ALL-CRAFT Technology for Low-Pressure Storage of Methane from

Transcription

ALL-CRAFT Technology for Low-Pressure
Storage of Methane from Biomass
Peter Pfeifer
Department of Physics, University of Missouri
Columbia, MO 65211
http://all-craft.missouri.edu
34th Annual Missouri Waste Management Conference
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Lake Ozark, June 25-27, 2006
Programmatic Overview
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Why alternative fuels?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reduce dependence on foreign oil
Harness domestic renewable energy sources
Create new opportunities for domestic agriculture
Create clean air in cities
Reduce transportation costs by improving energy efficiency
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Develop
sustainable
transportation
in U.S.
What are alternative fuels?
• Ethanol (from corn, wood, …)
• Natural gas* (NG; from domestic gas fields, deep-sea methane hydrate
fields, landfills)
• Biodiesel (from soybeans, vegetable oils, …)
• Hydrogen* (from NG, water & electricity)
• Electricity (from coal/nuclear/hydroelectric/solar/wind power plants)
* ALL-CRAFT
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How do alternative fuels work together?
Next-generation clean vehicles:
NG internal combustion engine
Long-term goal:
Hydrogen fuel-cell cars
NG, methane
Ready to go:
NG from domestic (85%)
& Canadian (~rest) fields
In progress:
Renewable methane
from landfills & biomass
In 10-20 years:
Methane from deep-sea
methane hydrate fields
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Who we are—Partners
• MU (lead institution): Physics (Pfeifer, Project Leader), Chemistry (Atwood),
Chemical Engineering (Suppes), Civil Engineering (Bowders), Office of
Technology and Special Projects (Nixon), Office of Research (Coleman)
• Lincoln University, Jefferson City
• Midwest Research Institute (MRI), Kansas City
• DBHORNE, LLC, Atlanta
• Renewable Alternatives, LLC, Columbia
• Missouri Biotechnology Association (MOBIO), St. Louis
• Clean Vehicle Education Foundation, Washington, DC
• Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources (Energy Center), Jefferson City
• City of Columbia (Municipal Landfill), Columbia
• Kansas City Office of Environmental Quality & Central Fleet, Kansas City
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What we do
• Develop low-pressure, high-capacity storage technologies for natural gas
(NG), based on new adsorbent materials discovered at MU:
— nanoporous carbon from waste corn cobs in Missouri (“sponge for NG”)
— calixarene (“crystalline vacuum pump”)
• Demonstrate low-pressure, flat-panel NG tank for
— next-generation clean vehicles (NG internal combustion engines)
— hydrogen fuel cell cars (no hydrogen infrastructure needed)
— collection of NG from landfills (“pollutant to renewable energy”)
— large-scale shipping of NG from Alaska and deep-sea methane hydrate
fields (reduction of dependence on foreign oil)
• Train students to become future leaders in alternative energy technology
and build outreach programs for alternative energy innovations
Funded by:
– NSF Program “Partnerships for Innovation”
– MU, MRI, Advanced Photon Source, DED/GAANN
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Current natural-gas vehicles
/ ozone, smog), NOx, particulate
• Low emission of hydrocarbons (
matter. NG stored as compressed natural gas (CNG) in steel or
composite cylinders at 250 atm (3600 psi).
• Clean Cities Coalitions:
– Los Angeles: 1500 CNG buses
– Kansas City: 200 CNG public utility vehicles
– U.S.: 300,000 CNG vehicles
– worldwide: 4 million CNG vehicles
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Why are we not already driving NG-fueled cars?
• High-pressure cylindrical/spherical
tanks take up passenger or trunk
space.
CNG cylinders in transit bus:
• Only NG passenger car in U.S.: Honda Civic GX; CNG tank in trunk:
Goal: Develop low-pressure (34 atm, 500 psi), “flat-panel” tank, like gasoline
tank. Store NG in nanoporous carbon; pores adsorb NG like a sponge: ANG tank
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Best flat-panel tank previously
Atlanta Gas Light Adsorbent Research
Group (AGLARG), 1997:
© AGLARG 1997
© AGLARG 1997
© AGLARG 1997
Adsorbent: monolithic activated
carbon from peach pit
ALL-CRAFT: Monolithic carbon, with superior performance, from corncob.
Missouri corn can supply raw material for NG tanks of all cars in the U.S.
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Performance of AGLARG tank
• Target pressure for flat tank: 3.4 MPa (34 atm, 500 psi *); without adsorbent,
pressure would have to be 15 MPa, much more than what a flat tank can bear
• Troublesome
maintenance
of consistent
quality of
briquettes;
binder blocks
pores
© AGLARG 1997
• DOE target capacity: 118 g/l (volume CH4 at 25 oC & 1 atm, per volume tank: 180)
• ALL-CRAFT
target: >100 g/l
Achieved!
*) 500 psi:
pressure in NG
pipelines
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Recovery of
methane from
landfills and
biomass
• Landfills: largest human-made source of methane (CH4) in U.S.
Landfill gas (LFG): ~ 50% CH4, ~ 50% CO2
• CH4: 20 times more potent greenhouse gas than CO2
Capture CH4 at landfill; use as renewable energy; reduce energy “crisis”
• Annual CH4 emission from landfills in U.S.:
– Could power 4 million homes: $5 billion/yr
– Greenhouse equivalent to emission from 100 million cars (2/3 of cars in U.S.)
– If captured, equivalent to planting forest 2 x area of MO
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Current recovery of methane from landfills
• Electricity generation
(large sites: STL, KC, Columbia, …)
• Direct heat
(large/intermediate sites:
STL, KC, Columbia, …)
Opportunity:
During high-flow periods,
store in stationary tanks
• Flare off (small sites)
• Not captured (abandoned sites)
Opportunity:
Store in transportable tanks
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Bucky Katt’s and Rob Wilco’s
perspective
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NGVAmerica in NYT & WSJ (2/8/06), in response to the
President’s State of the Union Address
• 85% of NG is produced domestically; U.S. has huge amounts of NG
• 25% of NG is used to generate electricity; replaceable by other fuels, freeing
NG for transportation
• Renewable NG in the form of biogas from landfills, sewage, farms, feedlots
• NG produces less air pollution and greenhouse gases than gasoline and diesel
• Even at today’s high prices, NG is cheaper than gasoline or diesel at the pump
• NGVs are the pathway to hydrogen transportation; much of the hydrogen
technology is based on NG technology
• Other countries are far ahead of us
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ALL-CRAFT Accomplishments
January 2005 - June 2006
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ALL-CRAFT tank
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ALL-CRAFT tank, cont’d
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ALL-CRAFT tank,
cont’d
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Carbon production & methane storage capacity
• Production of ~ 80 different carbons from
corn cob, with variable activation procedures
Starting material & final product
• Search for maximum NG storage capacity
• Capacity in:
– M/V: gram of NG per liter of carbon
– V/V: NG, as volume of gas at 25 oC and
1 atm, per volume of carbon
– M/M: gram of NG per kilogram of carbon
ALL-CRAFT,
typical briquette
(Sample B-21/k)
73-95 g/liter
ALL-CRAFT,
best performance
(Sample B’-21/k)
M /V
104-107 g/liter
110% of AGLARG
90% of DOE
V / V 112-145 liter/liter 159-163 liter/liter
M / M 170-220 g/kg
210-220 g/kg
130% of AGLARG
AGLARG,
ANG DOE
best
target
performance
98 g/liter
118 g/liter
150 liter/liter 180 liter/liter
170 g/kg
N/A
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Methane storage capacity, cont’d
Gravimetric
measurement
of methane
uptake on
small samples:
Pressuredifference
measurement
of methane
uptake on 3.5”
carbon
briquettes (MRI
test fixture):
Gravimetric,
Chem. Eng.
Gravimetric,
Physics
Pressure
difference
Methane uptake on
B-21/k with different
instruments, M / M
221 g/kg (± 2%)
209 g/kg (± 2%)
198 g/kg (± 4%)
NG storage capacity (g/liter), at 34 atm (500 psi) and 25 oC
180
160
140
120
90% of
DOE
target
83% of
DOE
target
Best ALL-CRAFT
carbon
Best AGLARG
carbon
100
80
60
40
20
0
DOE target
CNG, at 250 atm
(3600 psi)
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How do we make carbon briquettes?
150-ton press
Die & piston
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Road test of ALL-CRAFT tank on a Ford F-150 bifuel pickup:
MRI, Kansas City: June-Sept. 2006—stay tuned
© MRI 2005
© MRI 2006
Ford F-150 pickup for road test in
Kansas City (MRI, 4/06 - 9/06)
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Mechanical design
© MRI 2006
6 Al tubes
holding 216
carbon
briquettes
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© MRI 2006
Schematic design
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ALL-CRAFT tank on Ford F-150
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Application to methane recovery from
landfills and biomass
Premium for cars: minimize volume of tank
Premium for landfills: minimize weight of tank
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Renewable NG from landfills
Methane recovery in transportable tanks
• Collect & purify methane at landfill
• 40,000 lb carbon tank, with 17 wt%
storage
capacity (200 g methane/kg carbon), can
store 6,800 lb of methane
• Ship full tank on tractor trailer to central
processing facility; discharge methane
• Return empty tank to landfill
• Example:
Columbia landfill
Flow rate
Operated as “dry 250 cuft/min
tomb,” 2005
15,000 lb/day
Operated as
980 cuft/min
bioreactor, 2020 57,000 lb/day
One tank full in
0.45 days
0.12 days
• Tanks of interest at small or abandoned landfills
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Other deployment
Uniform methane delivery from landfill:
• Collect & purify methane at landfill
• During high-flow periods, store methane in 500 psi stationary tanks
• Discharge tanks during low-flow periods
Fueling station for garbage trucks:
• Use methane from landfill to refuel CNG garbage trucks
• Store methane in 500 psi stationary tanks, designed as fueling station
• Of interest when there is no nearby NG station
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Columbia landfill
Figure 1: Estimated Methane Collection Rates (Aquaterra March 2005 Report)
1200
"Dry Tomb"
"Bioreactor"
Methane Flowrate (Cubic Feet per Minute)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
Time (Year)
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Columbia landfill, cont’d
Methane flow rate vs. time
450
400
Methane (CFM)
350
300
"Phase 2" Added ? Gas
Wells to the
System
"Phase 3" Added 8
Gas Wells
to the
System
250
200
150
100
50
0
Oct-95 Jul-96 Mar-97 Nov-97 Jul-98 Mar-99 Dec-99 Aug- Apr-01 Dec-01 Sep-02 May- Jan-04 Sep-04 May- Feb-06
00
03
05
Time (Month-Year)
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Columbia landfill, cont’d
Percentage methane vs. time
70
60
Methane (%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fe Ju D A
b- l- e p
96 96 c- r96 97
S Fe Ju D M
e b- l- e a
p- 98 98 c- y97
98 99
O
c
t99
M
a
r00
A Ja Ju N A
u n- n- o p
g- 01 01 v- r00
01 02
S Ja Ju N A
e n- n- o p
p- 03 03 v- r02
03 04
S Fe Ju
e b- lp- 05 05
04
Time (month-year)
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Strategic and economic opportunities
National level
• NG fueled cars = next-generation clean vehicles/transportation
1. Reduce smog, respiratory disease, cardio-vascular disease, …
2. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
3. Reduce dependence on foreign oil now (not in 2040 as in H2 economy)
4. Harness domestic NG fields (Alaska), deep-sea methane hydrate fields
(Oregon), renewable NG from landfills & biomass (Missouri, …)
• Recovery of NG from landfills
1. Pollutant to energy, renewable energy
2. Economic growth in rural areas
• Duplicate ALL-CRAFT success for hydrogen tanks
State level
• Produce NG/hydrogen tanks, from MO corn cob, for 10 million cars/year:
$5 billion/yr
• Produce & operate NG tanks, from MO corn cob, for 2,500 landfills: $5 billion/yr
• Produce NG tanks, from MO corn cob, for large-scale NG shipping: $3 billion/yr
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ALL-CRAFT Technology for Low-Pressure Storage of Methane from

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