partly explored with only limited extraction. Other mineralized bodies were developed in
the East Sector with a limited tonnage extracted.
SOMIL undertook some considerable amount of underground exploration and drilling which
demonstrated the western continuation of the mineralization within the supergene (?) zone
situated less than 50 m from the Zgounder Oued. The company also established the downward
continuation of several known mineralized-stopes in the Central Zone to at least 50 m below the
deepest workings. Potential stopes on the 2,000 m, 2,100 m and upper levels of the mine in the
East Sector were also recognized.
1989- After the cessation of the mining operations in 1989, the BRPM pursued underground
exploration and sunk 10 surface drill holes totaling 2,282 m of core to find the extension of the
silver mineralization. The projected coordinates, azimuth, plunge and depth of each hole is
reproduced in Table 1 and the localization reported on a georeferenced Quickbird satellite map
of the Zgounder mine area (Figure 10). The author also recalculated the weighted-mean average
of the best silver-mineralized intersections form the geochemical data collected at the mine site
35
NNE
SSW
2090 m
2070
2050
2030
2010
1990
Zgounder Volcanosedimentary
Assemblage (PIII)
1970
Black Formation
Ignimbrite, rhyolitic breccia
Brown Formation
1950
Dolerite dyke/sill
Pyrite-rich pelitic sandstone,
Massive sandstone bed
1930
Mica schist, pelitic sandstone
Pelitic sandstone,
Chloritized and tuffaceous
(Mineralized)
1910
Clay-filled fault
Silver mineralized
Zone
Ancient surface
Working
Recent underground
Working
Source and date: BRPM, 1999
Figure 9. Typical NNE-SSW crosssection through the Zgounder mine showing the relation
between the silver-mineralized zones and the stratigraphy and structural make-up.
36
(Table 2). The BRMP has produced vertical sections from the core log and assay results for each
implanted hole. Two holes drilled from surface in the East Sector (holes 89-3 and 89-4).
intersected narrow zones of low grade silver mineralization with occasional narrow, high grade
intercepts (ex: 1850 ppm over 1 m) (Table 2). Two holes also drilled in the Central Sector (holes
89-1 and 89-2) revealed narrow intersections with moderate to high concentrations of Ag (ex:
1942 ppm Ag over 6 m and 1281 ppm Ag over 5 m) (Table 2). Finally, six holes were sunk
southwest from the Zgounder Oued to evaluate the western continuation of the mineralization
shafts at the 1,975, 1,950 and 1,925 m levels. In total SOMIL undertook 15,383 m of drilling,
9,220 m of underground drifts and crosscuts, as well as 1,200 m of raises and ore passes. Very
little information remains concerning the mining operations by SOMIL. Assay results from
extensive surface and underground drilling campaigns or from the adits are not available. The
BRMP succeeded in obtaining a general plan of the mine detailing the geology and structure,
localization of ancient workings, zones of surface mineralization and the layout of the five
principal adits set at the 1,950, 2,030, 2,050 and 2,100 m levels (Figure 8). An EW-oriented
crossection of the mine showing the areas of mine workings at the end of 1989 and detailing
(holes 89-SW7 to 89-SW.11) (Table 1). One hole intersected 145 g/t Ag over 1 m and a second
yielded 150 g/t (The assay results were not available to Maya). The remaining holes returned
low Ag values (<1 to 10 g/t Ag). The drilling highlighted the strong chloritization of the host
rocks revealing abundant sulphide beds, mainly pyrite and sphalerite which may constitute 2% of
the rock.
1997-The BRPM undertook an exploration campaign consisting of mapping and sampling the
mineralized structures followed by a drilling program. Seven surface holes, separated by 50 to
100 m intervals and totaling 1761 m of core, were sunk along strike the mineralized zone. The
projected coordinates, azimuth, plunge and depth of each hole is reproduced in Table 1 and the
localization reported on a georeferenced Quickbird satellite map of the Zgounder mine area
(Figure 10). Four of the seven holes intersected high grade material above or below the 2,000 m
level ranging from 171 to 1744 g/t Ag over 1.15 to 14.20 m (Table 2). The BRPM interpreted
these mineralized intersections as the evidence of a new mineralized zone parallel to and
stratigraphically beneath the dolerite contact zone with the sediments of the Brown Formation.
However, ACA Howe (ACA How International, 1999) believes these intersections can be
37
276000 E
275500 E
Permit boundary
Ancient
Tailings
Dam
ZG-9
ZG-5
97-4
ZG-7
ZG-2
97-6
97-3
ZG-3
ZG-4
97-8
97-5
ZG-8
ZG-10
ZG-4
97-2
89-3
89-4
97-7
97-1
89-SW.11
89-2
89-S8W
89-1
89-SW9
89-10bisW
89-10
SF-23
Mine
Installations
0 20 50 m
Figure 10. Localization and projection on the surface level of the surficial drill holes sunk by the BRPM and CMT mining companies between
1989 and 2004 at the Zgounder silver mine. E=Easting, N=Northing; Merchich, Sud Maroc. The background is defined by a Quickbird satellite
photo having a ± 50 cm resolution.
38
explained by mineralized cross fractures.
Geologists from Icelandic Gold Corporation (IGC) visited the property on two occasions in 1997
and collected a series of samples of ancient and recent tailings which provided values of 520 and
610 g/t Ag for the former and 42 and 147 g/t Ag for the latter (ACA How International, 1999).
During the second visit, IGC geologists collected twenty samples from the ancient tailings which
resulted in an average of 386 g/t Ag which agreed with the concentration quoted in 1978.
1999-Consulting for IGC, ACA Howe International verified the available core left after the 1997
campaign and collected rock samples from key surface areas of the mine (ACA How
International, 1999). During their field visit, check samples from a 16 m-mineralized road
exposure were gathered with the results shown below:
Description
Ag
ppm
Cu
ppm
Pb (wt. %)
Zn (wt. %)
As
ppm
Sulphide-rich sample
Panel #1 (North end)
Panel #2
Panel #3
Panel #4
Chip channel #1
Chip channel #2 (South end)
2,320
612
105
155
1,076
36
59
368
730
403
2,763
590
219
385
> 2.00
1.63
0.67
0.31
1.28
0.26
0.11
3.92
1.14
0.41
1.04
5.74
0.10
0.40
787
1,000
363
1,606
1,966
1,225
934
Table 3. Silver and base metal assay results of a 16 m-mineralized road exposure near the
Zgounder mine. From ACA Howe International (1999).
Eight samples from an E-W traverse along the ancient tailings were coned and quartered
providing the following results:
39
Description
I (East end)
J
K
L
M
N
O
P (West
end)
Ag
ppm
1,286
246
542
771
555
344
355
Cu
ppm
341
193
129
246
299
415
140
Pb
ppm
4,121
2,984
1,339
1,083
1,427
2,819
1,913
Zn
ppm
1,260
2,356
1,153
939
2,250
1,795
1,830
As
ppm
899
1,408
721
1,325
693
1,256
1,766
490
1,473
931
1,109
1,770
Table 4. Silver and base metal assay results of ancient tailings samples, Zgounder mine. From
ACA Howe International (1999).
ACA Howe did sample the dump material. Grooves were cut down the faces of the two levels to
expose damp, stratified material which was then aggregated as two composites. The material
was mixed, coned and quartered and a small split taken for assay. The upper level (9 m-thick)
yielded a value of 250 g/t Ag, whereas the lower level (12 m-thick) gave a concentration of 109
g/t. It was estimated that there is at least 500,000 t present in the recent tailings.
2002-2004- The Compagnie Minière de Touissit (CMT) carried out extensive surface and
underground work (CMT, 2004). 6,228 m of underground and surface drilling were directed to
find new silver-rich zones, adding 1128 m of new drifts, adits and ore shoots and performing
14,636 m of underground percussion drill holes. The work enabled the definition of new
historical mineral resources in the southern zone (357,400 t @ 468.3 g/t Ag) and Northern
Sector (449,625 t @ 375.9 g/t Ag) of the Zgounder mine. Including the "reserves" calculated
from the ancient residues and those already stocked within the mine stopes (i.e. 62,625 t @ 244
g/t Ag), CMT (2004) produced a total historical resources of 869,650 t of silver mineralization
grading 405.4 g/t Ag*
*
40
Ten surface drill holes totaling 2,728 m of core were sunk to verify the extension of the
Northern Sector and validate the assay results of surface samples at the Eastern Sector under the
ancient residues. The projected coordinates, azimuth, plunge and depth of each hole is
reproduced in Table 1 and the localization reported on a georeferenced Quickbird satellite map
of the Zgounder mine area (Figure 10). The drilling campaign achieved moderate success with
only holes ZG-8 and 9 yielding interesting intersections (824 ppm over 1.00 m and 312 ppm over
2.00 m) (Table 2). The drill core revealed lithologies dominated by sandstone and shale with
occasional breccia zones.
The underground drilling consisted of 26 boreholes totaling 4,005 m of core (holes SF-1 to SF26). The projected coordinates, azimuth, plunge and depth of each hole is reproduced in Table 1
and the projected location on the surface reported on a georeferenced Quickbird satellite map of
the Zgounder mine area (Figure 11). Twenty drill holes investigated the area located north of the
2,000 m level. Six drill holes were put east of the mineral deposit and aimed at a zone located
between the 2,000 and 2,100 m levels. The program was implemented to look for the northern
extension of the southern zone mineralization and find the root of the medieval mineralized
zones. Assay results indicated forty-one significant intersections ranging from 153 to 3,320 ppm
Ag over 1.20 to 11.60 m (Table 2).
Search adits-drifts were excavated toward the mineralized areas identified through underground
drilling. A total of 978 m of adits were dug at the 2150, 2125, 2100 and 2000 m levels (Figure
41
276000 E
275500 E
Dam
Permit boundary
Ancient
Tailings
420500 N
LTYW2+5, -5, -25
LTYW2+25, +40
SF-2bis
SF-1bis
SF-3
SF-25
LTY-W1+7, -10
SF-24
LTY-W1-27, +0
LTY-W1+38, +23
SF-8
LTY-2-25, +25
LTY-1-25, +25
SF-20
SF-7
SF-26
SF-13bis SF-13
LTY-3+20
SF-12
SF-10, 11, 22
LTY-11N+40, -45
Mine
Installations
SF-9
SF-10
SF-21
SF-23
LTY-4,-10, -20
SF-17
SF-16
SF-18, 19
LTY-21N+40, +25, +5
LTY-21S+5, -5, -25
LTY-22N-5, -25
LTY-22N+40, +25, +5
LTY-22S+40, +25
LTY-22S+5, -5, -25
SF-15
SF-14
SF-4, 5, 6
LTY-24N-5,+5
LTY-23N-25, -5
LTY-23N+5, +25
LTY-23N+40
LTY-23S-25, -5
LTY-24N-25
LTY-24N+25,+40
LTY-24S+25, +40
LTY-24S-5, +5, +25
LTY-22S+25,+40
LTY-22S+5,-5
0 20 50 m
Figure 11. Localization and projection on the surface level of the underground drill holes sunk by the BRPM and CMT mining companies between
1989 and 2004 at the Zgounder silver mine. E=Easting, N=Northing; Merchich, Sud Maroc. The background is defined by a Quickbird satellite
photo having a ± 50 cm resolution.
42
12). 151.3 m of raises were also excavated. Of these, 27 m are related to exploitation at the 2000
m level, 4 m between levels 2100 and 2125, 120.3 m between levels 2125 m and 2150 m and
between 2000 m and 2025 m. A summary of the underground work is presented in Table 5.
A total of 3,333.2 m of core were extracted from the 2150, 2125, 2100 et 2000 m levels. New
silver resources were then discovered and confirmed at the 2125, 2100 and 2000 m levels.
Another 8,453.6 m of drilling were performed in various raises leading to the definition of 30 t of
silver at different mine levels. Finally a total of 2,849.4 m of exploratory drilling using a Yak
percussion drill was realized at the 2,000 m level resulting in the calculation of new silver
resources to the NW, E and center of the 2,000 m mine level. We have partially recovered the
data for some of these percussion drill holes. The projected coordinates, azimuth, plunge and
depth of each hole is reproduced in Table 1 and the projected location on the surface reported on
a georeferenced Quickbird satellite map of the Zgounder mine area (Figure 11). The available
data yielded thirty-eight significant silver-mineralized intersections (Table 2). The weighted
mean silver concentrations ranged from 152 to 2,444 ppm Ag with intersections length varying
between 1.00 to 21.60 m.
There is no evidence that the CMT company processed any ore through the crusher and
cyanuration vats present at the mine site. The author believes that the CMT only stockpiled the
ore within the mine at the floor of the ore shoots and in the adits.
2011-Maya Gold & Silver acquires the Zgounder Silver Mine in Morocco. Due diligence work
is carried out at the mine site by SGS-Canada-Geostat (SGS-Canada-Geostat, 2011). The
evaluation consisted of verification of the mining installations, dam and tailings. Grab rock
samples were taken from the tailings and crushed stockpiles.
6.2-Historical Mineral Resources
6.2.1-Mineral Resources Estimates
Mineral resources calculations of the current mineralization present at the Zgounder mine were
disclosed from 1990, at the time of the mine closure, to 2004. The estimates were all classified as
43
Adit Level 2,000 m
0
Source and date: Bounajma, 2004.
Figure 12. Sketch of the new adit development carried out by CMT from 2002-2004 on the 2,000 m level.
44
20
50 m
Table 5. Summary of underground workings from CMT during the period of 2002 to 2004.
Level/Zone
Adit Length (m)
Purpose/Result
2150
2.0
Silver-rich sedimentary schist layers in altered dolerite
2125
153.4
Reaching the southern end of the level
2100
20.0
Fractured sandstone/shale associated with ryolitic rock
2000
802.6
East, northwest and west of the Central Zone
Including
313.0
Strongly fractured shale/sandstone. Clay-filled faults
contain quartz, lead and zinc sulphides, disseminated
pyrite and chlorite. Silver mineralization is encountered
in the fault zone but also away.
East
235.8
8 m-wide silver-mineralized zone in fractured
shale/sandstone. Mineralization disapears at the contact
of an EW-oriented clay-filled breccia
Central
206.3
Fractured and pyritized shale/sandstone containing silver
mineralization
Northwest
45
"mineral reserves" by the different companies producing or involved in the calculation (i.e.
SOMIL, BRMP, ONHYM and CMT). The mine being located in Morocco and the mineral
resources estimates established before 2005, it is obvious to the author that these resources
estimates do not conform to CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral
Reserves set in 2005. The document stipulates that : "a Mineral Reserve is the economically
mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a
Preliminary Feasibility Study. This Study must include adequate information on mining,
processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of
reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A Mineral Reserve includes diluting
materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined". Moreover, the
CIM document mentions that: "Mineral Reserves are those parts of Mineral Resources which,
after the application of all mining factors, result in an estimated tonnage and grade which, in the
opinion of the Qualified Person(s) making the estimates, is the basis of an economically viable
project after taking account of all relevant processing, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal,
environment, socio-economic and government factors". There are no certificate of analyses tied
to assay results obtained from historical surface and underground drill cores and adit face
samples collected from 1990 to 2004. The author thus considers all quoted mineral resource
estimates prior to 2004 to be Historical Mineral Resources.
From limited exploration conducted on the modern tailings, ACA Howe (ACA Howe
International, 1999) stated that there was a possible 500,000 t* of silver mineralization available.
However, the author has been unable to tie this estimate to any volume and density calculations
neither to any hypothesis as to how this estimate was produced. Therefore the author is in the
opinion this tonnage estimate is at best a crude approximation that should not be relied upon.
Maya Gold and Silver needs to generate a new tonnage estimate of the modern as well as the
ancient tailings by: 1) Calculating the volume of each tailings using the Quickbird satellite photo
to obtain the surface of each tailing and by determining the basement depth by auger drilling.
The last step can also be used to collect tailings samples at fixed depth intervals, 2) acquire the
density of the tailings through a metallurgy laboratory assay and 3), analyze systematically
surface and depth tailings samples for their silver content. Silver assays given by ACA Howe and
46
SGS-Canada-Geostat (SAGS-Canada-Geostat, 2011) yielded an average Ag concentration of 95
g/t (n=4).
*
underground works. The author, also acting as the QP, has not done sufficient work yet to
classify the historical estimates as current mineral resources or mineral reserves. Therefore, the
author is in the opinion that the above quoted resources for the Zgounder silver deposit cannot
be relied upon. Finally, the author is not aware of more recent estimates or data available to the
issuer.
In 1978, The BRMP/PNUD estimated the "reserves" of the ancient mine residues (tailings) at
66,000 t @ 325g/t Ag*, assuming a density of 1.5 g/cm3. This information is quoted in ACA
Howe International (1999), but is not related to any document detailing the method of
calculation. Therefore the author is in the opinion this tonnage estimate is at best a crude
approximation that should not be relied upon.
*
be relied upon.
47
When the Zgounder mine stopped its operation in 1990, the BRPM evaluated the underground
"reserves" at 336,258 t grading 360 g/t Ag with the application of a cutoff grade of 100 g/t Ag*
(Table 6). This estimation takes into account the ancient residue left after the medieval workings
and presents a classifications of the "reserves" as "proven", "probable" and "possible".
According to ACA Howe International (1999), "proven reserves" were delimited by levels which
are 12.5 m apart, with a maximum extrapolation of 12.5 m. When the silver mineralization was
exposed only on levels separated by 25 m, infill percussion and core drilling was required
between the levels for the block to be considered proven. "Probable reserves" were defined by
exposures on two levels 25 m apart without intervening samples, or were adjacent to mined
blocks with level exposure along one side of the block and percussion drill holes within the
block, with a maximum 12.5 m influence vertically from the sample points. The "possible
reserve" was defined on the basis of drill intersections from levels, or single levels, with a
maximum extrapolation around data points of 25 m. A volume coefficient of 0.75 would then be
applied to materials in the "possible" category to diminish their impact on the reserve calculation.
A cut-off grade of 100 g/t Ag was applied. Grades were arithmetic weighted averages, with a
correction coefficient based on previous reconciliations applied to percussion drill results. The
areas and volumes of the various blocks were defined on plan and section and measured
graphically or with a planimeter. A density of 2.7g/cm3 was assumed. ACA Howe International
concluded: "Based on a few checks, the methodology appears sound and accurate. It was not
possible to conduct any reconciliation studies as detailed production figures were not available".
In 1984, the break-even block grade for mining was 240 g/t Ag based on the then current silver
price. The data included in Table 6 is extracted from the document produced by ACA Howe
(ACA Howe International,1999). ACA Howe International (1999) states on p. 11 of his report
that : "There was insufficient time to conduct a reserve verification, though Howe examined the
documented methodology and checked a few random blocks". The author is fairly confident that
ACA Howe had access to all BRMP documents as several reports and maps dating from 1982 to
1990 are still filed at the Zgounder mine office. However, all the documents pertinent to the
reserve calculations were not found during the author's visit. It was said to the author that these
documents are in the possession of Reminex a subsidiary of ONA. Nonetheless, the author
believes that the verification performed by ACA Howe International at the time was
48
Table 6. Summary of the Zgounder silver mine estimated historical mineral resources established from 1990 to 2004
Zone
Category
Historical Resources (t)* Ag (g/t)
Silver (oz)
BRPM (1990)
South Zone
Proven
Probable
Possible
15,377
143,003
177,878
388
348
367
191,820
1,599,983
2,098,840
Sub-Total
336,258
360
3,890,644
66,117
362
690,856
402,375
360
4,581,500
Ancient residue
Grand Total
Cutoff: 100 g/t Ag
ACA Howe International (1999)
Central
Central at depth
East
North
Total
Proven
Probable
Possible
15,377
2,726
17,077
388
336
314
191,820
29,448
172,398
Sub-Total
59,714
343.1
348
393,666
Proven
Probable
Possible
3,476
27,614
427
443
47,720
393,300
Sub-Total
62,374
434.08
441,020
Proven
Probable
Possible
5,557
69,585
374
394
66,819
881,461
Sub-Total
125,155
385.12
948,280
Proven
Probable
Possible
25,413
63,602
197
318
160,958
650,263
Sub-Total
89,015
283
811,221
Proven
Probable
Possible
15,377
143,003
177,878
388
348
367
191,820
1,599,983
2,098,840
Grand Total
336,258
360
3,890,644
Cutoff: 150 g/t Ag
CMT (2002)
49
Table 6. Summary of the Zgounder silver mine estimated historical mineral resources established from 1990 to 2004
Zone
Category
Grand Total
Historical Resources (t)* Ag (g/t)
468,294
Silver (oz)
405
6,097,681
Cutoff: ?
ONHYM (2004)
Proven
Probable
Possible
120,000
195,000
267,000
500
360
300
1,929,045
2,256,982
2,575,275
Grand Total
582,000
361
6,754,936
Cutoff: 150 g/t Ag
CMT (2004)
South zone
Proven, Probable, Possible
357,400
468
5,381,084
North zone
Proven, Probable, Possible
449,625
376
5,433,927
Proven
62,625
244
491,279
Grand Total
869,650
405
11,306,291
Ancient residues
and stopes
Cutoff: ?
*The estimates presented above are treated as historic information and have not been verified or relied
upon for economic evaluation by Maya Gold and Silver or the writer. These historical mineral resources
do not refer to any category of sections 1.2 and 1.3 of the NI-43-101 Instrument such as mineral resources
or mineral reserves as stated in the CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves.
The explanation lies in the inability by the author to verify the data acquired by the various historical
drilling campaigns and underground works. The author has read the documents pertaining to the description of the
different methods used in the historical evaluation of the reserves. The author, also acting as the QP, has not
done sufficient work yet to classify the historical estimates as current mineral resources or mineral reserves.
Therefore, the author is in the opinion that the above quoted resources for the Zgounder silver deposit cannot be relied upon.
Finally, the author is not aware of more recent estimates or data available to the issuer.
50
Figure 13a. Surface view of the ancient tailings, Zgounder silver mine.
Figure 13b. Northward view of the ancient tailings dam which is breached in several areas,
51
accomplished professionally and that it represented fairly accurately the historical resources of
the Zgounder mine at its closure in 1990. Table 6 also details the historical resources calculations
according to the tonnage within the Central, Central at depth, East and North zones.
*
be relied upon.
The surface and underground development work accomplished by the CMT company between
2002 to 2004, prompted ONHYM to increase the historical mineral resources at 582,000 t @ 360
g/t Ag including 120,000 t @ 500 g/t Ag of "proven" reserves; 195,000 t @ 360 g/t Ag of
"probable" reserves and 267,000 t @ 300 g/t of "possible" reserves adopting a cutoff grade of
150 g/t Ag (ONHYM, 2011)*. The author has no idea on which data or documents this estimate
is based upon. Therefore, this historical resources estimate is given a low degree of confidence.
*
52
be relied upon.
Bounajma (2002) acknowledged a mineral "reserve" of 468, 294 t of silver mineralization
grading 405 g/t Ag* (Table 6). Bounajma (2002) includes, in its resource calculations, the silver
assay results of core samples provided by the 97 and ZG drill holes that are stored in the core
shack and which were examined by the author. The assay results of some of the core were
verified by a re-sampling and new analyses (see ITEM 9.1- Drill Core Samples and Ag Assays).
Boujnama (2002) also visited and collected samples of silver mineralized adit walls from levels
2000 and 2125. Although no details of the assumptions, parameters, and methods used to prepare
the historical estimate are mentioned in the document, the authors believes that the historical
resources estimates is based upon the data provided or available from the CMT company (until
2002) combined with the results gathered from the 97 and SG drill hole campaigns. The
document presents the best historical estimates as of 2002.
*
The CMT produced their own historical resource estimates of 869,650 t grading 405.4 g/t Ag* in
2004 without setting a cutoff grade. The exploration work was mainly completed on the
Southern Zone between the 2,100 and 2,150 m level. CMT gave their in house definition of
"reserves categories" (CMT, 2004). "Proven reserves" were determined: 1) by segments or
53
pillars distanced by 12.5 m vertically and identified at each level by drilling or adit excavation
separated by 10 to 12.5 m, 2) by pillars limited by two mining levels separated vertically by 25
m, with the identification of an intermediate zone by drilling raises connecting the two levels and
3), by the recently mined silver ore and the calculated mineral resources from the ancient
residues. "Probable reserves" were those identified on two different levels vertically separated by
25 m without any intermediary data or mineralized pillars determined by new adits or drilling
with a 12.5 vertical zone of influence. "Possible reserves" were those of pillars delimited by
isolated drill holes with a 12.5 vertical zone of influence; pillars determined by several drill holes
separated by a distance of 12.5 to 25 m and zones defined on one level and projected vertically
for 100 m.
The author is of the opinion that the CMT historical resources estimates generated by the CMT
are the best produced so far. This conclusion is based upon an original report which is the hand
of the author and that states the assumptions, parameters, and methods used to prepare the
historical estimate. The CMT document presents a summary of the surface and underground
drilling work carried out from 2002 to 2004 accompanied by a summary of the logs of each
percussion and diamond drill holes. The length and geology of various exploration adits and
drifts are given by levels (2000, 2100, 2125, and 2150). Research stopes from levels 2125 to
2150 and below level 200 are described and the length of each exploration adits bored in the
Central, East and Northwest sectors are presented. However, no analytical results from adit
samples and percussion results are available. Maya Gold and Silver has given the mandate to
ACA International of London to produce a detailed exploration program to transform the
historical mineral resources into inferred mineral resources and eventually upgrade them into the
reserve category.
The author is in the opinion that extensive underground and surface work, including systematic
drilling (DDH and percussion) and sampling of the adit walls and ceilings at all levels (i.e. 1975
to 2150) is needed to transform the historical resources into calculated reserves. Maya has been
unable to obtain any silver assay values for adit samples and most percussion cores which
constitute the core material in any resources/reserves calculations. No certificate of analyses was
found. In conclusions, if Maya cannot acquire the geochemical data base including the certificate
54
of analyses, most of the prior surface and underground work effectuated since 1990 will need to
be replicated.
*
6.2.2-Distribution of Historical Mineral Resources
In 1997, ACA Howe concluded that the major part of the historical mineral resources still rest
at depth beneath the Central Sector stopes, within the partially explored North Sector, and in the
partially developed East Sector, where historical mineral resources have been outlined to a depth
of 220 m below surface in a series of steeply dipping shoots (ACA Howe International, 1999 and
Figure 14).
In the North Sector, the high silver grade shoots occurred north of the contact of the Brown
Formation sediments with the dolerite dyke/sill. There is a broad 30 to 40-m wide zone that
averaged over 50 g/t Ag at the 2,000 m level with possible lateral and vertical extension of 100
m. There is only limited mineralization between the Central Sector and East Sector proper. The
East Sector seemed to contain a large potential silver resource in a series of steep, high grade
shoots that extend from near surface to at least 220 m in depth.
55
W
E
EASTERN SECTOR
CENTRAL SECTOR
2200m
2150m
2100m
2050m
2000m
1950m
0
Mineralized shoots
Probable extension of
Mineralized shoots
Old workings
50
Extracted areas
100 m
Fault
Source and date: A C A Howe International Limited (1999)
Figure 14. Ag-mineralized shoots and probable mineralized shoots in the Central and Northern Sectors.
56
Work conducted by the CMT company in 2004 lead to the definition of three silver-mineralized
bands with a potential vertical exploitation of 100 m located 80 m from a south zone (undefined),
northwest, east and at the center of the 2000 m level.
6.3-Mining Installations and Ore Processing
Mining installations, at Zgounder included a cyanuration plant with a 300 t/day capacity, a
chemical analytical laboratory, a crusher plant with a capacity of 300 t/h, a compressor station,
an electrical power station and a machine shop. Lodging was available on site and contained
10houses for engineers, geologists and managers; and 56 housings for the miners and their
families.
Administrative offices were on site accompanied by an infirmary and a mosque.
During exploitation, the silver ore was stocked in two containers feeding a crusher in parallel.
The material crushed to a 75μm size pulp was sent to the cyanuration tanks. After solution, the
pulp was washed through a series of thickeners before being sent by conveyer to the tailings. The
remaining solution was clarified and cemented with a Zn powder. The precipitate (Ag-rich
cement) was filtrated, recuperated, dried and sent for the production of silver bullions.
6.4- Historical Metallurgical Tests
Metallurgical testing was conducted on ore and ancient tailings representative samples by ACA
Howe International (1999). The concentrations of Ag and other metals for two samples are
provided in Table 7 below. The mineralogy of the samples included the following minerals:
argentite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, cubanite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, grey copper, native
Cu, proustite, stephanite, polybasite, native silver, chalcocite, covellite, bornite, cuprite,
malachite, limonite, quartz, siderite, chlorite, ankerite, calcite. The silver is principally in native
form; when in sulphides it is associated with Zn, As, Fe and Cu-bearing sulphides.
57
Sample
Ag
(g/t)
Zn
(wt.%)
Pb
(wt.%)
Fe
(wt.%)
S
(wt.%)
Cu
(ppm)
As
(ppm)
Ancient Tailings
Ore (underground mine)
250
390
0.16
0.47
0.24
0.16
4.36
4.12
0.17
0.99
310
640
900
1020
Table 7. Assay values for Ag and other metals for one bulk sample of the ancient tailings and
one bulk sample representing the underground ore material at the Zgounder mine. From ACA
Howe International (1999).
A 100 kg/h pilot plant flotation test on the ancient tailings sample resulted in the following
optimum parameters: 88-92%-74 microns; pH 7.6 (natural); potassium amyl xanthate collector
@ 80 g/t; MIBC frother @ 20 g/t; Sodium Silicate @ 600 g/t; Aeropromoter 25 @ 27 g/t.
The results obtained for each metal are summarize below:
Element
Feed
(g/t)
Tails
(g/t)
Concentrate
Recovery
(%)
Ag
Cu
240
302
100
260
31.3 kg/t
9500 g/t
58.6
14.1
(wt.%)
(wt.%)
0.15
0.24
0.12
0.234
6%
1.50%
18.3
2.8
Zn
Pb
Table 8. Results of the flotation test for one bulk sample collected from the ancient tailings.
From ACA Howe International (1999).
Natural pH (6.5-7.6) was found to be best for silver flotation. No improvement occurred from
the addition of copper sulphate.
A pilot plant cyanuration of the flotation tails from the tailing samples resulted in the following
optimum parameters: Grind 90%-74 microns; 40% solids; cyanide consumption 1.31 kg/t; lime
58
consumption 1.0 kg/t; initial cyanide concentration 0.446%; pH 11.0; leach time 15 hours; Ag
recovery 82.8%. Flotation and cyanuration of the flotation tails for the ancient tailings sample
produced a total recovery of 92.4%, 56.2% from flotation and 36.2% from cyanuration of the
tails.
The pilot plant cyanuration of the total tailing sample without flotation yielded the following
optimum parameters: Grind 95%-74 microns; 40% solids; cyanide consumption 3.0 kg/t; lime
consumption 1.20 kg/t; initial cyanide concentration 0.375%; pH 10.0; leach time 24 hours; Ag
recovery 93.8%
The pilot plant cyanuration of the total ore (underground ore sample) without flotation yielded
the following optimum parameters: Grind 96%-74 microns; 40% solids; cyanide consumption
3.0 kg/t; lime consumption 1.20 kg/t; initial cyanide concentration 0.485%; pH 10.0; leach time
24 hours; Ag recovery 93.0%
Grab samples taken during the 1997 ACA Howe International visit were submitted to RPC
(Research and Productivity Council) in Canada and various test work and assay procedures were
performed.
Initial bottle-roll tests conducted on a sample of ancient tailings demonstrated increasing
recoveries with a finer crush size. However, at –1/4 " after 48 hours, only 50.6% silver recovery
was obtained which is less than generally required to consider the material readily heapleachable. At –0.15 mm after 48 hours, 92.7% recovery was obtained which correlates well with
the reported plant recoveries.
Small scale column tests were performed on samples of ancient tailings, sulphide ore, high grade
ore and modern tailings. The recovery results are based on fire assay analyses. The results
showed relatively low extractions with the exception of the modern tailings which were
considerably better. At -12.7mm after 22 days, recoveries for samples of ancient tailings,
sulphide ore and high grade ore were 45.3%, 49.3% and 28.9% respectively. At –6.35mm after
22 days, recoveries for the ancient tailings and high grade ore were 59.1% and 49.1%
59
respectively. Recoveries for samples of the upper and lower dump modern tailings after 22 days
were 84.6% and 71.5% respectively. Fine grinding of the ancient tailings to –1 mm resulted in
recoveries in excess of 90% after 300 hours retention time.
ITEM 7 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALIZATION
7.1-Geology of Morocco
The Kingdom of Morocco is situated at the west end of North Africa and borders the Saharan
Shield. The physiography and geology of Morocco are dominated by the Atlas Mountains
(Figure 15). The geological assemblages of the Kingdom of Morocco are divided into five
major domains (Michard, 1976). The Anti Atlas and Saharian domain is characterized by
Archean and Proterozoic basement rocks folded during the Eburnean and Pan African orogenies
and covered by Paleozoic rocks slightly deformed during the Hercynian Orogeny. The southern
boundary is defined by the South Atlasic Fault. The Mesetian domain is a region of plains,
plateaus and hills characterized by Paleozoic rocks folded, metamorphosed and granitized during
the Hercynian Orogeny and unconformably overlain by Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits. The
Western and Eastern Mesetian domains are separated by the Middle Atlas. The Atlasic domain is
divided into the Middle and High Atlas and constitutes an intracontinental mountain range built
during the Tertiary. The range corresponds to the inversion of the Atlasic through which was
filled by a thick assemblage of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments later folded and faulted. The
Atlantic passive margin consisting of thick Mesozoic sediments locally deformed by salt
tectonics and gravity induced imbrications with important turbidite sheet deposits basinwards.
Finally, the Rif domain is a thrust fold belt uplifted during the Tertiary. It is part of the Alpine
range borne out of the collision of the African and Eurasian plates. The Rif domain is constituted
of allochtonous Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks thrusted southward on the African plate. The
Paleozoic structural evolution of Morocco was marked by two major compressional events,
the Hercynian and Alpine orogenies, separated by an extensional period related to opening of the
Atlantic ocean. The Hercynian Orogeny involved an Upper Devonian-Carboniferous
compression resulting in folding and faulting of Paleozoic rocks. Important remnants of the
Hercynian fold belt crop out in the Anti-Atlas and the Moroccan Meseta. The Triassic-Liassic
60
Mediterranean Sea
Tanger
8°W
ce
an
Mellila
ta
e
s
nt
ic
O
Riff
e
M
n
dl
r
e
t
s
e
W
tral
n
e
C
Marrakech
Essaouira
Ea
M
e
M
n
nH
r
e
st
At
e
ta
e
s
id
At
la
la
s
Rabat
Casablanca
er
West
H
as
l
t
A
igh
32°N
Zgounder
Property
tlas
igh A
Saharian
s
a
l
t
i-A
Agadir
Ant
0
Figure 15. Geological outline of the Kingdom of Morroco
61
Tell
200 km
extension was related to the opening of the Atlantic ocean and was preceded by Triassic-Lower
Jurassic rifting which was followed by massive regional subsidence during the Jurassic and
much of the Lower Cretaceous in the Atlantic passive margin. This extension was also
responsible of the opening of the Atlas troughs. The Alpine Orogeny occurred during the Upper
Eocene-Oligocene, the Atlas Mesozoic troughs were inverted to form the High and Middle Atlas.
The late collision of Africa with Europe during the Neogene resulted in the formation of the Rif
which is a segment of the Western Mediterranean Alpine fold belt.
7.2- The Anti-Atlas Orogen of Southern Morocco
The Anti-Atlas Orogen of Southern Morocco represents an important segment of the Pan-African
belt (~500 Ma) of North Africa (Thomas et al., 2002, 2004). The orogen consists of a series of
SW–NE trending rock assemblages that extend 700 km across southern Morocco. The segment is
over 150 km wide in the central part, west of Ouarzazate (Figure 16). The Anti-Atlas Orogen
comprises two main rock assemblages; a Paleoproterozoic (~2 Ga) metamorphic basement and
Neoproterozoic rock formations of the orogen proper. The Paleoproterozoic rocks define the
northern margin of the West African Craton whereas the Paleoproterozoic basement is exposed
in a series of uplifted inliers (‘‘boutonnières’’), surrounded by the Neoproterozoic rocks that
were locally deformed with the basement during the Pan African Orogeny.
The Paleoproterozoic basement ranges in age from 2200 to 2030 Ma (Aït Malek et al., 1998;
Thomas et al., 2002) and was metamorphosed and deformed during the Eburnian–Birimian
orogenic common to the West African Craton. In Morocco, the basement defines isolated
‘‘boutonnières’’(Figure 16). These inliers are characterized by similar layered supracrustal
schist, paragneiss and migmatite, interpreted as metamorphosed volcanosedimentary rocks that
were intruded by granitic to granodioritic plutonic rocks.
Thomas et al. (2002) proposed the term Anti-Atlas Supergroup to designate all Neoproterozoic
volcanosedimentary rocks of the Anti-Atlas Orogen deposited before initial basin closure during
the Pan-African Orogeny. The oldest rocks of the Anti-Atlas Supergroup (800 to 740 Ma)
comprise assemblages related to rifting and break-up of the northern passive margin of the West
62
63
A
t
l
a
n
t
0
50
Kerdous
Agadir
100 m
Iourin
Au
Akka
Ighern
Tafrent
Au
M
Siroua
Zgounder
Ag
o
c
c
Central
Saghro
Imiter
Ag
o
Anti-Atla
s Fault
Ougnat
Tiouit
Au
Source and date: AG, 2004.
r
o
Bou Azzer
(Co, Ni, As, Ag, Au)
Ouarzazate
Tagmout
Sidi Flah Cu, Ag
Au
Bou Madine
(Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag)
Tamlelt
Au
Middle Neoproterozoic
and Paleoproterozoic
Late Neoproterozoic
Infracambrian to Cambrian
Ordovician and younger
Legend
s Fault
tla
South A
Figure 16. The Moroccan Anti-Atlas with the Proterozoic “boutonnières” harbouring numerous polymetallic (Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co) deposits
including the Zgounder silver mine
Bas Draa
Ifni
ic O
c
e
a
n
African Craton, the generation of oceanic crust preserved as metamorphosed ophiolites, and
thrust sheets of island-arc calc-alkaline metavolcanic rocks accompanied by plutonic rocks.
Proximal, shallow-water sediments, were also laid upon the rifted passive margin. More distally,
the ocean basin was filled with thick sequences of flysch-like turbiditic sediments and clastic
rocks known as the Sarhro Group. The lowermost sections of the Sarho Group consist of
deepwater flysch sediments and island-arc derived volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks . The upper
sections are characterized by coarse, immature clastic sediments (conglomerates and arkoses).
In the Anti-Atlas, the Pan African Orogeny is associated with the closure of an ocean basin and
subsequent accretion of the island arc segments onto the northern, rifted edge of the West
African Craton. The collision occurred probably between 660 and 680 Ma (Leblanc and
Lancelot, 1980; Thomas et al.,2002). The early collisional processes involved SW-directed
thrusting, crustal stacking and folding, cleavage development and greenschist facies
metamorphism of the Sarhro Group.
There was a magmatic and sedimentary hiatus during the Pan-African Orogeny that was
terminated by post-kinematic, composite high-K calc-alkaline batholiths of gabbro-dioritegranodiorite-granite plutons that were emplaced into the deformed Sarhro Group rocks. All the
volcanosedimentary rocks that were deposited after the Anti-Atlas Supergroup have been put
together into the Ouarzazate Supergroup (615-550 Ma). Bimodal volcanic rocks (basalt and
rhyolite) and coarse-clastic rocks (proto-molasses) were then deposited in fault-bounded grabens.
These rocks represent the first post-accretion deposition in the Anti-Atlas. Throughout the AntiAtlas Orogen these early post-collision rocks occur in narrow fault-bound grabens that could
represent strike-slip, pull-apart basins. The upper part of the Ouarzazate Supergroup is composed
of thick and regionally extensive sequences of lavas, volcaniclastic rocks and coarse-grained
immature clastic and epiclastic sedimentary rocks. These rocks are associated with alkaline subvolcanic granite complexes, basic and acid dyke swarms, various rhyolitic plugs, domes, necks
and gabbroic bodies.
Overlying unconformably the Ouarzazate Supergroup is a thick sequence of carbonate–
siliciclastic shales with locally developed volcanic rocks in a gradually subsiding trans-tensional
64
foreland basin. The Precambrian–Cambrian boundary falls within the lowermost part of the
sequence (Landing et al., 1998).
7.3- The Siroua Precambrian "Boutonnière"
The Siroua "boutonnière" (window or inliers) is made of Precambrian rocks surrounded by
Paleozoic to younger rocks (Figure 17). The window trends SW-NE south of the High Atlas
mountain range. Part of the Anti-Atlas range, this erosional inlier results from large-scale
updoming and cross-folding during the Hercynian or Alpine orogenies. The Siroua window
covers more than 6000 km2 west of Ouarzazate. It contains fragments of the northern margin of
the West African Craton (locally known as the Zenaga Complex), an almost complete succession
of the Anti-Atlas Orogen (from the early rift-drift phase to the development of a post-orogenic
foreland basin) along with ophiolitic and arc fragments in the suture between basement and
mobile belt.
7.3.1-The Zenega Complex
The Zenaga Complex is Paleoproterozoic in age and contains the oldest metamorphic and
igneous rocks of the Siroua window. Small tectonic slivers of the Zenega Complex are
dislocated by an E-W oriented fault named the ‘Anti-Atlas Major Fault’ (AAMF) (Figure 17).
The Zenaga Complex constitutes the crystalline basement onto which some of the
Neoproterozoic Pan- African successions were deposited (Thomas et al., 2002). The complex
can be subdivided into an older sequence of supracrustal rocks (Senaga schists) and the
orthogneisses which intrude them. The Zenaga consists of medium to high grade schists,
gneisses and migmatites. A typical assemblage comprises grey, well foliated, and in places
banded, semi-pelitic gneisses . The Zenega schists are metasedimentary in origin and are
intruded by four major plutonic igneous units consisting of granite, granodiorite, tonalite and
mafic/ultramafic rocks.
7.3.2- The Anti-Atlas Supergroup
65
7°30’W
7°45’W
F
SF
F
SA
7°15’N
31°N
8°W
Zgounder Silver
Mine
AAMF
Sarho Group
(700 Ma)
Greywacke/turbidite flysch
Arkosic and conglomeratic clastic rock
Basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic volcanic
and pyroclastic rock
Mid-Pliocene
Volcanic rock
Tata Group
(540 Ma)
Bleida Group
(745 Ma)
Conglomerate, dolomite
Shale, sandstone
Ouarzazate Group
(570 Ma)
Bou Salda Formation
(615-580 Ma)
Basalt, andesite, rhyolite
Ignimbrite, conglomerate,
Sandstone, shale, tuff
High-level granite,
Minor basic intrusion
Assarag Plutonic Suite
Tonalite, diorite
Granodiorite
Zenaga Complex
(2035 Ma)
Schist, orthogneiss, paragneiss
Migmatite
Fault
30°15’N
Post-orogenic volcanic/volcaniclastic
Succession, subordinate clstic/epiclastic
Sediment
Basalt, dolomite, jaspilite,
Quartz-feldspar-amphibolite schist,
Ophiolite complex
Syn-Ouarzazate Group
Intrusive rock
SFF= Setti Fadma Fault
SAF=South Atlas Fault
AAMF=Anti-Atlas Major Fault
Thrust
Source and date: Thomas et al., 2002.
66
0
Figure 17. Geology of the Siroua “boutonnière”, Anti-Atlas, Morocco.
10
20 km
7.3.2.1- The Bleïda Group
The Anti-Atlas Supergroup includes the oldest sedimentary and volcanic successions deposited
along the northern margin of the West African Craton (Bleïda Group). The group contains three
facies, variously metamorphosed and deposited in a cratonic rifted margin to an oceanic
environment. The low grade volcanosedimentary rocks (Taghdout Subgroup) form a continental
facies exposed in a narrow belt along the northern margin of the Zenaga Complex, and in highly
deformed and metamorphosed tectonic slices in the AAMF (Figure 17). The Taghdout Subgroup
consists of a broad, several km-thick, succession of basalts, dolomites, jaspilites and quartzites.
Medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks are regrouped under the Tachoukacht Schist which
forms the lowermost unit of the metamorphosed part of the Bleïda Group. It is typically
composed of quartz-feldspar-mica and of quartz-amphibole schists. The Neoproterozoic
ophiolitic rocks including the economically important Bou Azzer Ophiolite and two small highly
tectonized ophiolite slivers (e.g. Tasriwine and Nqob Ophiolites) are all grouped within the
Khzama Complex. For example, the Tasriwine ophiolite strikes EW, is partly bounded by
normal faults and highly sheared and banded. It exposes serpentinite and talc schists, derived
from harzburgites; hornblendites and tremolite schists representing original pyroxene cumulates.
Mafic rocks make up most of the ophiolite, with strongly foliated amphibolites representing
metamorphosed gabbroic plutons, dolerite dykes and basaltic lavas (Thomas et al. 2002).
7.3.2.2- The Sarhro Group
The Sarhro Group forms a thick succession of deformed, low-metamorphic grade
volcanosedimentary rocks that comprise the basin-fill deposits of the Anti-Atlas Orogen in the
Siroua window (Figure 17). The lower section is a greywacke/turbidite flysch-like sequence
with subordinate volcanic rocks, while upper section is dominated by arkosic and conglomeratic
clastic rocks. The Northern Sarhro Group includes the lowermost Tittalt Formation composed of
basalts, andesitic to trachytic volcanic rocks, pyroclastites and subordinate sedimentary
intercalations. Most of the volcanic rocks are strongly retro-metamorphosed. The rocks are
strongly folded and cleaved. The tectonically overlying (thrust) Agchtim Formation comprises a
basal member of matrix-supported conglomerates with interbedded basalt/rhyolitic lavas. It
67
grades upwards into a sequence of conglomeratic sandstones, greyish/green, fine-grained
feldspathic greywackes, arkoses, gritstones, finely laminated turbiditic siltstones and purple
shales.
The second member consists of thick basal conglomerates grading upward to purplish grey
arkoses and, locally, black shales. The next member incorporates shale and fine-grained
greywacke sandstones with interbedded volcanic rocks. Finally, the upper member is
predominantly composed of rhyolitic and andesitic volcanic breccias and ash fall tuffs. The
overlying Tizoula Formation comprises folded and cleaved volcaniclastic slates and phyllites.
The principal lithology comprises a thick monotonous sequence of dark grey turbidites (shales
and siltstones) with interbedded greenish/grey impure greywacke sandstones and pale green ash
layers. The prominent tectonic fabric is a pervasive cleavage (S1), axial planar to tight to
isoclinal upright folds (Thomas et al., 2002).
7.3.2.3-The Bou Salda Formation
The Bou Salda Formation is a volcanosedimentary assemblage which is transitional between the
Sarhro and overlying Ouarzazate Group. The formation is usually preserved in narrow, faultbounded troughs. The Bou Salda Formation is made up of three distinct lithological packages. At
its base, a thick volcanic member is predominately made of amygdaloidal basalts, with
subordinate andesites and rhyolites. The volcanic rocks are primarily overlain by a
sedimentary member, containing massive lenticular conglomerates, arkosic gritstones and
sandstones interbedded with greywackes, shales, tuffs, basalts and cherts. In the grabens within
the AAMF, the Bou Salda Formation is thicker. There, the basal volcanic unit includes andesitic
agglomerates and vesicular basalt flows, whereas the sedimentary member contains
conglomerates with quartzite and granite boulders. Overlying the clastic rocks is a volcanic unit
made up of red rhyolitic ignimbrites and minor ash fall tuffs, covered by massive grey
amygdaloidal basalts. The uppermost unit contains over 2 km of purple shales and an upper
green quartzites. This unit is strongly deformed due to movements along the AAMF.
After the deformation of the Sarhro Group and older rocks, there was an important plutonic
episode ascribed to the late- to post-tectonic Assarag Suite. The most important of these is the
68
vast polyphase Askaoun batholith covering over 800 km2 in the NW part of the Siroua window
(Figure 17). The multiphase batholith includes, from the oldest to the youngest, the Amlouggui
Tonalite, the Tourcht Diorite and the Askaoun Granodiorite.
7.3.2.4-The Ouarzazate Group
The Ouarzazate Group is the thickest and most extensive sequence of the Anti-Atlas
Supergroup, covering nearly 50% of the surface area of the Siroua window (Thomas et al., 2002)
(Figure 17). It is a highly complex post-orogenic volcanic/volcaniclastic succession with
subordinate clastic/epiclastic sediments that unconformably overlie the Bleïda and Sarhro groups
and the post-tectonic granitoids.
Five volcanic centers have been recognized. They form the Tiouin, Bouljama and Tafrant
Subgroups and the Achkoukchi Complex, whereas the Aghbar Formation is the thinner, distal
product of a more remote volcanic centre. The Tiouin Subgroup is composed of
volcanic rocks, with volcano-sedimentary and epiclastic rocks becoming more important towards
the top of the succession. The Bouljama Subgroup contains thick volcanic deposits with
subordinate detrital rocks. The Tafrant Subgroup is exposed south of the AAMF and restricted
to the southeastern parts of the Siroua window. It contains detrital units with subordinate
volcanic deposits. The Ouarzazate Group is associated with coeval high-level granites and a
large number of acid (and minor basic) intrusions together grouped into the Toufghrane Suite.
7.3.2.5- The Tata Group
Late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian sedimentary rocks of the Tata Group are widely exposed at the
periphery of the Siroua window and often preserved in the cores of fault-bounded synclines. The
Tata Group lies unconformably on the Ouarzazate Group and displays a basal brown to reddishbrown, upward-coarsening conglomerate (Tamallakout Formation) overlain by a well-bedded
dolomites (Adoudou Formation) interbedded at the top, with maroon, red and purple shales,
mudstones and sandstones (Taliwine Formation).The deposition of the Tata Group followed the
69
post-orogenic molasse volcaniclastic rocks of the Ouarzazate Group which developed into a
marine foreland basin where the Tata Group was deposited.
7.3.3-Tectonic Evolution
The Anti-Atlas Orogen occurred during the construction of Gondwana in the late
Neoproterozoic and can be summarized in a five-stage evolutionary model: 1) Neoproterozoic
extension, rifting of West African Craton and early arc formation (~800 to ~750 Ma), 2)
Subduction, island arc growth, flysch basin development and infill (~750 to ~700 Ma), 3) Basin
closure, arc-continent collision, ophiolite emplacement, precursor molasse basins and posttectonic granitoid magmatism (660 to 580 Ma), 4) Post-orogenic collapse, extension
and molasse basin formation/infill (580 Ma to 550 Ma) and 5), Foreland basin development
(~550 Ma to Cambrian and younger) (Thomas et al., 2002).
7.4- Geology and Structure of the Zgounder Property
The Zgounder volcanosedimentary assemblage is part of the Sahro Group and forms a large
EW-oriented monoclinal structure with a general southerly tilt (Figures 18 and 19). To the north,
the assemblage rests on an andesitic basement, to the west it is intruded by the Askaoun
granodioritic massif, whereas to the east it is overlain by volcanosedimentary rocks of the
Ouarzazate Group and Neogene phonolites. The Zgounder series is divided into three units (AG,
2004), which are in stratigraphic order:
1) The Blue Formation (300-400 m ) consisting of sandstones, greywackes and shales with layers
of tuff and quartz keratophyre terminated by an orange rhyolitic unit, which forms the ridge to
the north of the mineralized zone.
2) The Brown Formation composed of 350 to 450 m of micaceous schistose sandstones,
arenaceous schists and layers of breccias and pelites which contain green volcanic clasts
overlain by a 45 m thick dolerite sill/dyke (Figure 20). There are two units within the Brown
Formation: Unit 1 is 120 m thick, extends 1,800 m EW along strike, north of Oued Talat N'ouna
70
N
S
Oued Talat N’ouna
2150 m
Oued Zgounder
2050
1950
Zgounder Volcanosedimentary
Assemblage
Black Formation
Ignimbrite, rhyolitic breccia
Brown Formation
Blue Formation
Orange rhyolite
Schist, greywacke
Sandstone, pelite
Conglomerate
Mica schist, pelite
Basement
Andesite
Dolerite dyke/sill
Figure 18. Stratigraphy of the Zgounder volcanosedimentary
assemblage showing the association of the silver-mineralized
zones with the Brown Formation.
Fault
Silver-mineralized zones
71
Fault, fracture
Bas Draa
Ifni
0
50
Kerdous
Agadir
Undifferentiated sedimentary rock
Ighern
0
100 m
Akka
o
c
500 m
Ougnat
c
o
Legend
las Fault
Source: CMT (2004)
Middle Neoproterozoic
and Paleoproterozoic
Late Neoproterozoic
Infracambrian to Cambrian
Ordovician and younger
South At
Central
Anti-Atla
s Fault
Saghro
r
Ouarzazate
o
250
M
Siroua
Zgounder
Ag
Granophyre
Tonalite, diorite
Granodiorite
Assarag plutonic suite
Intrusive Rock
Figure 19. Geological map of the Zgounder property.
Property boundaries
Zgounder
Mine
Orange rhyolite
Micaschist, pelite
Conglomerate
Blue Formation
Ag mineralization
Undifferentiated clastic
sedimentary rock±volcanic rock
Ouarzazate Group (570 Ma)
Dolerite sill
Undifferentiate clastic
sedimentary rock ± volcanic rock
Phonolite
Sandstone, greywacke
ean
Micaschist, pelite
Black Formation
Ignimbrite, rhyolite breccia
Brown Formation
Mid-Pliocene
Sandstone, pelite
Sahro Group (700 Ma)
ic Oc
Atlan
t
72
and is formed by heavily oxidized coarse mica schists. Unit 2 extends for 1,300 m and is 280 m
thick but it is largely recovered by the ancient mining residues on the southern flank of the Oued
Talat N'ouna. Unit 2 consists of a series of coarse-grained pelite with mm breccia clasts in
sericitic or chloritic tuffaceous bands and occurring near the base and the top of the Brown
Formation. Detailed petrographic and geochemical studies carried out by the BRPM suggest a
volcanosedimentary origin with layers showing an original, stratiform, polymetallic
mineralization that include pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, silver sulphide and native
silver.
3 ) Finally, the 900 m-thick Black Formation containing a basal felsic volcanic complex
(ignimbrites, rhyolitic breccias, devitrified rhyolites, pyroclastic rocks) and forming the hanging
rock of the Ag-mineralization over the Brown Formation. To the south, the Black Formation
culminates in sandstones, greywackes and conglomerates.
The Zgounder shales-sandstones strike N90°E and dip strongly to the south forming the southern
flank of an anticline generated by NS-oriented compression. There are four types of faulting and
fracturing present at Zgounder; 1) an EW-oriented system corresponding to the opening and
filling of fractures with argillaceous material and to sub-vertical fractures, 2) a NS-oriented
system with a northward reject, 3) a NNE/NNW to SSW/SSE-oriented system dipping 60 to
75°E (Figure 21) and 4) a sub horizontal system oriented NNE/NNW to SSW/SSE which
generated a staircase collapse of the Brown Formation toward the north (Bounajma, 2002: CMT,
2004).
7.5- Mineralization
The silver mineralization appears as lenses of various sizes (10 to 25m wide and 20 to 60m
long), principally located along EW-oriented fractures or at the intersections of EW-deformed
and crushed zones with NE and NW-striking fractures. The silver mineralization extends
laterally over more than 1000 m and dip south. The known vertical extension reaches 300 m.
The silver mineralization occurs in three, often superposed, genotypes: 1) Mm-thick beds of
73
Figure 20a. Picture of the feldspar-pyroxene dolerite sill/dyke at the top of the Brown Formation,
Figure 20b. Sheared contact between mica schist silstone (left) and dolerite dyke/sill (right) from the Brown
Formation, Zgounder silver mine.
74
Figure 21a. View of an oxidized fault gouge with centimetric sub-rounded rhyolite clasts in a fine-grained matrix
representing the major NNW-SSE trending fault crosscutting the western flank of the Zgounder Central Sector,
Zgounder mine.
Figure 21b. Cataclasite rock with centimetric sub-rounded to sub-angular sedimentary clasts in a fine-grained
matrix representing the major NNW-SSE- trending fault crosscutting the western flank of the
Central Sector, Zgounder silver mine.
75
well-crystallized, finely disseminated pyrite associated with quartz and other sulphides exposed
in chloritized and tuffaceous pelitic layers of the Brown Formation with low silver grades (5 to
25 g/t Ag) (Figure 22a), 2) Native silver veinlets associated with proustite (Ag3AsS3), argentite
(Ag2S) and filling micro-fractures discordant to the stratification and suggesting a stockworktype mineralization and 3), Native silver dissemination with sulphide veinlets (sphalerite, galena,
argentite and cinabar) in brecciated sandstone-shale layers and spotted by nodules and flakes of
chlorite and/or carbonate microlites)(Marcoux et al., 2004) (Figure 22b).
The paragenetic sequence shows two successive stages: an early Fe-As stage (silver-bearing
pyrite and arsenopyrite), followed by an Ag-bearing polymetallic (Zn, Pb, Cu, Hg; sphalerite and
chalcopyrite) event. The early stage involved the formation of pyrite (70 wt. % of the
mineralization) and arsenopyrite (6.1 wt % ). Pyrite seldom shows micrometer silver inclusions
(Marcoux et al., 2004). The late polymetallic event lead to the formation of two generations of
sphalerite (18 wt. % of the mineralization) with Fe-poor (< 1 wt. % Fe) and Fe-rich (7–8 wt .%
Fe) components devoid of silver. Chalcopyrite is rare (2 wt. % of the mineralization), carrying
rare micrometer Ag-poor grey copper patches and Ag-free galena. Native silver is by far the
most common silver mineral, representing 1.1 wt.% of the ore concentrate, and 65 to 90% of the
total amount of silver at Zgounder. The mineralization consists of an Ag-Hg amalgam in the
shape of 25 to 480 μm blebs (average 150–250 μm). There are two generations of amalgam:
large Ag-rich patches (85–95 wt. % Ag, Ag17Hg) probably related to remobilization and
“normal” blebs containing 72 to 80 wt. % Ag (Ag5Hg; close to eugenite). Acanthite (Ag2S) is the
major silver sulphide but far less abundant than native silver and often includes several micropatches of native silver (< 5 μm). It is sometimes associated with polybasite (Ag16Sb2S11) and
pearceite (Ag16As2S11). Low silver-bearing (< 4 wt.%) tennantite and tetrahedrite are rare.
Tension gashes originally trapped the silver mineralization within a NNE-oriented shear zone
affecting the Brown Formation shale-sandstone beds containing anomalous Ag values. These
were then transposed by EW-oriented structures forming isolated Ag-mineralized lenses and
fissures.
ITEM 8 DEPOSIT TYPE
76
Figure 22a. Finely disseminated pyrite-arsenopyrite in pelitic layers of the Brown Formation,
Figure 22b. Sphalerite+galena-rich veins in tension gashes associated with a shear zone in mica schists,
77
Sample
no.
3044
3045
3046
3048
3049
3050
3051
Hole ID
97-1
From
(m)
Interval
To (m)
(m)
107.75
109.75
111.75
113.70
115.75
117.75
119.75
109.75
111.75
113.75
115.75
117.75
119.75
120.75
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Total
14.00
Average
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
97-2
Average
78
Ag
(ppm)
(2012)
18
21
12
37
12
152
252
From
(m)
Interval
To (m)
(m)
107.75
108.75
109.75
110.75
111.75
112.75
113.75
114.75
115.75
116.75
117.75
118.75
119.75
108.75
109.75
110.75
111.75
112.75
113.75
114.75
115.75
116.75
117.75
118.75
119.75
120.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Total
13.00
72
101.80
103.80
105.80
107.80
109.80
111.80
113.80
115.80
117.75
119.75
103.80
105.80
107.80
109.80
111.80
113.80
115.80
117.75
119.75
121.40
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.75
Total
19.75
14
18
65
0
0
17
1030
2620
457
1440
566
Ag
(ppm)
Original
19
19
25
14
13
15
38
19
17
24
18
104
105
33
101.80
102.80
103.80
104.80
105.80
106.80
107.80
108.80
109.80
110.80
111.75
112.75
113.80
114.80
115.80
117.15
118.15
119.75
120.75
102.80
103.80
104.80
105.80
106.80
107.80
108.80
109.80
110.80
111.75
112.75
113.80
114.80
115.80
117.15
118.15
119.75
120.75
121.40
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Total
19.00
33
12
10
57
11
78
29
6
5
7
35
11
9
2849
4024
283
421
843
2204
575
Sample
no.
18641
18642
18643
18644
Hole ID
97-3
From
(m)
Interval
To (m)
(m)
187.70
189.70
191.70
193.70
189.70
191.70
193.70
194.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.30
Total
7.30
Average
18645
18646
18647
18648
18649
97-3
97-5
256.65
258.65
260.65
262.65
264.65
258.65
260.65
262.65
264.65
264.80
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
0.15
Total
8.15
79
97-5
Interval
To (m)
(m)
187.70
188.70
189.70
191.00
192.00
193.00
188.70
189.70
191.00
192.00
193.00
194.00
1.00
1.00
1.30
1.00
1.00
1.00
Total
6.30
100
353
69
24
22
97.70
99.70
101.70
99.70
101.70
103.00
2.00
2.00
1.30
Total
5.30
25
137
0
255.65
256.65
257.65
258.65
259.65
260.65
261.80
262.80
263.80
256.65
257.65
258.65
259.65
260.65
261.80
262.80
263.80
264.80
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Total
9.00
111.90
113.90
115.90
116.35
2.00
2.00
2.00
0.55
116
114
6
11
41
77
102
50
440
115
14
14
46
100
97.70
98.85
100.00
101.20
102.15
98.85
100.00
101.20
102.15
103.00
1.15
1.15
1.20
1.95
1.85
Total
7.30
54
109.90
111.90
113.90
115.90
Ag
(ppm)
Original
37
298
67
46
102
375
154
114
Average
18653
18654
18655
18656
From
(m)
186
Average
18650
18651
18652
Ag
(ppm)
(2012)
212
41
127
365
8
21
133
12
4
36
109.90
110.90
111.75
112.75
113.75
114.35
115.00
110.90
111.75
112.75
113.75
114.35
115.00
116.35
1.00
0.85
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.65
1.35
11
132
262
49
18
4
14
Sample
no.
Hole ID
From
(m)
Interval
To (m)
(m)
Total
97-5
97-6
121.00
123.00
125.00
127.00
129.00
123.00
125.00
127.00
129.00
130.75
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.75
Total
9.75
97-8
251.65
253.65
255.65
253.65
255.65
257.30
2.00
2.00
1.65
Total
5.65
80
ZG-4
349
1715
273
135
123
621
477
72
190.00
192.00
2.00
Total
2.00
112
70
121.00
122.00
122.75
123.75
124.75
125.75
126.75
127.75
128.75
129.75
122.00
122.75
123.75
124.75
125.75
126.75
127.75
128.75
129.75
130.75
1.00
0.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Total
9.75
106.20
108.20
110.00
2.00
2.00
1.80
68
4710
8940
180
495
2
1792
632
235
149
124
140
79
383
251.65
252.30
253.30
254.30
255.30
256.30
252.30
253.30
254.30
255.30
256.30
257.30
0.65
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Total
5.65
824
157
163
640
268
85
356
190.00
191.00
191.00
192.00
1.00
1.00
Total
2.00
112
104.20
106.20
108.20
Ag
(ppm)
Original
6.85
390
Average
3062
3063
3064
Total
519
Average
18666
Interval
To (m)
(m)
62
Average
18663
18664
18665
From
(m)
6.55
Average
18657
18658
18659
18660
18661
Ag
(ppm)
(2012)
35
4
19
104.20
105.25
106.30
107.05
107.65
108.50
105.25
106.30
107.05
107.65
108.50
109.00
1.15
1.05
0.75
0.65
0.85
0.50
64
126
80
5240
4594
150
Sample
no.
Hole ID
From
(m)
Interval
To (m)
(m)
Total
ZG-8
ZG-8
152.55
153.55
1.00
Total
1.00
ZG-8
193.30
195.30
197.30
195.30
197.30
198.80
2.00
2.00
1.50
Total
5.50
81
SF1-BIS
109.50
110.00
0.50
0.50
Total
5.95
39
46
74
448
233.60
235.60
235.60
237.10
2.00
1.50
Total
3.50
133
105
51.40
52.90
52.90
53.90
1.50
1.00
Total
2.50
62.00
64.00
66.00
67.60
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.60
21
657
20
19
11
6
9
193.30
193.80
194.80
195.30
195.80
196.30
196.80
197.30
197.80
198.30
193.80
194.80
195.30
195.80
196.30
196.80
197.30
197.80
198.30
198.80
0.50
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
Total
5.50
215
74
50
43
25
57
24
18
174
650
133
233.60
234.60
235.00
236.00
236.80
234.60
235.00
236.00
236.80
237.10
1.00
0.40
1.00
0.80
0.30
Total
3.50
119
60.00
62.00
64.00
66.00
Ag
(ppm)
Original
24
60
1292
189
Average
3088
3089
3090
3091
109.00
109.50
39
Average
3069
3071
Interval
To (m)
(m)
4573
Average
3066
3067
3068
From
(m)
5.80
Average
3065
Ag
(ppm)
(2012)
114
142
116
86
76
107
60.20
61.00
62.30
63.30
61.00
62.30
63.30
64.30
0.90
1.30
1.00
1.00
232
96
1064
24
Sample
no.
Hole ID
From
(m)
Interval
To (m)
(m)
Ag
(ppm)
(2012)
From
(m)
64.30
65.60
66.60
Total
7.60
Average
3092
3093
3094
3095
SF-4
SF-9
40.90
42.90
44.90
46.40
42.90
44.90
46.40
47.80
2.00
2.00
1.50
1.40
Total
6.90
SF-10
64.30
66.30
68.30
70.30
71.80
66.30
68.30
70.30
71.80
73.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.50
1.50
Total
8.50
SF-19
Average
82
Total
7.50
120
107
10
43
44
2030
12
6
0
113.80
115.80
115.80
117.80
2.00
2.00
Total
4.00
173
29
40.90
42.90
44.90
42.90
44.90
47.80
2.00
2.00
0.90
Total
4.90
89.10
91.10
93.10
95.10
97.40
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.30
Total
10.30
110
276
168
606
86
249
116
104
14
78
64.30
66.30
67.80
69.00
71.00
66.30
67.80
69.00
71.00
73.00
2.00
1.50
1.20
2.00
2.00
Total
8.70
34
249
2674
55
9
604
113.80
115.80
115.80
117.80
2.00
2.00
Total
4.00
101
87.10
89.10
91.10
93.10
95.10
Ag
(ppm)
Original
215
43
28
243
418
Average
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
1.30
1.00
1.00
70
Average
3101
3103
65.60
66.60
67.60
179
Average
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
Interval
To (m)
(m)
211
25
118
87.10
89.40
91.40
93.40
95.40
89.40
91.40
93.40
95.40
97.40
2.30
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Total
10.30
207
206
905
504
27
370
Sample
no.
3082
3083
Hole ID
SF-20
From
(m)
36.00
38.20
Interval
To (m)
(m)
38.20
40.20
2.20
2.00
Total
4.20
Average
3072
3073
3074
SF-21
SF-24
130.80
132.80
134.10
132.80
134.10
135.40
2.00
0.30
1.30
Total
3.60
SF-26
Average
83
98
64
36.00
38.20
Interval
To (m)
(m)
38.20
40.20
2.20
2.00
Total
4.20
27
47
402
16.00
18.00
18.00
20.00
2.00
2.00
Total
4.00
71
15
130.80
132.80
134.60
132.80
134.60
135.40
2.00
1.80
1.20
Total
5.00
32.00
34.00
36.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Total
6.00
200
231
10
147
1398
60
19
152
344
172
16.00
18.00
18.00
20.00
2.00
2.00
Total
4.00
43
30.00
32.00
34.00
Ag
(ppm)
Original
729
159
Average
3084
3085
3086
From
(m)
81
Average
3080
3081
Ag
(ppm)
(2012)
177
28
103
30.00
32.00
34.00
32.00
34.00
36.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Total
6.00
448
149
9
202
Table 10.Computed standard deviation and absolute deviation for the original and new silver assay values of
core samples, Zgounder silver mine.
Hole ID
84
Ag
Ag
Standard Absolute
(ppm) (ppm)
Deviation Deviation
(2012) Original
97-1
72
33
28
19
97-2
565
575
7
5
97-3
97-3
186
114
154
100
23
10
16
7
97-5
97-5
97-5
52
62
519
36
70
383
12
6
96
8
4
68
97-6
390
356
24
17
97-8
112
19
66
46
ZG-4
4573
1292
2320
1640
ZG-8
ZG-8
ZG-8
39
189
119
9
133
107
22
40
9
15
28
6
SF-1-BIS
179
243
45
32
SF-4
70
78
6
4
SF-9
417
604
132
93
SF-10
101
118
12
9
SF-19
249
370
85
60
SF-20
81
729
458
324
SF-21
159
172
9
7
SF-24
43
103
42
30
SF-26
147
202
39
28
Table 11. Comparison of silver assay values for adit face samples taken at 6 stations, level 2,000 m.
Sample
no.
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
85
Adit/Level
(m)
Station
no.
Sample
Location
Ag
(ppm)
(2012)
Ag
(ppm)
Original
2000
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
1325
50
93
86
267
387
10
405
260
50
Average
368
181
1
2
3
4
2980
203
411
405
305
170
200
500
Average
1000
294
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
36
838
6660
9290
8050
5640
937
5650
800
270
400
170
66
235
510
16
Average
4638
308
1
2
3
4
5
52
139
1305
929
326
60
50
145
353
470
Average
550
216
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
134
71
469
166
120
66
13
255
66
250
275
105
94
Average
148
174
2000
2000
2000
2000
6
5
7
8
Table 11. Comparison of silver assay values for adit face samples taken at 6 stations, level 2,000 m.
Sample
no.
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
86
Adit/Level
(m)
Station
no.
Sample
Location
Ag
(ppm)
(2012)
Ag
(ppm)
Original
2000
9
1
2
3
4
11
6
27
176
36
115
110
68
Average
55
82
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
93
179
1415
128
150
123
112
31
93
31
144
319
134
175
Average
314
132
2000
1
The metallogeny of the Zgounder silver deposit is best described as a Neoproterozoic epithermal
hypogene system very similar to that responsible for the mineralization at the larger Imiter Ag
deposit (Marcoux et al., 2004). The ore deposition resulted from distinct stages of fluid
circulation associated with two major events of mineral deposition. The first stage was
characterized by a variety of H2O-CO2-CH4-rich fluids of moderate densities. These high
temperature fluids (around 400-450°C) equilibrated with the metasedimentary protolith over a
wide range of pressures. They were trapped during the early brittle deformation of the Brown
Formation after the emplacement of the Askawn granite and deposited quartz -biotite veins. The
formation of As-Fe mineralization was related to pressure and temperature drop and episodic
immiscibility. A second fluid stage corresponds to the major (Cu-Zn)-Ag(Hg) ore deposition
and clearly postdates the As-Fe mineralization. Silver deposition occurs after the crystallization
of quartz-sphalerite-chalcopyrite veins, but both Cu-Zn and Ag(Hg) ore-bearing fluids are NaClCaCl2 –rich brines trapped under minimum temperatures of around 160°-200°C. Fluids at the
origin of the Zgounder Ag mineralization are thus Na-Ca brines unrelated to the earlier As-Fe
ores. Dilution and slight cooling are the two main driving mechanisms for silver deposition. The
geochemical signature of fluids indicates a sedimentary origin typical of deep basinal brines
(Marcoux et al., 2004).
There is also a strong structural control of Ag-Hg mineralization. Boujnama (2000) observed
that the most enriched zones are associated with NNE-oriented structures showing intense
crushing. The Zgounder mineralization occurs in small discontinuous lenses (gash) extending
300 m at depth. At the 2000 m level, mineralized NW to NNE-fractures crosscut the sandstonesshales of the Brown Formation and occasionally the Black Formation rhyolites. Old mine
workings followed strongly fractured rocks affected by N130°-oriented tension gashes later
affected by EW-oriented structures. Bounajma (2002) thus concluded than tension gashes
trapped a maximum amount of silver since they developed within NNE-oriented deformation
zones affecting a sandstone-shale protolith containing anomalous Ag content. Late EW-directed
structures produced isolated mineralized fissural bodies.
ITEM 9 EXPLORATION
87
Considerable exploration work involving surface and underground drilling and channel sampling
of mineralized panels within the non-flooded mine adits, drifts, ore shoots and raises will be
necessary to validate the historical mineral resources. The conversion from inferred mineral
resources into mineral reserves will necessitate an economic feasibility study. For the purpose of
due diligence trough the course of the current work, new samples from previously sampled
mineralized cores and sections of the 2,000 m level adit were re-assayed to confirm the
historical silver concentrations.
9.1- Drill Core Samples and Ag Assays
Sections of mineralized core provided by twenty-seven drill holes we re-sampled to be assayed
for Ag. These are holes : 97-1, 97-2, 97-3, 97-5, 97-6, 97-8 drilled by the BRMP in 1997 at 50
to 100 m intervals along the strike of the mineralized zone (see Figure 10); ZG-4 and ZG-8
mostly drilled in 2002 by the CMT in the Northern Zone of the Zgounder deposit and SF-1-BIS,
SF-4, SF-9, SF-10, SF-19, SF-20, SF-21, SF-24 and SF-26 which represents underground drill
holes collared from level 2000 and 2100 m adits by the CMT (Figure 11). The drill holes range
in depth from 102.8 to 303.0 m and the length of the re-sampled intersections vary from 1.0 to
14.0 m. Core samples were retrieved from the wooden boxes on which the hole number and
intersections were clearly written. The samples were taken from the split core left after the
original collection. The rock fragments or chips were then placed into a sturdy plastic sample bag
and a unique sample tag was inserted. Each core intersection corresponding to a unique sample
was duly noted. Each sample represented from 0.30 to 2.30 m of core. Sample weights (0.97 to
4.07 kg) were deemed sufficient and representative of the current mineralization.
Table 7 displays the new silver assay values for the core intersections in parallel with the historic
concentrations; whereas Table 8 presents a summary of the results with the calculated standard
deviation and the average deviation for each pair of results. To the exception of two core
intersections (i.e. form holes ZG-4 and SF-20), there is little discrepancy between the historical
and new silver assay values; notwithstanding the fact that we do not have any knowledge of the
88
historical analytical method used. The author thus believes that duplication of the historical silver
analyses obtained from the old cores preserved in the Zgounder core shack, confirms the validity
of the historical data.
9.3- Silver Assays From Adit Samples
Chip sampling was conducted on the 2,000 m level adit wall faces; specifically at six Agmineralized sites where historical sampling and assay results from the BRPM. The location of
the underground samples was reported on a map (Figure 23). During the adit sampling
procedure, the wall face was initially scrubbed with a steel brush and the floor covered by a
canvas sheeting. Chip sampling was conducted at a meter interval. Each interval was identified
by a unique number and the collected chip samples were transferred in a sturdy plastic bag with
an identification tag. A geological description accompanied by a crude map of each adit section
was duly taken. Forty-one (41) samples were collected. The location of each sample is
determined with ± 2 m precision. All plastic samples bags were placed into large canvas sacks
containing generally 20 sample bags. No previous evidence of face sampling was observed
within the 2000 m level. The weight of the new samples vary from 0.97 to 3.33 kg and are
deemed representative of the in situ silver mineralization. The face samples represent a wellstratified arenaceous schists with mineralized fractures containing < 0.5 % pyrite and traces of
sphalerite and galena.
Table 9 shows the comparative assay results highlighting the 2012 Fire Assay results from the
historical values. There are strong disparities between the historical and new data. The new assay
values are generally higher by a factor of 2 to 15 X. The author believes the discrepancies could
partially be explained by different sampling techniques or by the method of assaying. The
historical technique may have involved either face sampling parallel to the mineralization or
simply grab sampling per round, although no written record of the sampling process or method
of analyses was retrieved. Nonetheless, the author is confident that the recent assays results
represent the true values of the Ag mineralization.
ITEM 10 DRILLING
89
90
ST-6 ST-5
ST-7
ST-8
ST-9
Source and date: BRPM, 1999.
0
20
50 m
Figure 23. Localization of the stations where new samples were collected from the adit face at level 2,000 m, Zgounder silver mine.
ST-1
ST-2
Adit Level 2,000 m
No drilling took place during the course of this study.
ITEM 11 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY
All plastic samples bags containing the samples were placed into large canvas sacks
containing generally 20 sample bags. These sacks were secured and then shipped back first by
truck to Marrakech then Rabat, Morocco and then by plane to the ALS Chemex laboratories
located in Val d’Or Quebec, Canada. The samples were securely handled at each stage from the
field to the laboratory and their integrity is unquestioned.
The Val d'Or ALS Chemex laboratory initially processed each sample. The rocks
(<3 kg) were dried, crushed to 75% passing a 2 mm sieve, split to 250 g and pulverized to 85%
passing a 75 μm sieve. The powder samples were then shipped to the Vancouver ALS Chemex
laboratories for analyses. All samples selected for exploration were analyzed for their Ag content
by Fire Assay method. with gravimetric finish (Ag-GRA21). In the Fire Assay method, a 30
grams fraction of a prepared sample is thoroughly mixed with 75-80 grams of a flux containing
silica flour, borax anhydrous, sodium carbonate and litharge (lead oxide). The sample and flux
are transferred into a clay crucible and fused at 1050 ° C. When the content is melted, it is
poured into a conical mould. The lead button and slag produced are separated by hammering.
The button is placed into a preheated bone ash cupel at a temperature ranging from 820º and
880°C. The lead liquefies and is absorbed into the cupel leaving only a tiny metal which contains
gold and silver. Au is separated from the Ag in the doré bead by parting with nitric acid. The
resulting gold flake is annealed using a torch. The gold flake remaining is weighed
gravimetrically on a microbalance. Silver is then determined by the difference in weights.
The certificate of analyses is presented in Appendix 1. The ALS Chemex laboratories in
Vancouver are accredited to ISO 17025 by Standards Council of Canada for a number of
specific test procedures including fire assay Au by AA, ICP and gravimetric finish, multielement
ICP and AA Assays for Ag, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The ALS Chemex laboratories participate in a
number of international proficiency tests, such as those managed by CANMET (Proficiency
91
Testing Program-Mineral Analysis Laboratories) and Geostats. ALS Chemex standard operating
procedures require the analysis of quality control samples (reference materials, duplicates and
blanks) with all sample batches. As part of the assessment of every data set, results from the
control samples are evaluated to ensure they meet set standards determined by the precision and
accuracy requirements of the method. The laboratory uses barren wash material between sample
preparation batches. This cleaning material is tested before use to ensure no contaminants are
present and results are retained for reference. The data from the quality control checks did not
indicate any significant bias or quality control issues. The author has not visited the ALS
Chemex laboratories to see the operation firsthand, nor is he familiar with the general historical
performance of the facility. The Issuer has no relationship with the ALS Chemex laboratories.
During his September 2012 field visit, the author has talked extensively with François Goulet
concerning the nature, extent and results of quality control procedures and quality assurance
actions taken during adit and core sampling. The author is confident that the sample collection
and preparation, security and analytical procedures were adequate and followed the parameters
established for the NI43-101 norms.
ITEM 12 DATA VERIFICATION
A professional geologist was always present during the preparation of the samples before the
shipment to the geochemical laboratory. All samples were assembled under the care of François
Goulet. The author has also verified the geochemical analyzes provided by the ALS Chemex
laboratories. The author is thus of the opinion that the assay values presented in this report are
fully compliant with the NI-43-101 norm and are a just representation of the mineralization
currently present at the Zgounder mine. The author has failed in its verification of the historical
silver assay values. The reason is straightforward: no report containing assay results
accompanied by a certificate of analyses was found during the data collection at the Zgounder
mine site or at the ONHYM office quarters in Rabat, Morocco.
ITEM 13 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING
92
No mineral processing or metallurgical testing studies were done during the course of this study.
ITEM 14 MINERAL RESOURCES ESTIMATE
No mineral resource estimate was performed during the course of this study.
ITEM 23 ADJACENT PROPERTY
There is no adjacent property.
ITEM 24 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION
There is no other relevant data and information.
ITEM 25 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
The most recent historical mineral resources estimate established in 2004 indicates that the
Zgounder mine sill contains 869,650 t of silver mineralization grading 405.4 g/t Ag*. The
historical estimates will need to be validated trough a mix of underground and surface drilling
and face sampling of non-flooded adit levels.
*
93
The author believes that eventually the silver resources could be substantially increased by a
more systematic approach at drilling and by a better knowledge of the structural make-up of the
host rocks and mechanism of sulphide and native silver mineralization. More than 6,770 m of
surface drill cores were extracted periodically form the mine site since 1990, with nearly 14,632
m of underground percussion drill cores coming from adits, ore shoots, raises and drifts at every
mine levels. Despite the rather haphazardly location and direction of historical drill holes (see
Figures 10 and 11) which are not supported by any geophysical or geochemical targets,
significant silver intersections were discovered. These contributed to nearly double the historical
mineral resources left after the mine closure. The author is of the opinion that future drilling
campaigns must be based upon realistic targets determined by geophysical or geochemical
surveys. To date, there is no evidence that any such survey was conducted on the Zgounder
property. In 1999, a geological report issued by ACA Howe raised the possibility of open pit
exploitation of the North and East sectors mineralization. The author believes that Maya Gold
and Silver should pursue this idea with the aim of an eventual extraction involving heap leaching
techniques. However, there are significant risks and uncertainties that could reasonably affect
reliability or confidence in future economic outcome of the property. To become economic, the
Zgounder deposit will need: 1) new exploration campaigns, including surface and underground
drilling, to increase the silver resources and 2), the successful outcome of a feasibility study.
The Zgounder silver property consists of one Mining Permit located approximately 210 km east
of Agadir, Morocco within the Proterozoic Siroua Massif of the Anti-Atlas Range. Access to the
mine from Agadir is by well-maintained paved highways with the final 56 km covered on a
asphalted road. The Anti-Atlas Orogen of southern Morocco represents an important segment of
the Pan-African belt (~500 Ma) of North Africa and contains the Proterozoic Siroua
"boutonnière" in which the Zgounder Silver mine is exposed.
The silver-bearing Zgounder volcanosedimentary assemblage is part of the Sahro Group which
94
forms a thick succession of deformed, low-metamorphic grade volcanosedimentary rocks that
comprise basin-fill sediments. The Zgounder assemblage forms a large EW-oriented monoclinal
structure with a general southerly tilt resting on an andesitic basement and intruded by the
Askaoun granodioritic massif. The series is composed of three units: 1) The Blue Formation
consisting of sandstones, greywackes and shales with layers of tuff and quartz keratophyre
terminated by an orange rhyolitic unit, 2) The Brown Formation comprising micaceous schistose
sandstones, arenaceous schists and layers of breccias and pelites overlain by a dolerite sill/dyke.
Unit 2 of the Brown Formation is volcanosedimentary in origin and includes most of the silver
mineralization. It is formed by coarse-grained pelite with sericitic or chloritic layers showing an
original, stratiform, polymetallic mineralization, including pyrite, sphalerite, galena,
arsenopyrite, silver sulphides and native silver; and finally 3) The Black Formation comprising a
felsic volcanic complex overlain by sandstones, greywackes and conglomerates.
Zgounder was first explored and exploited for silver between the 10th and 13th centuries. The
silver deposit was exploited from 1982 to 1990 by SOMIL. Mining was done at various EWoriented adits. Mining installations included a cyanuration plant with a 300 t/day capacity, a
chemical analytical laboratory, a crusher plant with a capacity of 300 t/h, a compressor station,
an electrical power station and a machine shop. At the end of mining operations, the historical
reserves were set at 366,258 t grading 360 g/t Ag*. From 1990 to 2004, surface and underground
drilling concomitant with the extension of existing adits and excavation of new drifts and raises
lead to a substantial increase of the historical mineral resources which are currently established at
869,650 t of silver mineralization grading 405.4 g/t Ag*#.
*#
The estimates presented above are treated as historic information and have not been verified
or relied upon for economic evaluation by Maya Gold and Silver or the writer. These historical
95
resources for the Zgounder silver deposit cannot be relied upon. #Finally, the author is not
aware of more recent estimates or data available to the issuer.
The Zgounder silver deposit is described as a Neoproterozoic epithermal hypogene system very
similar to that responsible for the mineralization at the larger Imiter Ag deposit. The ore
deposition resulted from distinct stages of fluid circulation associated with two major events of
mineral deposition. There appears to be a strong structural control of the Ag-Hg mineralization
whereas it occurs in small discontinuous lenses (gash) extending at depth with the most enriched
showing an EW orientation and intense crushing. The silver mineralization occurs in three
genotypes: 1) Mm-thick beds of well-crystallized, finely disseminated pyrite , 2) Native silver
veinlets associated with proustite, argentite filling micro-fractures and 3), Native silver
disseminations with sulphide veinlets (sphalerite, galena, argentite and cinabar) in brecciated
sandstones-shales.
The author recommends a re-sampling and assaying of all available mineralized core sections
and of mineralized faces of the non-flooded mine adits. A systematic sampling of the new and
ancient tailings including the collection of deep cores through an auger type or portable drill is
another priority. The author suggests the completion of 1.5 x 1.4 km grid centered on the mining
installations with NS-oriented lines to carry a magnetic survey at relatively small cost. Finally, it
is suggested that a geologist be assigned to produce a metallogenic model of the silver
mineralization at Zgounder. The total expenditure related to this exploration program is
expected to reach $CAN138, 324.
ITEM 26 RECOMMENDATIONS
After carefully reviewing all the available documents pertaining to the geology, structure and
metallogeny of the Zgounder deposit and subsequently evaluating the historical workings of the
mine including the historical mineral resources, the author proposes four major
recommendations which will propel Maya Gold and Silver toward the goal of exploitation.
96
The task of implementing a detailed exploration program to bring the historical mineral
resources to the status of inferred mineral resources and later to the reserve category was
entrusted to the ACA Howe consulting firm of London. Nonetheless, there are several tasks that
can be accomplished at moderate cost and in a relative short period. First, a re-sampling and
analyses of all the available mineralized core sections that were stored in the locked core shack
at the mine site or at the ONHYM core deposit located in Rabat, Morocco is necessary.
Secondly, a systematic sampling and assaying of the mineralized faces of the non-flooded
Zgounder mine adits is recommended. The analytical results obtained both from the core and adit
faces will validate or infirm the historical assay values which, in the former case, allows the
inclusion of the historical data in the calculation of the mineral resources or reserves.
A systematic sampling of the new and ancient tailings with the collection of deeper cores with
the use of an auger-type or portable drill is another priority. There is a rough tonnage estimate
of the new tailings calculated at 500,000 t @ ~100 g/t Ag* by ACA Howe that can be easily be
refined with moderate work. The author concurs with the statement of SGS Canada-Geostat that
the mining of the tailings would generate profits that could directly be spent on the rehabilitation
of the mining installations.
*
be relied upon.
Maya Gold and Silver could not find any documentation referring or describing the results of
97
airborne or ground-based geophysical surveys nor of any soil sampling survey. The small size of
the Zgounder property mitigates the cost value of an airborne survey, but a ground-based survey
would provide valuable geological information and possible new targets. The author suggests the
completion of 1.5 x 1.4 km grid centered on the mining installations with NS-oriented, 50 mspaced lines and with stations at each 25 m (Figure 24). The total length of the gridline would be
42 km. A magnetic survey is relatively cost effective and would reveal several clay-filled
structures and faults which are prevalent on the property and commonly associated with sulphide
and silver mineralization. The survey may also detect the trace of geological contacts and
provide for new target zones.
Finally, the author recommends that a geologist be assigned to the production of a model for
the silver mineralization. A key problem is the relation and timing of the various structures to
the episodes of sulphide and silver mineralization. Bounajma (2002) invokes a major play for
NNE-oriented tensional structures in the trapping of silver mineralization followed by
dismembering by late EW-oriented structures. However, the author has noticed that several
silver-rich zones were not associated or controlled by structural features. Furthermore, a
consensus seemed to point toward an epithermal process for the silver mineralization similar to
that occurring at the Imiter mine. However, even if the native Ag-Hg mineralization is somehow
symptomatic of epithermal process, the paucity of typical alteration (i.e. illite, alunite ,dickite,
kaolinite, silicification etc..) and absence of high crustal level texture (i.e. banded, crustiform
quartz and chalcedony veins, druse-lined cavities, multiple-episode vein breccias, stockworks,
replacement bodies etc….) suggest a more complicated or perhaps different model.
The 2012 exploration phase at the Zgounder mine will cost $CAN138, 324.
98
276500 E
275500 E
Permit bondary
274500 E
B.L.
420500 N
Zgounder
Silver Mine
419500 N
0
100 200 m
Figure 24. Proposed grid to carry out a ground-based magnetic survey over the Zgounder silver mine area.E=Easting; N=Northing; Merchich,
Sud Maroc. The background is defined by a Quickbird satellite photo having a ± 50 cm resolution.
99
26.1-Budget Breakdown
ZGOUNDER SILVER PROPERTY
EXPLORATION BUDGET 2012
GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
Ground-base magnetic survey : 42 km x $110/km
Food and lodging
Truck location and gas
$4,620
$2,500
$2,000
ADIT AND CORE SAMPLING
Analyses: 2000 samples @ $30/sample
Sample bags, tags, canvas bag
Transport
Technicians: 3 x 15 days x $40/day
Geologist: 15 days x $550/day
Food and lodging
Shipping
$60,000
$1,000
$2,000
$1,800
$8,250
$5,300
$1,000
TAILINGS SAMPLING
100
Location portable drill: 10 days x $100/day
Sample bags, tags, canvas bag
Transport
Analyses: 200 samples @ $50/sample (Ag + base metals)
Technicians: 2 x 10 days x $40/day
Food and lodging
Shipping
$1,000
$1,000
$2,000
$10,000
$800
$1,000
$1,000
GOLOGICAL REPORT (Metallogeny)
$10,000
Subtotal
$115,270
Contingency (20%)
$23,054
Grand Total
$138,324
ITEM 27 REFERENCES
ACA Howe International Limited. 1999. Zgounder Silver Deposit, Taroudant Province,
Morocco, Review of Geology, Reserves, Plant and Metallurgical Testwork for Icelandic Gold
Corporation. Internal Report; 34 pp.
AG. 2004. Rapport de visite du projet Zgounder, Internal Report; 18 pp.
Aït Malek, H., Gasquet, D., Bertrand, J.M., Leterrier, J. 1998.Géochronologie U/Pb sur zircon de
granitoïdes Éburnéens et Panafricains dans les boutonnières protérozoïques d’Igherm,
du Kerdous et du Bas Drâa (Anti-Atlas occidental, Maroc). Compte Rendus Académie des
Sciences de Paris, no. 327; pp. 819-826.
Bounajma, H. 2002. Le Gisement de Zgounder: Données et Réflexions Géologiques. Rapport
Interne de la la compagnie CMT; 7 pp.
CMT. 2004. Synthèse des travaux de recherche à fin 2004, Rapport Interne; 13 pp.
Landing, E., Bowring, S.A., Davidek, K.L., Westrop, S.R., Geyer, G., Heldmaier, W. 1998.
Duration of the Early Cambrian: U–Pb ages of volcanic ashes from Avalon and Gondwana.
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 35; pp. 329–338.
Leblanc, M., Lancelot, J.R. 1980. Interprétation géodynamique du domaine panafricain
(Précambrien terminal) de l’Anti-Atlas (Maroc) à partir de données géologiques et
géochronologiques. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 17; pp. 142–155.
Marcoux, E., Wadjinny, A. 2004. The Ag-Hg Zgounder ore deposit (Jebel Siroua, Anti-Atlas,
Morocco): a Neoproterozoic epithermal mineralization of the Imiter type. Internal report; 13 pp.
Michard, A. 1976. Éléments de géologie marocaine; No 252; Notes et mémoires du Service
géologique du Maroc.
101
ONHYM. 2011. Gisement d’argent de Zgounder, cahier des prescriptions spéciales, appel
d’offres restreints; 12 pp.
SGS-Canada-Geostat. 2011. Due Diligence of Zgounder Property, Kingdom of Morocco,
Respectfully submitted to Maya Gold and Silver (Revised on 26 April 2011), Internal Report; 34
pp.
Thomas, R.J, Fekkak, A., Ennih, N., Errami, E., S.C. Loughlin, S.C., Gresse , P.G., Chevallier ,
L. P., Liégeois, J.P. 2004. A new lithostratigraphic framework for the Anti-Atlas Orogen,
Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 39; pp. 217–226.
Thomas, R.J., Chevallier, L.P., Gresse, L.P., Harmer, R.E., Eglington, B.M., Armstrong, R.A.,
de Beer, C.H., Martini, J.E.J., de Kock, G.S., Macey, P.H., Ingram, B.A. 2002. Precambrian
evolution of the Sirwa Window, Anti-Atlas Orogen, Morocco. Precambrian Research, vol. 118;
pp. 1-57.
102
Appendix 1
103
ALS Canada Ltd.
2103 Dollarton Hwy
North Vancouver BC V7H 0A7
Téléphone: 604 984 0221
Télécopieur: 604 984 0218
Page: 1
À: MAYA GOLD & SILVER INC.
10 BOUL. DE LA SEIGNEURERIE EST, SUITE 207 Finalisée date: 20-JUIN-2012
Compte: MAYOR
BLAINVILLE QC J7C 3V5
www.alsglobal.com
CERTIFICAT VO12128480
PRÉPARATION ÉCHANTILLONS
CODE ALS
Projet: ZGOUNDER
Bon de commande #:
Ce rapport s'applique aux 129 échantillons de roche soumis à notre laboratoire de
Val d'Or, QC, Canada le 7-JUIN-2012.
Les résultats sont transmis à:
NATHALIE DION
GUY GOULET
GUY GOULET
FRANCOIS GOULET
FRANCOIS GOULET
WEI-21
PUL-QC
LOG-22
CRU-31
SPL-21
PUL-31
LOG-24
CRU-QC
DESCRIPTION
Poids échantillon reçu
Test concassage QC
Entrée échantillon - Reçu sans code barre
Granulation - 70 % <2 mm
Échant. fractionné - div. riffles
Pulvérisé à 85 % <75 um
Entrée pulpe - Reçu sans code barre
Test concassage QC
PROCÉDURES ANALYTIQUES
CODE ALS
Ag-GRA21
À:
INSTRUMENT
Ag 30 g fini FA-GRAV
WST-SIM
MAYA GOLD & SILVER INC.
ATTN: FRANCOIS GOULET
10 BOUL. DE LA SEIGNEURERIE EST, SUITE 207
Ce rapport est final et remplace tout autre rapport préliminaire portant ce numéro de certificat. Les résultats s'appliquent
aux échantillons soumis. Toutes les pages de ce rapport ont été vérifiées et approuvées avant publication.
***** Voir la page d'annexe pour les commentaires en ce qui concerne ce certificat *****
104
DESCRIPTION
Signature:
Colin Ramshaw, Vancouver Laboratory Manager
ALS Canada Ltd.
2103 Dollarton Hwy
Téléphone: 604 984 0221
www.alsglobal.com
Page: 2 - A
5 (A)
plus les pages d'annexe
Finalisée date: 20-JUIN-2012
Compte: MAYOR
Nombre total de pages:
Projet: ZGOUNDER
CERTIFICAT D'ANALYSE
Méthode
élément
unités
L.D.
Poids reçu
WEI-21
Ag-GRA21
Ag
kg
ppm
0.02
5
A-3001
A-3002
A-3003
A-3004
A-3005
1.08
1.47
1.96
1.43
1.27
1325
50
93
86
267
A-3006
A-3007
A-3008
A-3009
A-3010
0.95
1.86
3.20
2.00
2.58
387
2980
203
411
405
A-3011
A-3012
A-3013
A-3014
A-3015
1.95
1.96
1.74
1.88
1.99
36
838
6660
9290
8050
A-3016
A-3017
A-3018
A-3019
A-3020
2.33
1.81
2.43
2.03
2.16
5640
937
5650
52
139
A-3021
A-3022
A-3023
A-3024
A-3025
2.93
2.00
3.06
1.90
2.69
1305
929
326
134
71
A-3026
A-3027
A-3028
A-3029
A-3030
2.72
1.54
2.51
3.04
2.49
469
166
120
66
13
A-3031
A-3032
A-3033
A-3034
A-3035
2.17
2.83
2.23
3.03
2.04
11
6
27
176
93
A-3036
A-3037
A-3038
A-3039
A-3040
3.33
2.65
1.82
2.78
2.56
179
1415
128
150
123
Description échantillon
105
VO12128480
ALS Canada Ltd.
2103 Dollarton Hwy
Téléphone: 604 984 0221
www.alsglobal.com
Page: 3 - A
5 (A)
Compte: MAYOR
Projet: ZGOUNDER
Méthode
élément
unités
L.D.
Poids reçu
WEI-21
Ag-GRA21
Ag
kg
ppm
0.02
5
A-3041
A-3042
A-3043
A-3044
A-3045
1.67
1.32
1.53
3.85
3.27
112
130
124
18
21
A-3046
A-3047
A-3048
A-3049
A-3050
4.07
<0.02
3.51
3.87
4.09
12
NSS
37
12
152
A-3051
A-3052
A-3053
A-3054
A-3055
1.45
2.68
3.96
3.46
3.26
252
14
18
65
<5
A-3056
A-3057
A-3058
A-3059
A-3060
3.47
2.94
3.35
2.91
2.68
<5
17
1030
2620
457
A-3061
A-3062
A-3063
A-3064
A-3065
2.85
1.74
1.81
1.75
0.97
1440
68
4710
8940
39
A-3066
A-3067
A-3068
A-3069
A-3070
1.86
2.45
1.17
1.87
0.02
46
74
448
133
NSS
A-3071
A-3072
A-3073
A-3074
A-3075
1.57
2.16
1.20
1.34
0.67
105
27
47
402
110
A-3076
A-3077
A-3078
A-3079
A-3080
1.81
1.61
1.85
1.96
1.47
276
168
606
86
71
106
VO12128480
ALS Canada Ltd.
2103 Dollarton Hwy
Téléphone: 604 984 0221
www.alsglobal.com
Page: 4 - A
5 (A)
Compte: MAYOR
Projet: ZGOUNDER
Méthode
élément
unités
L.D.
Poids reçu
WEI-21
Ag-GRA21
Ag
kg
ppm
0.02
5
A-3081
A-3082
A-3083
A-3084
A-3085
1.63
1.27
1.93
1.62
1.78
15
98
64
200
231
A-3086
A-3087
A-3088
A-3089
A-3090
1.80
0.04
1.85
1.54
2.07
10
NSS
21
657
20
A-3091
A-3092
A-3093
A-3094
A-3095
1.13
0.86
1.53
1.17
1.27
19
120
107
10
43
A-3096
A-3097
A-3098
A-3099
A-3100
1.90
2.16
1.49
1.32
1.07
44
2030
12
6
<5
A-3101
A-3102
A-3103
00018641
00018642
1.90
0.02
2.08
1.99
1.97
173
NSS
29
212
41
00018643
00018644
00018645
00018646
00018647
1.77
0.59
2.02
1.32
2.17
127
365
100
353
69
00018648
00018649
00018650
00018651
00018652
1.85
0.97
3.11
3.23
1.78
24
22
25
137
<5
00018653
00018654
00018655
00018656
00018657
3.23
2.43
3.45
1.16
2.87
116
114
6
11
349
107
VO12128480
ALS Canada Ltd.
2103 Dollarton Hwy
Téléphone: 604 984 0221
www.alsglobal.com
Page: 5 - A
5 (A)
Compte: MAYOR
Projet: ZGOUNDER
Méthode
élément
unités
L.D.
Poids reçu
WEI-21
Ag-GRA21
Ag
kg
ppm
0.02
5
00018658
00018659
00018660
00018661
00018662
4.02
3.22
3.26
1.60
0.02
1715
273
135
123
NSS
00018663
00018664
00018665
00018666
2.01
2.23
1.84
1.95
621
477
72
112
108
VO12128480
ALS Canada Ltd.
2103 Dollarton Hwy
Téléphone: 604 984 0221
www.alsglobal.com
Page: Annexe 1
Total # les pages d'annexe: 1
Compte: MAYOR
Projet: ZGOUNDER
COMMENTAIRE DE CERTIFICAT
Méthode
TOUTES MÉTHODES
109
NSS est échantillon insuffisant.
VO12128480
Appendix 110
~
==., 1 ~~ 1
.r-W 14
ROYAUME DU MAROC
!·mm~
Agence Nationale de la Conservation Fondère du Cadastre et de la Cartographie
09/2096:
~Js.~
~
: ~
~Î
~J-.S.'?~\
\\J ~09/2096
W"
~~W.\J
~üJO\S"Jj~ ~ yi ~
~
~\
~j~1 ~~~I
~\~Jj~
Js-
J:i.9~1
~I
JlIJ27837 ~Js.I..;-}'"1I
J..pj ~~W.I~fl..Lo;.ro
1983/10/17~j~ o~~ ~
JI ~~
~j~
j
: 100.000/1 *'-'"'~
~y..;.ro~\.f-"'
~~Î ..La! ,
~J~ ~.r j?-\~ ~ Y
4900 : ~~
r.!J')j
~\~~.r *
O..û~.lbJ
1"'""')\
t~yo 2306~Js.J. J~~\
~Î
,1,4)4~~W.\~~..û
fo. ~\J
Y~\J
;.ro1983/10/17
j..û\;.ro~~W.\d' '-:-},"u
J.rJIJ Y'pi JLo..!J\~~I ~ ~'i-':"~
5500 4y.4900:
Ij~
~l::.\\ ~
J..pj
~}I "k..., J Ji' y:.\
~4
J..o~
.'+o-"W
1370 ~j
Jj ~\
9 ~ tjy.1 ~.rJ1 ~I;.ro
~I
32 ~\
~~
uP~1
j,J.rJ1 J. ~!.lb~J
ç.~4 1958/6/13 ~ tjy.1 1-58-160 ~ j ~4
~\ 1951/04/16 -
.Jl.t'-'
~
33 J
~I~IJ
a
;~I
QU ~
d)\
~Î
~~
.~~Î
uP~I
4\
~j~\
~~I
jl..!J.\
~~~I
Js-
o..üli ~
~I;.ro 32 ~I
~j
~
J:i.9~\~..û;.ro
~I 1"'""')1
\~
~\".a."aO
O~I.r~ ~\,clUl
11
,,~'-
Foncière de Taroudant
028.85.02.81 : ~WI
Quartier Administratif
111
• 028.85.26.59 : w.;~1 • û.i1.lJJb ,17 : ~ ....,....~I
lmhaita,
B.P. : 17 • Taroudant
u-""'Î-
1951/4/16 ~ tjy.1 ~?I
"'Ov07'11/"'O
~
'1
~
'-!i."--- ~\'j
,-' ) ..•
Service de la Conservation
Jfo
~
~.)I.l~1~I
• Tél. : 028.85.26.59 • Fax: 028.85.02.81
~I
~
~\
~ ).••,,11~1
Youssef CJ{lEŒIJ{J J{}fSSjl:NI
«.••••
~
~~~~~~
~
::;;r2;;jr;;:â;;;;;f/;JJ;;r:;;;;::r;sc::n~~
_ÇCl§.C!~IC!fl.Eq.!e_.Q1j1}.~Yl:_?_o.!.?._
.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.._.Tca.cj~.c:!ig'!..!l.~
..~.QP!U_.._
1988
Royaume du Maroc
Agence Nationale de la Conservation Foncière
du Cadastre et de la Cartographie
Conservation Foncière de Taroudant
Quartier Administratif
Lmhaita, B. P. : /7
* Taroudant *
Tel: 028.85.2659
*
Fax: 028.85.02.8/
ç<E~nPICJfrr
Pitre minier n 09/2096
0
Le Conservateur de la Propriété Foncière de Taroudant, soussigné,
En vertu du certificat daté du 17.10.1983, de la Sous Direction des Mines, une licence
de prospection n" 27837, transformée en une autorisation d'exploitation n" 2306, objet du
titre minier n" 09/2096 délivrée en date du 17.10.1983 par le Service Minier à Rabat, l'Office
National des Hydrocarbures et des Mines a été autorisé à prospecter les minerais de second
degré qu'on pourrait trouver dans un périmètre restreint à 4900 dans toutes les directions
Nord Sud et Est Ouest, carte d'une échelle de 1/100.000 Amjoud, au milieu du carré par
rapport au signe 4900 au Sud, et 5500 à l'Est, et ce pour une durée de 3 années, de la date de
son octroi.
le tout, conformément aux conditions stipulées dans l'article 32 du dahir chérifien
daté du 09 rajeb 1370 (16.04.1951) modifié par dahir n" 1.58.160 daté du 13.06.1958, à
l'exception des parcelles pour lesquelles une autorisation précédente avait été attribuée.
Ce titre a été constitué par le Conservateur de la propriété foncière soussigné, en
application de l'article 33 du dahir chérifien en date du 16.04.1951 pour l'octroi du bénéfice
des dispositions stipulées dans les dahirs et lois régissant le bien immatriculé, tout en
respectant les dispositions de l'article 32 du dahir sus-visé.
Registre
.-2000
Récépissé .- 11379
Droits
.-75,00 dhs
Taroudant le 20.11.2007
-----------------------------------------------------------Fin
Le Conservateur
Signé .-Boujemaâ EL GUERNAOUI
Suit sa signature revêtue du cachet
de la Conservation foncière
de Taroudant
de traduction-----------------------------------------------------
Je soussigné, Me. YoussefCHEBIHI HASSANI, Interprète Traducteur Assermenté
agrée près les juridictions, certifie que la traduction ci-dessus est conforme au texte
original en arabe. Enfoi de quoi j'y appose ma signature et l'empreinte de mon cachet.
1 2012
129, rue du Prince Moulay Abdallah <en race du Consulat Général de Franceau dessus de la pharmacie Hatim) - G.S.M. : 0662.16.30.57 - Fixe: 05.40.03.55.99
Article Patente: 34101574
112
- R.C.: 228638 - Dépôt de signature
à la Commune urbaine de Sidi Belyout sous n" 9218/89
- L....;"Al ••.•WI ~I
ajl;§) ";'1 -4" ."s\l~ __ \JI iWj 129
05.40.03.55.99 : ,,-,WI - 0662.16.30.57 : Jli.J1 ..Ai~1
""-"" ~
."s.••.••• ~Lo..,., ,Lo.ojll ~, . 228638 ."s)".J1 j.,....J1 - 34101574 L.;~WI
(.c.;l> iI"J.•••• ..;~
9218/89>=
A2/Ael2OI2 12i56
4529822264
Rôl|iume du hroc
Mirjliiie
d?
lÊrçg;,
dca MirEE, dc lTàu
DËFertsffnr
.t
dÊlEËgi.t&3
PAGE
DR EM AGADIR
4d..Ji.lt
iiJlr
è lÊryirqlrFrrFrt
Min s
fur..il
'LJIJ grl+.Jl; <iLJ"ll izrjl
.pl-e.llr; iil-Lll 1ùr
DIRECTION REGIONALE D'AGADIR
N"____-/DRI/SEP
Le: 03
/PM
A0UI 2012
EÊ-0s0s
ATÏESTATION
Je soussigné, le Directeur Régional du
Dépaftement de l'Energie et des Mines à Agadir, ceftifie que
I'ONHYM est titulaire du permis
d'exploitation n" 23O6 situé sur la
carte de Taliwine, prorogé exceptionnellement jusqu'au
l6ll0l20t4
par décret de monsieur le Wali de la région de Souss
Massa Draa no 018/05 du 11/10/2005.
En foi de quoi, la présente attestation est délivrée
à IONHYM sur sa demande pour servir et valoir ce que de droit.
Le Directttil
I'Energiu et des
Signé
113
:
81

The Zgounder Silver Deposit Taroudant Province, Kingdom of

Transcription

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