be fire safe: educators` guide

Transcription

JUNIOR FIRE MARSHAL® PROGRAM – WWW.THEHARTFORD.COM/JFM
BE FIRE SAFE: EDUCATORS’ GUIDE
1
Teaching fire safety and prevention
Teaching fire safety:
Introduction to the Educators’ Guide and the
Junior Fire Marshal® program
Thank you for your commitment to teaching fire safety to our nation’s
children. Education plays an important role in reducing the number of
fire-related injuries and deaths.
The Hartford’s Junior Fire Marshal program empowers children by
giving them the tools they need to take an active role in reducing risk in
their homes and communities.
This guide is organized into two sections. The first, Fire Safety: Causes
and Prevention, identifies common fire risks, such as smoking and
cooking, and offers strategies for reducing those risks. The second
section, Fire Safety: Preparing for and Reacting to an Emergency,
provides children with information on what to do if they are confronted
by a hazardous situation. Each lesson includes an objective, supporting
information and one or two activities. The program is designed for
children in kindergarten through third grade.
For more than 200 years, The Hartford has helped families remain safe
and secure. It is for this reason that the Junior Fire Marshal program
was created in 1947 to teach children the basics of personal fire safety
and give families the information they need to be prepared in a fire
emergency. The program helps educators and parents share fire safety
and prevention tips with children in an easy, engaging way.
You can also find additional resources at www.thehartford.com/jfm
2
Table of contents
I. Introduction
Teaching fire safety to children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II. Fire Safety: Causes and Prevention
Fire and burn prevention means that action is taken to stop the fire or
injury from occurring in the first place. Knowledge is power when it
comes to prevention!
Smoke alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Candles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Matches & lighters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Cooking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Portable space heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
III. Fire Safety: Preparing for and Reacting to
an Emergency
Even with the best prevention, fires can still occur. Knowing what to do
when a fire breaks out is the best defense.
Family escape plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Two ways out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
If your clothes catch on fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
If your room or house is on fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
If you can’t get out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1
I. introduction
2
Teaching fire safety
to children
The purpose of the Junior Fire Marshal program is to teach children that
the best firefighter is the one who prevents a fire from occurring. If a fire
does occur, however, they must know how to respond quickly and in a
way that will minimize their chance of being harmed.
Some facts to introduce fire safety to children
• Fires need three things to get started and burn: oxygen, fuel and a heat
source to ignite the fuel.
• Many children know that fire is hot and can hurt them. But smoke can
be equally harmful. Breathing smoke makes people very sick and can
even kill them.
• Smoke from a fire spreads quickly and can be extremely hazardous.
Most people harmed in fires suffer from injuries related to the smoke
or toxic gases they inhale, rather than from being burned by the
fire itself.
Some facts for teachers to note about
fire safety
• During 2007-2011, playing with fire caused an average of 7,100 reported
home structure fires per year. These fires caused an average of 77
deaths and 750 injuries per year.1
• On average, seven people die in U.S. home fires per day.1
• More than two of five home structure fires in 2007-2011 caused by
playing were started by children under the age of six. Three out of five
victims of these fires were under five years old.1
3
II. FIRE SAFETY: CAUSES & PREVENTION
4
Smoke alarms
Objective: Children will learn the
importance of working smoke alarms.
Supporting information
Activities
• A smoke alarm is one of the most effective ways to
reduce fire-related injuries.
Activity #1
• Three of every five reported home fire deaths
resulted from fires in homes with no smoke alarms
or no working smoke alarms.1
Bring in a new battery powered smoke alarm. In
an open area like the gymnasium or a playground,
demonstrate what the alarm sounds like by pushing
the test button.
• Working smoke alarms cut the risk of dying in
reported home fires in half.1
Activity #2
• A smoke alarm “sniffs” for smoke and sounds
an alarm.
• Every house and apartment must have at least one
smoke alarm.
• There should be an alarm in every bedroom, outside
each separate sleeping area, and on every level of
the home, including the basement.1
Select a day for children to check on the number and
location of fire alarms in their home. For homework,
ask each child to write down the results in their
notebook, and have a parent or guardian verify the
information with their signature.
• Adults should test the smoke alarms each month.1
• Smoke alarm batteries must be replaced on a
regular basis. They should never be removed for any
purpose except replacement.1
5
Candles
Objective: Children will learn that a candle flame and
melted candle wax is hot and will burn them; that a
candle can ignite a fire if it comes into contact with a
curtain, papers or any other common household item;
and that candles should never be left unattended.
Activities
• On average, there were 29 home candle fires
reported per day in 2007-2011.1
Activity #1
• More than half of all candle fires start when things
that can burn are too close to the candle.1
• Only adults should light, carry and extinguish
candles, never children.
• Candles should never be left unattended. If an adult
is leaving the room, he or she should extinguish
the candle.
• Candles should never be placed near a window with
curtains. A breeze could blow the curtains into the
candle’s flame causing them to catch on fire.
• The melted wax in a candle is hot and will cause
burns. Never touch or play with the melted wax.
• Candles can be knocked over by a pet or a person.
They should always be placed out of reach of
children and animals.
• Candles should always be placed in very stable
containers.
6
Bring in a candle to the classroom. Do not light it.
• Using a piece of lightweight cloth to simulate a
curtain, hold it near the candle (but not over it).
Have a group of children then blow on the cloth
to move it over the candle to simulate the wind
blowing a curtain over a candle.
• Explain how a lit candle could catch the curtain
on fire.
Activity #2
Have the children make paper “flames” out of
construction paper and then, using tape, have them
put them on objects in the room that might easily be
ignited by a candle.
Matches & lighters
Objective: Many children are curious about
fire. Teaching them that matches and lighters
are tools for adult use only can help to
minimize their interest in playing with these
dangerous items.
Activity
• During 2007-2011, playing with fire caused an
average of 7,100 reported home structure fires per
year. These fires caused an average of 77 deaths and
750 injuries per year.1
Have children role-play what they would do if
they saw a child playing with matches. Model
the correct behavior.
• Matches and lighters are tools for adults to use, not
toys for children to play with.
• Children should tell an adult if they find matches or
a lighter.
• If a child sees another child playing with matches
or a lighter, he or she should immediately walk away
and tell an adult.
• If a child starts a fire, he or she should immediately
tell someone. Explain that getting in trouble is a lot
better than burning down your home and injuring
other people.
7
Cooking
Objective: Students will learn about the many ways
stoves, cooking and hot foods can be hazardous. They
will learn how to recognize hazards and minimize risks.
Activities
• Unattended cooking is the leading cause of home
cooking fires and was a factor in 34% of reported
home cooking fires.1
Activity #1
• Two of every five home fires start in the kitchen.1
• Two-thirds of home cooking fires started with
ignition of food or other cooking materials.1
• Objects left on the stove, such as grocery bags or
papers, can be set on fire by a hot burner.
• All pot handles should be turned toward the center
of the stove to ensure they aren’t knocked off
by accident.
• A stove can burn children; leave the cooking to
the adults.
• Children should never carry hot food or liquids.
8
Have the children cut out several large (about 10”)
circles using red paper to simulate stove-top burners.
Using several pots, set them on a desk with the
handles turned out. On another desk, have them set
up with the handles turned in. Ask the children which
ones are safe and which ones are not, and why.
Do not let them turn the handles in themselves but
have them ask an adult to do it.
Activity #2
Leave one desk set up as a “stove” for the day. Mark a
Danger Zone of approximately 3 feet around the desk
using masking tape on the floor. Have the children
stay out of the Danger Zone and have them look out
for each other throughout the day.
Smoking
Objective: Children will learn about the fire
hazards posed by adults smoking in their
homes, and actions they can take to avert
potential fires.
Activity
• In 2007-2011, home fires started by cigarettes or
other smoking materials killed an average of 580
people and injured 1,280 people per year.1
Have children verbally identify unsafe activities
relating to smoking, such as:
• If an adult carelessly discards a cigarette or leaves a
cigarette unattended, it can start a fire.
• Leaving an unattended cigarette burning
• A lit cigarette discarded into the trash bin may set
the garbage inside on fire. That’s why cigarettes
should be run under water before being put into
the trash.
• Leaving ashtrays on beds, chairs or sofas
• In recent years, the United States has required that
all cigarettes sold must be “fire safe,” that is have
reduced ignition strength, making them less likely
to start fires.1
• Smoking in bed
• Discarding a cigarette or emptying an ashtray into
the trash without dousing with water
• Tossing a lit cigarette from a car
Explain why these actions are dangerous based on the
supporting information.
• Children should remind parents that ashtrays
should be placed on a table, never on furniture or
a bed. A lit cigarette that rolls down into a seat
cushion can set the furniture on fire.
• Children should never touch matches or lighters.
9
Portable space heaters
Objective: Children will learn that space heaters pose a
number of hazards, including tipping, which can start
a fire; contact burns; and electrical fires caused by
overloaded, frayed or defective cords and outlets.
Activities
• Portable or fixed space heaters were involved in
one-third (33%) of home heating fires.1
Activity #1
• In most years, heating is the second leading cause of
home fires, fire deaths and fire injuries.1
• Fixed or portable space heaters are involved in
about 4 out of 5 heating fire deaths.1
Set up a desk as a “heater” for the day. Mark a Danger
Zone of approximately 3 feet around the desk using
masking tape on the floor. Have the children stay out
of the Danger Zone and have them look out for each
other throughout the day.
• Only adults should plug in or move a heater.
• Heaters should always have an automatic shut-off
function in case they tip over.
• Many fires are caused by frayed cords and
overloaded outlets.
10
Activity #2
Have children review the many ways portable space
heaters can be hazardous.
III. FIRE SAFETY: PREPARING FOR & REACTING TO AN EMERGENCY
11
Family escape plan
Objective: Students will learn that every family must
have and practice an escape plan.
Activity
• A family escape plan is key to making sure everyone
knows how to react and get out if a fire or emergency
should occur.
Send home information about the importance of
having a family escape plan. Depending on the age
of the children, ask them to draw/map out a family
escape plan.
• Every family should have a plan.
• Families should practice their plan several times
a year.
• The plan should include a meeting place outside
of the home. A family meeting place ensures all
members can be accounted for.
• The first priority is to get out. Don’t stop for toys
or pets.
• Know two ways out of every room as well as the
house or apartment.
• Actually walk the entire route to make sure
everyone knows it and that there aren’t things in
your way. Will you still be able to get out in the
winter with snow?
• Once out, stay out. Never go back in for any reason.
• If you have security bars on your windows, know
how to open them quickly from the inside to get out.
12
Two ways out
Objective: Children will learn that
they must always identify two exits at
home, in the classroom, in theaters, in
restaurants and anywhere else.
Activities
• Everyone should be aware of two ways out at home,
in the classroom, in restaurants, theaters and
anywhere else.
Activity #1
• By knowing in advance where the exits are, children
can react more quickly and safely in an emergency.
• The easiest way to find “two ways out” in a public
place is to look for EXIT signs.
Have the students review and write down the two ways
out of their room and/or house or apartment.
Activity #2
Identify two exits out of the classroom. Show the
students the EXIT sign so they become familiar with
what it looks like and means.
Activity #3
You can never have too much preparation when it
comes to fire safety. If your school’s evacuation drill
typically uses your primary exits, have just your class
(not the whole school) practice walking out the second
exit from the classroom and out the second exit from
the building.
13
If your clothes catch on fire
Objective: Children will learn to react quickly to
extinguish flames on their clothing.
STOP
DROP
ROLL
1. Stop. Don’t run. Movement adds
air that makes the fire grow larger.
2. Drop down on the ground or floor.
3. Cover your face and roll over and
over to put out the fire.
Activity
• Fire needs air to breathe.
Have the students draw and cut out flames from
felt that they can then put on their clothing to
simulate fire.
• Running only gives the flames more oxygen.
• Smothering the flames helps to put out the fire.
• Quickly extinguishing the flames can prevent more
serious and extensive injuries.
• STOP, DROP and ROLL is very effective in putting
out flames.
14
With enough space around each child, have them call
out STOP (freeze), then DROP (they drop down and
lie on the floor) and cover their face and ROLL (they
roll back and forth, completely over, smothering
the flames).
If your room or house
catch on fire
Objective: Students will know specific steps to take in
the event of an actual fire.
Activity
• Always take action when the smoke alarm sounds.
Get out now.
Bring in a new battery powered smoke alarm. A smoke
alarm makes a sound that means “get out now.”
• This is the time to use your family escape plan and
meeting place. Leave quickly and don’t stop or go
back in for anything.
This activity can be noisy and a little exciting for
children, and therefore, it might be beneficial to work
with another adult (such as a gym teacher) as a monitor.
One adult can push the button on the smoke alarm,
and one adult can “get out now” by leading the children
through the exit. Make sure to conduct this drill in an
area that will not disrupt other school activities.
• If the door is closed, check the doorknob and door
with the back of your hand to see if they’re hot. If the
doorknob or door is hot, use your second exit.
• If the door isn’t hot, open it slowly. If there is smoke
outside, crawl low where the air is cooler and clearer.
• If it is too smoky to see, close the door and use your
second exit if possible.
• If both exits are blocked children should know what to
do next. More information can be found on page 16.
• Once you’ve gotten out, go to the family
meeting place.
1
2
3
4
5
6
15
If you can’t get out
Objective: Students will learn that fleeing is not
always the best course of action. Staying and
waiting to be rescued may be the better option.
Activity
• If the smoke in your exit is too thick for you to crawl
through, then abandon this exit. It’s too dangerous
for you to use safely.
Have the children take turns acting out being trapped
in the classroom. Take them through the suggested
procedure for what to do.
• If it’s impossible to escape, close the door. This
will help to stop the spread of smoke and fire into
the room.
• Go to the window if it’s safe. Open it if you
know how.
• Wave, yell, scream, get attention for someone to
help you.
• If there is a phone in the room, use it to call 911.
• Wait for help.
• Do not hide under your bed or in the closet.
Firefighters need to be able to find you!
• Firefighters can go into a burning building because
they wear special clothes to protect them and
equipment so they can breathe and see.
16
Notes
17
The Hartford’s Junior
Fire Marshal® Program
Additional fire safety information, downloads and activities can be found by visiting:
WWW.thehartford.com/jfm
Business Insurance
Employee Benefits
Auto
Home
Source is reproduced with permission from the NFPA website www.nfpa.org, copyright (c) 2015, National Fire
Protection Association, Quincy, MA. All rights reserved. 1
The Hartford® is The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
15-0208 © June 2015 The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

be fire safe: educators` guide

Transcription

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