Tracer technologies to assess and monitor EOR and IOR projects

Tracer technologies to assess
and monitor EOR and IOR
projects
Olaf Huseby, Sven Hartvig,
Kjersti Jevanord & Øyvind Dugstad
Restrack AS, Instituttveien 18, NO-2027,
Kjeller Norway
Outline
•  Restrack -­‐ tracer service based on Ins2tute for energy technology (IFE) research •  Informa2on from tracer data •  Field applica2on of the par22oning inter-­‐well tracer test •  Summary 2
4 mai 2015
IFE legacy
1950ies
IFE started work with radioactive
tracers, ground water studies
1983 – 86
offshore use of tracers at Ekofisk
started
1991 –
development for application of
chemical tracers
1994 –
consecutive frame agreements
with Statoil and ConocoPhillips.
1995 –
world-wide project expansion
2005
IFE established Resman together
with Sintef
2011 –
deployment of Single Well
Chemical Tracer Test (SWCTT)
2012 –
Introducing tracers for partitioning
Inter-well Tracer Test (PITT)
Inter-well tracer test
Producers
Injectors
Injector
•  Injec2on water is "colored" by tracers •  Water from specific injector iden2fied 4
4 mai 2015
Inter-continental tracer test
Injectors
Tracer distribution
5
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Connectivity from tracer data
I-­‐1 I-­‐2 P-­‐1 P-­‐2 P-­‐3 •  Sealing / non-­‐sealing faults •  Topology of the reservoir •  Tracers can explain unexpected water breakthrough 6
4 mai 2015
Residence time distribution (RTD)
analysis
I-­‐1 I-­‐2 P-­‐1 P-­‐2 Moments of the distribu2on: ​𝑚↓0 =∫0↑∞▒𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ​𝑚↓1 =∫0↑∞▒𝑡∙𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 7
4 mai 2015
Number of tracers arrived P-­‐3 Swept volume: ​
𝑉↓𝑠 =​𝑄↓𝑖 ​𝑚↓1 /​
𝑚↓0 Time Characterize the heterogeneity
80% of water
flows in 20%
of volume
Flow capacity (amount produced)
1
Storage capacity (volume swept
30% of water
flows in 20% of
volume
0
8
Storage capacity (volume swept)
04.05.15
1
•  Heterogeneous flow yields curve far from diagonal •  Homogeneous flow yields close to diagonal curve •  Area between diagonal and curve gives Lorentz coefficient Heterogeneity from RTD
(sandstone)
5.0E-­‐4
Ec(t) [1/day]
data and extrapolation
4.0E-­‐4
fit of data
3.0E-­‐4
BOCK 081 2.0E-­‐4
1.0E-­‐4
0.0E+0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
t [days]
1200
1400
1600
​𝑇↓𝑚 =516 𝑑
⟨𝑇⟩=590 𝑑 ​𝐿↓𝑐 =0.18 ​𝑀↓0 =19 % ​𝑉↓𝑠 =13000​
𝑚↑3 BOCK 081 4.0E-­‐3
data and extrapolation
fit of data
Ec(t) [1/day]
3.0E-­‐3
BOCK 056 2.0E-­‐3
BOCK 056 1.0E-­‐3
0.0E+0
0
9
200
04.05.15
400
600
800
1000
t [days]
1200
1400
1600
​𝑇↓𝑚 =478 𝑑
⟨𝑇⟩=637 𝑑 ​𝐿↓𝑐 =0.15 ​𝑀↓0 =86 % ​𝑉↓𝑠 =66000 ​
𝑚↑3 Heterogeneity from RTD
(carbonate)
1.0
Well P-­‐A
Well P-­‐B
0.8
0.6
F
​𝑇↓𝑏 =54 d P-­‐B ⟨𝑇⟩=414 𝑑 ​𝐿↓𝑐 =0.46 ​𝑀↓0 =0.14 % ​𝑉↓𝑠 =680​
𝑚↑3 BO-81
(sandstone
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
5.0E-­‐5
I-­‐1 10
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Φφ
0.6
0.8
1.0
5.0E-­‐6
Well P-­‐A
4.0E-­‐5
4.0E-­‐6
Well P-­‐B
Ec(t) [1/day]
​𝑇↓𝑏 =82 d
⟨𝑇⟩=802 𝑑 P-­‐A ​𝐿↓𝑐 =0.32 ​𝑀↓0 =3.3 % ​𝑉↓𝑠 =35500 ​
0.4
3.0E-­‐5
3.0E-­‐6
2.0E-­‐5
2.0E-­‐6
1.0E-­‐5
1.0E-­‐6
0.0E+0
0
500
1000
t [days]
1500
0.0E+0
2000
Oil saturation from tracer data
par44oning tracer ordinary water tracer I-­‐1 I-­‐2 P-­‐1
P-­‐2 Satura4on given from ​𝑺↓𝒐 =​𝒕↓𝒑 −​𝒕↓𝒘 /​𝒕↓𝒑 +​𝒕↓𝒘 (𝑲−𝟏) 11
4 mai 2015
P-­‐3 SWCTT - principle
Ester (partitioning tracer) is injected
in watered-out zone (1 day)
Ester partly hydrolyses to alcohol
during shut-in (2-3 days)
Field data yields
Sor=0.21. (Data
from ENI operated
West African
onshore field, IPTC
paper 17951 for
details)
Ester and secondary tracer is
produced (2 days)
12
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PITT - principle
Partitioning tracer (red) is delayed if
oil is present
Partitioning tracer time delay gives
amount of oil present
Concentration [ppm]
Partitioning tracer (red) and water
tracer is co-injected
Partitioning
Non-­‐partitioning
200
100
0
0
20
40
Time [days]
60
80
PITT vs SWCTT
SWCTT:
•  close to the well
•  extensive operation, 1-2
week
•  test in producer
•  interrupt production
•  immediate results
PITT:
•  well to well test
•  simple injection operation,
1-2 days
•  injector well, no
production interrupts
•  results after tracer
breakthrough
Wellbore
Partitioning inter-well tracer testzone
Typical SWCTT
zone
4m
500 m
Recap of IFE research to find
suitable partitioning tracers
•  Several tracers have been used for non-­‐aquous phase liquid (NAPL) remedia2on •  For oil field applica2ons: problem finding tracers that survive reservoir temperature and biodegrada2on •  Breakthrough: PITT tracers iden2fied and tested by Viig et al. (SPE164059) 15
04.05.15
Exampel of tracer that biodegraded (Dugstad et al., 2013) Field application, Total operated
Lagrave field
1km
LAV-­‐2
LAV-­‐6
LAV-­‐1
LAV-­‐7 (injector)
Lagrave reservoir characteristics:
•
Thickness 10-­‐30 m
•
Porosity 13-­‐20 %
•
Permeability 10-­‐50 mD
16
4 mai 2015
•  Used to field test new PITT tracers (Viig et al. 2013, SPE 164059) •  Carbonate field with large water produc2on ~ 95% water cut •  Short well distances •  Water cycled •  Residual satura2on also known from cores ~ 25% Saturation from PITT in Lagrave
2.5E-­‐3
Non-­‐partitioning
Partitioning
2.0E-­‐3
E(t)
1.5E-­‐3
From cores:
So=25-28 %, i.e.
compares well to PITT
results
1.0E-­‐3
5.0E-­‐4
0.0E+0
0
17
4 mai 2015
200
400
600
800
Days after injection
1 000
1 200
Data from Viig et al. (SPE164059)
PITT in the Bockstedt Schizophyllan
biopolymer pilot1
•  mature (60+ years) oilfield located
about 50 km from Bremen
•  poorly consolidated sandstone, mid to
coarse grained, well-sorted and fairly
homogeneous
•  reservoir temperature about 54°C
•  f o r m a t i o n w a t e r : s a l i n e b r i n e
(186,000ppm TDS).
250 m
•  test area is water-flooded (high water
cut) with one injector and three
producers. Produced water is reinjected
1) For
detailes:
Leonhardt, B. et al. SPE 169032. SPE 2014 IOR Symp
Ogezi, O., et al. SPE 169158. SPE 2014 IOR Symp
Leonhardt, B., et al. (2013) Paper A10 17th EAGE European IOR Symp.
Leonhardt, B., et.al (2011) Paper B05 16th EAGE European IOR Symp.
Preliminary PITT results BO-56
4.0E-­‐3
2-­‐FBA
Ec(t) [1/day]
3.0E-­‐3
2-­‐FBOH
​𝑆↓𝑜 =​𝑇↓𝑝 −​𝑇↓𝑤 /​𝑇↓𝑝 +​𝑇↓𝑤 (𝐾
−1) =​
801−478/801+478(3.6−1) =0.16
2.0E-­‐3
1.0E-­‐3
0.0E+0
0
19
04.05.15
500
1000
t [days]
1500
2000
Summary, tracers for IOR/EOR
20
Technology
Benefit
Conventional tracers
& RTD
Identify targets for IOR
•  Communication
•  Sweep
SWCTT
Assess efficiency of EOR chemicals &
protocols
•  Reduction in Sor
PITT
Identify targets for EOR
Assess EOR efficiency on inter-well
scale
4 mai 2015
Acknowledgements
Thanks to IFE and all partners in previous and current tracer JIPs: Statoil, ConocoPhillips, Wintershall, ENI, Total, RWE, Lundin, Saudi Aramco, GDF Suez
BACKUPSLIDES
22
4 mai 2015
Partitioning vs. non-partitioning
​𝑆↓𝑜 =​𝑇↓𝑝 −​𝑇↓𝑤 /​𝑇↓𝑝 +​𝑇↓𝑤 (𝐾−1) =​
787−516/787+516(3.6−1) =0.13
5.0E-­‐4
BOCK 081 4.0E-­‐4
2-­‐FBA
Ec(t) [1/day]
2-­‐FBOH
3.0E-­‐4
2.0E-­‐4
1.0E-­‐4
0.0E+0
0
500
4.0E-­‐3
1000
t [days]
1500
BOCK 056 2-­‐FBA
3.0E-­‐3
Ec(t) [1/day]
2000
2-­‐FBOH
2.0E-­‐3
1.0E-­‐3
0.0E+0
0
23
​𝑆↓𝑜 =​𝑇↓𝑝 −​𝑇↓𝑤 /​𝑇↓𝑝 +​𝑇↓𝑤 (𝐾−1) =​
801−478/801+478(3.6−1) =0.16
04.05.15
500
1000
t [days]
1500
2000
Travel 2mes used in So es2mates corresponds to mode of RTD. Mean 2mes are more fragile as the full tail of the par22oning tracer curves are s2ll not available. Moving oil for BO-81
120
100
Bo-­‐56
Bo-­‐81
Water cut [%]
80
BOCK 081
Mobile oil
60
40
20
0
01.06.2012
BOCK 056
30.11.2012
01.06.2013
30.11.2013
01.06.2014
01.12.2014
Effect of moving oil
Moving oil gives a smaller Tp ​𝑆↓𝑜 =​𝑇↓𝑝 −​𝑇↓𝑤 /​𝑇↓𝑝 +​𝑇↓𝑤 (𝐾−1) ​𝑆↓𝑜↑′ =​{𝑇↓𝑝 +​∆↓𝑇 }−​𝑇↓𝑤 /​{𝑇↓𝑝 +​∆↓𝑇 }+​𝑇↓𝑤 (𝐾−1) By trial and error we can find a ​∆↓𝑇 that gives ​𝑆↓𝑜 corresponding to that for BOCK-­‐56: ​𝑆↓𝑜↑′ =​(787+80)−516/
(787+80)+516(3.6−1) =0.16
Ultra sensitive tracer analysis
1800 m
GC-MS
560 m
Illustration of
investigation area for Noise
TQF = 1E6 m3 (corresponding to limit of detection
of 5 ppb) and
TQF = 1E8 m3 (corresponding to limit of detection
of 50 ppt) and the same amount of tracer injected
Noise
Tracer signal
GC-MS
In example:
400 parts per trillion
tracer in produced
water sample
Tracer signal
GC-MS/MS
Tracer signal
Tracer signal
In example:
400 parts per trillion
tracer in produced
Detection limitwater
has significant
impact on required
sample
tracer injection mass. If 50 kg is needed to
GC-MS/MS
investigate a field at 50 ppt, 5000 kg is needed for
the same investigation at 5 ppb
04.05.15