Read more about USI Conference July 2012 Sebastian

Transcription

A Randomized Experiment of Slum Housing Upgrading Sebas'an Galiani -‐ University of Washington St Louis
Paul Gertler – UC Berkeley Ryan Cooper – JPAL Sebas'án Mar'nez -‐ IDB Adam Ross – World Bank Raimundo Undurraga -‐ JPAL Introduc;on •  In this paper reporte on a randomized evalua'on of Un Techo Para Mi País in El Salvador and Uruguay (the final paper will also include Mexico). •  Un Techo Para Mi País (UTPMP) is a youth-‐led program which provides basic pre-‐fabricated houses to extreme poor popula'ons in La'n America. •  The main objec've of the program is to improve household well-‐being and increase the beneficiary household's probability of exi'ng extreme poverty. Introduc;on •  UTPMP targets the poorest informal seUlements and the households within these seUlements that live in sub-‐standard housing (typically homes made of waste materials such as cardboard, 'n and plas'c, with dirt floors and lacking basic services such as water and sewage) and provides a basic housing structure. Program •  UTPMP began opera'ons thirteen years ago in Chile, and currently works in fourteen addi'onal La'n American countries including Argen'na, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru and Uruguay. •  UTPMP has helped build over 43,000 houses and worked with more than 190,000 volunteers in 15 countries throughout LAC. Program •  The UTPMP houses are made of wood or aluminum. A typical house is 18 m2 (6*3) in size and is built by teams of youth volunteers along with the household recipient. •  On average, the houses take one to two days to build by a team of 6-‐12 people. House built in El Salvador House built in Mexico Program •  The cost of each transi'onal house is around US $1,000. •  The design of the house is meant to be low cost, easy to construct and mobile. The house can be easily disassembled and moved to a new loca'on. The purpose of this is to deal with the fact that most of the households in informal seUlements do not have formal 'tle to the land they live on. Experimental Design •  The study exploits randomiza'on of treatment at the household level within seUlements (clusters). •  Elegible households were then randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups within each seUlement. Experimental Design •  Baseline survey in two waves: •  Treatment alloca'on right ager baseline survey. •  Follow up survey, 18 months laUer. Table 1. General Information
a
El Salvador
Observations
Treatment
Observations
Control
421
Uruguay
Observations
Treatment
Observations
Control
277
433
346
60.32%
39.68%
55.58%
44.42%
2,111
1,363
1,872
1,454
60.77%
39.23%
56.28%
43.72%
369
275
407
299
87.65%
99.28%
94.00%
86.42%
19
16
26
25
4.51%
5.78%
6.00%
7.23%
0.045
0.058
-0.013
0.060
0.072
-0.012
(0.012)
(0.016)
(0.017)
(0.011)
(0.010)
(0.013)
(0.010)
(0.014)
(0.016)
(0.011)
(0.013)
(0.017)
Mean Differences
Mean Differences
General Information
Households by Group
Individuals by Group
Compliers
Attritors
Attrition Rates
a Reported Results: Number of observations and percentage. For Attrition Rates, the coefficient, "clustered" standard error (23 clusters for El
Salvador and 12 clusters for Uruguay) and standard error are reported.
*Significantly different from 0 at 10-percent level. **Significantly different from 0 at 5-percent level. ***Significantly different from 0 at 1-percent level.
Table 3b. Differences in Pre-Treatment Means. Treatment vs Control. Baseline Survey. a
El Salvador
Variables
Total
Mean
Observations Control
Satisfaction with Quality of House and Life
Satisfaction with Floor Quality
697
Uruguay
Mean Differences
w/settlement
Mean
Total
Mean
dummies
Differences
Observations Control
0.116
(0.027)
0.083
(0.023)
0.091
(0.023)
0.018
(0.025)
0.012
(0.021)
0.026
(0.023)
0.018
(0.027)
0.004
(0.025)
0.008
(0.026)
778
Mean Differences
w/settlement
dummies
0.188
(0.028)
0.121
(0.019)
0.185
(0.019)
-0.021
(0.027)
0.001
(0.023)
-0.037
(0.027)
-0.019
(0.029)
-0.001
(0.026)
-0.025
(0.028)
Satisfaction with Wall Quality
696
Satisfaction with Roof Quality
696
Satisfaction with House Protection
against Water when it rains
696
0.090
0.012
-0.005
777
0.180
-0.022
-0.014
Satisfaction with Quality of Life
695
(0.026)
0.181
(0.034)
(0.022)
0.085
(0.031)***
(0.025)
0.025
(0.033)
767
(0.018)
0.228
(0.037)
(0.027)
-0.009
(0.030)
(0.029)
-0.016
(0.032)
779
Perception of Security
Safe inside the house during the
last 12 months (=1)
Safe leaving the house alone
during the last 12 months (=1)
698
698
Safe leaving the kids alone in the
house during the last 12 months
(=1)
698
House robbed in the last 12
months (=1)
697
0.538
-0.011
-0.045
(0.033)
(0.038)
(0.043)
0.419
0.016
-0.011
(0.036)
(0.038)
(0.043)
0.166
-0.019
-0.049
(0.022)
(0.028)
(0.032)
0.036
0.042
0.053
778
Mean
Differences
778
779
779
776
0.590
0.032
0.030
(0.035)
(0.035)
(0.037)
0.295
0.022
0.030
(0.030)
(0.033)
(0.035)
0.121
0.029
0.015
(0.015)
(0.024)
(0.026)
0.272
0.008
-0.013
(0.011)
(0.017)**
(0.020)**
(0.032)
(0.032)
(0.032)
a On material of rooms, were only included those households that reported information for all rooms. On monetary variables, observations over p99
were not considered. On hours worked, cases that reported more than 84 hours were not considered. Reported Results: Standard errors clustered at
survey-block level shown in parentheses (23 clusters for El Salvador and 12 clusters for Uruguay) and standard error are reported in that order. Data
source: 2007 - 2008 UTPMP Baseline data
*Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level
Table 3a. Differences in Pre-Treatment Means. Treatment vs Control. Baseline Survey. a
El Salvador
Variables
Characteristics of the House
Number of Rooms
698
Share of Rooms with Dirty Floors
692
Share of Rooms with Low Quality
Walls
695
2.350
(0.084)
0.857
(0.024)
0.13
(0.089)
0.00
(0.019)
0.920
-0.039
(0.016) (0.017)**
Share of Rooms with Low Quality
Roofs
Uruguay
Mean
Differences w/
Total
Mean
Mean
settlement
Observations Control Differences
dummies
689
Total
Mean
Mean
Observations Control Differences
-0.141
(0.095)
0.039
(0.021) *
779
0.006
560
749
(0.015)
0.999
0.000
-0.001
(0.001)
0.179
(0.022)
0.195
(0.052)
(0.001)
-0.03
(0.021)
0.03
(0.031)
(0.002)
0.002
(0.024)
-0.033
(0.030)
0.007
0.01
0.002
Share of Rooms with Window
697
Water Connection (=1)
698
Sink on Room where food is
prepared (=1)
694
(0.008)
(0.007)
(0.010)
Room where food is prepared is
also used as Bedroom (=1)
693
0.327
-0.02
0.055
Electricity Connection (=1)
698
(0.072)
0.386
(0.071)
(0.036)
0.01
(0.037)
Use Gas Stove or Kerosene to
Cook (=1)
698
0.141
0.05
749
773
777
768
2.659
(0.048)
0.361
(0.021)
0.013
(0.095)
0.005
(0.032)
Mean Differences
w/settlement
dummies
0.066
(0.104)
-0.015
(0.033)
0.692
-0.015
-0.043
(0.070)
(0.037)
(0.039)
0.991
0.004
0.006
(0.005)
0.583
(0.030)
0.908
(0.016)
(0.005)
-0.029
(0.028)
0.014
(0.020)
(0.006)
-0.025
(0.029)
0.018
(0.021)
0.253
0.002
0.024
(0.034)
(0.019)
(0.031)
766
0.447
-0.028
-0.012
(0.039)
-0.063
(0.038)
779
(0.030)
0.957
(0.008)
(0.036)
0.004
(0.014)
(0.038)
0.004
(0.015)
0.010
779
0.468
-0.027
-0.030
(0.028) (0.028)*
(0.030)
(0.061) (0.035)
(0.037)
Own Toilet (=1)
698
0.448
0.06
-0.056
779
0.598
0.065
0.058
(0.050) (0.038)
(0.042)
(0.036) (0.034)*
(0.036)
a On material of rooms, were only included those households that reported information for all rooms. On monetary variables, observations
over p99 were not considered. Reported Results: Standard errors clustered at survey-block level shown in parentheses (23 clusters for El
Salvador and 12 clusters for Uruguay) and standard error are reported in that order. Data source: 2007 - 2008 UTPMP Baseline data
Table 3b. Differences in Pre-Treatment Means. Treatment vs Control. Baseline Survey. a
El Salvador
Uruguay
Total
Observations
Mean
Control
Mean
Differences
Mean Differences
w/settlement
dummies
HH Members
698
Head of HH's Age
695
Head of HH's Gender (1=Man)
698
4.921
(0.166)
44.227
(1.787)
0.769
(0.018)
0.094
(0.187)
0.811
(1.303)
0.029
(0.032)
Head of HH's Education Level
(higher value, higher education)
678
2.319
Spouse's Age
252
(0.246)
41.598
(1.542)
Spouse's Education Level (higher
value, higher education)
249
Variables
Total
Observations
Mean
Control
Mean
Differences
Mean Differences
w/settlement
dummies
-0.040
(0.233)
0.129
(1.555)
0.028
(0.036)
779
4.202
(0.133)
37.314
(0.559)
0.537
(0.024)
0.121
(0.173)
0.906
(1.026)
-0.036
(0.036)
0.087
(0.191)
1.203
(1.108)
-0.043
(0.038)
0.190
-0.048
734
8.314
-0.352
-0.190
(0.223)
0.898
(1.936)
(0.243)
-0.779
(2.420)
179
(0.685)
38.872
(1.513)
(0.493)
-2.013
(2.036)
(0.530)
-2.108
(2.200)
178
Sociodemographic Characteristics
Hours worked last week by Head of
HH (including Secondary job)
Hours worked last week by Spouse
(including Secondary job)
Health (<5 years old)
Respiratory Disease during last 4
weeks (=1)
Diarrhea during last 4 weeks (=1)
507
220
424
424
1.677
0.270
0.211
(0.201)
(0.316)
(0.341)
32.811
3.611
2.253
(1.482)
(2.112)*
(2.457)
9.885
-2.893
-1.847
(3.127)
(2.447)
(2.940)
0.635
0.035
0.042
(0.035)
(0.475)
(0.056)
0.144
0.105
0.043
750
753
658
165
623
624
9.634
-0.598
0.032
(0.498)
(1.066)
(1.165)
31.956
-1.071
-1.280
(1.567)
(1.907)
(2.056)
22.000
-2.835
-0.416
(2.991)
(3.733)
(4.319)
0.360
-0.014
-0.050
(0.037)
(0.038)
(0.044)
0.083
0.009
-0.014
(0.017)
(0.038)***
(0.042)
(0.016)
(0.022)
(0.024)
a On material of rooms, were only included those households that reported information for all rooms. On monetary variables, observations over p99 were not
considered. On hours worked, cases that reported more than 84 hours were not considered. Reported Results: Standard errors clustered at survey-block level
shown in parentheses (23 clusters for El Salvador and 12 clusters for Uruguay) and standard error are reported in that order. Data source: 2007 - 2008
UTPMP Baseline data.
Table 4: Differences of Means between groups
El Salvador a
Variable
Income Indicators (HH)
Total Income PC
(3) Mean of
(1) Mean of
(2) Mean of
Observations
Observations Observations
Settlements
Non Poor
National Poor
(UTPMP
(EHPM 2008) (EHPM 2008) b
2007-08)
401.950
(6.894)
45.838
(0.467)
64.175
(6.806)
% of Wage Work
0.457
(0.005)
0.511
(0.006)
0.458
(0.016)
% of Self Employment
0.194
(0.003)
0.316
(0.005)
0.517
(0.019)
% of Private Transfer
0.324
(0.006)
0.154
(0.003)
0.024
(0.008)
% of Govern Transfer
d
Dif (2)-(3)
Dif (2)-(3)c
-18.337
(6.802)***
0.053
(0.016)***
-0.201
(0.019)***
0.130
(0.009)***
0.009
-22.647
(7.162)***
0.042
(0.016)**
-0.189
(0.020)***
0.130
(0.009)***
0.009
0.004
0.009
0.000
(0.001)*** (0.001)***
(0.007)
0.000
0.000
a
Table computed at household and individual level in El Salvador using Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples 2008 and
UTPMP Impact Evaluation Data 2007 – 08 Sources. Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in
parentheses. The EHPM 2008 Data contain clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and UTPMP 33 clusters (PSU:“caserio”).
b
National Poor means households who live with less than USD 89.4 per capita per month in urban zones and less than USD
58.2 in rural zones in 2008, equivalent to two CBAs which represents the National Poverty Line and basic needs in El Salvador in
2008.
c
Urban and Rural zones in El Salvador face different prices, then the regression have a dummy by cluster (settlement - UTPMP
slum dwellers; comuna - EHPM poors) and a dummy by zone. Reported Results: estimated coefficient, clustered standard error
at block level in brackets (23 clusters for UTPMP Slums and 500 clusters for EHPM Poors).
d
Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers income.
Variable
El Salvador a
(3) Mean of
(1) Mean of
(2) Mean of
Observations
Settlements Dif (2)-(3) Dif (2)-(3)c
Non Poor
National Poor
(UTPMP
(EHPM 2008) (EHPM 2008) b
2007-08)
Employment Indicators (IND)
Employment rate 16-64
0.656
0.019
0.009
0.545
0.526
(0.003)
(0.004)
(0.014)
(0.014)
(0.014)
Employment rate Males 16-64
0.370
0.349
0.374
-0.025
-0.011
(0.003)
(0.003)
(0.010)
(0.011)**
(0.013)
Employment rate Females 16-64
0.286
0.044
0.020
0.196
0.152
(0.003)
(0.003)
(0.013)
(0.013)***
(0.014)
Wage employment rate 16-64
0.459
0.130
0.119
0.346
0.216
(0.003)
(0.004)
(0.014)
(0.015)*** (0.014)***
Wage employment rate Males 16-64
0.278
0.243
0.187
0.056
0.058
(0.003)
(0.012)
(0.012)*** (0.013)***
(0.003)
Wage employment rate Females 16-64
0.181
0.074
0.061
0.103
0.029
(0.002)
(0.006)
(0.006)*** (0.007)***
(0.002)
Self employment rate 16-64
0.197
-0.110
-0.109
0.199
0.308
(0.003)
(0.014)
(0.014)*** (0.014)***
(0.002)
Self employment rate Males 16-64
0.092
0.106
0.185
-0.079
-0.068
(0.001)
(0.003)
(0.015)
(0.016)*** (0.016)***
Self employment rate Females 16-64
0.105
-0.030
-0.041
0.093
0.123
(0.002)
(0.008)
(0.009)*** (0.009)***
(0.002)
Average Wage Males 16-64 (Main Job) (USD)
310.962
142.058
145.829
-3.771
-13.048
(6.307)
(1.627)
(5.853)
(6.352)
(7.729)*
Average Wage Females 16-64 (Main Job) (USD)
258.734
-21.449
-31.193
113.807
135.256
(5.346)
(1.583)
(4.628)
(4.842)*** (5.392)***
a
Table computed at household and individual level in El Salvador using Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples 2008
and UTPMP Impact Evaluation Data 2007 – 08 Sources. Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in
parentheses. The EHPM 2008 Data contain clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and UTPMP 33 clusters (PSU:“caserio”).
b
National Poor means households who live with less than USD 89.4 per capita per month in urban zones and less than
USD 58.2 in rural zones in 2008, equivalent to two CBAs which represents the National Poverty Line and basic needs in El
Salvador in 2008.
c
Urban and Rural zones in El Salvador face different prices, then the regression have a dummy by cluster (settlement UTPMP slum dwellers; comuna - EHPM poors) and a dummy by zone. Reported Results: estimated coefficient, clustered
standard error at block level in brackets (23 clusters for UTPMP Slums and 500 clusters for EHPM Poors).
d
Variable
El Salvador a
(3) Mean of
(1) Mean of
(2) Mean of
Observations
Non Poor National Poor
(UTPMP
b
(EHPM 2008) (EHPM 2008)
2007-08)
Demographics
HH Size
3.779
4.660
4.860
-0.200
-0.085
(0.021)
(0.032)
(0.124)
(0.125)
(0.116)
Female Head (%)
0.353
0.298
0.219
0.079
0.052
(0.004)
(0.006)
(0.015)
(0.017) *** (0.020)**
Head of HH's Age
48.229
46.376
43.438
2.938
2.811
(0.204)
(0.221)
(1.048)
(1.059) *** (1.151)**
Head of HH's years of schooling
6.372
4.013
4.392
-0.378
-0.692
(0.096)
(0.058)
(0.176)
(0.193) * (0.164)***
% children 5-12 enrolled in school
0.922
0.834
0.929
-0.094
-0.103
(0.003)
(0.005)
(0.010)
(0.011) *** (0.012)***
0.724
0.652
0.540
0.112
0.076
(0.007)
(0.009)
(0.028)
(0.030) *** (0.029)***
a
Table computed at household and individual level in El Salvador using Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples
2008 and UTPMP Impact Evaluation Data 2007 – 08 Sources. Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level
shown in parentheses. The EHPM 2008 Data contain clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and UTPMP 33 clusters (PSU:“caserio”).
b
National Poor means households who live with less than USD 89.4 per capita per month in urban zones and less than
USD 58.2 in rural zones in 2008, equivalent to two CBAs which represents the National Poverty Line and basic needs in
El Salvador in 2008.
c
Urban and Rural zones in El Salvador face different prices, then the regression have a dummy by cluster (settlement UTPMP slum dwellers; comuna - EHPM poors) and a dummy by zone. Reported Results: estimated coefficient, clustered
standard error at block level in brackets (23 clusters for UTPMP Slums and 500 clusters for EHPM Poors).
d
Variable
El Salvador a
(3) Mean of
(1) Mean of (2) Mean of
Observations
Non Poor National Poor
(UTPMP
(EHPM 2008) (EHPM 2008) b
2007-08)
Housing and Assets
Rooms Per Capita
0.512
0.394
0.118
0.085
0.909
(0.009)
(0.006)
(0.017)
(0.018) *** (0.024)***
0.390
0.931
-0.541
-0.482
0.163
(0.005)
(0.010)
(0.017)
(0.021) *** (0.032)***
% Weak Walls
0.436
0.919
-0.483
-0.424
0.249
(0.007)
(0.009)
(0.037)
(0.037) *** (0.050)***
% Weak Roofs
0.452
0.917
-0.465
-0.466
0.297
(0.007)
(0.010)
(0.021)
(0.024) *** (0.024)***
% Water Connection
0.544
0.249
0.295
0.227
0.700
(0.009)
(0.010)
(0.053)
(0.054) *** (0.062)***
% Access to toilet
0.922
0.680
0.241
0.207
0.967
(0.002)
(0.005)
(0.052)
(0.051) *** (0.043)***
% Access to private toilet
0.765
0.550
0.215
0.199
0.844
(0.005)
(0.007)
(0.057)
(0.057) *** (0.057)***
% Connected to sewage
0.640
0.007
0.633
0.491
0.686
(0.015)
(0.019)
(0.003)
(0.019) *** (0.059)***
% Electricity
0.810
0.416
0.394
0.346
0.928
(0.003)
(0.009)
(0.069)
(0.071) *** (0.081)***
% Cook with wood
0.486
0.800
-0.314
-0.212
0.183
(0.006)
(0.012)
(0.046)
(0.050) *** (0.065)***
% Refrigerators
0.328
0.094
0.234
0.181
0.658
(0.007)
(0.008)
(0.028)
(0.031) *** (0.041)***
% TV
0.678
0.393
0.286
0.204
0.864
(0.004)
(0.009)
(0.048)
(0.050) *** (0.066)***
a
Table computed at household and individual level in El Salvador using Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples
2008 and UTPMP Impact Evaluation Data 2007 – 08 Sources. Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level
shown in parentheses. The EHPM 2008 Data contain clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and UTPMP 33 clusters
(PSU:“caserio”).
% Dirty Floors
b
National Poor means households who live with less than USD 89.4 per capita per month in urban zones and less
than USD 58.2 in rural zones in 2008, equivalent to two CBAs which represents the National Poverty Line and basic
needs in El Salvador in 2008.
c
Urban and Rural zones in El Salvador face different prices, then the regression have a dummy by cluster (settlement
- UTPMP slum dwellers; comuna - EHPM poors) and a dummy by zone. Reported Results: estimated coefficient,
clustered standard error at block level in brackets (23 clusters for UTPMP Slums and 500 clusters for EHPM Poors).
d
Uruguay (Montevideo and Canelones Departments)a
Variable
Income Indicators (HH)
Total Income PC
(1) Mean of
(2) Mean of
Observations
Obervations
Non Poor out of Poor Out of
Slums (ECH
Slums (ECH
2008)
2008) b
(3) Mean of
Observations
Settlements
(ECH 2008)
778.646
(58.485)
174.081
(0.849)
273.628
(7.513)
% of Wage Work
0.331
(0.002)
0.258
(0.007)
0.319
(0.007)
% of Self Employment
0.309
(0.008)
0.218
(0.010)
0.222
(0.005)
% of Private Transfer
0.043
(0.002)
0.052
(0.001)
0.044
(0.002)
% of Govern Transfer
c
Dif (2)-(3)
-99.547
(7.243)***
-0.061
(0.009)***
-0.004
(0.009)
0.008
(0.003)***
0.366
0.177
0.436
0.070
(0.006)
(0.006)***
(0.007)
(0.002)
a
Table computed at household and individual level in Montevideo and Canelones Departments in
Uruguay using Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH). Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit
level shown in parentheses. The ECH Data contain 232 clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and households who
live in settlements are contained in 147 clusters (PSU:“segmento”)
b
National Poor means households who live below the National Poverty Line in urban zones in Uruguay.
This line is calculated monthly and in 2008 varied between 213 and 234 dollars per month depending on
which month was the household measured. The poverty line represents a CBA of "food needs" plus a
CBA of "non-food needs", both calculated in base of needs of 2006 in Uruguay
c
Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers
income.
(3) Mean of
Observations Obervations
Observations
Non Poor out Poor Out of
Variable
Dif (2)-(3)
Settlements
of Slums
Slums (ECH
(ECH 2008)
b
(ECH 2008)
2008)
Employment Indicators (IND)
Employment rate 16-64
0.647
-0.063
0.741
0.584
(0.002)
(0.004)
(0.007)
(0.007)***
Employment rate Males 16-64
0.388
-0.051
0.387
0.337
(0.006)
(0.009)
(0.006)
(0.010)***
Employment rate Females 16-64
0.260
-0.012
0.354
0.247
(0.008)
(0.011)
(0.006)
(0.011)
Wage employment rate 16-64
0.467
-0.063
0.561
0.404
(0.011)
(0.005)
(0.008)
(0.009)***
Wage employment rate Males 16-64
0.271
-0.046
0.278
0.225
(0.002)
(0.008)
(0.007)
(0.009)***
Wage employment rate Females
0.196
-0.017
16-64
0.283
0.178
(0.011)
(0.010)
(0.006)
(0.012)
Self employment rate 16-64
0.180
0.000
0.180
0.181
(0.010)
(0.003)
(0.007)
(0.008)
Self employment rate Males 16-64
0.116
-0.005
0.109
0.112
(0.007)
(0.003)
(0.004)
(0.005)
Self employment rate Females
0.064
0.005
16-64
0.071
0.069
(0.003)
(0.002)
(0.004)
(0.005)
Average Wage Males 16-64 (Main
304.915
-74.603
Job) (USD)
778.071
230.312
(44.575)
(3.286)
(8.804)
(9.701)***
Average Wage Females 16-64
176.903
-50.749
(Main Job) (USD)
496.821
126.154
(25.662)
(3.558)
(6.229)
(5.893)***
a
Table computed at household and individual level in Montevideo and Canelones
Departments in Uruguay using Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH). Standard errors
clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The ECH Data contain 232
clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and households who live in settlements are contained in 147
clusters (PSU:“segmento”)
b
National Poor means households who live below the National Poverty Line in urban zones
in Uruguay. This line is calculated monthly and in 2008 varied between 213 and 234 dollars
per month depending on which month was the household measured. The poverty line
represents a CBA of "food needs" plus a CBA of "non-food needs", both calculated in base of
needs of 2006 in Uruguay
c
Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public
Transfers income.
Variable
Demographics
HH Size
(1) Mean of
(2) Mean of
(3) Mean of
Observations
Dif (2)-(3)
Settlements
of Slums (ECH Slums (ECH
(ECH
2008)
2008)
2008) b
3.691
0.584
(0.053)
(0.118)***
Female Head (%)
0.372
0.005
0.398
0.378
(0.023)
(0.038)
(0.013)
(0.039)
Head of HH's Age
45.423
-0.112
55.496
45.311
(0.151)
(0.213)
(0.352)
(0.395)
Head of HH's years of schooling
6.169
0.182
9.476
6.351
(0.550)
(0.190)
(0.099)
(0.140)
0.978
0.002
0.988
0.980
(0.001)
(0.002)
(0.003)
(0.004)
0.661
0.046
0.875
0.707
(0.011)
(0.011)
(0.019)
(0.024)*
a
Table computed at household and individual level in Montevideo and Canelones Departments in
Uruguay using Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH). Standard errors clustered at Primary
Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The ECH Data contain 232 clusters (PSU:“segmento”)
and households who live in settlements are contained in 147 clusters (PSU:“segmento”)
2.549
(0.028)
4.274
(0.091)
b
National Poor means households who live below the National Poverty Line in urban zones in
Uruguay. This line is calculated monthly and in 2008 varied between 213 and 234 dollars per
month depending on which month was the household measured. The poverty line represents a
CBA of "food needs" plus a CBA of "non-food needs", both calculated in base of needs of 2006 in
Uruguay
c
Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers
income.
Variable
Housing and Assets
Rooms Per Capita
(3) Mean of
Observations
Dif (2)-(3)
Settlements
of Slums
Slums (ECH
(ECH 2008)
(ECH 2008)
2008) b
0.977
-0.141
(0.020)
(0.039)***
0.404
-0.162
0.036
0.242
(0.011)
(0.010)
(0.017)
(0.016)***
% Weak Walls
0.087
-0.063
0.004
0.025
(0.000)
(0.002)
(0.009)
(0.008)***
% Weak Roofs
0.448
-0.212
0.031
0.235
(0.008)
(0.008)
(0.019)
(0.021)***
% Water Connection
0.989
-0.125
0.948
0.864
(0.036)
(0.061)
(0.004)
(0.057)**
% Access to toilet
0.937
0.027
0.996
0.964
(0.001)
(0.005)
(0.007)
(0.009)***
% Access to private toilet
0.895
0.027
0.976
0.922
(0.001)
(0.006)
(0.009)
(0.012)***
% Connected to sewage
0.604
-0.061
0.703
0.543
(0.010)
(0.033)
(0.023)
(0.025)**
% Electricity
0.996
-0.008
0.998
0.988
(0.000)
(0.003)
(0.001)
(0.003)**
% Cook with wood
0.016
0.038
0.013
0.054
(0.008)
(0.023)
(0.004)
(0.020)*
% Refrigerators
0.860
0.027
0.985
0.886
(0.002)
(0.006)
(0.011)
(0.011)**
% TV
0.919
0.020
0.984
0.939
(0.002)
(0.007)
(0.008)
(0.009)**
a
Table computed at household and individual level in Montevideo and Canelones Departments
in Uruguay using Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH). Standard errors clustered at Primary
Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The ECH Data contain 232 clusters (PSU:“segmento”)
and households who live in settlements are contained in 147 clusters (PSU:“segmento”)
1.737
(0.017)
0.836
(0.024)
% Dirty Floors
b
National Poor means households who live below the National Poverty Line in urban zones in
Uruguay. This line is calculated monthly and in 2008 varied between 213 and 234 dollars per
month depending on which month was the household measured. The poverty line represents a
CBA of "food needs" plus a CBA of "non-food needs", both calculated in base of needs of 2006
in Uruguay
c
Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public
Transfers income.
Table 5. Differences of Means between Countries. Treatment and Internal Control Groups.
Baseline Survey. a
Total
Mean
Mean
Mean
Observation
Variables
El Salvador Uruguay Differences
s
Characteristics of the House
Number of Rooms per HH
1,477
2.431
2.666
-0.235
(0.086)
(0.060)
(0.104) **
(0.043)
(0.047) (0.065) ***
Share of Rooms with Dirty Floors
1,441
0.854
0.364
0.490
(0.015)
(0.028) (0.032) ***
(0.009)
(0.016) (0.018) ***
Share of Rooms with Low Quality Walls
1,255
0.896
0.683
0.213
(0.036)
(0.044)
(0.056)***
(0.008)
(0.018)
(0.019)***
Sahre of Rooms with Low Quality Roofs
1,438
0.999
0.993
0.006
(0.000)
(0.002)
(0.002)***
(0.000)
(0.002)
(0.002)***
Share of Rooms with Window
1,470
0.163
0.567
-0.405
(0.017)
(0.015) (0.022) ***
(0.010)
(0.014) (0.017) ***
Water Connection (=1)
1,475
0.215
0.915
-0.700
(0.051)
(0.013) (0.053) ***
(0.015)
(0.010) (0.018) ***
Sink on Room where food is prepared (=1)
1,462
0.012
0.254
-0.242
(0.005)
(0.025) (0.024) ***
(0.004)
(0.015) (0.016) ***
Room where food is prepared is also used
1,459
0.313
0.432
-0.119
as Bedroom (=1)
(0.047)
(0.025)
(0.053) **
(0.017)
(0.017) (0.025) ***
Electricity Connection inside the House (=1)
1,477
0.391
0.959
-0.568
(0.058)
(0.006) (0.058) ***
(0.018)
(0.007) (0.019) ***
Use Gas Stove or Kerosene to Cook (=1)
1,477
0.173
0.453
-0.280
(0.034)
(0.052) (0.061) ***
(0.014)
(0.017) (0.023) ***
House with Own Bathroom (=1)
1,477
0.483
0.634
-0.151
(0.041)
(0.024) (0.047) ***
(0.018)
(0.017) (0.025) ***
a On material of rooms, were only included those households that reported information for all
rooms. On monetary variables, observations over p99 were not considered. Reported Results:
Standard errors clustered at survey-block level shown in parentheses (23 clusters for El
Salvador and 12 clusters for Uruguay) and standard error are reported. Data source: 2007 2008 UTPMP Baseline data
Next Steps •  Using the results of the evalua'on, and the interest of the NGO in improving the health of the children, we are now: •  Adding to these houses cuing edge water cleaning technology developed by the founders of Cántaro Azul (CA), a Mexican NGO, at the UC Berkeley. •  This system, the Mesita Azul (MA), advocates to being capable of providing clean drinking water to slum dwellers at a cost of US$50 per device.

Read more about USI Conference July 2012 Sebastian

Transcription

Similar documents