Forest Landscape Restoration at Doi Mae Salong

Transcription

Forest Landscape Restoration
at Doi Mae Salong
REGIONAL FOREST RESTORATION TRAINING
Chiang Mai University
Tawatchai Rattanasorn
26 November 2010
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Landscape: Location- Doi Mae
Salong, Chiangrai, Northern Thailand
Geographic
coordinates
20°11'42.00"N 99°34'27.00"E to
99°40'12.00"E and 20° 6'12.00"N
99°34'27.00"E to 99°40'12.00"E
Major land use/
cover
Agriculture, mono-culture tea plantations,
corn, upland rice, smaller areas of young
rubber tree plantations, highly disturbed
primary forest, some natural secondary
regeneration,
Major forest
vegetation
Seasonally dry evergreen forest +/- bamboo
and pine
Elevation
900 – 1,500 m
Annual rainfall
(mm)
1,800-2,000 mm
Area and
population
335 sq.km, Mekong river basin, 35,000 people
in 33 villages in 2 sub-districts
Ethnic groups
Akha, Chinese, Lisu, Lahu, Shan, Lawa, Local
Thai
Major threats to
biodiversity
Deforestation for shifting cultivation, tea,
corn, rubber, fire, pesticides
The Landscape : Place
•  Place:
–  Rural, mountainous
–  Headwater of Mekong
–  Elevation 1200 – 1800 m a.s.l.
–  Various ethnic backgrounds,
e.g. hill tribes and Chinese
Kuomintang
•  Land use:
–  agriculture, forest patches
–  heavily degraded landscape
–  very complex and fragmented
land use pattern
Akha woman with child on her terrace (Lawyo village) © IUCN
Landscape: place and stakeholders
•  Tenure:
–  National Reserve Forest
–  Military reserve area under control of the Royal Thai Armed
Forces (RTAF)
–  No legal land rights, but tolerated
•  Stakeholders:
–  RTAF
–  Local NGOs, e.g. HDAF
–  Local government
–  Villages – mainly hill tribe communities
–  Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU) of Chiang Mai
University
–  Royal project
SITUATIONS: Chaos,
Complex and Dynamic
Corn
Shifting
Cult.
Rubber
DMS
Tourism
Tea
Cash
crops
• Migrant labor(5,000
people) cause
unexpected population
growth demanding more
land
• Price of land increased
• Over use of agrochemicals
• Land tenure
Background: Environmental degradation
–  Watershed highly degraded:
•  water quality and quantity affected
•  erosion, loss of soil fertility
•  Downstream communities complained about degradation
of water resources
–  Significant deforestation
–  High population pressure
–  Slash and burn practices
–  RTAF started to reforest an area where there was already
agriculture and faced protests, top-down approach, therefore
asked IUCN for advice
SECTION A: THE LANDSCAPE
Goals
–  “Good forest, good water, good food, good
income, good life”
–  participatory multi-stakeholder land use planning
–  Set up a vision of what people want to achieve
–  Reforestation
–  Watershed rehabilitation
–  Soil conservation
–  Agroforestry
–  Off-farm income generation for poverty reduction
–  Promote cooperation btw. upstream and
downstream water users
Good Forests, Good Water,
Good Income, Good Food,
Good Life
Thailand LLS site: Doi Mae Salong
Driven by the Need for Pragmatic Approaches to Rehabilitation
Remnant Forest
Remnant Forest
Slope Agriculture
Rice and Corn
Degraded Land
Slope Agriculture
Rice and Corn
Beginning Land Use Planning
•  Agreements on priority
areas
-Steep slope areas
-headwaters
•  Negotiating other Land
Uses
-Avoid
reforesting land
used for agriculture
-Increase productivity of
agricultural land to
reduce encroachment
and generate income
What have been doing
•  Planted over 800,000 trees in 3 years total area
of 4,000 rai (640 ha). 40 species
•  Framework species approach demonstration
plot
•  School and community nursery
•  Participatory land use planning and zoning of
forest – agriculture land, participatory formation
of land use criteria
Livelihoods/Poverty
Reduction
•  Agro-Forestry Practices. Arabica coffeeMacadamia-Bamboo-Rattan-and multi-purpose
fast growing species. Trial plots
•  Soil and water conservation measure, improve
soil fertilities-biofertilizer
•  Improvement of small scale irrigation system
•  Paddy terrace initiative
•  Community-based ecotourism
•  Fruit, vegetable ,flower crops promotion
Participatory Land use
planning/land use
classification
Other Agricultural Use
Integrated
Approach
Poverty
Degradation
Lack of Land Tenure
Migration
Negotiating and Finding Pragmatic Solutions
Framework species
demonstration plot
Negotiation of Agricultural Use
Learning
Nurseries
Demonstration
Sites for Conservation of Nature
International Union
Terrace paddy field expansion-small
scale irrigation
Coffee-Macadamia-Bamboo-Rattan-Medicinal
plants-Fast growing species/Agro-forestry
practices
•  120 farmer / 120 rai
established coffee and
Macadamia nut trial plot
(400 arabica coffee and
16 Macadamia nut per
rai)
•  SWC measure 500 rai
Multi purpose/fast growing
species trial plots
•  20,000 seedlings of
Griffith’s Ash (Fraxinus
griffithii), Sweet gum
(Liquidambar
formosana), Camphor
Wood (Cinnamomum
Camphora) and Taiwan
Acacia were planted in
the area of about 100 rai
(200 tree per rai) for
future benefits.
Participatory Approach
Addressed within a negotiated framework
The FLR Approach
Land use planning /
classification
Creating various Demonstration Sites to Learn From
(Learning through actions)
Livelihoods and Landscape
Strategy (LLS) Principles
•  Livelihoods and landscape is an approach to
poverty reduction that seeks to enable the
rural poor to expand their economic
opportunities while sustaining and enhancing
forest and other biological resources. By
working together, a shared understanding of
the value of forests for improving local
livelihoods can be built, with a view to
influencing policies that can reduce poverty
and conserve forest
•  Better Forest better life = good forest, good
water, good food, good income, good life.
The Ecosystem Approach
•  The ecosystem approach is a strategy for
the integrated management of land,water
and living resources that promotes
conservation and sustainable use in an
equitable way.
The 12 Principles
1.  The objectives of management of land, water and living
resources are a matter of societal choice
2.  Management should be decentralised to the lowest
appropriate level
3.  Managers should consider the effects of their activities
on adjacent and other ecosystems
4.  Recognising potential gains from management, there is
usually a need to understand and manage the
ecosystem in an economic context
5.  Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in
order to maintain ecosystem services, should be a
priority target
6.  Ecosystems must be managed within the limits of their
functioning
The 12 Principles
7.  Action should be undertaken at the appropriate spatial
and temporal scales
8.  Objectives for ecosystem management should be set
for the long term
9.  Management must recognise that change is inevitable
10.  Action should seek the appropriate balance between,
and integration of, conservation and use of biological
diversity
11.  Action should consider all forms of relevant
information, including scientific and indigenous and
local knowledge, innovations and practices
12.  The approach should involve all relevant stakeholders
of society and scientific disciplines
Biodiversity and landscape components
•  Significant areas of
reforestation through
FORRU
•  Some reforestation
through agroforestry
–  effective in addressing
ecosystem functions as
well as income
generation
Tree planting action, June 2010 © IUCN
Socio-economic components
•  No measureable increases to income
–  its too early to measure
•  Coffee and macadamia trees take several years to
mature
•  Elements in place for income benefits in future
•  Benefits will be there in a couple of year’s time
•  Emphasis has been on developing a better fruit tree
and crop variety and better farming practices
Market analysis
•  Very good markets exist,
expertise exists
–  No need to develop the
market, reasonable
infrastructure, no major
policy barriers
–  But: need to develop high
quality goods, emphasis
on quality of products
Hill tribe woman weaving a bag for sale © IUCN
Forest and ecosystem
governance / Institutions
•  Multi stakeholder platform is a means of
–  making land use plans and
–  negotiating land use and
–  trade-offs about land
Major lessons (1)
•  Importance of bringing stakeholders
together for land use decisions
–  Confirmed value of multi-stakeholder
processes for land use planning
–  New institutional/governance arrangements
added to people’s confidence about access
to resources
–   key to all changes: institutional innovation
Major lessons (2)
•  Unexpected partners (RTAF)
•  Military has been highly flexible and open for bottom-up approach
•  Success often depends on individual leadership (RTAF commander
sopen to radically rethink their approach)
•  Small investments can achieve a great deal
•  Landscape approach also useful where there are existing markets
•  Agroforestry species for reforestation
•  Enthusiasm is infectious (multi-stakeholder process)
•  Adaptive learning was essential to the evolution of the project, no
grand plan from the beginning
•  Learning, training and study tours are very valuable in creating interest
and to stimulate action
-  Innovations in farming practices
SECTION C: IMPACT
Challenges:
•  How do we make the operation
sustainable?
–  RTAF may hand it over to the Royal Forest
Department
Challenges
•  Balancing the needs of difference stakeholdersforest-land-water users (Up and down stream)River Basin Organization - Integrated Basin
Management ?
•  Developing alternative livelihoods that make a
meaningful reduction in poverty while improving
conservation of the area
•  Holistic approach. Participatory Action
Research- Can research leads development ?
Challenges
–  Big gap between the poor and the better off
–  Migrant workers/Human rights and national security
–  Land use planning model (growth vs. stability)
–  Marketing and Production model
–  Soil and water conservation and agricultural model
(good practices in high slope areas, encroachment
of forest reserves
–  Forest restoration model (FORRU model, King’s
Model, AgroForestry Model). Finding the right mix
and convincing people to learn from these practices.
–  Water governance and complex regulatory
frameworks (law, policy, institutions, process)
The National Hydrological Board divides Thailand
into 25 major river basins and 254 sub-basins ลุ่มน้ํากก (MaeKok)
8.ลุ่มน้ํากก (เขตจังหวัด
เชียงราย)
แม่น้ํา
9.ลุ่มน้ําแม่กรณ์กก
10.ลุ่มน้ําแม่ลาว
แม่น้ํา
โขง
ลุ่มน้ําโขง (MaeKong)
1.ลุ่มน้ํามะ
2. ลุ่มน้ําบริเวณดอยหลวง
แปรเมือง
3.ลุ่มน้ําแม่คํ
4.ลุ่มน้ําแม่จัน
5.ลุ่มน้ําอิง(ที่อยู่ในจังหวัด
เชียงราย)
6.ลุ่มน้ํางาว
7.ลุ่มน้ําพุง
ลุ่มน้ํา
จัน
น้ําแม่
คํ
ไปอําเภอ
แม่สาย
ฝายป่า
ฝายฮ่า ยาง
งต่
ํ
ฝายแม่
4
คี
3
2
เชียงแสน
1
แนวทางการระบาย
น้ําฝั่งซ้าย
อ่างฯ
อ่างฯบ้าน ห้วยปู
สันติคีรี
อ่างฯแม่จัน
หลวง
ฝายน้ํา
โป่งน้ําร้อน
อ่างฯ
จะผือ
ฝาย
ห้วยปู
อ่างฯป่
า
กุ่ม
อ.แม่จั
น
แนวทางการระบาย
น้ําฝั่งขวา
ฝาย
ประปา
ไปอําเภอเมือง
เชียงราย
ลุ่มน้ําแม่
คํ
อ่างฯพญา
ไพรลิทู่
อ่างฯแม่ อ่างฯบ้าน
คําตอนบน เทอดไทย 2
อ่างฯบ้านหิน
แตก 1
อ่างฯบ้านหิน
แตก 2
อ่างฯ
ห้วย
ห้วยหยวก หยวก
อ่างฯบ้าน
ห้วยผึ้ง
อ่างฯบ้านสาม
สูง
น้ําแม่สล
อง
แม่สาย
ผาจิ
เทอดไทย 1
เทอดไทย 3
ฝายป่า
ถ่อน
ฝายร่อง
ธาตุ
อ่างฯแม่
คํ
ฝาย
ผาม้า
อ่างฯห้วย
หมาก
น้ํา
โขง
บ้านแม่
คํ
ฝายกล้วย
คํ
4
3
2
1
ปตร.ปากเหมือง
อุดม
บ้านแม่คํา
หลักเจ็ด
ไปอําเภอเมือง
เชียงราย
LANDSCAPE APPROACH
Learning – Participation – Adaptation
Mul2‐
stakeholder plaAorm Reﬂec2on/ Adapta2on Civil society engagement • PRA • Visualisa+on • Indicators • Scenarios • Modeling Working with local partners • Empowerment • Governance • Capacity building Par2cipatory monitoring Interven2ons • Applying rules • Micro‐projects • Community management • Ins+tu+onal support Theory of change International Union for Conservation of Nature
!
u
o
y
k
n
a
Th

Forest Landscape Restoration at Doi Mae Salong

Transcription

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