ekonomika da biznesi

Transcription

ISSN 1987-5789
ekonomika
da biznesi
1
ECONOMICS and BUSINESS
ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ
ianvari-Tebervali
JANUARY-FEBRUARY
ЯНВАРЬ-ФЕВРАЛЬ
2014
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi
da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûé
ðåôåð
International refereed and reviewed scientific and practical journal
of the Faculty of Economics and Business,
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íîïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà
Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ.
Äæàâàõèøâèëè
gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxel
Published since January, 2008 once in two month
Âûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà
redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1,
Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT.,
tel. 230-36-68, 599-10-38-16; 599 24-77-47.
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
saredaqcio kolegia
revaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori,
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosebi,
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: vladimer papava,
avTandil silagaZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis
wevr-korespondenti, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
leo Ciqava.
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri
ananiaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, Temur beriZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz
gvelesiani, nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaZe, naTela lacabiZe, eka
lekaSvili, manana lobJaniZe, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili,
qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, daviT narmania,
nugzar paiWaZe, sergo sanaZe, irakli saRareiSvili, demur siWinava,
mirian tuxaSvili, giorgi RaRaniZe, leila RuduSauri, eTer
xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki
xelaZe, Temur Sengelia, emzar jgerenaia.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Revaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief, Doctor of Economic sciences, professor.
Academicians of National Academy of Sciences of Georgia, Doctors Of
Economics Sciences, professors: Vladimir Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, corresponding member of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doctor of Economic Sciences, professor Leo Chikava.
Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abesadze, Temur Beridze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Leila Gudushauri,
Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Natela Latsabidze, Eka Lekashvili, Manana
Lobjanidze, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja
Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, David Narmania, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Irakli Sagareishvili, Demur Sichinava, Mirian Tukhashvili, Giorgi Gaganidze,
Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Akaki
Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.
ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß
Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê,
ïðîôåññîð.
Академики Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè, äîêòîðà
ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, чëåíêîððåñïîíäåíò Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ
íàóê, ïðîôåññîð Ëåî ×èêàâà.
Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè,
Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Òåìóð Бериäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè, Леила
Гудушаури, Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Натела Лацабидзе, Åêà
Ëåêàøâèëè, Манана Лобжанидзе, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè,
Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Давид Нармания,
Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Иракли Сагареишвили, Демур Сичинава,
Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Георгий Гаганидзе, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå,
Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Акаки Хеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð
Äæãåðåíàèÿ.
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saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi
volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) universitetis profesori, harald kunci – branderburgis (germania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaTedris
gamge, pili penko e.v. emd. ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis uralis ganyofilebis ekonomikis institutis
kurganis filialis direqtori. kim taqsiri – ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, jozef xasidi – pireusis (saberZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri
fakultetis dekani, profesori, tomas haldma – tartus
(estoneTi) universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis fakultetis dekani, profesori.
FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE
EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:
Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany),
Harald Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Branderburg University (Germany), Pilipenko E.V. Economical doctor in
science, economic branch in Kurgan unstityte, region of Ural, Russia. Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences,
Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Economics Piraeus University (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu University’s
Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, professor (Estonia).
ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛ
ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:
Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà
(Ãåðìàíèÿ),
Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé
òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Пилипенко
Е.В. Д.Э.Н. - Директор Курганского филиала ИЭ УрО РАН, Êèì
Òàêñèð – Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä
– äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà
(Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è
àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ),
ïðîôåññîð.
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sarCevi
saSobao epistole ........................................................................................10
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
revaz gvelesiani, eka lekaSvili, nana maisuraZe,
giorgi yufaraZe. viSegradis qveynebis evrokavSirTan
integraciis ekonomikuri politika ......................................... 27
dorien detombe. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi
problemebis gadaWra ................................................................................. 53
roman xarbedia.……ekonomikuri liberalizmisa da
saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb ......................................................... 85
kaxa qecbaia. religiisa da ekonomikis urTierT
mimarTebis klasikuri da Tanamedrove sociologiuri
implikaciebi .................................................................................................... 101
mikro-makroekonomika
giorgi RaRaniZe.
produqciis saeqsporto potencialis
indeqsis gansazRvra ..................................................................................119………
vaxtang Waraia. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri kon
kurentunarianobis analizi da perspeqtivebi ............... 137
maia sanikiZe. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi
meqanizmebi .............................................................................................................151
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menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
manana xarxeli.
biznes-procesebis reinJiniringi da
operaciuli konsaltingis roli mis
ganxorcielebaSi ......................................................................................... 163
ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia. liderobis
marTlmadidebluri aRqma ................................................................. 177
finansuri ekonomika
Tamar kbilaZe. optimaluri sagadasaxado tvirTis
gaangariSebis sakiTxisaTvis ......................................................... 191
JurnalSi _ „ekonomika da biznesi”, samecniero
statiebis warmodgenisa da gamoqveynebis wesi ....... 202
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CONTENTS
Christmas Epistole ........................................................................ 10
ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICY
R. Gvelesiani, E. Lekashvili, N. Maisuradze,
G Kuparadze. Historical Evolution of Integration of
Visegrad Countries with the European Union................................ 27
d. detombe. Handing Complex societal
Problems ........................................................................................ 53
R. Kharbedia. On Economic Liberalism and the
State Role ...................................................................................... 85
K. Ketsbaia. Classical and contemporary sociological
implications of the interrelationof religion and economics...........101
Micro – Macroeconomics
G. Gaganidze.
Determining the production export potential
index............................................................................................. 119
V. Charaia. Economic ompetitiveness of Georgia, Analysis
and Perspectives............................................................................137
M. sanikidze. Support instruments for SME
Developoment ..............................................................................151
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Management. Marketing. Tourism
M. KHARKHELI. Reengineering of Business Processes and the
role of Operational Consulting In Its Implementation .............163
E. Gulua, M. Khokhobaia. Orthodox Comprehension of
Leadership ................................................................................... 177
FINANCIAL ECONOMICS
T. Kbiladze. For the Issue of calculating Optimal
Tax Burden .................................................................................. 191
In magazine “Economic and Business” , Presentation of scientific
articles and submission rule ……..........................................….. 202
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Содержание
Рожденственное эпистоле ............................................................... 10
Экономическая теория и
экономическая политика
Реваз
Гвелесиани,
Майсурадзе,
Георгий
Эка
Лекашвили,
Купарадзе.
Нана
Экономическая
политика Вышеградских стран интеграции с Евросоюзом ...........27
ДОРИЕН ДЕТОМБЕ. Решение комплексных общественных
проблем................................................................................................53
Роман Харбедия. Об экономическом либерализме и роли
государства ........................................................................................ 85
Каха Кецбая. Классические и современные социологические
импликации взаимоотношения религии и экономики .................101
Микро-макроэкономика
Георгий Гаганидзе. Определение индекса экспортного потенциала продукции ........................................................................119
Вахтанг Чарая. Анализ и перспективы конкурентноспособности Грузии ................................................................................... 137
Майя Саникидзе. Содействущие механизмы развития малого
бизнеса ..............................................................................................151
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Менеджмент. Маркетинг.Туризм
Манана Хархели. Рейнжиниринг бизнес-процессов
и роль оперативного консалтинга в её осуществлении .163
Эка Гулуа, Мераб Хохобая. Восприятие православного лидерства.................... ..............................................177
ФИНАНСОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА
Тамара Кбиладзе. К вопросу расчёта оптимального
налогового бремени ...................................................................179
Правила представления и опубликования научных статей в журнале «Экономика и бизнес».............................................................. 202
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saSobao epistole
patriarqis saSobao epistole sruli versia
yovladsamRvdelono
mRvdelmTavarno, Rirsno
moZRvarno, diakonno, ber-monozonno, yovelno saero
dasno, - mkvidrno saqarTveloisa da droebiT Cveni
qveynis sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebno Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno!
,,nu geSiniaT, aha, me gaxarebT did sixaruls, romliTac ixarebs mTeli xalxi. radgan dRes, daviTis
qalaqSi, daibada Tqveni macxovari, romelic aris qriste
ufali” (luka 2,10-11).
2014-ed euwyeba axla msoflios es saocari ambavi
da efineba uflis usxeulo ZalTa sagalobeli: ,,dideba maRalTa Sina RmerTsa, da qveyanasa zeda mSvidoba,
da kacTa Soris saTnoeba” (luka 2,14). angelozTa dasi,
mwyemsebi, mogvebi da, maTTan erTad, Cvenc madlierebiTa
da mokrZalebiT kvlav warmovTqvamT RmerTTan Serigebis, mSvidobisa da bednierebis momtan am didebul
sityvebs.
ramdeni xani eloda am zeims adamis modgma? ramdeni saukune gailia am Jamze natvriT? ramdeni wminda
da RvTissaTno adamiani loculobda am dRisaTvis?
adamidan mamamTavar abraamamde 20 Taobam ganvlo,
abraamidan daviTamde - 14-ma, daviTidan babilonis tyveobamdec - 14-ma, babilonis tyveobidan vidre qristemde,
- kidev ToTxmetma da mxolod am drois gasvlis Semdeg,
codviT dacemuli evas nacvlad, aRmobrwyinda wminda
qalwuli, RvTismSobeli mariami, - sasZlo uflisa.
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bednieria saqarTvelo, rom qristeSobis sixaruli pirveli saukunidanve euwya mociqulTagan da am
droidanve gaxda igi RvTismSoblis wilxvedri. es
udidesi pasuxismgeblobacaa. amitomac swori warmodgena unda gvqondes im procesebze, rac dRes Cvens qveyanaSi da, saerTod, msoflioSi mimdinareobs, raTa pasuxi
gavceT maT da SevinarCunoT winaprebis Tavganwirvis
fasad dRemde motanili Cveni meoba.
yvela droSi qristianobas Tavisi gamowvevebi qonda, magram Tanamedrove postmodernistuli epoqa gamorCeulia mega-gamowvevebiT.
postmodernizmis mTavari arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom sinamdvilis xedva, romelic ama Tu im religiur
mimdinareobas eyrdnoba, arasworadaa miCneuli, radgan,
maTi gagebiT, cdeba yvela, vinc acxadebs, rom WeSmariteba icis. TviT aTeistebic cdebian, radgan amtkiceben
raRacas, magaliTad, uRmerToebas. marTalia mxolod is,
vinc aravis gansjis.
aseTi azrovnebisaTvis, swori da araswori aRar
arsebobs. gvaqvs ubralod sistema, romlisTvisac mniSvnelovani is ki ar aris, marTalia Tu ara esa Tu is
princi pi, aramed is, Tu ramdenad muSaobs da ramdenad
sargebliania igi dRes.
am sistemaSi miCneulia, rom TviTon adamiania yvelafris ganmsazRvreli da rac mas moesurveba, isaa kargi. amitomac pirovnebis gamosworeba ki ar aris saWiro,
aramed misi azrovnebis Secvlaa misaRwevi. magaliTad,
Tu vinmes WuWyiani samosi acvia, da igi CaTvlis, rom
misi tansacmeli sufTaa da amas TviTonac daijerebs,
is marTali iqneba. mniSvneloba ara aqvs, sxvac ase
fiqrobs Tu ara.
Tu viRac miiCnevs, rom naZvi maradyviTeli mcenar-
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saSobao epistole
ea, sxva ki ambobs, rom igi iasamnisferia, swori iqneba
orive da mcdaria imis mtkiceba, TiTqos, naZvi mxolod
maradmwvanea.
Cven yvelam viciT, rom dedamiwas, zogadad samyaros, aqvs kanonebi da es aris realoba. Tanamedrove
azrovneba ki gveubneba, rom saerTo mocemuloba ar arsebobs da rom es Cveni mogonilia. amdenad, SegiZlia,
Seni survilisamebr, nebismieri movlena aRiaro, an ar
aRiaro, miiCnio arsebulad, an ararsebulad.
tabu unda aexsnas yvelafers!
unda ganvdevnoT warsulis zneobrivi SezRudvebi,
yvelaferi kargia, rac me minda da msiamovnebs! oRond
Sefasebebisas erTi aucilebeli wesi unda iqnes daculi, - sxvisi, gansakuTrebiT umciresobis, uflebebi ar
unda dairRves! es kanonia.
Sedegad ki viRebT imas, rom ikargeba zRvari kargsa da cud saqciels, simarTlesa da sicrues Soris. simarTle aris is, rasac me miviCnev simarTled da morCa!
Sen Seni simarTle gaqvs? daicavi Seni simarTle, me
Cemsas davicav. me Sens uflebebs ar Sevlaxav, Senc Cemi
uflebebi ar Selaxo.
daaxloebiT aseTia is azrovneba, romelis damkvidrebis mcdelobac aris dRes.
arCevanis Tavisuflebas da pirovnebaze Zaladobrivi qmedebis miuReblobas qristianobac qadagebs.
arCevanis Tavisufleba uflisagan adamianisaTvis boZebuli erT-erTi umTavresi madlia, magram qristianul
moZRvrebasa da fsevdo-liberalebis mier SemoTavazebuli ,,Tavisuflebas” Soris fundamenturi sxvaobaa.
fsevdo-liberaluri
,,arCevanis
Tavisufleba”
asarCev mocemulobaTa Tanabar Rirebulebebs gulisxmobs da yvelafers Tanabrad kargad miiCnevs.
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qristianoba (zogadad, religiuri azrovneba) ki
gvaswavlis, ra aris kargi da ra - miuRebeli, ra aris
codva da ra - madli, magram arCevis uflebas pirovnebas utovebs. qristianuli princi pia: me pativs vcem
Seni arCevanis uflebas, magram ara Sens nebismier arCevans; yvelaferi nebadarTulia, magram yvelaferi rodia
sargo (Ikor.10;23).
isedac xom cxadia, arCevanis Tavisufleba maSinaa
Rirebuli, rodesac mas erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul
faseulobebs Soris akeTeb, Torem Tu yvelaferi sul
erTia, arCevansac azri ekargeba.
yovelives Tavi da Tavi ki is aris, rom sekularulma ideologiam pirovneba RmerTisagan damoukidebel
arsebad warmoaCina, kvarcxlbekze codviT damZimebuli
adamiani daayena da yvelaferi mis instiqtebs dauqvemdebara, riTac mdabali vnebiTi midrekilebebis legitimacia moindoma, moraluri da sulieri orientirebi
daukarga da es individualizmis sababiT gaamarTla.
esaa yvela mimarTulebiT gaSlili brZola tradiciuli Sexedulebebis, aRzrdisa da zneobis winaaRmdeg.
didad samwuxaroa, rom umciresobaTa jgufebi,
romlebic qristianobisTvis mkveTrad uaryofiTi ideebiT gamoirCevian, humanizmis aRiarebul warmomadgenlebad saxeldebian. maT aqvT privilegiebi, reklama, maTze
muSaobs masmedia, daculni arian sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier; maTi miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis xdeba kanonmdeblobebis Secvlac da
sxva; xolo vinc ewinaaRmdegeba am procesebs, gansakuTrebiT eklesia, diskretidirebis niavRarSi eqceva,
sazogadoebaSi ki mTavari dartymis obieqti ojaxia.
es procesebi metnaklebad Cvens qveyanaSic mimdin-
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saSobao epistole
areobs da swored amitom vamaxvilebT am Temebze yuradRebas.
krizisis mTavar gamovlinebas seqsualuri umciresobebis urTierTobebis qalisa da mamakacis qorwinebasTan gaTanabrebis da erTsqesiani wyvilebisaTvis
bavSvis Svilad ayvanis uflebis miniWebis saSiSroeba
warmoadgens. aseTi kanoni qorwinebis mTel azrs aukuRmarTebs da bavSvsac, faqtiurad, nivTad aqcevs, romlis
flobac yvelas SeuZlia.
saqarTvelo Tavisi ganviTarebiT, kulturiT qristianuli evropis nawilia da amitomac, misken ltolva Cvens xalxSi namdvilad aris. magram, am da zemoT
aRniSnul fundamentur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, evrogaerTianebam, evroparlamentma unda gaiTvaliswinon
calkeuli qveynebis tradicia da azrovnebis wesi da
miscen maT saSualeba Tavisufali arCevanisa, raTa adgilobrivma mosaxleobam gulwrfelad moindomos Tanamedrove evropul kulturasTan dakavSireba.
saqarTvelos eklesia miesalmeba evrokavSiris
pozicias imis Sesaxeb, rom erTsqesianTa qorwinebis dakanoneba ar warmoadgens evrokavSiris sruluflebian
wevrad Cveni qveynis gaxdomis winapirobas, rac evrokavSiris sruluflebiani warmomadgenlis, baton fili p
dimitrovis 2013 wlis dekembris Tvis gancxadebaSi
dafiqsirda.
zogadad, Cven migvaCnia, rom aseTi pirovnebebi daxmarebas da Tanadgomas saWiroeben, raTa maT daZlion
codviTi midrekilebebi da swori cxovrebis gzas
daubrundnen. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom Cven mxari
davuWiroT maTi codvis propagandas.
saerTod, ojaxi aris eris, saxelmwifos, sazogadoebis mTavari qvakuTxedi. igi patara saxelmwifoa,
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qristianuli gagebiT ki - ,,mcire eklesia.”
qristianoba qorwinebas erT-erT saidumlod miiCnevs. es aris saidumlo ara mxolod adamianuri, aramed
RvTiuri siyvarulisac. ojaxuri cxovreba qristianuli Rvawlia, gzaa sulis xsnisa, radgan igi gulisxmobs
ara marto erTad cxovrebas, aramed erTmaneTisaTvis
cxovrebas.
biblia gvaswavlis, rom ojaxis ufali aris RmerTi, romelmac adamisa da evas saxiT mTeli kacobrioba
Seqmna. amdenad, yvela adamianis mama, am sityvis yvelaze
sruli da absolituri mniSvnelobiT, aris TviT Semoqmedi.
WeSmariti qristianuli ojaxisTvis marto siyvaruli da erTmaneTisaken swrafva ar aris sakmarisi.
ojaxi mowodebulia iqces ,,mcire eklesiad,” maradiuli
siyvarulis cocxal xatad, romelSic RvTis mcnebebs
icaven da Taobidan Taobas gadascemen.
SegaxsenebT mose winaswarmetyvelis yvelaze mTavar mimarTvas xalxisadmi: ,,ismine, israelo! da ecade
Seasrulo, rom kargad iyo da didad imravlo qveyanaSi,
... ismine, israelo, erTia ufali, ufali, Cveni RmerTi.
giyvardes ufali, Seni RmerTi mTeli Seni guliT
da suliT, mTeli Seni SeZlebiT.
gulSi gqondes es sityvebi, ... Caagonebde Sens Svilebs da uTxrobde saxlSi jdomisas, gzaze siarulisas, dawolisas da adgomisas. Seibi niSnad xelze da
tvifrad Sublze. waawere Seni saxlis wirTxlebs da
karebs” (II rj., 6, 3-9).
es darigeba axal aRTqmaSic yvelaze mTavar mcnebad iqna gacxadebuli ieso qristes mier, romelsac
daamata: ,,giyvardes moyvasi Seni, viTarca Tavi Tvisi”
(mT., 19,19).
16
saSobao epistole
ojaxSi meuRleebi erTmaneTs siyvaruliT unda
emsaxuron, Tumca ierarqia yovelTvis unda iyos daculi.
is, rom mamakaci Tavia ojaxisa, ar niSnavs mis
batonobas, aramed mis msxverplSewirul msaxurebas,
mis pasuxismgeblobas colisa da Svilebisadmi. igia
maTi damcveli, mompovebeli arsobis purisa da amasTan,
RvTismmsaxuri Tavisi saxlisa. man unda gamoiTxovos
uflisagan wyaloba, siyvaruli da madli ojaxis wevrebisaTvis.
qali pasuxismgebelia saxlze, misi wevrebisaTvis zrunvaze, Svilebis aRzrdaze. igi RvTis mcnebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT unda daemorCilos qmars, Tundac, rom
erTi SexedviT amis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iyos,
radgan amiT aRasrulebs uflis nebas (Tumca es ar
niSnavs codvasa da araswor qmedebebSi morCilebas).
qristianul ojaxSi, ra Tqma unda, Tavs iCens
araerTi gansacdeli, rac urTierTsiyvaruliT unda
daiZlios. da Tu es ase ar xdeba, iq arc aris namdvili
ojaxi.
qristianuli ojaxi uflis savanea, uflis baRia,
romelSic colsac da qmarsac daedginaT muSakoba RvTis sadidebelad.
rogori amaRlebulia es yvelaferi, rogori saTuTia da gasafrTxilebeli! Cveni axalgazrdebi ki, samwuxarod, moumzadebelni xvdebian am udides saidumlos.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi ojaxur faseulobebs
enacvleba mxareTa merkantiuli interesebi. e.w. partnioruli urTierTobebi, romelsac Tan sdevs gareSe
Tanacxovrebis sxvadasxva formebi. mecnierul-teqnikurma winsvlam ki iseTi mZime eTikuri sakiTxebi daay-
17
ena dRis wesrigSi, rogoric manmade ar smenoda kacobriobas: xelovnuri ganayofiereba, sinjaraSi Casaxuli
bavSvebi, surogati dedebi, genebis Serwyma, klonireba
da a.S.. “humanistebi” mxars uWeren aborts, evTanaziasa
da TviTmkvlelobas.
amasTan, maTTvis mecnieruli progresi absolutizirebulia da miiCneven, rom risi gakeTebac SesaZlebelia, unda gakeTdes. es eTikuri sofizmia, radgan is,
rac teqnologiurad miRwevadia, yvelaferi rodia moraluri da sasargeblo.
mizani amarTlebs saSualebas, - esec maTi cxovrebis wesia da esec sofizmia, radgan arc yvela mizania
kargi da arc yvela saSualebaa misaRebi, Tundac kargi
miznisaTvis.
magaliTad,
faSistebs
qondaT
ebraelebis
ganadgurebis survili. gana es mizani SeiZleba normalurad CaiTvalos?! anda imisTvis, rom kacobriobis
jansaRi nawili metad iyos daculi, nuTu SeiZleba vinmem gaamarTlos SidsiT daavadebulTaTvis sicocxlis
moswrafeba?
gana SeiZleba bednieri iyos is ojaxi,sadac aborti
keTdeba da ususuri patara arsebebis uRvTod daCexili
sxeulebis aCrdilebi dadian? da rogori saSinelebaa
imis warmodgenac ki, rom yovel wels, araoficialuri
monacemebiT, milionamde aborti keTdeba saqarTveloSi
da amis SemCerebeli jerjerobiT aravin aris.
SeiZleba ojaxi iyos bednieri, sadac surogati
dedis mier dabadebuli bavSvi izrdeba? es patara xom
Tavidanve gawires usiyvarulobisaTvis, miusafrobisa
da martoobisaTvis. igi keTildReobaSic rom gaizardos, mucladyofnis periodis am simZimes veraferi Secvlis da es, aucileblad, iCens Tavs zrdasrul asakSi.
18
saSobao epistole
problematurni iqnebian is bavSvebic, romlebic xelovnuri ganayofierebiT daibadnen da maTi sicocxle
mravali embrionis ganadgurebis Sedegad ganviTarda.
is, rom kacTa modgmas ar Seuqmnia okeane, xmeleTi,
ciuri sxeulebi da balaxic ki (aRarafers vambobT
adamianze), cxadze cxadia. aqamde mxolod biologiurad
saintereso qimikatebi (mag. aminomJavebi) miiRes, Sejvarda da SeareTes sicocxlis ukve arsebuli formebi
da sxva araferi.
xolo, Tu Cven ar mogvitania sicocxle am wuTisofelSi, ra ufleba gvaqvs gvaqvs movindomoT batonoba masze? ratom visakuTrebT mas, rac Cveni ar aris?
faqtia isic, rom miuxedavad mecnierul-teqnikuri
didi winsvlisa, ar SegviZlia Tavi davaRwioT sikvdils.
ratom? Cven xom yovlisSemZleni varT? sinamdvile ki
sxva aris. ufali eubneba moses: ,,me vklav da me vacocxleb” (II rj.32,39). iobis wignSic igive azria: sicocxle
ùfalma momca, ufalma waiRo”(iobi 1,21).
amitom, araviTari ufleba ara gvaqvs xelvyoT uflis es wyaloba da vinc amas akeTebs da ar Seinanebs,
daisjeba!
miuxedavad uamravi problemisa, kargi ojaxebi
mainc mravlad aris saqarTveloSi, rac qveynis gadarCenis garantiaa.
me minda davloco Cvens samSobloSi da mis farglebs gareT mcxovrebi yvela qarTuli ojaxi, aseve
vlocav Cveni qveynis mkvidr sxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTa ojaxebsac da yvelas gisurvebT RvTissaTno
gziT svlas, uflis SiSiTa da siyvaruliT cxovrebas,
raTa ixaroT orsav sofelsa Sina.
amasTan, viTvaliswinebT ra im marTlmadidebeli
adamianebis damsaxurebas, romelTac bolo 20 wlis
19
manZilze, ekonomikurad mZime mdgomareobis miuxedvad,
Cvens samwysos 4 da meti Svili SesZines, miviReT gadawyvetileba, aseTi mSoblebi da Svilebi gansakuTrebulad SevavedroT ufals da patriarqis sigeliT davajildovoT.
mravalSvilianoba udidesi sikeTea.
romeli warmavali simdidre Seedreba dedmamiSvilebis gverdze dgomasa da siyvaruls, rac ase
sWirdeba adamians Cvens metad rTul droSi. TviTon
mSoblebic udides energias iReben maTgan, radgan TiToeuli Svili calke aRebuli saocari samyaroa.
mravalSvilianoba imiTac aris friad sasurveli,
rom bavSvi pataraobidanve swavlobs egoizmis daZlevas, sxvaze mzrunvelobas da mSoblebisgan momdinare
siyvarulis sxvisTvis ganawilebas.
visac sami da meti bavSvi hyavs, kargad icis, xSirad
rogor uWirs pirvel Svils axlad dabadebul meore
CvilTan Segueba da sul eZebs dros, raimeTi avnos mas;
mesame pataris Sematebas pirveli ufro advilad itans,
meore ki ufro metad ganicdis, magram ise ara, rogorc
pirvel Svils umZimda Tavidan, meoTxe bavSvis dabadeba
ukve awonasworebs yvelafers da a.S.
anu SvilTa simravle maTi sworad aRzrdis erTerTi garantiaa, radgan aseT garemoSi “me”-ze orientirebuli suliskveTeba siyvarulis gamravlebiTa da
gacemiT icvleba da Tu amas swori aRzrdac daemata,
miviRebT im mdgomareobas, razec biblia brZanebs: qali
SvilTa simravliT cxondebao (I tim. 2,15).
am saqmeSi mTavari roli da pasuxismgebloba dedas ekisreba. miuxedavad imisa, rom gogonebi xSirad
fsevdokulturiTa da cru TavisuflebiT arian gatacebulni, rodesac dedebi xdebian, maTSi sxva grZnobebi
20
saSobao epistole
iRviZebs sxva azrovneba uyalibdebaT, radgan swored
isini xdebian siyvaruliT msaxurebis mTavari momqmedni da es iwvevs swored Sinagan fericvalebas.
xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom meuRleebma,
romelTac sakuTari Svili ar yavT, es tragediad ar
unda miiCnion; mTavaria maTi erTad cxovreba sasufevlis damkvidrebisTvis momzadebad iqces.
sasurvelia bavSvis ayvanac. es didi madlia da
am SemTxvevaSi maT eklesiaSi sagangebo locva ekiTxebaT.
* * *
amqveyniuri Cveni yofa droebiTia da mswraflwarmavali. dro ki romelSic vcxovrobT, wriulia, ganmeorebadi da, amave dros, sworxazovani, - miemarTeba
dasawyisidan dasasrulisken. amasTan, sxvadasxva qmnilebisaTvis yofis xangrZlivoba sxvadasxvanairia:
zogisaTvis - ramdenime saaTi, zogisTvis - ramdenime
dRe, sxvisTvis - wlebi, saukuneebi an saerTodac aTaswleulebi.
samyaro da dro erTdroulad gaCnda. ai, rogor
mimarTavs netari avgustine ufals: ,,Sena xar drois Semomqmedi; ar arsebobs dro Seni Tanamaradisi rom iyos,
radgan Sen waruvali xar, xolo dro rom waruvali
iyos, droc aRar iqneboda igi.”
samoTxeSi yofnis periods mamebi ,,wminda drod”
moixseneben. igi sxva saxisa iyo da iq arc adami arc eva
ar eqvemdebarebodnen mis mdinarebas. is dro ki, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, dadga codviT dacemis Semdeg.
pirveli adamianebi, moakldnen ra “cxovrebis xis”
nayofs, - anu ufalTan urTierTobis SesaZleblobas,
daknindnen; maTi azrovnebis wesic Seicvala da miwieri
yofiT Semoifargla, Tumca ltolva samoTxisa da RvTi-
21
saken kvlav darCaT. amitomac adamiani gaorda, gaorda
misi amqveyniuri droc: liturgikuli droiT igi kvlav ukavSirdeba RmerTs, xolo yofiTi dro moicavs
cxovrebis im nawils, razec bibliaSi weria: ,,amaoeba
amaoebaTa da yovelive amao ars” (ekl. 1,2).
drois gayofa yvelaze realuri saxiT moxda
pirveli msxverplSewirvis Semdeg, rodesac kaenma uflis ZRveni ampartavnebis suliT gaiRo, xolo abelma
- gulwrfeli, uSurveli siyvaruliT.
kaenis Suri SuRlSi gadaizarda, abelis mokvliT
ki masSi miwieri da egoisturi suli imdenad gaZlierda,
rom RvTis pirisagan Tavisi nebiT sabolood miefara
da aRar undoda ufalTan urTierToba; amiT dasrulda
misi liturgikuli droc, ramac mxolod miwieri yofis
survili gauRviva da gamoiwvia sikvdilisadmi Zrwola, anu SemoqmedTan Sexvedris SiSi. (zogadad aseTive
damokidebuleba aqvT im adamianebsac, romlebic RvTis
sawinaaRmdegod cxovroben.)
abels ki, marTalia, amqveyniuri yofa waerTva, magram misi liturgikuli dro momavali maradiuli netari cxovrebis sawyisad iqca. dedamiwaze ki misi gza
seiTma da misma modgmam gaagrZeles.
ras niSnavs CvenTvis, qristianebisaTvis, liturgikuli droiT cxovreba?
Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, wuTisofelSi awmyo, faqtiurad, ar arsebobs;
is, rasac awmyos varqmevT, im wamsve iqceva warsulad.
ase rom, Cven warsulsa da momavals Soris vimyofebiT.
maradisobaSi ki mudmivi awmyoa. iq warsuli da momavali ar arsebobs.
da Tu gvsurs, sworad vicxovroT, unda vicxovroT
ise, rom Cvens warmaval droSi maradiuloba Semoviy-
22
saSobao epistole
vanoT da dro moZrav maradisobad vaqcioT (wm.ioane
damaskeli).
es saidumlo eklesiaSi aResruleba. amitomac kargavs aq dro Tavis ZiriTad fizikur Tvisebebs, - Seuqcevadobas da sworxazovnobas, rac saeklesio dResaswaulTa ganmeoradobiT, wriuli mdinarebiTa da maTi
ganmaaxlebeli moqmedebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
Cven aq mudmivad vxdebiT Tanamonawile samyaros
Seqmnisa, mamamTavarTa da winaswarmetyvelTa epoqisa,
macxovrisa da misi mowafeebis da wmindanebis cxovrebisa, saerTod adamianisa da samyaros xsnis Sesaxeb saRmrTo gangebulebis istoriisa.
yovel dRes Tavisi datvirTva aqvs: kvira saRvTismsaxuro ciklis centrs, - qristes aRdgomas warmoadgens. orSabaTi, zogadad, angelozTa dRea, samSabaTi - wm.
ioane naTlismcemlisa, oTxSabaTi - jvris, xuTSabaTi
- wm. nikolozis, paraskevi - jvarcmis, SabaTi ki - yovladwminda RvTismSoblisa da wm. mociqulebis.
wlis ciklis formirebac, pirvel rigSi, aRdgomas
ukavSirdeba da mas paseqis dResaswauli ganapirobebs.
amasTan, aris uZravi da moZravi umniSvnelovanesi dReebi, romlebic uflis, RvTismSoblis, zeciur ZalTa, mociqulTa da wmindanebis saxels ukavSirdeba.
aucileblad unda aRiniSnos isic, rom, garda
eklesiuri cxovrebisa, liturgikuli droiT cxovreba
niSnavs yoveldRiuri yofis ise warmarTvas, rom adamianis guli da goneba mudmivad iyos RmerTTan kavSirSi.
es ki gulisxmobs gacnobierebas imisas, rom Tu ara
uflis Sewevna, Cven ver SevZlebdiT verc sunTqvas, verc
siaruls, verc azrovnebas, da raime saqmis gakeTebas,
garSemomyofTa da saerTod, samyaros aRqmas: ver movipovebdiT sakvebs, Casacmels, sacxovriss, ver SevqmnidiT
23
kulturas, verc mecnierul aRmoCenebs gavakeTebT...
anu unda davinaxoT, rom yovelive uflis nebiT
mogveca, raTa garemo ukeTesi gavxadoT, RvTis madlierni da misi TanaSemomqmedni gavxdeT da ara mowinaaRmdegeni. Tumca arCevani Cveni gasakeTebelia.
Tu, magaliTad, Sen pedagogi xar da moswavleebs
zrdi im suliskveTebiT, rom iyvnen samSoblos erTguli Svilebi, uyvardeT RmerTi da erTmaneTi, saerTod,
moyvasi, aswavli Suris daZlevas, wyenis daviwyebas da
advilad Serigebas, gansacdelSi myofTadmi daxmarebas, ufrosebisadmi pativiscemas, bunebis, Sromis, wignebis kiTxvis, Rrma azrovnebis siyvaruls da Senc Tu
aseve cxovrob, maSin Seni amqveyniuri yofa maradiulobiT aris ganmsWvaluli, radgan egoizmisgan Tavisufal
RvTissaTno azrovnebas amkvidreb.
Tu Sen damlagebeli xar da yoveldRe patiosnad
da siyvaruliT akeTeb Sens saqmes, ar agvianeb samsaxurSi, exmarebi moyvass, hmadlob RmerTs arsobis purisTvis,
ar iviwyeb sulier cxovrebas da uflis mcnebebs, Sin
da gareT keTili damokidebulebis damkvidrebas uwyob
xels, Sen liturgikuli droiT cxovrob.
Tu diasaxlisi xar da Svilebze zrunvas girCevnia,
samsaxuri gqondes mxolod imitom, rom ukeTesad gaerTo, Tu Sen arafers eridebi, raTa komfortuli cxovreba moiwyo da ar gadardebs amisTvis sxvisi msxverplad gawirva, Tu Sen abortiT an sxva Tanamedrove
saSualebebiT axden ojaxis dagegmarebas, egoisturad
zrdi bavSvebs, ar aswavli maT mowyalebis gacemas da
gaWirvebulisadmi Tanadgomas, ar aswavli megobrobas,
simarTlis siyvaruls, erTgulebas, - kaenis suls ver
moicileb da misi xvedris Tanaziari gaxdebi.
,,urTierT simZime itvirTeT da esreT aRasru-
24
saSobao epistole
leT sjuli igi qristesi.” brZanebs mociquli (gal.6,2).
fizikur da materialur daxmarebasTan erTad Zalian
didi mniSvneloba aqvs locviT Sewevnas da es mudam
unda gvaxsovdes.
minda SegaxsenoT antoni suroJelis mier moxmobili erTi ambavi: ,,iyo axalgazrda moZRvari, romelsac
sxvisi codvebis danaxvis unari mieca da roca erTxel
masTan metad mZime codvebiT savse adamiani mivida aRsarebisaTvis, ar miiRo. Tumca male sindisma Seawuxa
da amis Sesaxeb gamocdil bers uambo. man usayvedura:
rogor gaabrune? is xom sinanuliT movida da Sen iyavi
misi bolo imedi?
axalgazrda moZRvari ise Sewuxda, RmerTs sTxovda, naTelxilvis unari aRar qonoda. gulwrfeli sinanulisaTvis ufalma mas Tanalmobis madli mianiWa. da ai,
erTxelac, roca mas metad mZime xasiaTis saxlis mepatronesTan mouwia Ramis gaTeneba, igi aRar dabrkolda
misi codvebis gamo, aramed erT kuTxeSi gulmxurvaled
daiwyo locva mepatronesaTvis da Tan mis danaSaulobebs ambobda.
maspinZeli sasuliero piris locviT dainteresda
da Cumad daugdo yuri. igi gaognebuli ismenda Tavisi
codvebis Sesaxeb axalgazrda moZRvris RvTisadmi vedrebas da aman imdenad SeZra, rom im dRidan sruliad
gansxvavebuli cxovreba daiwyo.
aseTi magaliTebi mis cxovrebaSi mravlad iyo da
roca ekiTxebodnen, rogor axerxebda adamianebis moqcevas, moZRvari pasuxobda: ,,rodesac CemTan modis codviT
damZimebuli pirovneba, romelic ver xedavs Tavis danaSauls da sinanuli ara aqvs, vcdilob sulierad mis
Sinagan samyaros Cavwvde da im azriT, rom Cven varT
xorci xorcTagani da sisxli sisxlTagani erTmaneTisa,
25
viwyeb sinanuliT locva-vedrebas misi da Cemi, anu Cveni
codvebisaTvis da es adamianic, RvTis madliT, TandaTan
iwyebs Semobrunebas.”
RmerTma Cvenc mogvces Zala amgvari wesiT cxovrebisa.
me imedi maqvs, rom, miuxedavad Cvens winaSe arsebuli mravali didi problemisa, saqarTvelo gauZlebs
drois gamocdas da yovladwminda RvTismSoblis meoxebiT RvTis madidebeli suli mudam izeimebs Cvens
qveyanaSi.
qristes eklesiis samwysov: dRes “moiwia drois
sisrule, moavlina RmerTma Tavisi Ze, ... raTa Cvenc
migveRo Zeoba”. ase rom monani ki aRara xarT, aramed
Zeni, xolo Tu Zeni xar, memkvidreca xar RvTisa mier
(gal.4, 4-7).
maS, gixarodeT, Cemo sayvarelo suliero Svilebo:
qarTvelebo, afxazebo, osebo, berZnebo, rusebo, iezidno,
udininno, somexno, azerbaijanelno ..., yovelno Svilno
saqarTvelos wminda marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa; gixarodeT yovelno RvTismoyvareno: ,,dRes, daviTis qalaqSi, daibada Tqveni macxovari, romelic aris qriste ufali” (luka 2,11).
Tqveni erTgulebis niSnad anTebuli sanTlebiT
SexvdiT mas da imediTa da siyvaruliT miegebeT!
maradis TqvenTvis mlocveli
ilia II
sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqi
qristes Soba 2013-2014 weli
26
viSegradis qveynebis evrokavSirTan
integraciis ekonomikuri politika
revaz gvelesiani,
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, ekonomikuri
politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli
eka lekaSvili,
imave kaTedris asocirebuli profesori
nana maisuraZe,
doqtoranti
giorgi yufaraZe,
doqtoranti
„viSegradis jgufi“-centraluri evropis oTxi
qveynis: ungreTis, poloneTis, CexeTisa da slovakeTis
alianss aRniSnavs. am gaerTianebis mizani wevr qveynebs
Soris regionuli TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba da evrointegracis procesebis gaZlierebaa. viSegradis jgufis
istoria jer kidev 1335 wlidan iwyeba, rodesac bohemiis,
ungreTis da poloneTis mefeebi viSegradSi1 Seikribnen
da am sam samefos Soris urTierTobebis ganmtkiceba
gadawyvites. ufro Tanamedrove istoria ki Cexoslovakiis prezidentis vaclav havelis iniciativiT iwyeba,
Cexoslovakiis, poloneTisa da ungreTis saxelmwifo
mmarTvelebma Caatares samiti bratislavaSi (aprili
1990), viSegradSi (Tebervali 1991), krakovSi (oqtomberi
1991) da praRaSi (maisi 1992). oficialurad viSegradis
1 istoriuli mniSvnelobis samefo cixe-qalaqi ungreTSi,
romelic daaarsa ungreTis mefem Carlz I-ma.
27
r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe
jgufi Seiqmna 1991 wlis 15 Tebervals „evrokavSirSi
integraciis gzaze ungreTs, CexeTs, slovakeTsa da poloneTs Soris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb deklaraciis“
xelmoweriT. Sexvedras, romelic ungreTis qalaq viSegradSi Sedga, eswrebodnen jozef antali ungreTis premier - ministri, lex valensa - poloneTis prezidenti
da vaclav haveli - Cexoslovakiis prezidenti. ,,viSegradis jgufma” centraluri evropis qveynebis evrokavSirTan warmatebuli integraciis
magaliTi Seqmna.
imis miuxedavad, rom viSegradis jgufs sxva regionuli
Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebis msgavsad Camoyalibebuli struqtura da mudmivmoqmedi samdivno ar aqvs,
igi jer kidev XX s-is 90-iani wlebSi warmatebuli
regionuli TanamSromlobis simbolod iqca.
viSegradis qveynebis jgufis TanamSromloba ar
warmoadgens evrokavSiris regionuli gaerTianebis
alternativas. evrokavSiri mas mxars uWers rogorc
efeqtiani subregionuli TanamSromlobis struqturas.
viSegradis qveynebis jgufi xels uwyobs saerTo faseulobebis gavrcelebas, regionSi usafrTxoebis gaZlierebas da ekonomikur ganviTarebas mravalmxrivi
TanamSromlobis gziT.
viSegradis qveynebis msgavsad, evrointegraciis
procesebi prioritetulia aRmosavleT evropis mosazRvre regionis - samxreT kavkasiis qveynebisaTvis, romlebic eswrafvian TavianTi sazogadoebebis ekonomikuri
da socialuri transformaciis warmatebiT gagrZelebas, evrokavSiris standartebTan konvergencias da am
gziT evrokavSiris wevrobas. cnobilia, rom 2009 wlis
7 maiss evrokavSirma aRmosavleT evropis eqvs qveyanas
(saqarTvelo, azerbaijani, somxeTi, belorusi, moldova,
ukraina) TanamSromlobis axali forma - aRmosavle-
28
Tis partnioroba (Eastern Partnership) SesTavaza. ~aRmosavleT partnioroba~ xels uwyobs partniori qveynebis
evrokavSirSi ufro Rrma integracias da monawile
qveynebisaTvis socialuri da ekonomikuri reformebis
gatarebaSi daxmarebas. am mxriv, viSegradis qveynebis
urTierTTanamSromlobis gamocdileba da evrokavSirTan integraciis calkeuli aspeqtebi samxreT kavkasiis qveynebisaTvis mniSvnelovan magaliTs warmoadgens.
swored es ganapirobebs kvlevis interess.
aRniSnuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlevis
miznad dasaxulia viSegradis qveynebis evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integraciis evoluciis Seswavla, am
procesSi arsebuli miRwevebis, problemebis da maTi
daZlevis gzebis gamovlena, ris Sedegadac xelsayreli
pirobebi Seiqmna evrokavSirSi maTi gawevrianebisa da
regionuli TanamSromlobisaTvis. kvlevis obieqts
viSegradis qveynebis ekonomikebi, xolo sagans - am
qveynebis mier SemuSavebuli da gatarebuli ekonomikuri politika warmoadgens.
viSegradis qveynebis ekonomikuri integraciis
politikis sakiTxis garSemo qarTulenovani resursebi ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, kvlevis procesSi gamoviyeneT delantis da rumfordis [6], gilis da raizeris
[17], franos [7], kavaliauskas [8], kramptonis [12] da sxvaTa
Sromebi. aseve, avtorTa jgufebis da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mier gamocemuli angariSebi da kvlevebi, romlebic evrokavSiris gafarToebas da viSegradis
jgufSi monawile qveynebis ekonomikebs exeba. kramptonis [12] naSromSi warmodgenilia aRmosavleT evropis
regionis ganviTarebis kvleva XX saukunesa da XXI saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi. wignSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia demokratiis formirebasa da sabazro ekonomi-
29
kis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze. kavaliauskas [8] naSromSi
warmodgenilia centraluri evropis geopolitikuri,
kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis
analizi uSualod 1989-2012 wlebSi. delantis da rumfordis [6] naSromi ki evropeizaciis sakiTxis garSemo
mimdinare debatebis kiTxvebze pasuxia: avtoris azriT,
saWiroa socialuri Teoria evropeizaciis arsis Sesacnobad. wignSi warmodgenilia evrokavSirSi mimdinare ZiriTadi socialuri transformaciis sakiTxebi
globalizaciis konteqstiT. gilis da raizeris [17]
kvleva evropis ,,brwyinvalebis“ ganaxlebis gzebis Ziebas exeba. kerZod, evropis ekonomikuri modelis ganxilvas konvergenciis meqanizmis safuZvelze. franos [7]
monografiuli kvleva viSegradis qveynebis safondo
birJis sabazro mikrostruqturebis kvlevas moicavs.
masSi ganxilulia viSegradis jgufis qveynebSi safondo birJebis funqcionirebis Taviseburebebi.
1993 wlis 1 ianvridan, mas Semdeg rac Cexoslovakia or damoukidebel qveyanad gaiyo, viSegradis samkuTxedi oTxeulad iqca da deklaraciiT ganisazRvra
viSegradis jgufis ZiriTadi miznebi:
•saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis, demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis srulad aRdgena;
•totalitaruli sistemis yvela arsebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da mentaluri aspeqtis aRmofxvra;
•saparlamento demokratiis da saxelmwifo samarTlebrivi sistemis mSenebloba, adamianis uflebebis
da Tavisuflebebis pativiscema;
•Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis Seqmna;
•sruli CarTuloba evropul politikur da
ekonomikur, aseve usafrTxoebisa da sakanonmdeblo
30
sistemaSi.
organizaciuli struqturis TvalsazrisiT, TanamSromlobis formad SerCeul iqna premier-ministrebisa
da ministrebis doneze regularuli Sexvedra, sadac
muSavdeboda erTiani strategiebi. am mizniT oTxive
wevri qveynis wilobrivi monawileobis safuZvelze
Seiqmna viSegradis saerTaSoriso fondi, romlis ZiriTadi mizani regionuli masStabis proeqtebis dafinansebaa. viSegradis TanamSromloba, faqtobrivad, ar
aris raime formiT institucionalizebuli. igi emyareba sxvadasxva doneze misi warmomadgenlebis periodul
Sexvedrebs. premier - ministrebis oficialuri Sexvedra yovelwliurad ewyoba. samitebs Soris saprezidento pozicia aqvs am oTxi qveynidan erTderTs, romelic
pasuxismgebelia TanamSromlobis erTwliani samoqmedo
gegmis SemuSavebaze.
regionuli TanmSroblobisa da ganviTarebis msgavsi strategiebis arCevis miuxedavad, viSegradis qveynebi
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba saxelmwifos teritoriuli zomebiT, mosaxleobis raodenobiT, eTnikuri kompoziciiTa da sxva maCveneblebis mixedviT. viSegradis
qveynebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba
XX saukuneSi maT istoriul ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
ungreTis, slovakeTis da poloneTis ekonomika ZiriTadad yofil sabWoTa kavSirTan ekonomikur integraciaze iyo orientirebuli. CexeTi, piriqiT, tradiciulad
dasavleT evropasTan ekonomikur urTierTobas aniWebda upiratesobas. viSegradis qveynebi gardamavali
ekonomikis yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebi iyvnen da
gacilebiT ukeTesi sawyisi pozicia hqondaT sxva postsocialistur qveynebTan SedarebiT. viSegradis yvela
qveyanam daaxloebiT erTi da igive dro - 41- 42 weli
31
gaatara komunistur reJimSi.
cvalebadi garemo da usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi gavlenas axdenda politikuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebaze. periodulad Zlierdeboda maRali donis politikuri TanamSromloba, magram
politikuri riskebis ganmuxtvisTanave, rogorc wesi,
es saWiroeba sustdeboda. magaliTad, XX s-is 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi qveynebi gaerTiandnen ruseTisgan
momdinare safrTxis gavleniT1; aseve, erToblivi regionuli aqtivobebis survili gaZlierda evrokavSirSi
gawevrianebis Sedegad maqsimaluri upiratesobebisa da
sargeblis miRebis imediT. es procesi gagrZelda manam, sanam viSegradis qveynebma ar miiRes evrokavSiris
sruli wevroba.
viSegradis qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobebi sxvadasxva periodSi gansxvavebulad viTardeboda. 90-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari ekonomikuri
kavSirebis mkveTri SesustebiT xasiaTdeba, rac ganpirobebuli iyo im mizeziT, rom regionis qveynebidan
TiToeuli cdilobda evrokavSirTan individualurad
mWidro ekonomikuri da finansuri urTierTobebis damyarebas. erTmaneTTan regionuli kavSirebis Camoyalibebas ki meorexarisxovan sakiTxad ganixilavdnen.
evropuli Tanamegobroba 1990-iani wlebidan mniSvnelovnad dainteresda centraluri da aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebiT ara mxolod politikuri, aramed
teqnikuri da finansuri mxardaWeris TvalsazrisiTac.
evropulma Tanamegobrobam di plomatiuri urTierTo1 moskovis lomonosovis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis profesoris artiom melxinis azriT, centraluri evropis
arsebobis substanciur princi ps evrokavSiris wevrobis sapirispirod ruseTi warmoadgens. Tomas Kavaliauskas, 2012. Transformations in Central Europe between 1989 and 2012: Geopolitical, Cultural, and
Socioeconomic Shifts.Lexington Books; გვ.3
32
bebi Camoayaliba centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebTan.
90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, centraluri evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis (the CEFTA1) farglebSi ganxorcielebuli efeqtiani RonisZiebebis Sedegad qveynebs Soris savaWro urTierTobebma
sagrZnobi gaumjobeseba daiwyo, Tumca, vaWroba mainc
mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli rCeboda. es, nawilobriv,
moTxovnis arasaTanado zrdiT iyo gamowveuli, nawilobriv ki, regionis qveynebis swrafviT maqsimalurad
gamoeyenebinaT evrokavSirTan vaWrobis potenciali.
1998 wels, evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis dawyebamde, evrokavSiris samarTlebriv
struqturasTan adaptaciisa da Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebis gardauvali saWiroeba warmoiSva. amas
mohyva centraluri evropis regionis qveynebis ekonomikuri politikis Tanxvedra bevri aspeqtiT, radganac
liberalizaciis zomebma yvela maTganisaTvis praqtikulad identuri maregulirebeli garemo Camoayaliba. amasTan, mogvianebiT cxadi gaxda, rom qveynebis
erovnuli ekonomikuri politika garkveul sferoebSi
msgavsi gzebiT aRar viTardeboda. sawyis etapze, mas
ar mouxdenia aSkara gavlena ekonomikur maCveneblebze, Tumca mogvianebiT, regionis qveynebSi ekonomikis
struqturulma cvlilebebma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri pirobebi Seqmna. evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis fonze, ormxrivi savaWro da ekonomikuri
urTierTobebi gaZlierda, xolo ekonomikuri struqturis Camoyalibebaze gavlenas ZiriTadad msxvili
ucxouri kompaniebi da maTi mimwodeblebi axdendnen.
1 centraluri evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis zona Seiqmna 1992
wlis 21 dekembers, krakovSi (poloneTi) viSegradis qveynebis
monawileobiT, xolo ZalaSi Sevida 1993 wlis 1 marts.
33
es periodi, msxvili regionuli korporaciebis CamoyalibebiT xasiaTdeba, romlebic sul ufro mzard gavlenas axdendnen regionul doneze[5, gv.37].
2000 wels, rodesac viSegradis yvela qveynis
ekonomikam
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada da
garkveuli sferoebis modernizeba moxda, politikurma
da ekonomikurma TanamSromlobam ganviTareba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT daiwyo. ekonomikaSi wamyvani adgili
korporaciulma urTierTobebma daikaves. kooperaciis
ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas
mikroekonomikuri kavSirebi warmoadgenda, ZiriTadad, korporaciuli qselebis savaWro urTierTobebi da pirdapiri investiciebi
mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoebSi. mas Semdeg rac aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma gaacnobieres evrokavSirSi
gawevrianebis mniSvneloba, viSegradis qveynebis vaWroba evrokavSirTan mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. evrokavSiri suverenuli saxelmwifoebis TanamSromlobisa da
ekonomikuri organizaciis axal models warmoadgens,
romlis wevri saxelmwifoebic demokratiul faseulobebs iziareben da sabazro ekonomikis princi pebs
emorCilebian. wlebis ganmavlobaSi evrokavSirma xeli
Seuwyo demokratiuli da liberaluri politikuri
kulturis damkvidrebas, kanonis uzenaesobas. viSegradis jgufis qveynebma survili gamoTqves
mWidrod
eTanamSromlaT evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis mizniT. evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia yvelaze strategiuli mizani gaxda, radgan evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba
maT saSualebas miscemda ukeT daecvaT sakuTari interesebi da usafrTxoeba.
zogadad, gafarToebis procesi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa evrokavSirisaTvis. gafarToebam
mniSvnelovani sargebeli moutana yvela mxares da ax-
34
ali wevri saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur da politikur
cxovrebas sruliad axali sicocxle SesZina. gafarToebis mexuTe talRa simbolurad sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlisTanave daiwyo, rodesac evrokavSirma ganacxada,
rom is aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs Tavis ojaxSi miiRebda. eqspertebis mosazrebiT, 2004 wlis gafarToebis
ZiriTadi mizezi iyo evropis aRmosavleT nawilSi komunisturi reJimis damxobis Semdeg evropis gaerTianeba, romelic gaauqmebda XX saukunis meore naxevridan
evropis aRmosavleT-dasavleTad dayofas.
gafarToebebis wina talRebisagan gansaxvavebiT,
romelic dayofili evropis konteqstiT mimdinareobda,
2004 wlis gafarToebis talRa pirvelad Seexo evropis
xelaxali gaerTianebis sakiTxs. reunifikacia miznad
isaxavda evropaSi mcxovrebi xalxebis konstituciur
CarCoSi Tavmoeyras, rac maT mSvidobian da stabilur
garemoSi erToblivi muSaobis stimuls miscemda. gafarToebis mexuTe etapi istoriuli da uprecedento
iyo evrokavSiris istoriaSi. man evropis kontinentze
mSvidobiani integraciis procesebis SesaZleblobebi
Seqmna. pozitiuri da grZelvadiani mxardaWeris sabaziso instrumenti e.w. asocirebis xelSekrulebebis
momzadeba da ratificireba iyo. viSegradis qveynebTan asocirebis xelSekrulebebi 1991 wels gaformda.
maT evropis xelSekrulebebsac uwodeben. asocirebis
xelSekrulebebi centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis
10 qveyanasTan.evropis xelSekrulebebma evrokavSirisa
da kandidati qveynebis ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli daaxloebis safuZveli Seqmna. TanamSromlobis sfero politikur TanamSromlobas, xelsayrel savaWro urTierTobebs, ekonomikur
saqmianobasa da kulturul TanamSromlobas moicavda.
35
evropis xelSekrulebebi ormxrivad iqna xelmowerili. isini morgebuli iyo TiToeuli kandidati qveynis
saWiroebebze, Tumca amavdroulad
saerTo politikur, ekonomikur da komerciul amocanebs moicavda
da reformebis ganxorcielebis CarCos qmnida. evropis xelSekrulebebis farglebSi evrokavSirsa da TiToeul saxelmwifos Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis zona
unda Camoyalibebuliyo[20, gv18].
evropis xelSekrulebebis xelmoweris kompleqsur strategias
safuZveli Caeyara evropis sabWos
kopenhagenis Sexvedraze (1993 weli), sadac aRiniSna, rom
qveynebi momavalSi evrokavSiris wevrebi gaxdebodnen,
Tuki garkveul pirobebs daakmayofilebdnen. gafarToebis pirobebi TiToeuli qveynisaTvis Tavisuflebis,
demokratiis, adamianis uflebebisa da fundamenturi
Tavisuflebis pativiscemis, kanonis uzenaesobis princi pebs moicavda. es princi pebi gansazRvrulia evrokavSiris SeTanxmebiT (muxli 6, muxli 49). evrokavSiris
wevrobaze
ganacxadis
gakeTeba
xangrZlivi
da
mkacri procesis dasawyisia. oficialuri amosavali
wertilia qveynis mier ganacxadis gakeTeba, Tumca igi,
rogorc wesi, yalibdeba evrokavSirTan Zlieri ormxrivi urTierTobis arsebobis safuZvelze. dasabuTebul
ganacxads Sedegad moaqvs evrokavSiris Sefasebis procedurebis mTeli rigi, romelic SesaZloa dasruldes
qveynis gawevrianebiT an SesaZloa uari eTqvas qveyanas
wevrobaze. qveynis mier am procesis siswrafe saerTo
miznebis ganxorcielebis progresiT izomeba.
cxrili 1 gviCvenebs, rom viSegradis qveynebma
erToblivi nabijebi gadadges evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisTvis. slovakeTisa da CexeTis respublikis warmomadgenlebma evropis xelSekrulebas erT da imave
36
dros moaweres xeli (1991 wlis 16 dekembers), rogorc
“Cexoslovakiis” saxelmwifom (ungreTTan da poloneTTan erTad). magram, Semdeg Cexoslovakia or qveyanad
gaiyo da axali realobis pirobebSi - 1993 wlis
4 oqtombers, orma qveyanam xelaxla moawera xeli
xelSekrulebas. am qveynebSi Catarebul referendumebSi, im moqalaqeTa procentuli raodenoba, romlebmac
monawileoba miiRes masSi da Tanxmoba ganacxades TavianTi qveynebis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaze, TiTqmis
erTi da igive iyo. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis
sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, es procentuli maCvenebeli yvelaze maRali iyo slovakeTSi. moqalaqeTa
gafarToebis procesisadmi mxardaWera yvelaze metad
evrokavSiris 15 axal saxelmwifos Soris ungreTsa da
poloneTSi dafiqsirda, xolo yvelaze dabali - CexeTis respublikaSi, magram, sxva wevr qveynebTan SedarebiT, viSegradis qveynebSi mosaxleobis mxardaWera
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaze yvelaze maRali iyo. gawevrianebis msurvelma TiToeul qveyanam unda waradginos ganacxadis forma evrosabWoSi. ungreTma ganacxadis forma 1994 wlis 31 maiss waradgina, poloneTma
- 1994 wlis 5 aprils, slovakeTma - 1995 wlis 27 ivniss
da CexeTis respublikam - 1996 wlis 17 ianvars. amis
Semdeg evropis komisia gamoTqvams formalur mosazrebas aplikanti qveynis Sesaxeb da sabWo wyvets miiRos
Tu ara ganacxadi. sabWos mier molaparakebis mandatis
erTxmad damtkicebis Semdeg, molaparakebebi formalurad Riad cxaddeba evrokavSiris yvela wevr qveyanasa
da kandidat qveyanas Soris. aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens aplikanti qveynis mzaoba molaparakebebis
dawyebamde daakmayofilos ZiriTadi kriteriumebi. gawevrianebis kriteriumebi ki cnobilia kopenhagenis kriteriumebis saxeliT.
37
38
ZalaSi Sesvlis
TariRi
1 Tebervali
1994
1 Tebervali
1994
1 Tebervali
1995
1 Tebervali
1995
evropasTan
SeTanxmebis
xelmoweris
TariRi
16 dekemberi
1991
16 dekemberi
1991
4 oqtomberi
1993
4 oqtomberi
1993
qveynebi
ungreTi
poloneTi
CexeTis
respublika
slovakeTi
52,15
55,21
58,85
45,64
moqalaqeTa
wili,
romlebmac
referendumSi
miiRes
monawileoba(%)
92,46
77,33
77,45
83,76
Tanxmobis
wili(%)
evropis xelSekrulebebis xelmowerisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRebi[24]
cxrili 1.
“kopenhagenis kriteriumebi”1993 wlis dekemberSi
iqna damtkicebuli evropis sabWos mier da asocirebuli qveynisagan moiTxovs Semdegs:
•politikuri kriteriumi: stabiluri institutebi, romlebic warmoadgenen demokratiis, kanonis ��
uzenaesobis, adamianis uflebebisa dacvisa da umciresobaTa
pativiscemis garantias;
•ekonomikuri kriteriumi: moqmedi sabazro ekonomika da unari monawileoba miiRos evrokavSiris erTiani politikis sferoebSi;
•gaerTianebis samarTlis gadmotana qveynis Siga
samarTalSi (inkorporireba): evropis kavSiris sxvadasxva politikuri, ekonomikuri da monetaruli saxis
miznebisadmi erTguleba.
kopenhagenis kriteriumebi evrokavSiris mmarTvelobis mTavari maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinareobs.
viSegradis qveynebis socialisturi warsulis gaTvaliswinebiT, evropis sabWom moiTxova maTi ekonomikuri gardaqmna da evrokavSiris sistemasTan harmonizacia. viSegradis qveynebis evrokavSirSi integrirebis
mosamzadebeli etapi da evrokavSiris gafarToebis
ZiriTadi nabijebi dasaxul iqna evropis sabWos
Sexvedrebze:
•1993 wels, kopenhagenis
samitze, evropis
sabWom
gamoacxada, rom “centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, romlebsac evrokavSiris wevrobis survili aqvT, SesaZloa gaxdnen kavSiris wevrebi”.
evropis sabWom, asocirebis xelSekrulebis paralelurad, evropul saxelmwifoebs gawevrianebis mowveva
gadasca. amasTan, gansazRvra ekonomikuri, politikuri
da samarTlebrivi kriteriumebi, romlebic unda daekmayofilebinaT aplikantebs wevrobis miRebamde.
39
•1994 weli, eseni - evropis sabWom gaaforma
xelSekruleba gawevrianebis wina periodis strategiaze;
•1994 weli, madridi - evropis sabWom moaxdina
gardamavali periodis saWiroebis identificireba soflis meurneobis, kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis
da SromiTi urTierTobebis sferoebSi;
•1995 weli, madridi - evropis sabWom ganmarta, rom
kandidatma qveyanam unda daicvas evrokavSiris procedurebi da wesebi;
•1997 weli, luqsemburgi - evropis sabWom ganacxada, rom kandidati qveynebis pirvelma jgufma SesaZloa
daiwyos molaparakebebi gawevrianebaze;
•1999 weli, berlini - evropis sabWos Sexvedra
mieZRvna kandidati qveynebis finansuri daxmarebis gaZlierebas;
•1999 weli, helsinki - evropis sabWos Sexvedraze
gadawyda molaparakebebis dawyeba yvela kandidat qveyanasTan (rumineTisa da bulgareTis garda);
•2000 weli, nica - evropis sabWo iwyebs evrokavSiris institutebis momzadebas gafarToebisaTvis;
•2002 weli, kopenhageni - evropis sabWos sxdomaze
evrokavSiri awesebs gafarToebis TariRs - 2004 wlis
maiss;
•2003 weli, aTeni - evropis sabWos Sexvedraze gawevrianebis konvenciebis xelmowera.
40
sawyisi pirobebi: periodi 1989-90 [21]
cxrili 2
CexeTis
slovaungreTi poloneTi
respubkeTi
lika
mosaxleoba
10.0
38.7
10.3
5.4
manZili briuselidan (km)
1412
1338
913
1223
mep,1989 (myidvelobiTunarianobis
paritetis
mixedviT, mln
aSS dolari)
6810
5150
8600
7600
komunisturi
reJimis xangrZlivoba
(wlebi)
42
41
42
42
soflis
meurneobaSi
dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba
(%)
15
27
11
12
mrewvelobaSi
dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba
(%)
38
36
45
32
(milioni)
gawevrianebis mosamzadebeli safexuris strategia moicavda:
•gawevrianebis xelSekrulebebs, romlebic gaformda evrokavSirsa da asocirebul qveynebs Soris
vaWrobis, evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmoni-
41
zaciis da sxva sakiTxebze;
•partniorobis
xelSekrulebebs
TiToeuli
qveynis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis pirobebze. amasTan,
tardeboda progresis Sesaxeb warmodgenili angariSebis sistematuri monitoringi, romlebic kopenhagenis
kriteriumebis Sesrulebas exeboda. Sefasebas axdenda
evrokomisia;
•Acquis Communitairedis miRebis erovnul programas,
rac niSnavda TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos mier evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis ganxorcielebis strategiis momzadebas;
•evrokavSiris fondebidan finansur daxmarebas
gawevrianebis msurveli qveynebisTvis evrokavSiris
kriteriumebis miRwevis mizniT;
•gawevrianebis molaparakebebs, romliTac dadginda pirobebi da TariRebi evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisTvis.
aRniSnuli strategiis mizans warmoadgenda asocirebuli qveynebis evrokavSirSi warmatebuli integraciisaTvis mxaradaWera. gawevrianeba aseve moiTxovda
kandidati qveynisaTvis administraciul struqturebSi integraciisaTvis pirobebis Seqmnas. mniSvnelovani
iyo evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi gadatana da Sesabamisi administraciuli da
samarTlebrivi struqturebis mier kanonmdeblobis
efeqtiani ganxorcieleba, rac
evrokavSiris wevrobisaTvis aucilebeli ormxrivi ndobis winapirobas
warmoadgenda.
gasuli ori aTwleulis manZilze evrokavSirma
iTamaSa wamyvani roli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
gaRrmavebaSi. evrokavSirs aseve hqonda udidesi zegavlena am qveynebSi mimdinare ekonomikur procesebze.
42
swored garefaqtorebma ganapiroba mniSvnelovani gavlena centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis
ekonomikebze.
evrokavSiris istoriaSi pirvelad, centraluri
da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs mosTxoves iseTi pirobebis Sesruleba, romlebic ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli romis xelSekrulebaSi. erT-erTi aseTi faruli
winapiroba centraluri evropis qveynebisTvis iyo TviTon regionis qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba. centraluri evropis qveynebisaTvis
aseve ukiduresad mZime amocanas warmoadgenda evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizacia, radganac wina
gafarToebebisgan gansxvavebiT, samarTlebrivi masala
gacilebiT ufro moculobiTi iyo. am periodSi, centraluri evropa mTlianad politikis mimRebis poziciaSi iyo. mas araviTari Sansi ar gaaCnda arsebiTi
zegavlena moexdina molaparakebebis procesze.
erTi mxriv, centraluri evropis regioni da misi
ganviTareba evrokavSirze Zlier iyo damokidebuli. meore mxriv, 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, centraluri
evropis regionma swrafi zrda daiwyo da imedismomcemi Canda regionSi biznesis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. evrokavSiris qveynebma SeimuSaves ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategia, romelic efuZneboda viSegradis
regionSi investiciebis Semodinebis xelSewyobas.
zrdis maRali maCveneblebisa da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebuli xelsayreli pirobebis gamo,
saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi ganxorcielda centraluri evropis arc Tu ise didi bazris
mniSvnelobis gadafaseba. centraluri da aRmosavleTi
evropa evrokavSirisTvis zrdis polusi unda gamxdariyo. imedovnebdnen, rom am regionis zrdis maRali
43
tempi evrokavSiris aRmosavleTiT Seqmnil mdgomareobas stabilurs gaxdida. es xelsayreli iqneboda
evrokavSiris sxva wevri qveynebisaTvis da, amasTan, aamaRlebda evropis konkurentunarianobas.
viSegradis msgavs regionSi TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi sferoebis gansazRvra sakmaod advilia, is ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia zrdisa da ganviTarebis saWiroebiT. TvalsaCinoa ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro faqtorebic,
investiciebi infrastruqturaSi, institutebsa da adamian-kapitalSi. vaWrobisa da investiciebis liberalizaciam da ekonomikuri politikis sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobam didi wvlili Seitana regionis stabilizaciaSi.
evrokavSiris gavlena centraluri evropis regionul
integraciaze Semdegi saxiT mimdinareobda:
•ekonomikuri politika. 90-ian wlebSi subregionuli vaWrobis liberalizacias ufro neli tempi
hqonda, vidre evrokavSiris vaWrobis liberalizacias.
ekonomikuri politikis koordinacia viSegradis jgufis qveynebs Soris rTulad mimdinareobda rogorc
90-ian wlebSi, aseve evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Semdegac, rac ganpirobebuli iyo individualurad evrokavSirze mzardi damokidebulebiT. aRsaniSnavia regionuli dapirispirebis faqtoric: mTeli gardamavali
periodis ganmavlobaSi „regionis Cempionis“ titulma
ramdenjerme gadainacvla qveynebs Soris. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CexeTs regionSi saukeTeso maCveneblebi gaaCnda. 90-iani wlebis Sua periodSi grZelvadiani reformebisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis
Semodinebis wyalobiT ungreTi gaxda nomer pirveli
ekonomika viSegradis regionSi. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi poloneTma, Semdeg ki slovakeTma daikava regionis
Cempionis pozicia. dResdReobiT, rogorc Cans, saerTa-
44
Soriso krizisis fonze, garkveulwilad, poloneTi da
CexeTis respublika yvelaze ukeT umklavdebian krizisis uaryofiT zegavlenas. qveynebis poziciis aseTma
xSirma cvlam gavlena iqonia ekonomikuri politikis
koordinaciaze.
•konkurencia. integraciis procesis daCqarebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda regionSi evrokavSiris konkurenciis politikis gavrcelebac. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iyo sajaro seqtoris reformebisTvis. rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo monopoliebi damaxasiaTebeli iyo centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis TiToeuli qveynisaTvis. Sesabamisad,
konkurenciis politikis ganxorcieleba Zalze rTuli
aRmoCnda. saWiro gaxda antimonopoliuri RonisZiebebis gatareba. instituciur mowyobaSi aSkarad yvelaze
susti rgolis - adgilobrivi sasamarTlo sistemis
transformacia garkveulwilad Seferxda saxelmwifo
da kerZo monopoliebis an lobebis Zlieri zegavlenis
Sedegad.
•savaWro urTierTobebi. 90-ian wlebSi evrokavSirs pirdapiri da arapirdapiri zegavlena hqonda
centraluri evropis ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da regionul TanamSromlobaze. miiCnevdnen, rom evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdenda
urTierTSoris vaWrobaSi savaWro barierebis aRmofxvraze; aseve, soflis meurneobis produqciiT vaWrobaze, radganac CEFTA-m ver SeZlo Tavisufali vaWrobis
uzrunvelyofa am sferoSi. evrokavSirma arapirdapiri
gziT stimuli misca regionSi savaWro kavSirebis gaZlierebas da qveynebs daxmareba gauwia struqturuli
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebaSi [5, gv.116]. subregionuli vaWrobis ganviTarebas ucxouri investiciebiT
45
Seqmnilma regionulma qselebma Seuwyo xeli. 90-ian
wlebSi centraluri evropis qveynebis umravlesoba
liberalur savaWro politikas atarebda, Sesabamisad,
evrokavSirTan vaWrobis zrda am qveynebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxda. zrdis
maRal tempebs Semosavlis zrda mohyva, rac Tavis mxriv,
Siga moTxovnis zrdas iwvevs. evrokavSiris gafarToebul bazarze masStabis ekonomiam centraluri evropis qveynebSi moqmedi kompaniebis mdgomareoba gaaumjobesa. evrokavSirma biznes-ciklebis harmonizebaSi
viSegradis jgufis qveynebisaTvis gadamwyveti roli
Seasrula da xeli Seuwyo regionuli vaWrobisaTvis
ukeTesi pirobebis Seqmnas. saavtomobilo industriaSi
ganxorcielebulma investiciebma ganapiroba erTgvari
klasteris Camoyalibeba, ZiriTadad ungreTisa da slovakeTis mezobel regionSi[5, gv.118].
•pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi. rodesac saqme
investiciebs exeba, aSkara xdeba didi bazris upiratesobebi. cxadia, mxolod garkveuli ti pis investorebi
interesdebian patara bazrebiT. regionis qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri liberalizaciis Sedegad miRweuli
bazris gafarToebis da masStabis ekonomiis garda,
upiratesoba da sargebeli SeiZleba miRweul iqnes
gazrdili konkurenciiT. privatizaciam viSegradis
qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT sabanko seqtorSi, xarisxiani
safinanso momsaxurebis winapirobebi Seqmna, romelic
aucilebelia farTomasStabiani investiciebisa da biznesisaTvis. viSegradis qveynebis erToblivma, magram
amavdroulad erTmaneTis konkurentulma strategiebma - moezidaT rac SeiZleba meti ucxouri investicia,
adgilobrivi biznesgaremos gaumjobeseba gamoiwvia.
investiciebis Sedegad moxda saerTaSoriso finansuri
46
urTierTobebis normalizacia, kerZod, qveynebi gaxdnen
saerTaSoriso finansuri bazris monawileebi. evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Semdeg investiciebis moculoba
kidev ufro gaizrda viSegradis jgufis qveynebSi.
• infrastruqturis ganviTareba. nebismieri dabalganviTarebuli
regionis
swrafi
ekonomikuri
zrda mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia infrastruqturis
swrafad ganviTarebaze. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
infrastruqturis ganviTarebas centraluri evropis qveynebSi Semdegi mizezebi aferxebda: aqtualuri
ar iyo iseTi proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic
viSegradis qveynebis erTmaneTTan damakavSirebel infrastruqturas gaaumjobesebda; centraluri evropis
TiToeuli qveyana cdilobda aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis urTierTobebSi regionuli centri gamxdariyo,
rac uaryofiTad aisaxa qveynebs Soris infrastruqturuli qselebis ganviTarebaze; ekonomikuri transformaciiTa da socialuri problemebiT gamowveuli mZime
finansuri mdgomareobis gamo resursebi infrastruqturuli proeqtebisaTvis mwiri iyo. regionuli TanamSromlobis SemTxvevaSi infrastruqturis ganviTareba
yovelTvis prioritetulia. Tumca, gare dafinansebis
gareSe, saTanado Sedegebis miRweva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. swored amitom iyo viSegradis jgufis qveynebisaTvis misaRebi infrastruqturuli ganviTarebis saerTo programis SemuSaveba evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis
Semdeg. aseve naTeli gaxda, rom erToblivi gegmebi da
programebi Zalian mniSvnelovani iaraRia qveynis Siga
infrastruqturis ganviTarebisTvis.
mocemuli kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa faqtorebi, romlebic aRmosavleT partniorobis qveynebma, maT
Soris saqarTvelom unda gaiTvaliswinos evrokavSir-
47
Tan integraciis procesSi. 90-ian wlebSi centralur
da aRmosavleT evropaSi politikuri da ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis Seferxeba arsebulma garemoebebma ganapiroba. maT Sorisaa: saerTo istoriuli warsuli, usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri riskebis
zrda, religiuri da eTnikuri mravalferovneba, aseve
gansxvaveba ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da politikuri
simwifis doneebs Soris, gansxvavebuli politikuri da
ekonomikuri prioritetebi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
dabali done, mwiri resursebi, rac arTulebda rogorc
negatiuri faqtorebis daZlevis SesaZleblobebs, aseve
iseTi garemos Camoyalibebas, romelic xels Seuwyobda
da gaaRrmavebda regionul TanamSromlobas. amasTan,
mocemul periodSi viSegradis qveynebis ekonomikuri
kooperaciis Seferxebis kidev erTi mizezi iyo is, rom
am oTx qveyanas identuri maxasiaTeblebi, msgavsi SefardebiTi upiratesoba da SromiTi potenciali gaaCndaT. maTi ekonomikebi iyo ara erTmaneTis Semavsebeli,
aramed konkurentuli. aRniSnuli problema mogvianebiT
mogvarda regionSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis
safuZvelze ekonomikis struqturuli cvlilebebis
ganxorcielebiT.
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Semdgomma periodma
naTlad daadastura, rom rigi sakiTxebisa, romlebic
uSualod centraluri evropis regions ukavSirdeboda, naklebad an srulebiT aRar dgas dRis wesrigSi.
iyo molodini, rom gawevrianebis Semdeg maastrixtis
kriteriumebis dakmayofilebis saWiroeba centraluri
evropis qveynebs ubiZgebda maT da evrokavSiris Zvel
wevr qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri gansxvavebebis Semcirebisken. miiCnevdnen, rom ekonomikuri politikis
arapirdapiri harmonizacia is iaraRi iyo, romelic am
48
qveynebis ekonomikebis konvergencias Seuwyobda xels.
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, eWvs gareSea, rom gare safrTxeebi, arapirdapiri gziT, ekonomikuri politikis
koordinaciisagan damoukideblad, moiTxovs viSegradis qveynebis ekonomikuri politikis daaxloebas. es
koordinacia TiTqmis ar arsebobda gasuli oci wlis
ganmavlobaSi da mxolod ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis
politikisaken mimarTul seriozul safrTxeebs SeeZlo situaciis Secvla.
mosalodnelia, rom momdevno ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, ekonomikuri cvlilebebi dakavSirebuli
iqneba ekonomikuri politikisa da ekonomikis struqturis transformaciasTan, rac sabolood regionis
qveynebis ekonomikuri politikis konvergenciasa da
sinqronizacias gamoiwvevs.
Historical Evolution of Integration of Visegrad Countries
with the European Union
R. Gvelesiani, E. Lekashvili, N. Maisuradze, G Kuparadze
For the first time in the history of the European Union, Central
and Eastern European countries were required to meet the requirements,
which were not envisaged in the Treaty of Rome. One of such hidden
preconditions was deepening of economic cooperation between the
countries of the region.
Coordination of economic policy among the Visegrad countries
was developing in a difficult way in the 90s as well as after accession
in the EU. This was caused by increasing dependence of these countries
separately on the European Union. The phenomenon of regional rivalry
should be mentioned as well - during the whole transition period the “title” of regional champion shifted several times between the countries.
49
Such frequent changes of the countries’ positions affected coordination of economic policy.
Based on the research, some factors have become obvious which
should be taken into consideration by the partner countries, including
Georgia, on the way of European integration. In the 90s, political and
economic cooperation in central and eastern Europe was hindered by
the several conditions, including common historical past, increase of security and economic risks, variety of religions and ethnicity, difference
between the levels of economic and political development, different political and economic priorities, low level of economic development, lack
of resources. All this made it harder to overcome the negative factors as
well as to create the relevant environment for promoting and deepening
of regional cooperation.
Like the Visegrad countries, integration with the European Union
is priority for the South Caucasian countries, which are striving for successful implementation of economic and social transformation of their
societies, convergence with the EU standards and thus, achieving the
EU membership. Eastern Partnership supports deeper integration of the
partner countries with the European Union and assists reforming of economic and social fields of the countries included. From this perspective,
experience of cooperation among the Visegrad countries and definite
aspects of integration with the European Union is an important example
for the South Caucasian countries.
gamoyenebuli literatura
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qveynebis ekonomikuri politika evrointegraciis
gzaze (leqciebis kursi). leqciebis kursi momzadda
viSegradis saerTaSoriso fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT ..sauniveristeto grantebis programa aR-
50
mosavleT partniorobis qveynebisaTvis“ programis
farglebSi. Tbilisi, 2013;
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4. Bellamy, R., Warleigh, A. (eds.). 2001. Citizenship and Governance
in the European Union. London: Continuum;
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and the implications of Europeanization. London and New York:
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7. Filip Fraňo, Market Microstructure of Stock Exchanges in the
Visegrad Region: Facts and Comparative Analysis. 2012. LAP
LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG;
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Shifts.Lexington Books;
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Marek, Routledge Advances in European Politics;
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Svtla Trifonova Marinova and Marin Alexandrov Marinov , 2003.
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12. Crampton R.J.,1997. Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century - and
After, New York: Routledge;
13. Theo Hitiries, European Union Economics, 2003. FT Prentice Hall,
5-th edition;
51
14. John Gillingham, European Integration 1950-2003. Superstate or
New Market Economy? 2003. Cambridge;
15. Larry Ned, The Economics of Europe and EU, 2007. Cambridge
Un.pr.
16. The Economics of EU: Policy and Analysis, 2007. Edited by Mike
Artis and Frederick Nixon, Forth Edition, Oxford Un. Press;
17. Gill, Indermit Singh, Martin Paiser et al. Golden Growth. Restoring
the Iustre of the European Economic Model. IBRD,2012.
18. . Sharing the Experiences of Visegrad Cooperation in the Western
Balkans and the Eastern Neighbourhood countries. International
Centre for Democratic Transition. Project Preparatory Study 2010;
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Role of Civil Society in Integration Processes: Real Enlargement
through Effective Involvement.
20. Peter Bielik et al. Economics, Social Policy and Citizenship in the
Europan Union. 2010. Nitra, Slovak University of Agriculture;
21. Fidrmuc, J.,Fidrumc, J., Horvath, J. The Constraints of the Growth
in Visegrad Countries, Wolrd Bank Research Project: Determinants
of Economic Growth in Global Development Network, 2003;
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Relations after the EU Enlargement: The Visegrad Countries and
Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova. ICEG European Center.
ვებ–რესურსები:
21.www.visegradgroup.eu
22. http://www.cefta.int
23. ec.europa.eu/eurostat‎
24. http://ec.europa.eu
52
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi
problemebis gadaWra
(konceptualuri da meTodologiuri
sawyisebi)
doqtori dorien detombe
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis
operaciaTa kvlevis evro
samuSao jgufis Tavmjdomare
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis arsi
arsebobs bevri problema, romelTa ganxilva
SeiZleba rogorc “kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problema”. es is problemebia, romlebic sazogadoebriv
doneze unda gadaiWras. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi cxovrebiseuli problemebia, romlebic
bevr gaurkvevlobas Seicavs da amitom rTulad gadasaWrelia. am probelemebs axasiaTebs unikaluroba, Tumca, SesaZloa aseTi problemebi warsulSic mravaljer
mdgariyo sazogadoebis winaSe, magram TviToeul aseT,
Tundac erTidaimave saxeobis problemas aqvs gansxvavebuli mizezebi da Sedegebi. es niSnavs imas, rom ar
arsebobs raime rutinuli gza maT gadasaWrelad. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi xSirad cudadaa
gansazRvruli, moicavs bevr aspeqts da aris rTulad
gasaanalizebeli, struqturulad Camosayalibebeli da
ra Tqma unda, gadasaWreli. problemis garSemo codna
da informacia an ar arsebobs an SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan. problemis gamomwvevi mizezebi aris bundovani
da orazrovani. rTulia dainaxo sad, rodis da visi mi-
53
dorien detombe
zeziT warmoiSva problema, vin aris da vin ara Careuli
problemaSi da visze axdens gavlenas es problema. problemaSi gvxvdeba aseve bevri movlena, CarTulia bevri
monawile (rogorc kerZo seqtoris, aseve samTavrobo)
da bevri sxva adamiani. iSviaTad aris cnobili zustad
romeli movlenebi, jgufebi da monawileebi arian CarTulni. SesaZloa, monawileTa jgufi mudmivad icvlebodes da TiTeul jgufs hqondes problemis sakuTari
xedva, sakuTari miznebi, Zalaufleba da emociebi.
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi arastruqturizebuli da dinamikuria. maT didi gavlena aqvT
ekonomikaze makro, mezo da mikro doneebze. zogjer
warmoiSveba adgilobrivi donis problemebi, zogjer
regionuli, zogjer ki - msoflio donis. isini SeiZleba msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi aRmovaCinoT. zogjer
gaurkvevelia ra gavlena aqvs problemas sazogadoebaze, ra miznebi da interesebi aqvT monawileebs da ra
Sedegebis gamomwvevia problema. ar arsebobs ubralo,
martivi pasuxebi am problemebisaTvis. gadaWris gza, Tu
ki is saerTod arsebobs, rTuli sapovnelia da xSirad
igi droebiT Sedegs iZleva.
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi interdisci plinarulia, moicavs ramdenime samecniero disci plinis Seswavlis sferoebs. sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadaWrisTvis saWiroa codna, Zalaufleba da
emociebi. aseTi problemebis gadasaWreli codna unda
aviRoT sxvadasxva samecniero disci plinidan. ori saxis codnaa saWiro aseTi problemebis gadasaWrelad:
(1) Sinaarsobrivi codna, rac gulisxmobs codnas problemuri sakiTxis garSemo, rogoricaa codna jandacvis
Sesaxeb an garemos dacvis Sesaxeb. (2) codna problemis
gadaWris gzebis Sesaxeb. Sinaarsobrivi codnis miReba
SeiZleba specialist eqspertebisgan, magaliTad jan-
54
mrTelobis sfero exeba eqims, saavadmyofos menejers an
sxva kompetentur pirs. procesualuri codnis miReba
SeiZleba meTodistebisagan, romlebic muSaoben kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis sferoSi. meTodistebs SesaZloa hqondeT codna sxvadasxva samecniero
disci plinaSic, magram isini gamoiyeneben problemis gadaWris iseT meTodebs, romlebic gamomdinareobs maTi
specialobidan da Serwymulia im meTodebTan, romlebic Seqmnilia specialurad am problemis gadasaWrelad. meTodebis gamoyeneba xdeba mravali samecniero
sferodan, maT Sorisaa: kanonmdebloba, ekonomika, socialuri mecnierebebi, kompiuteruli mecnierebebi, teqnologiebi, sainJinro mecnierebebi, qaosis Teoria da
operaciaTa kvleva[7]. Zalauflebas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis
gadaWrisas. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi Zalaufleba
ganawilebulia problemis warmomSobsa da sxva monawileebs Soris. maT erTad unda i povon orive mxarisaTvis erTnairad sasurveli gadaWris gza an miaRwion kompromiss. SemdgomSi problemis gadaWris yvela
fazaSi emociebi TamaSobs did rols, maT Soris aris
emociebi, romlebic problemis gadaWras exeba, emociebi
sasurveli miznis Sesaxeb, aseve emociebi jgufebsa da
monawileebs Soris da aseve, im adamianebs Soris, romlebic uSualod problemis gadaWraSi iReben monawileobas.
problemis kompleqsuri socialuri damuSaveba
SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc: analizis, struqturizaciis da problemis xelmZRvanelobis procesi, raTa
ufro metad CavwvdeT problemis arss, imisaTvis, rom
gavigoT raze zemoqmedeba gamoiwvevs problemis sasurvel mdgomareobamde miyvanas. es procesi SeiZleba
moxdes aqtiurad an pasiurad, Segnebulad an Seugneb-
55
dorien detombe
lad, regularulad an mxolod erTxel, imis mixedviT,
probleba gavliTia(moCvenebiTia) Tu daviwyebuli, sxva
jgufis problemaa Tu nawilobriv Secvlili problemaa, amazea damokidebuli azrovneba, msjelobis instrumentebi da meTodebi[4].
zogjer situacia ganixileba rogorc problema,
roca arsebobs gansxvaveba realur momaval situaciasa
da sasurvel situacias Soris an/da, roca ar aris
sakmarisi codna an nouhaus naklebobaa an/da roca
Sesabamisi informaciis naklebobaa. interdisci plinaruli sazogadoebrivi problemebis Taviseburebaa is,
rom xSirad ver xdeba problemis gansazRvra da arc
sasurveli situaciis aRweraa mTlad gasagebi[4].
termini ,,problemebis gamklaveba” ufro misaRebia,
vidre ,,problemebis gadaWra”, radgan sityva „gadaWra“
ufro erTi konkretuli miznisaTvisaa Sesaferisi,xolo
rodesac miznebi problemaSi CarTul yvela mxares sxvadasxva aqvs, erTi mxaris problemis gadaWram SesaZloa warmoSvas meore mxaris problema. soflis meurneobaSi warmoSobili kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebidan aRsaniSnavia miwisa da wylis dabinZureba
nakeliT [14;3], terfisa da piris Rrus daavadebebis problema da e.w. ,,Zroxis cofi” (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE). industriuli dargebidan SegviZlia davasaxeloT dabinZurebis Semdegi magaliTebi: narCenebiT
dabinZureba, qimiuri dabinZureba, xmauri da suni. aseve
arsebobs sazogadoebrivi problemebi dakavSirebuli
SimSilTan, umuSevrobasa da siRaribesTan. jandacvis
sferoSi aRsaniSnavia Sidsisa da malariis problema.
problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia internetTan, safondo birJasTan, urbanul dagegmarebasTan da a.S. SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi[9].
56
miuxedavad imisa, rom kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi gansxvavebulia da erTmaneTTan kavSiri ara aqvT, maT erTi ram aqvT saerTo: xSirad ver
xerxdeba maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis dadgena da gamklavebis efeqturi gzebis Zieba codnis ukmarisobis
gamo. problemis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia mxolod
ramdenime gansxvavebuli codnis sferos gaerTianebiT.
magaliTad, SimSilis problema ganviTarebad qveynebSi
xSirad gamowveulia adgilobrivi omebiT. omis dros
ver xerxdeba soflis meurneobisa da ojaxebisaTvis
yuradRebis miqceva. xSirad es omebi gamowveulia im
politikuri gansxvavebulobiT, romelic Camoyalibda
koloniur warsulSi [19]. SimSilis problemis mogvareba gulisxmobs sakiTxis politikur gadawyvetas, saWiroa stabilurad demokratiuli situaciis Camoyalibeba. miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa, yvela kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problema metnaklebad msgavsi meTodebiT
SeiZleba gadaiWras.
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis gamomwvevi mizezebi
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis umetesobis gamomwvevi mizezi adaminia. amis maCvenebelia
iseTi kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi, rogoricaa: omebi, dabinZureba, axali infrastruqturis Seqmna da a.S. adamians Tavisi saqmianobiT SeuZlia gamoiwvios iseTi bunebrivi katastrofebi, rogoricaa zvavebi
da wyaldidobebi. adamianebi aSeneben saxlebs mTebis
mowyvlad adgilebSi an mdinareebis saTaveebSi, adamianebi cxovroben qariSxlebis maRali riskis mqone adgilebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es movlenebi iSviaTad
xdeba, adamianis wvlili aseTi problemebis warmoqmnaSi arc Tu ise mcirea. magaliTad, 1998 wlis ianvarSi,
kanadaSi, monrealSi moxda yinulovani Stormi, ramac
57
dorien detombe
daaziana eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi da qalaqi 3 kviris
ganmavlobaSi datova eleqtroenergiis gareSe, romelic gamoiyeneboda saTbobad, sakvebis mosamzadeblad,
ganaTebis saSualebad. es ar moxdeboda eleqtrogadamcemi kabelebi miwis qveS rom yofiliyo[1].
sxva magaliTi exeba wyaldidobas: CineTSi, mdinare ianZize xSiria wyaldidobebi, kanadaSi md. sent
laurensze da niderlandebSi md. rainsa da maasze aris
mdinaris kalapotis cvlileba an saxlebis aSeneba
datborvad teritoriaze.
ratom ar xdeba komlpeqsuri sazogadoebrivi
problemebis optimalurad gamklaveba?
mizezebi imisa, Tu ratom ar xdeba am problemebis
optimalurad da efeqtianad gadaWra, Semdegia:
ekomonikuri SezRudvebi: SesaZloa saerTod ar arsebobdes an ar iyos sakmarisi Tanxa problemis gadasaWrelad;
politikuri mizezebi: politikosebs SesaZloa hqondeT faruli ganzraxvebi konkretuli jgufebis
sasargeblod. nakelis problema niderlandebSi,
1950-1997 wlebSi, mogvarda araefeqtianad, radgan
konservatiul religiur partias, romelic flobda
Zalauflebas am periodSi, surda mieRo sargebeli
arCevnebis wina periodSi[14], [3]. politikosebi upiratesobas aniWeben iol, swraf, magram moklevadiani mogvarebis gzebs, nacvlad imisa, rom gamoiyenon
grZelvadiani efeqtis mqone gadaWris gzebi, rasac
meti dro sWirdeba;
fsiqologiuri mizezebi: adamianebs uyvarT swrafi
da pirdapiri gamosavlis Zebna, nacvlad imisa, rom
jer problema Seiswavlon, sanam gadaWris gzas
ganixilaven;
meTodologiuri mizezebi da sakuTriv problemis
58
buneba: kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi
xSirad Zalian kompleqsuri da dinamikuria imisaTvis, rom gaakontrolo. problemis kompleqsuroba,
uamravi mxaris, monawilis, movlenis CarTuloba da
maT Soris kavSiri, problemas xdis rTuls gasaanalizeblad da gasakontroleblad;
problemis mqone mxare: problemis mqone mxare
zogjer mTlianad ver acnobierebs problemis kompleqsurobas da SesaZloa realisturi da cota
rTuli gadawyvetis gzas arCios ufro martivi gza.
problemis mqone mxarem, umetes SemTxvevaSi ar icis
problemis mogvarebis ufro efeqtiani gzis Sesaxeb
an ar surs, an ar SeuZlia misi gamoyeneba. aseve
SesaZloa ar hqondeT sakmarisi unari kompleqsuri
problemebis gadasaWrelad[10].
mecnierebis roli
eWvi ar aris, rom axali saukune sazogaodebas
daayenebs iseTi problemebis winaSe, romlebic sakmaod
rTulad gadasaWreli iqneba. udidesi ufskrulia sazogadoebis winaSe arsebul kompleqsur problemebsa
da adamianis unars Soris, gaumklavdes am problemebs.
ufro meti codna da warmosaxva, ufro meti meTodebi
da saSualebebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebam
moaxerxos am problemebs Soris cxovreba. interdisci plinaruli gziT mosaZebnia axali midgomebi aseTi
problemebis gasamklaveblad. mecnierebi mudmivad awydebian sirTuleebs,rodesac cdiloben gaaerTianon TavianTi Zalebi imisaTvis, rom gaumklavdnen gamowvevebs.
imisaTvis, rom gaaerTianon codna, mecnierebma unda gadauxvion standartul gzebs. horizontis gafarToebis
dro movida. rodesac ukve yvela Tanxmdeba, rom yovel
kompleqsur sazogadoebriv movlenas aqvs Tavisi wesi
da kanoni, ratom ar SeiZleba codna, xerxebi da meTode-
59
dorien detombe
bi, romlebic modis teqnikuri da sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebidan gavaerTianoT, socialur mecnierebebTan? procesis ufro efeqtianad Camoyalibebas da Tvalyuris devnebas SeuZlia uamravi drois, fulisa da
energiis dazogva. amas SeuZlia miRebuli Sedegi gaxados ufro gamWvirvale, ufro xangrZlivi da ubadlo,
miviRoT ukeTesi gadawyvetileba. am sferos adre ar
eqceoda saTanado yuradReba da Sesabamisad kopleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadaWris sfero SedarebiT axali Camoyalibebulia.
kompleqsuri sazogadebrivi problemebis qvedisci plinam daiwyo im codnis Zieba, romelic ganviTarebulia sxva dargebSi da exeba arsebul problemas[7].
am meTodologiis sfero gvTavazobs meTods, romlis
mixedviTac SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT arsebuli samecniero codnis kombinacia. logikurad rom mivyveT,
pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia kiTxva: ,,rogor vipovoT ukve arsebuli iseTi codna, romelic moagvarebs
kompleqsur sazogadoebriv problemas?” rodesac gavaerTianebT sabunebismetyvelo, teqnikur da socialur
mecnierebebSi arsebul mecnierul meTodebsa da codnas,
maSin SesaZloa warmoiSvas axali ideebi da meTodebi
da zogi ukve arsebuli idea da meTodi SesaZloa gaerTiandes. am dargis mTavari sakiTxi aris gaaerTianos
saWiro codna, romelic arsebobs sxvadasxva samecniero sferoSi da saWiroa imisaTvis, rom amaRldes problemis gadaWris SesaZlebloba.
es dargi moiTxovs mravaldisci plinarul midgomas imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTs Seerwyas ukve arsebuli
meTodebi da xerxebi da ganviTardes axali midgomebi.
Teoriulma mecnierebebma, gamoyenebiTma da praqtikulma mecnierebebma SesaZloa gaaerTianon TavianTi meTodologiuri codna ise, rom SeimuSaon axali meTodebi
60
da xerxebi, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodologiis
optimaluri kombinaciiT. dargebSi arsebuli codnis
gamoyenebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia nayofieri meTodologiis Seqmna. es dargebia: fsiqologia, sociologia, kompiuteruli mecnierebebi, xelovnuri inteleqti,
maTematika, inJineria, sistemebis Teoria, qaosis Teoria, filosofia, socio-kibernetika[13] da operaciaTa
gamokvleva[7]. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis mecnieruli mxardaWera ZiriTadad Semdegi samecniero sferoebidan modis: scenarebis Seqmna, mravalkriterialuri analizi, operaciaTa kvleva, jgufuri gadawyvetilebebis mxardaWeris sistema[6], gadawyvetilebebis
sistema da simulaciebi[12].
rTuli socialuri problemebis gadasaWrelad,
zogjer, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes raime sferos
mxolod zogierTi aspeqti. socialur mecnierebebSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki SemecnebiT fsiqologiaSi da Seswavlis TeoriaSi arsebobs bevri eqspertiza problemis
gadasaWrelad. Tumca, am sferoSi kvlevebis eqspertiza cxadyofs, rom ganixileba rTuli socialuri
problemebisagan gansxvavebuli problemebi. SemecnebiTi fsiqologiisa da swavlebis Teoria yuradRebas
amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor axorcielebs pirovneba
problemasTan gamklavebas, da ara rogor axdens problemis gadaWras. am sferos problemebi fokusirdeba
kargad struqturirebul, statikur, advilad gadasawyvet msgavs problemebTan, romelTa gadaWris gzebi
ukve cnobilia[17]. am sferos codna da meTodologia
SeiZleba mxolod nawilobriv iqnes gamoyenebuli kompleqsuri socialuri problemebis kvlevaSi.
menejmentis sferoSic xSirad warmoiSveba kompleqsuri problemebi, Tundac aviRoT menejmentis problemebi organizaciebSi[16]. Teoriebi, romlebic asaxavs
61
dorien detombe
problemebs menejmentSi, xSirad hgavs kopleqsur sazogadoebriv problemebs. kompleqsuri organizaciuli problemebi, gansakuTrebiT ki saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa, SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi. Tumca, am sferoSi
gamokvlevebs rom gadavxedoT aRmovaCenT, rom gvaqvs
sakmaod didi moculobis naSromebi, imaze meti, vidre
saWiroa Tavad am mecnierebisaTvis. es wignebi xSirad
amartivebs kompleqsur sakiTxebs, imisaTvis, rom gaxdes
komerciulad ufro mimzidveli da umetesoba arc ki
gvTavazobs mecnierulad sando gzas imisaTvis, rom vipovoT problemis mogvarebis meTodi.
problemis mogvarebis procesis etapebi
problemis mogvarebis procesi moicavs ramdenime
etaps. etapebis gaanalizebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba mixvde
romel etapze imyofeba problemis mogvarebis procesi,
ra unda gakeTdes da rodis unda ganxorcieldes moqmedebebi.
problemis gamklavebis procesis ciklebisa da
etapebis gacnobiereba
cikli 1: problemis gansazRvra
etapi 1.1 - problemis gacnobiereba da misi azrobrivad Camoyalibeba;
etapi 1.2 - azrobrivad Camoyalibebuli problemis
ganvrcoba kvlevebiTa da mosazrebebiT;
etapi 1.3 - problemis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba da
gadawyveta imisa, rom mogvardes problema;
etapi 1.4 - problemis mosagvareblad gundis Seqmna da analizis dawyeba;
etapi 1.5 - informaciis Segroveba, codnis gacvla
da hi poTezebis Camoyalibeba;
etapi 1.6 - problemis konceptualuri modelis
Camoyalibeba.
62
cikli 2: problemis Secvla
etapi 2.1 - empiriuli modelis ageba da sasurveli
miznis dasaxva;
etapi 2.2 - moqmedebis arealis gansazRvra;
etapi 2.3 - scenarebis SemuSaveba da Sefaseba;
etapi 2.4 - rCevebi Carevebis Sesaxeb;
etapi 2.5 - Carevebis ganxorcieleba;
etapi 2.6 - Carevebis Sedegebis Sefaseba.
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis mecnieruli gziT gadaWrisas fokusireba mxolod or
etapze xdeba: scenaris SemuSaveba da Sefaseba da rCevebi
Carevebis Sesaxeb. es etapebi maSin unda ganxorcieldes,
rodesac samecniero saqmianoba miva im etapze, rodesac
ukve gadawyvetileba unda miiRon da arsebuli alternativebidan saukeTeso unda aarCion. realurad ki es
etapebi aris problemebis mecnierulad gadaWris meTodis Semadgenlebi. pirvel etapze gansaxorcielebeli
romelime etapis amogdeba iwvevs naklebad sarwmuno
Sedegebis miRebas problemis gadaWris gzebis Ziebisas
da saerTod, am 12 etapidan romelimes gamotovebam SesaZloa sul sxva problemis gadaWramde migviyvanos da
ara realurad arsebulis.
problemis gacnobiereba da dRis wesrigSi dayeneba
sanam sazogadoebrivi problemis gamklaveba moxdeba, manamde problema unda gacnobierdes sazogadoebriv doneze. problemis gacnobiereba damokidebulia
kulturul garemoebebze. bevri ram, rac dRevandel demokratiul sazogadoebaSi miRebulia rogorc sazogadoebrivi problema, uaxloes istoriul warsulSi miiCneoda, rom ,,es iyo is, rac unda momxdariyo” da saerTod ar ganixileboda rogorc problema. Tu ramdenad
gaacnoebierebs problemas sazogadoeba, damokidebulia
63
dorien detombe
imaze, Tu ra Zalauflebas flobs is jgufi, romelzec
problema axdens gavlenas. es SesaZloa iyos realuri
an moCvenebiTi Zalaufleba. TvalsaCino magaliTia qalebis mimarT damokidebuleba msoflioSi. politikis
sferoSi qalebis dabal mdgomareobas upirispirdeba
didi moculobis samuSao, romelsac qalebi asruleben.
is genderuli uTanasworoba, romelic dRes ganixileba
rogorc kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problema, didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi saerTod ar miiCneoda problemad.
problemis gamklavebis meore etapze azrobrivad
Camoyalibebuli ideis ganvrcoba xdeba mosazrebebiTa
da kvlevebiT. kerZod: mosmeniT, fiqriT, kiTxviT, ganxilviT, saubriT da SekiTxvebis dasmiT problemis Sesaxeb. es xSirad im xalxis mier xdeba, viszec problema axdens gavlenas. yalibdeba sadiskusio jgufebi da
isini SesaZloa gaxdnen samoqmedo jgufebi, raTa Seqmnan erTiani Zala. samoqmedo jgufebis magaliTia feministebis jgufebi 1970-80-ian wlebSi, homoseqsualebis
emansi paciis jgufebi da garemoze mzrunveli jgufebi.
es jgufebi cdiloben im sazogadoebis yuradReba miiqcion, romelmac unda gadawyvitos es problema. isini
cdiloben problemis wamowevas demonstraciebisa da
sxvadasxva pirdapiri moqmedebebis saSualebiT, raTa
miiqcion mediis yuradReba da amiT zewola moaxdinon
politikur procesebze. problemis gacnobierebis etapidan im etapis miRweva, rodesac es problema politikuri ganxilvis dRis wesrigSi dadgeba, did brZolas
saWiroebs.
didi brZola dasWirda iseTi kritikuli muxtis
Seqmnas, romelmac genderuli uTanasworobis problema daayena politikur dRis wesrigSi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom garkveuli pozitiuri cvlilebebia qalebis mimarT,
gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis qveynebSi, magram fuli da
64
(sajaro da kerZo) Zalaufleba kvlav TiTqmis mTlianad mamakacis kontrolos qveSaa. es problema aris
etapobrivad gadasaWreli socialuri problema da ara
mxolod qalebis poziciis problema. aborti aris magaliTi qalis dabali poziciis gamovlinebisa sazogadoebaSi. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aborti iTvleboda
mxolod qalis problemad, vidre is ar dadga politikur dRis wesrigSi da is ar gadaiWreba rogorc socialuri problema, Tu ar moiZebna misi gadaWris gza
socialur doneze.
sxva magaliTi imisa, Tu ramdenad didi dro sWirdeba sazogadoebis mier imis gacnobierebas, rom arsebobs kompleqsuri sazogadeobrivi problema, aris wyaldidobis problema niderlandebSi. niderlandebSi
aris mdinare rainisa da mdinare maasis deltebi. am
ori isedac didi mdinaris dineba ufro imatebs gazafxulis dadgomisas, rodesac gaxSirebulia wvimebi
da Tovli iwyebs dnobas. zogjer mdinare imxelaze
diddeba, rom itboreba didi moculobis teritoria.
warsulSi aseTi didi wyaldidobebi RvTis mier movlenil sasjelad ganixileboda. XVII saukuneSi holandiis mTavrobam gadawyvita gaekontrolebina es wyaldidobebi. maT gaagzavnes saxelmwifo moxeleebi adgilobriv macxovreblebTan da maT warmomadgenlebTan,
raTa mieRoT garkveuli zomebi. Zalian didi brZolisa
da mcdelobis Sedegad saxelmwifo moxeleebma SeZles
daerwmunebinaT mosaxleoba imaSi, rom wyaldidobebi ar
iyo RvTisgan movlenili sasjeli, aramed iyo sazogadebrivi problema, romlis mogvareba SesaZlebeli iyo da
unda mogvarebuliyo kidec[15]. SemdgomSi holandielma inJinrebma daadgines, rom mdinareebis jebirebi ar
iyo myari da Seqmnes erovnuli napirsamagri programa.
am programis winaaRmdeg Camoyalibda sazogadoebrivi
65
dorien detombe
opozicia, Tumca maT azri Seacvlevina 1993-1995 wlebis
wyaldidobebma.
AIV infeqcia, Sidsis magaliTic analogiuria.
adreuli 1980-ian wlebSi iTvleboda, rom AIV Sidsi
gamowveuli iyo homoseqsualebis mier. bevri adamiani,
gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si, masSi xedavda RmerTis sasjels.
es niSnavda imas, rom peteroseqsual sazogadoebas ar
surda am problemis srulad gaazreba.
zogierTi sazogadoebrivi problema ufro advilad xvdeba yuradRebis centrSi. gansakuTrebiT iseTi,
romelic safrTxes uqmnis mdidar adamianebs an mmarTveli klasis Zalauflebas, imsaxurebs swraf da did
yuradRebas. amis magaliTebia vietnamis omi, e.w. ,,civi
omi”, natos Careva kosovoSi 1999 wels da teroristebis
Seteva msoflio savaWro centrze niu iuorkSi (2001
wlis 11 seqtemberi). es qmedebebi sakmaod didi fuli
jdeba da isini anadgureben saxlebs, miwebs, saqonels
da sicocxles. isini toveben qaoss, romelic zogierT
SemTxvevaSi Taobebis manZilze grZeldeba. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT saxelmwifos mier gaweul samxedro
xarjebsa da xarjebs, romliTac finansdeba socialuri
miznebi, rogoricaa ganaTleba, jandacva, xanSiSesuli
adamianebis daxmareba, martoxela dedebi da a.S mivxvdebiT, rom samxedro xarjebi gaiweva im fenis dasacavad, vinc flobs Zalauflebasa da ekonomikur upiratesobebs.
codna, Zalaufleba da emocia
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis samarTvad arsebobs sami ZiriTadi elementi: codna, Zalaufleba, emocia. codna gulisxmobs problemis Sesaxeb informaciis qonas. es codna zogjer ar moicavs
mniSvnelovan elementebs. saWiro informacia xSirad
an ar arsebobs an Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiTaa savse.
66
warmoudgenelic ki aris kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis Sesaxeb yvela saxis informaciis qona
maTi dinamiკurobidan da kompleqsurobidan gamomdinare. yovelTvis iarsebebs ,,TeTri laqebi” da ,,Savi
laqebi”. TeTri laqebi gulisxmobs im adgilebs, sadac
viciT, rom gvaqvs informaciis nakleboba da saWiroa
dro da fuli mis mosagroveblad, xolo Savi laqebi
gulisxmobs im adgilebs sadac Zalian kargi iqneboda
informaciis qona, magram problemis kompleqsurobis
gamo es adgilebi gamotovebulia.
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis marTva moiTxovs sxvadasxva monawile mxaris CarTvas. am
jgufur procesSi, yvela saxis Zalaufleba TamaSobs
garkveul rols, gansakuTrebiT SeTanxmebis miRwevisas
Tavad problemis ganmartebisa da Carevebis SerCevisas.
arsebobs formaluri da araformaluri Zalaufleba,
kanonieri da ukanono Zalaufleba, instituciuri da
arainstitucიuri Zalaufleba.
mesame ZiriTadi elementi, romelic gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWris procesze, aris gaucnobierebeli gavlena emociebisa. emociebma SesaZloa stimuli
misces an xeli SeuSalos adamianebs an jgufebs Soris
TanamSromlobas. emociebi moicavs mRelvarebas, SiSs,
sixaruls, simpaTiasa da siZulvils. SesaZloa iyos
emociebi, rac damyarebulia crurwmenebsa da diskriminaciaze. emociebi SesaZloa iyos racionaluri da iracionaluri. emociebi Cndeba, rodesac vinmes interesebs
სafrTxe emuqreba, magaliTad, rodesac problemis mogvarebis procesis mizani an Tavad problema vinmesTvis
arasasurvelia.
problemis mogvarebis mxardaWera
sazogadoebriv problemebs sakmaod adekvaturi
mxardaWera sWirdeba imisaTvis, rom gaizardos maTi ga-
67
dorien detombe
daWris xarisxi da mcdelobebic ufro efeqtiani aRmoCndes, yovelive es ki fulisa da drois dazogvas
gamoiwvevs. es SesaZloa moxdes sxvadasxva saxis teqnikisa da saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. kompramis meTodi
(kompleqsuri problemebis gamklavebis meTodi), romelic ganaviTara detombem[4;5;11], aris aseTi meTodis magaliTi. am meTodis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia didi sazogadoebrivi problemebis adekvaturad, gamWვirvaled
da kargad struqturirebulad gadaWra. komprami imiT
gamoirCeva sxva meTodebisagan, rom moicavs problemis
gamklavebis procesis bevr etaps. igi kvaldakval miyveba problemis gadaWris process im momentidan, rodesac problema politikuri ganxilvis dRis wesrigSi
dadgeba.
komprami dafuZnebulia iseTi mecnierebebis Teoriul-samecniero Sexedulebebze, როგორიცაა: SemecnebiTi fsiqologia, sociologia, kompiuteruli mecnierebebi, Teoriebi jgufuri procesebis Sesaxeb, aseve socio-kibernetika, qaosis Teoria da sistemebis Teoria.
komprami mravaldisci plinarulia ori mizezis gamo: 1)
problemebis bunebidan gamomdinare is moicavs mraval
dargs, movlenasa da monawiles; 2) meTodi moiTxovs
ramdenime samecniero dargis codnis gamoyenebas. kompramis meTodi, Tavisi midgomebidan gamomdinare, aris
efeqtიანi, gamWვirvale da demokratiuli analizis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis, Carevebisa da Sefasebis procesSi. meTodi ganviTarda 1990-1994 wlebSi detombes mier
da saguldagulod damuSavda 1994-2001 wlebSi[11].
is, rom mravali mecnieruli disci plina asocirdeba erT problemasTan, is, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas
sazogadoebaze es problema da is, rom bevri monawile
mxare arsebobs, mianiSnebs imaze, rom problemis gadawyvetis procesi jgufuri unda iyos. kompramis meTodi
68
iwyeba maSin, rodesac problemis legitimurad mqone
mxare, romelsac mxars uWers ramdenime problemaSi
gacnobierebuli eqsperti, kuratorebTan erTad patiJobs problemaSi CarTul sxva mxareebs imisaTvis, rom
Seiqmnas jgufi problemis mosagvareblad. aq erTveba
ori jgufi: erTi jgufi Sedgeba problemaSi gacnobierebuli eqspertebisagan, romelTac aqvT codna
problemasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi, amasTan, isini
neitralurni arian problemis mimarT; meore jgufi
Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romelTac uSualod exebaT
problema. maT pirdapiri interesebi aqvT problemis
gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT.
problemis legitimurad mqone mxare: termini _
,,problemis mqone mxare” _ gulisxmobs mxares romelsac legitimurad aqvs/exeba problema. „legitimurad“
niSnavs, rom problemis mqones aqvs kanonieri, CveviT
an xelSekrulebiT miniWebuli legitimuri davaleba,
ufleba an movaleoba imisaTvis, rom gaumklavdes problemas. Zalian mniSvnelovania problemis iseTi mxaris
arseboba, romelsac aqvs ufleba da pasuxismgebloba
imisa, rom moagvaros problema imitom, rom es zrdis
imis Sanss, rom eqspertebi da sxva monawile mxareebi gamoTqvamen survils monawileoba miiRon problemis mogvarebis procesSi. rac ufro mniSvnelovania, es
saSualebas iZleva problemis mogvarebis SemuSavebuli gza realurad ganxorcieldes. problemis legitimurad mqone mxare SesaZloa iyos rogorc jgufi an
instituti, aseve individi. zogjer pasuxismgeblobis
mqone monawile mxareebi erT jgufad erTiandebian da
amiT zrdian TavianT avtoritets, raTa ufro advilad
mogvardes problema.
eqspertebi: problemis erToblivi gadawyveta iwyeba neitraluri eqspertebis jgufis SerCeviT, rac
69
dorien detombe
xdeba kuratoris mier monawile mxareebTan TanamSroblobiT. eqspertebis SerCeva damokidebulia ZiriTad
samecniero sferoze, movlenebze, monawileebსა da sxva
jgufebze, romlebic CarTulni arian am problemaSi.
procesis dasawyisSi, SesaZloa ar iyos naTeli romeli
dargi, movlena, monawile mxare an jgufi aris CarTuli problemaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi kuratori awarmoebs
siRrmiseul gamokiTxvebs eqspertebisa da im monawileebisa, romlebic am momentSi saxeze arian, imisaTvis,
rom mogrovdes meti informacia im elementebis Sesaxeb, romlebic unda iyos CarTuli problemis gadaWris
procesSi.
monawileebi da jgufebi: is, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba problemis mogvareba da ra Sedegebi moyveba
mas, problemis monawileebis pirdapiri interesebis
sagania. es procesi maTze pirdapir axdens gavlenas.
SesaZlebelia ganvasxvavoT ori saxეობis monawileebi:
kargad organizebuli gundebi da araorganizebuli
gundebi, romlebic xSirad miviwyebuli rCeba. Tumca,
orive jgufze axdens zemoqmedebas problemis mogvarebis procesi. kargad organizebuli monawile mxare
koordinirebas uwevs Tavisi yvela wevris interesebs
da cdilobs gavlena moaxdinos procesze, xolo araorganizebul an nakleb organizebul monawile mxares
(moxucebi, bavSvebi, patimrebi da a.S.) ki aqvT TavianTi
interesebi problemis mogvarebis SedegTan mimarTebiთ,
magram maT ar yavT TavianTi interesebis damcvelebi
imisaTvis, rom es interesebi gaiTvaliswinon problemis gadaWrisas. Teoriulad, politikosebi unda icavdnen orive monawile mxaris interesebs, realurad ki
iSviaTad xdeba ise, rom araorganizebuli mxaris interesebic iseve gaiTvaliswinon, rogorc organizebuli
mxaris. yvela monawile mxares aqvs problemis sakuTari
70
xedva, problemis sakuTari ganmarteba da sakuTari miznebi. xSirad monawileebs aqvT faruli miznebi. kompramis meTodis gamoyenebisas orive, organizebul da araorganizebul mxares sTavazoben problemis gadaWraSi
monawileobis miRebas sawyisi etapidanve[8]. problemis
mqone mxare, mTavar monawile mxareebTan unda SeTanxmdes imaze, Tu rogori gziT warimarTeba problemis
mogvareba[10]. sanam problemis mogvarebis procesi daiwyeba, problemis mqone da problemis monawile mxareebs
unda gaacnon meTodebi, romlebsac gamoiyeneben problemis gadaWrisas.
kompramis meTodis eqvsi safexuri
kompramis meTodi Sedgeba eqvsi safexurisagan, romelic ar unda agverios problemis mogvarebis etapebSi.
pirvel safexurze problemas analizi ukeTdeba damoukidebeli eqspertebis mier. meore safexurze sxvadasxva
monawile mxare aanalizebs da gansazRvravs problemas. mesame safexurze eqspertebi da monawile mxareebi cdiloben i povოn Carevis iseTi gzebi, romlebic
misaRebia orive mxarisaTvis. meoTxe safexurze xdeba
sazogadoebis mosalodneli reaqciis ganWvreta, romelic Carevebs moyveba. mexuTe safexurze xorcieldeba
Carevebi. dabolos, xdeba Sedegebis Sefaseba, rogorc
zogadad, აseვე imis mixedviT, Tu problemis mogvarebis
procesma ra gavlena moaxdina problemaze. maSasadame,
es safexurebia:
safexuri 1. damoukidebeli eqspertebis mier problemis gaanalizeba da aRwera;
safexuri 2. monawileTa sxvadasxva jgufis mier
problemis analizi da aRwera;
safexuri 3. eqspertebisa da monawileebis mier Carevebis gansazRvra;
safexuri 4. sazogadoebis reaqciebis gansazRvra;
71
dorien detombe
safexuri 5. Carevebis ganxorcieleba;
safexuri 6. Sedegebis Sefaseba.
komprami: struqturuli meTodi
komprami stuqturuli meTodiა, რაც niSnavs, rom
modeli gvTavazobs problemis mogvarebis erTian midgomas. monacemTa analizisa da codnis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva meTodi, rogoricaa gonebrivi ganWvreta da gamokiTxvebi, gamoiyeneba informaciis Segrovebis, gamoyenebisa da analizisaTvis. arsebobs specialuri meTodebi monawileTa SesarCevad, informaciis Sesagroveblad, informaciis gamoyenebisaTvis, simulaciebisaTvis
da Sedegebze gavlenis mosaxdenad. TamaSebi sakmaod
sando instrumentia Carevebis Sedegebis gasaanalizeblad. zogierTi meTodi, magaliTad Svidfeniani modeli
[4], Seqmnilia imisaTvis, rom xeli Seuwyos codnis gacvlasa da komunikacias interdisci plinaruli jgufebis
wevrebs Soris.
kuratorebma unda gadawyviton ra meTodebi da xerxebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon problemis gamklavebis procesSi. aseve, zemoT aRwerili safexurebis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia sxvadasxva problemis specifikurobaze, problemis gadasaWrelad Seqmnil jgufze, sxvadasxva momentze problemis gamklavebis fazaSi, drosa
da Tanxebze. es yvelaferi ki niSnavs imas, rom kuratorebs unda hqondeT codna problemis gamklavebis sxvadasxva meTodis Sesaxeb. meTodologiuri codnis garda
aucilebelia kompiuteris codna. aseve aucilebelia
codna imisa, Tu rogor unda vuxelmZRvaneloT jgufur procesebs. aseve unda verkveodeT imaSi, rom SesaZloa codna, romelic problemis gadasaWrelad aris
saWiro, iyos sakmaod rTuli და areuli sxva saxეობis
codnasTan, unda vflobdeT informacias sxvadasxva Zalauflebisa da emociebis Sesaxeb. aseve iseTi Temebis
72
Sesaxeb, rogorebicaa faruli miznebi, Suri da jgufuri azrovneba. jgufuri azrovneba gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesiა, konteqstiT igi gulisxmobs negatiur damokidebulebas gansaxilveli Temisadmi: jgufuri
azrovneba gulisxmobs sakiTxisadmi kritikulad damokidebuli individebis gaerTianebas erT jgufad, raTa
miiRon erToblivi gadawyvetileba. rodesac gasamklavebeli problema sakmaod didi masStabisaa, kuratorebs
ar moeTxovebaT icodnen gadaWris yvela meTodi da
xerxi, maT asistentebad unda hyavdeT specializebuli TanaSemwe-kuratorebi, romlebic uxelmZRvaneleben
problemis gadasaWrelad Seqmnili mTliani gundis
romelime qvedanayofs, romelic iyenebs garkveul meTodebs problemis gadasaWrelad.
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemis magaliTi: aiv infeqcia/ Sidsi samxreT afrikaSi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Sidsi ganixileboda rogorc samedicino problema, romlis gadaWrac mxolod
samedicino gziT iyo SesaZlebeli. 1990-ian wlebSi ukve
naTeli gaxda, rom medicinas ar hqonda am sakiTxis
gadasaWreli saSualebebi. ZiriTadad samedicino aqcentze yuradRebis gamaxvilebam xeli SeuSala imas, rom
problemis mogvarebis ganxilva dawyebuliyo arasamednicino gzebiTac. aman problemas misca didi masStabi, gansakuTrebiT ki afrikul qveynebSi. sabednierod,
bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, is organoebi, romelTac exebaT es problema, rogoricaa gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis programa Sidsis SesaCereblad da
aseve jandacvis msoflio organizacia, mividnen daskvnamde, rom es iyo sazogadobrivi movlena, miuxedavad
misi samedicino aspeqtebisa da aRiares igi rogorc
kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problema, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada mis mosagvareblad kompramis meTodis ga-
73
dorien detombe
moyeneba.
SidsiT daavadebuli adamianebis 90% cxovrobs
ganviTarebad qveynebSi. bevr maTgans ar aqvs wvdoma
im samedicino saSualebebTan, romelic industriul
samyaroSia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu adamianebis ramdeni procentia SidsiT daavadebuli da Tu ra gavlenas axdens es epidemia sazogadebaze, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom Sidsis epidemia aris ganviTarebadi qveyebisaTvis
umTavresi safrTxe. afrikaSi Sidsis epidemia mZvinvarebs. SidsiT dainficirebulia afrikis zrdasruli
mosaxleobis 22% [18]. 300,000 ukve gardaicvala SidsiT.
SeZenili imunodeficituri virusi (Sidsi) gamowveulia adamianis imunodeficituri virusiT. igi xSirad gadadis dainficirebuli nemsebis gamoyenebiT,
sisxlis gadasxmiT, aseve heteroseqsualuri kontaqtiT da swored misi saSualebiT vrceldeba Sidsi
ase swrafad. is, rom Sidsi ZiriTadad heteroseqsualuri gziT vrceldeba, sulac ar niSnavs imas,
rom homoseqsualebi ar arian am infeqciis matareblebi. Sidsi aris daavadeba, romelic ar ikurneba, ar
eqvemdebareba vaqcinacias da ar aris sakmarisi samedicino saSualebebi mis samkurnalod. mkurnalobis
saSualebebi, romlebic xelmisawvdomia, raTa ebrZolon simptomebs da Seanelon sikvdilis procesi,
samxreT afrikis mosaxleobisaTvis sakmaod Zviria,
Tundac Semcirebuli fasiT[20]. AIV infeqcia/Sidsi aris inficirebulTa mravali tanjvis mizezi.
daavadeba aseve gavlenas axdens pacientis ojaxis
wevrebsa da megobrebze, romlebic xedaven rogor
itanjeba da kvdeba maTi axlobeli, ikargeba ojaxis
Semosavali da ojaxis momvleli. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mamakacebi da qalebi rCebian partnioris
gareSe, rac iwvevs bavSvebis datovebas mSoblebis
74
mzrunvelobis gareSe. samxreT afrikaSi, daavadebuli adamianebis umravlesoba Savkaniania. swored am
virusis gamo mosalodnelia, rom samxreT afrikaSi
mcxovrebi Savkaniani adamianebis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba daeces 62-dan 35 wlamde[2;22;23].
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis adamianebis umetesoba
iqneba uZluri imisaTvis, rom samuSao Seasrulos
da gardaicvleba 50 wels miRweuli. sazogadoeba
darCeba axalgazrda, janmrTeli muSa Zalis gareSe,
rac safuZvelia ekonomikuri winsvlisa da momavali Taobebis gaCenisa. aseTi didi gavlenis gamo
es daavadeba safrTxea mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis.
imunodeficitis virusiT daavadebul orsul qalTa
(durbanSi es orsulebis 33%ia) Svilebis 11% iqneba imunudeficituri virusiT daavadebuli da gardaicvleba 7-9 wlis asakSi[2;22;23]. is bavSvebi, romlebic janmrTelebi daibadebian, ramdenime weliwadSi
darCebian udedod. iqidan gamomdinare, rom imunodeficitis virusis SeZenidan adamiani 7-9 weliwadSi
kvdeba, es bavSvebi 10 wlisac ki ar iqnebian, rodesac
deda gardaecvlebaT. am dedebis umetesoba martoxelaa, rac niSnavs, rom bavSvebis umetesoba adreul
asakSi darCeba mSoblebis mzrunvelobis gareSe. SesaZloa ojaxuri mzrunveloba gauwion bebiebma, magram maTi saxsrebic SezRudulia. 20 wlis Semdeg
bebiis asakis qalebis nakleboba iqneba, rac daoblebul bavSvebs saerTod ojaxis gareSe datovebs.
arsebobs imis ramdenime mizezi, Tu ratom ar imuSava saSualebebma, romelic infeqciis Sesamcireblad
gamoiyenes, aseTebia:
seqsualuri Temebis ganxilvaze tabus dadeba: miuxedavad imisa, rom gansxvavebuli qcevebi miiCneva
normalurad, gansakuTrebiT Savkanian sazogadoeba-
75
dorien detombe
Si, seqsualuri qcevebis ganxilva tabudadebulia.
es garemoeba xels uSlis prevenciis meqanizmebis
danergvasa da maT Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebas;
kriminali: cxovrebis dabali done zrdis kriminalur qcevebs, maT
Soris gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebs qalebsa da bavSvebSi;
samxreTi afrika religiuri qveyanaa: religiis Zala
samxreT afrikaSi xels uSlis qalisa da kacis seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvasa da Sesabamisad, informaciis gavrcelebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda
daicvas mosaxleobam Tavi. zogierTi Tavdacvis
meTodi samxreT afrikaSi arsebuli eklesiis mier
akrZalulia;
SidsiT daavadebuli adamianebi daRdasmulebi
arian: zemoT moyvanili mizezebis gamo SidsiT daavadebuli adamiani xSirad xdeba sazogadoebis mier
gakicxuli da uaryofili. es imas niSnavs, rom SidsiT daavadebuli adamiani ar amxels imas, rom mas
Sidsi aqvs, rac xels uwyobs daavadebis kidev ufro
gavrcelebas. yovelive amis gamo, adamianebi yuradRebas ar aqceven daavadebas manam, sanam gardauvali
ar gaxdeba samedicino Careva. zogadad, Savkanianebi
mkurnalobis dasavlur meTodebs ufro eqimbaSebis
meTodebiT mkurnalobas amjobineben;
problemis gaucnobierebloba: bevr adamians ar aqvs
gacnobierebuli problemis safrTxe, rac gamowveulia Temis tabudadebiT da arasajaroobiT. SemdgomSi ki es iwvevs SidsiT daavadebuli sazogadoebis wilis zrdas;
ar xdeba Tavdacva sqesobrivi kavSiriT gadamdebi
daavadebebisagan;
siRaribe da prostitucia: siRaribis maRali done
76
da samxreT afrikuli sazogadoebis kidev sxva aspeqtebi aCvenebs, rom samxreT afrikaSi aris prostituciis maRali done;
araorTodoqsuli Sexedulebebi da mTavrobis
roli: samxreT afrikis jandacvis saministros ar
aqvs Sesabamisi instrumentebi am epidemiis gasamklaveblad. aseve, mTavrobis wevrebSi arsebobs garkveuli saxeobis araorTodoqsuli Sexedulebebi, magaliTad is, rom Sidss imunodeficitis virusi ki ar
iwvevs, aramed narkotikebis moxmareba da siRaribe;
realuri Tavdacvis programis ararseboba. aiv/Sidsis sawinaaRmdego dRevandeli oficialuri politikaa: Tavis Sekaveba, erTguleba, gondomis gamoyeneba da daavadebaze mzrunveloba. aseTi politika
ar aris mTlad warmatebuli, radgan realurad ver
vafasebT seqsualur aqtivobas samxreT afrikis respublikaSi.
samxreT afrikaSi, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, bevri saintereso Careva ganxorcielda imunodeficitis
virusis Tavidan asacileblad, maT Soris _ ufaso Tavdacvis saSualebebis gavrceleba barebSi, sastumroebSi,
kafeebSi, satelevizio reklamebis saSualebiT Tavdaucavi kontaqtiT gamowveuli saSiSroebebis xazgasma da
aseve cnobili msaxiobebis gamoyeneba sazogadoebamde
problemis ufro advilad misatanad. SidsiT daavadebuli adamianebi saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebSi mkurnaloben, Tumca resursebi SezRudulia. ganxorcielebulma
Carevebma ver moitana sasurveli efeqti. imisaTvis, rom
ganviTardes efeqtiani Carevis strategia, saWiroa Catardes problemis dawvrilebiTi analizi eqspertebsa
da problemis monawileebs Soris informaciis gacvlis saSualebiT.
77
dorien detombe
kompramis meTodis hi poTekuri gamoyeneba Sidsis
sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi
Sidsis virusi aris kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi
problema, romlis gadasawyvetad kargi iqneboda kompramis meTodis gamoyeneba. qvemoT warmodgenilia am
sakiTxis kompramis meTodiT gadawyveta zemoT moyvanili eqvsive safexuris gavliT. pirveli safexuri gulisxmobs sakiTxis Sesaxeb codnis ganviTarebas. SidsTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sferos kompetenturi
eqspertebi problemas srulad aRweren, raTa gaigon:
(1) rogor aris yvela moqmedi faqtori urTierTdakavSirebuli; (2) vinaa CarTuli problemaSi: organizebuli da araorganizebuli jgufebi, arasamTavrobo da
samTavrobo organizaciebi; (3) ganisazRvros SesaZlo
Carevebi; (4) gamoCndes problemis gamomwvevi mizezebi
da efeqtebi; (5) gaanalizdes warsuli, axlandeli da
momavali situaciebi. kuratori xels uwyobs interdisci plinaruli codnis gacvlas. problemasTan dakavSirebuli eqspertebi unda moicavdnen Semdeg dargebs:
jandacva, ganaTleba, ekonomika, kanonmdebloba, fsiqologia, religiuri warmomadgenlebi, adgilobrivi, munici paluri da centraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi da a.S. ganxilvisas eqspertebs moeTxovebaT
aRweron problema rac SeiZleba srulad. am process
dasWirdeba daaxleobiT 2 Tve. am etapis Sedegi iqneba
moxseneba, romelic Seicavs ZiriTad aspeqtebsa da damokidebulebebs Sidsis virusis mimarT samxreT afrikaSi.
meore safexuri exeba imis garkvevas, Tu ra Zala moqmedebs da rogor zegavlenas axdens es Zala problemaze.
am etapze xdeba yvela monawilis mier Camoyalibebuli
problemis aRweris konstruireba. problemis gamklavebis procesi grZeldeba Sidsis problemaSi monawile
yvela mxaris mowveviT. magaliTad, sadazRvevo kompanie-
78
bi, adgilobrivi, munici paluri da centraluri mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi, warmoeba, fermerebi, jandacvis
sferos warmomadgenlebi, religiebis warmomadgenlebi,
eqimbaSebi da a.S. es jgufebi mowveulia kuratoris
mier, raTa erTmaneTSi ganixilon problema, warmoadginon problemis sakuTari xedva da miuTiTon problemis
gadaWris im meTodebze, romlebsac mxars dauWeren an
ar dauWeren. es procesic or Tves waiRebs, aqedan 16 samuSao dRe sWirdeba kurators muSaobisTvis da 2 dRe
ki TiToeul monawile mxares. am etapze momzaddeba
angariSi, sadac warmodgenili iqneba TiToeuli monawilis mier problemis sakuTari xedva da agreTve, Tu ra
saxis emociebi da ra Zala axdens gavlenas mocemul
problemaze. mesame safexuri moicavs im Carevebis gansazRvras, romelic orive mxarisaTvis misaRebia. eqspertebi da monawile mxareebis warmomadgenlebi ganixilaven SesaZlo kombinirebul Carevebs problemis yvela
aspeqtiT. amas mivyavarT Carevis im meTodamde, romelic
kombinirebuli da orive mxaris mier SeTanxmebulad
Camoyalibebulia. saWiroa ori Tve, aqedan 16 samuSao
dRe kuratorisaTvis, xolo 8 TiToeuli eqspertisa da
monawilesaTvis. am etapis Sedegi aris moxseneba im mTavari Carevebis Sesaxeb, romelic unda gatardes Sidsis
problemis mosagvareblad samxreT afrikaSi. aseve, unda
Seicavdes informacias am Carevebs Soris arsebul urTierTkavSirze. Carevebi unda moicavdes saskolo da
samoqalaqo ganaTlebas, cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas, ojaxebis gaerTianebas, oblebis sakiTxs, samedicino daxmarebas daavadebuli adamianebisaTvis da sikvdilianobis Tavidan asacileblad zomebis miRebas. meoTxe safexuria imis gamokvleva, Tu rogori reaqcia eqneba sazogadoebas ganxorcielebul Carevebze. es etapi
saSualebas iZleva zogierTi Carevis forma Seicvalos
79
dorien detombe
saWiroebisamebr, sanam uSualod maTi ganxorcieleba
daiwyeba. es procesi moicavs or Tves: 16 dRes kuratorebisaTvis da 4 dRes TiToeuli monawilisaTvis. etapis Sedegi aris moxseneba, sadac aRniSnulia sakiTxebi,
romlebic misaRebia yvela mxarisaTvis da sakiTxebi,
romlebic winaaRmdegobrivia. mexuTe safexurze xdeba
Carevebis ganxorcieleba im strategiis mixedviT, romelic SeimuSava problemis gadamWrelma gundma. Carevebis ganxorcielebis periodi damokidebulia Carevebis
sqemaze, rogorc wesi, igi grZeldeba Tormeti Tve an
meti. iqidan gamomdinare, rom ganxorcielebis procesSi
monawileebze gadadis didi pasuxismgebloba kuratoris samuSao dReTa raodenoba Semcirdeba (daaxloebiT 20 dRe 12 TveSi). am safexuris Sedegia dagegmili
Carevebis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba. meeqvse safexuri
Sefasebis etapia. moicavs ori Tvis periods, saidanac
16 dRe muSaobs kuratori. moxsenebaSi Sedis Semdegi
detalebi: (1) samxreT afrikaSi Sidsis virusis winaaRmdeg brZolisas ganxorcielebuli Carevebis wamrateba
an marcxi. (2) ramdenad kargad ganxorcielda Carevebi
da (3) ramdenad efeqtiani iyo problemis gamklavebis
procesi. aucilebelia imis aRqma, rom yvela am procesis gavlis Semdeg, rac ar unda warmatebiT dainergos
SemuSavebuli meTodi, es ar niSnavs, rom Sidsis problema mogvardeba or weliwadSi, magram, es midgoma
safuZvels Cauyris fundamentur cvlilebebs SidsTan
mimarTebiT da Seamcirebs gavrcelebis siCqares. aseve, uzrunvelyofs imaTTvis daxmarebis gawevas, viszec
pirdapir da arapirdapir axdens gavlenas Sidsis problema.
80
Handling Complex Societal Problems
Dorien Detombe
The Compram method is a method for handling complex societal problems in a transparent and structured way. Handling in this
case means analyzing, policymaking, decision making and guiding and
evaluating the interventions. The Compram method is developed by DeTombe (1994). Most problem handling methods focus on a part of the
problem handling process. The Compram method, however, focuses on
the whole spectrum of the problem handling process.
Because of their complexity societal problems are difficult to
handle. These problems have often a huge impact on society, because
they involve a great number of phenomena and actors. Each actor has
his or her own goals, interest and power. In a democracy handling these
problems includes dealing with all the actors. In order to do this efficiently and fruitful these problems should be handled in cooperation
with the actors. The Compram method guides this process from the moment the problem is put on the (political) agenda till the evaluation of
the interventions. The Compram method distinguishes six steps in the
problem handling process. For supporting this process it uses all kinds
of supportive methods and tools. The method is based on the three basic
elements in handling complex societal problems: knowledge, power and
emotion. The Compram method can be applied for all kind of policy
problems like transport, environmental, healthcare, poverty and unemployment problems. An example of the application of the method is
given on handling the Aids problem in South Africa.
81
dorien detombe
1. Abley, M. (ed.) 1999. Stories from the Ice Storm. Toronto: Canadian Publishers;
2. African Development Forum 2000. AIDS in Africa. Geneva: UNAIDS;
3. DeTombe, D.J. 1993. An interdisciplinary process of problem
handling for policy making on environmental problems. In E. A.
Stuhler & M. O’Súilleabháin (eds), Enhancing Human Capacity to
solve Ecological and Socio-economic Problems (Vol 2), Mering:
Hampp Verlag. pp. 30-46;
4. DeTombe, D.J. 1994. Defining Complex Interdisciplinary Societal
Problems: A theoretical study for constructing a co-operative problem analyzing method. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers;
5. DeTombe, D.J. 1996. “COMPRAM: a method for analysing complex interdisciplinary societal problems”, in D.J. DeTombe & C.
van Dijkum (eds) Analyzing Societal Problems. Mering: Hampp
Verlag, pp.7-29;
6. DeTombe, D.J. 1997. “Experiments with groupware for analyzing complex technical environmental policy problems”, in Vezjak,
M, E.A. Stuhler & M. Mulej (eds) Environmental Problem Solving: From Cases and Experiments to Concepts, Knowledge, Tools
and Motivation. (Proceedings of the 12th International Conference
on Case Method and Research and Case Method Application).
Munchen/Mering: Rainer Hampp Verlag.pp.36-43;
7. DeTombe, D.J. 1999. “Facilitating complex technical policy problems”. In Stuhler, E. & D.J. DeTombe (eds) Cognitive Psychological Issues and Environment Policy Application: Research on Cases
and Theories. Munchen/Mering: Hampp Verlag. Pp.119-128;
8. DeTombe, D.J. 2000a. “Anticipating and avoiding opposition in
82
large technological projects”, International Journal of Technology
Management 19(3/4/5): pp.301-312;
9. DeTombe, D.J. 2000b. “A new method for handling complex spatial
problems”. In A. Reggiani (ed.). Spatial Economic Science: New
Frontiers in Theory and Methodology. Berlin: Springer Verlag,
pp.212-240;
10. DeTombe, D.J. 2000c. “Testing methods for complex real life problems”. In Blasius, J. et al. (eds) Social Science methodology in the
New Millennium: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference
on Logic and Methodology. Cologne: T-T Publikaties, pp.1-14;
11. DeTombe, D.J. 2001. “COMPRAM, a method for handling complex societal problems”, European Journal of Operational Research
128(1): 266-282;
12. Forrester, J.W. 1987. “Lessons from system dynamics modeling”.
System Dynamics Review 3(2): 136-149;
13. Geyer, R. F. & J. van der Zouwen (eds) 1986. Sociocybernetic Paradoxes. Observation, Control and Evolution of Self-Steering Systems.
London: Sage;
14. Glasbergen, P. 1989. Beleidsnetwerken rond milieuproblemen. Een
beschouwing over de relevantie van het denken in termen van beleidsnetwerken voor het analyseren en oplossen van milieuproblemen. ‘s-Gravenhage: VUGA;
15. Lintsen, H.W. 1980. Ingenieurs in Nederland in de negentiende
eeuw. Uitgever eigen beheer. Delft. The Netherlands;
16. Mintzberg, H. 1983. Power in and around Organizations. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall;
17. Newell, A. & Simon, H.A. 1972. Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall;
18. NRC 2000a. “AIDS in Zuid Afrika”, NRC Dutch Daily Newspaper,
9.10, 11 March 2000;
19. NRC 2000b. “Oorlogen in Africa”, NRC Dutch Daily Newspaper,
83
dorien detombe
May 2000;
20. NRC 2001. “Pharmaceutische industrie verlaagd prijs AIDS medicijnen in Africa”. NRC Dutch Daily Newspaper, Spring 2001;
21. Shilts, R. 1986. And the Band played on. Politics, People, and the
AIDS Epidemic. New York: St. Martin’s Press;
22. UNAIDS 2000a. Enhancing the greater Involvement of People LIVING with or affected by HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Geneva:
UNAIDS;
23. UNAIDS 2000b. The International Partnership Against AIDS In
Africa. Geneva: UNAIDS;
24. World Bank 1999. Confronting AIDS. Public Priorities in a Global
Epidemic (rev edn). New York: Oxford University Press.
84
ekonomikuri liberalizmisa da
saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb
roman xarbedia
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis administraciis
xelmZRvanelis konsultanti
saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis
aRdgenis
dRidan, qarTul sazogadoebaSi mudmivad mimdinareobs
diskusia imis Taobaze, Tu romeli ekonomikuri
modeli uzrunvelyofs qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis stabilurobasa da Semdgom progress.
xelisuflebis ZalisxmeviTa da saerTaSoriso
safinanso organizaciebis rekomendaciebiT, bolo
or aTwleulze
meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad
urTulesi ekonomikuri
da socialuri pirobebisa,
saqarTvelo zigzagebiT, magram mainc liberaluri
ekonomikis mSeneblobis
gzas adgas da es gza
dResac grZeldeba. Tumca, akad. vl. papavas azriT,
„damoukideblobis gamocxadebis momentidan saqarTvelom
mainc ver SeZlo Seeqmna ekonomikuri sistema, romelic
SeiZleboda stabiluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
safuZveli gamxdariyo
da Camoyalibebuli modeli
emyareba
ara imdenad warmoebis zrdas, ramdenadac
moxmarebis stimulirebas“ [1, gv.47,51].
imis gasaazreblad, Tu romeli ekonomikuri modeli
unda daedos safuZvlad qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas
da ra aris is fundamenturi faseulobebi, rac aRiarebul
da damkvidrebul unda iqnes, aucilebelia amovideT
85
roman xarbedia
iqidan, rom „saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba
mimdinareobs globalur garemoSi, msoflio bazris
kanonzomierebaTa realuri zemoqmedebiT“ [2.gv;73].
viziarebT ra prof. d. iakobiZis aRniSnul mosazrebas, ar
SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT mas imaSic, rom „globalizacia
... Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebis erTaderTi
SesaZlebeli formaa. ganviTarebis antiglobaluri
kursi ganwirulia ekonomikuri avtarkizmisa da
sazogadoebrivi rutinisadmi ... saqarTvelosa da mis
msgavs qveynebs, samomavlod, garda globalur garemoSi
gonieri integraciisa, sxva gza ar gaaCnia.“ [2, gv. 89.
xazgasma Cemia – r.x].
globalizmi, rogorc realuri movlena, Semodis
CvenSi da misi gaCereba, an „ar SemoSveba“ SeuZlebelia.
cnobili filosofosis
m. mamardaSvilis sityvebis
perefrazireba rom movaxdinoT, am totalur siTxes
swavla ar sWirdeba,
is vrceldeba ara garkveuli
ganaTlebis an swavlis meSveobiT, aramed rogorc
jaWvuri reaqcia, uTvlad momentSi [3, გვ. 64]. is realoba,
rasac Cven globalizms vuwodebT, gadmodis qarTul
sivrceze, saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad sazogadoebis
garkveuli fenebis winaaRmdegobisa Tu misdami negatiuri
damokidebulebisa. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, gadmodis
imitomac, rom SeuZlebelia vinmem garedan mogaxvios
raime Tavze, Tu Sinaganad raRac zomiT mainc ara xar mzad
mis misaRebad.
liberalurma ekonomikam,
anu
mas rogorc
sxvanairad
uwodeben, Tavisufalma bazarma, farTo
gavrceleba hpova rogorc industriulad ganviTarebul,
aseve
e.w. „mesame samyaros“ qveynebSi da xeli Seuwyo
materialuri warmoebis iseT zrdas da ekonomikis iseT
ganviTarebas, rasac adre, manamde adgili ar hqonia.
amasTan, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom liberaluri
86
midgoma ekonomikaSi ar aris damokidebuli ama Tu
im sazogadoebis istoriul fesvebsa Tu kulturul
memkvidreobaze da, amdenad, ar iqneba marTebuli ama Tu
im ekonomikuri modelis erovnuli niSniT dayofa da
am „erovnulobisTvis“ gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
miniWeba (rac Seexeba gavrcelebul terminebs - „Sveduri
modeli“, „germanuli modeli“, „amerikuli modeli“ da a.S.
, es konkretulad am qveynebSi Camoyalibebul, specifikur
modelebs gulisxmobs da maT aranairi kavSiri ara aqvT
mocemul qveynebSi mcxovreb ZiriTad eTnosTan).
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, zogadad liberalizmi
SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc Tavisufali ekonomikuri
aqtivobis uflebis aRiareba kerZo sakuTrebisa da bazris
safuZvelze.
liberaluri ekonomikis (ekonomikuri libera
lizmis) Camoyalibeba ver moxerxdeba qveyanaSi li
beraluri demokratiis
princi pebis aRiarebisa da
damkvidrebis gareSe; arademokratiuli da arali
beraluri sazogadoeba ver Seqmnis liberalur ekono
mikas. amdenad, is, rasac emyareba zogadad liberalizmis
princi pis warmateba qveynis politikur da sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi, SeiZleba ganvavrcoT ekonomikis sferoze.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, metad saintereso da yurad
saRebia liberaluri demokratiis erT-erTi aRiare
buli ideologis, f.fukuiamas mosazreba imis Taobaze,
rom „liberaluri ekonomika viTardeba ara ubralod
liberaluri princi pebis safuZvelze, aramed is
Timosis (adamianis sulieri miswrafeba – sakuTari
faseulobebi sxvaTa mier iqnes aRiarebuli; sakuTari
Tavis pativiscemis gancdis survili. – r.x.) iracionalur
formebsac gulisxmobs“ [4, გვ. 14].
liberaluri
demokratiisa
da
liberaluri
ekonomikis mSenebloba metad xangZlivi da rTuli
87
roman xarbedia
procesia.
dasavleTis
civilizebulma
qveynebma
Zalian didi gza ganvles da es gza ar yofila martivi
da advilad misaRwevi. xolo im qveynebisTvis da, maT
Soris, saqarTvelosTvisac,
romlebic adganan da
aRiareben
politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi
liberalur faseulobebs, Zalian rTuli da, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, mtkivneulia dasavluri institutebis
rekomendaciebisa da moTxovnebis upirobod miReba
da praqtikuli ganxorcieleba. amasTan dakavSirebiT
metad saintereso mosazrebebs gamoTqvams e.w. „aziuri
(singapuris) saswaulis“ Semoqmedi li kuan iu, rodesac
igi aanalizebs singapurSi misi mmarTvelobis periodSi
Catarebul ekonomikur da politikur reformebs: „didi
xnis win warmoSobil dasavleTis erebs aqvT seriozuli
saSiSroeba, dasavluri civilizaciis kriteriumebiT
Seafason yoveli axali saxelmwifo, maTi istoriis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. am dros xSirad mxedvelobis miRma
rCeba, rom dasavleTis saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi
institutebi erT saaTSi Tanamedroveobis Tvalwin ki
ar Seqmnila, aramed saukuneebis manZilze viTardeboda,
kanonebis, konstituciisa da sazogadoebis ZiriTadi
Rirebulebebis kvaldakval“ [5-5]. aqedan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nebismieri ekonomikuri Teoria
SeiZleba gadaiqces winsvlis Semaferxebel meqanizmad, Tu
ar moxda misi saTanado adaptacia mocemuli adgilisa da
drois gaTvaliswinebiT. Sesabamisad, saWiroa sxva xalxis
ZalisxmeviTa da sxva ekonomikuri sinamdvilis pirobebSi
warmoqmnili Teoriebis SemoqmedebiTi gaazreba, rac,
upirveles yovlisa, arsebuli sinamdvilisadmi maT
adaptacias niSnavs [2.გვ;251].
liberalizmis umTavresi princi pidan gamomdi
nare, ramdenadac liberaluri demokratia sxvebze
aRmatebis
iracionalur
survils,
Tanasworad
88
aRiarebis racionaluri surviliT cvlis, Tavisufali
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, bazris sxvadasxva
„moTamaSis“ urTierToba, miuxedavad erTmaneTis mimarT
gamZafrebuli konkurenciuli brZolisa, unda aigos
urTierTlegitimurobis aRiarebis uryev princi pze.
liberaluri
ekonomikis
damkvidrebas
saerTaSoriso
safinanso
institutebi
(msoflio
banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da sxv.) uwyobs
xels da
es globalizaciis procesis erT-erT
gamovlinebadac ki SeiZleba miviCnioT. maT mier xdeba
calkeul qveynebSi liberaluri ekonomikis princi pebis
danergvis waxaliseba da maTi globalur msoflioSi
urTierTTanamSromlobis saerTo
meqanizmis Camo
yalibeba iseTi princi pebis safuZvelze, rogoricaa:
sagadasaxado ganakveTis zRvarTa daaxloeba; ganaTlebis,
jandacvisa da infrastruqturis biujetis prioritetebad
aRiareba;
finansuri
sistemis
liberalizacia;
liberaluri biznes garemos Camoyalibeba; vaWrobis
liberalizacia; kerZo sakuTrebis uflebebis dacva da
sxv. [2, გვ.101,102,103, 365, 374,375].
amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikuri
liberalizmi sakmaod farTo cnebaa da igi
ar
gamoricxavs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris, e.w.
saxelmwifo ekonomikis garkveuli doziT arsebobas.
magram ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris dominantobis
pirobebSi, bunebrivia, Znelia msjeloba
ekonomikis
liberalizmze. aq
mTavari imdenad is ki ar aris,
ramdeni procenti uWiravs saxelmwifo seqtors qveynis
ekonomikaSi, aramed is, Tu ramdenad uwyobs xels da
icavs saxelmwifo kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebasa da mis
interesebs.
sabazro
ekonomikebze dafuZnebul sazogadoe
bebSi, sabazro ekonomikis romel models ar unda
89
roman xarbedia
aRiarebdes igi, yovelTvis warmoiSoba winaaRmdegoba
saxelmwifosa da bazars Soris. iseve, rogorc adamiani,
romelsac aqvs survili, goni da moTxovnileba imisa,
rom igi aRiarebuli da dafasebuli iyos sazogadoebis
mier da mSvidad ver egueba avtoritarizmsa da, miT ufro,
totalitarizms, aseve bazari ver egueba saxelmwifos
mxridan mudmiv Carevebsa da misi srulyofili
funqcionirebisaTvis xelis SeSlas, rasac, saboloo
angariSiT, ekonomikaSi arajansaR da zogjer krizisul
situaciamde mivyavarT xolme.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTavrobis survili, ufro
metad Caerios ekonomikaSi, ufro gardamavali periodis
avadmyofobaa, Seqmnili gansakuTrebuli politikuri,
ekonomikuri da socialuri moTxovnebiT, socialurekonomikuri ganviTarebis SedarebiT dabal safexurze
myof qveynebSi.
ramdenadac konkurencia kapitalistur ekonomikaSi
ganapirobebs resursebis gamoyenebisa da ganawilebis
maRal xarisxs, bunebrivia, Cndeba mosazreba imis Taobaze,
rom ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos(mTavrobis)
Carevis araviTari aucilebloba ar arsebos. es aris e.w.
„wminda kapitalizmis“ rogorc TviTregulirebadi da
TviTkontrolirebadi ekonomikuri sistemis koncefcia,
romelic gamoricxavs saxelmwifos(mTavrobis) metnaklebad mniSvnelovan rols bazris funqcionirebaSi.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom liberaluri
ekonomikis modeli, esaa Teoriuli konstruqcia,
abstraqtuli modeli wminda kapitalizmisa, romelic
sufTa saxiT arc erT qveyanaSi ar ganxorcielebula
da arsad ar arsebobs. yvela TviTregulirebadi
ekonomikuri sistema, SeiZleba iTqvas, Sereuli modelia,
sadac mTavroba(saxelmwifo) da sabazro sistemebi
Tanafunqcionireben da sadac mTavroba sabazro sistemis
90
funqcionirebis xelSewyobis, samarTlebrivi bazis
uzrunvelyofis, Tavisufali konkurenciis dacvis,
dasaqmebisa da inflaciis kontrolis mimarTulebiT da
a.S. mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ekonomikuri sistemis
funqcionirebaSi.
rodesac ekonomikuri liberalizmis ideologebis
mier msjelobaa ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Caurevlobaze
da amiT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobaze,
yuradRebis miRmaa darCenili is garemoeba, rom
saxelmwifo valdebulia da axorcielebs kidevac uSualo
Carevas iseT sferoebSi, romelic sakuTriv ekonomikis
sferos ar ganekuTvneba, magram pirdapir dakavSirebulia
ekonomikasTan. yvelaze mniSvnelovani sfero, am
TvalsazrisiT, aris ganaTleba. swavla-ganaTlebaSi
saxelmwifos
mier
Cadebuli
kapitaldabandebis
efeqtianoba bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre sxva saxeobis
kapitaldabandebebisa. aqedan gamomdinare, ganaTlebisa
da sxva sferoebSi uSualo Carevis Sedegad saxelmwifo,
yvela SemTxvevaSi, arapirdapir ereva ekonomikis sferoSi
da irib gavlenas axdens bazris funqcionirebaze.
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis, gansakuTrebiT,
ganviTarebadi qveynebis, praqtika gviCvenebs, rom maSin,
rodesac xelisuflebaSi myof politikur Zalebs
uCndeba cduneba, da am cdunebis winaSe metnaklebad
yvela mTavroba dgas, e.w. samarTlianobis interesebidan
da politikuri mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare,
gamoiyenos
saxelmwifo
ekonomikuri
aqtivobebis
damaCqrebel
instrumentad
da
saxelmwifoebrivi
regulaciebi aqcios misi saqmianobis erT-erT ZiriTad
prioritetad, igi TiTqmis yovelTvis sxvadasxva formas
iZens xolme da xels uSlis investiciebis mozidvas da
ekonomikis ganviTarebas. rodesac, e.w. „keTilSobiluri
miznebidan“ gamomdinare,
miiReba gadawyvetileba
91
roman xarbedia
ekonomikaSi mTavrobis aqtiuri Carevis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb, es yvela SemTxvevaSi gamoiwvevs damatebiTi
saxelmwifo
struqturis
warmoqmnas,
saxelmwifo
aparatis gabervas, mis araefeqtianobas, sxvadasxva
maregulirebeli
normatiuli
aqtiT
ekonomikuri
saqmianobis kidev ufro damZimebas. aviTarebs ra msgavs
mosazrebas, liberaluri ekonomikis koncefciis erTerTi udidesi warmomadgeneli m. fridmani ekonomikis
sferoSi saxelmwifos nebismieri formiT Carevis
minimizaciis dasabuTebamde midis. aSS–is magaliTze igi
asabuTebs, rom mTavrobis mier gaweuli xarjebi, mis mier
ganxorcielebuli investiciebi, umuSevrobis Semcirebis
an Tundac im motiviT, rom ekonomika „gadamwifda“ da
axali kerZo kapitaldabandebaTa SesaZleblobebi
amoiwura, veranair dadebiT Sedegs ver iZleva.
ramdenad SeiZleba msgavsi liberaluri midgoma
mivusadagoT dRevandeli saqarTvelos mdgomareobas?
m.fridmanis kvlevis obieqti aSS-is Camoyalibebuli
sabazro urTierTobebia da zemoT aRniSnul mosazrebas
igi asabuTebs XX saukunis aSS-is magaliTze, rodesac
TviT amerikuli politikuri elita da saxelmwifo
samsaxurebi, saerTod aSS-is mTavroba ar ikavebda
Tavs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevisagan, sadac
saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, m.fridmanis termini rom
vixmaroT, Camoyalibda e.w. „sekularuli stagnaciis“
Teoria, romlis mixedviTac ekonomika gadamwifda,
amowura
kapitaldabandebaTa
SesaZleblobebi
da
investiciebisaTvis met-naklebad mniSvnelovani SesaZleb
lobebi aRar Cndeba. sul sxva mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs
saqme saqarTveloSi, sadac problemebia ekonomikuri
zrdis TvalsazrisiT da aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia
saxelmwifom waaxalisos kerZo investiciebi da mas
ar sWirdeba iseTi aqtivobebi, rasac dasavleTis
92
ganviTarebul qveynebSi axorcieleben saxelisuflebo
struqturebi e.w. ekonomikuri gadamwifebis periodSi,
rodesac mTavroba gvevlineba „investiciebis deficitis“
aRmofxvris mTavar rgolad.
saqarTvelos
xelisuflebis
moqmedebebi
saxelmwifo dafinansebis TvalsazrisiT (igulisxmeba
infrastruqturuli proeqtebis dafinanseba da sxv., rac
ZiriTadad saxelmwifos prerogativaa) adgilobrivi
da ucxouri investiciebis SedarebiT dabali doniTa da
ucxouri ivesticiebisaTvis araxelsayreli garemoTi iyo
ganpirobebuli. garda amisa, adgilobrivi da ucxouri
investiciebis
Semcirebis
pirobebSi
moklevadian
periodSi, mTavroba iZulebuli xdeba gazardos sakuTari
dabandebebi (e.w. „dabalansebis Teoria“) da es marto
saqarTveloSi rodi xdeba, msgavs qmedebebs bevr qveyanaSi
hqonia adgili da, albaT, momavalSic eqneba da amas
SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos „politikuri mizanSewonilibis“
faqtormac. m.fridmanis midgoma am TvalsazrisiT,
radikalurad sapirispiroa, misi azriT, msgavsi qmedebebi
uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikis zrdaze da ver anelebs
misi dacemis tendencias.
e.w. „dabalansebis Teoriis“ umTavres nakls m.
fridmani ekonomikis zrdis samTavrobo zrunvis rangSi
ayvanaSi xedavs. „...dabalansebis Teoriis mTavari ziani is
ki ar aris, rom misiT recesiis SeCereba ver miiRweva, rac
wesiT unda momxdariyo da arc is, rom mas inflaciuri
elementi Seaqvs samTavrobo politikaSi, rasac adgili ar
unda hqonoda, aramed is, rom am Teorias ekonomikis zrda
samTavrobo zrunvis rangSi ahyavs federalur doneze
da aseve, federaluri saxsrebis xarjviT cdilobs
win aRudges recesias“ [6, გვ. 76. xazgasma Cemia – r.x].
ufro metic, misi azriT, „damabalansebel instrumentad
federaluri biujetis gamoyenebis ganxilvisas, mTeli
93
roman xarbedia
ironia imaSia, rom erovnul SemosavalTa yvelaze
arastabiluri
komponenti
omisSemdgom
periodSi
(msjelobaa aSS-ze – r.x.) swored federaluri xarjebia
da es arastabiluroba saerTod ver axdens gavlenas
biujetis sxva komponentebis stabilurobisaken svla
ze. federaluri
biujeti Sors aris imisgan, rom
damabalansebel instrumentad gadaiqces, romelic
SeZlebda meryeobis gamomwvevi Zalebis daTrgunvas da
TviTonve gvevlineba areulobisa da arastabilurobis
mTavar mizezad“ [6, გვ. 76. xazgasma Cemia – r.x].
nebismieri met-naklebad seriozuli krizisuli
situacia ekonomikaSi, Tuki igi ar gamomdinareobs
mniSvnelovani gareSe faqtorebidan, eWvqveS ayenebs ama
Tu im ekonomikuri modelis sicocxlisunarianobasa
da igi sazogadoebisa da sxvadasxva politikuri Zalis
mxridan kritikis obieqti xdeba. TviT aSS-Sic ki, gasuli
saukunis e.w. „didi depresiis“ dros, ara marto ubralo
moqalaqeebis, aramed did inteleqtualTa mxridanac,
eWvqveS dadga ara mxolod ekonomikuri modelis,
aramed mTlianad sazogadoebriv ekonomikuri wyobis
avkargianobac ki.
mTavrobis mxridan survili imisa, rom pozitiuri
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos ekonomikaze, bunebrivad ubiZgebs
mas ekonomikur procesebSi radikaluri Carevisken, rac
xSir SemTxvevaSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, negatiuri Sedegebis
momtani xdeba. aRniSnulis sailustraciod m.fridmani,
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis ramdenime aTwleulis
gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, aSS-Si ganxorcielebuli
mniSvnelovani reformebis gaanalizebiT, askvnis, rom
mTavrobis mier miRebuli zomebis umetesi nawili fuWi iyo
da ver miaRwia sawadels. misi azriT, is, rom SeerTebulma
Statebma didi progress miaRwia, gamowveuli iyo ara
imdenad
mTavrobis saqmianobiT, aramed Tavisufali
94
bazris pirobebSi calkeul pirovnebaTa iniciativiTa
da individualuri swrafviT. „imas, rom Cven mainc viRebT
dadebiT Sedegs, bazris Cveulebriv nayofierebas unda
vumadlodeT. winsvlis sakiTxSi misi uCinari xeli ufro
marjvea, vidre ukusvlis xiluli xeli“ [6.გვ;193].
m. fridmanis
moZRvrebis mTeli apoTeozi moce
mulia mis wminda ultraliberalur mosazrebaSi imis
Taobaze, rom saxelmwifos seriozuli Careva ekonomikaSi
da, am mizniT, mis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi,
ganixileba rogorc mTavrobis mxridan adamianebisadmi
maTive uSualo interesebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebad.
„adamianebis erT nawils sxva adamianebi, an mTavroba
uwesebs, Tu ra aris maTTvis kargi da ra – cudi. mTavroba
arTmevs erTs da aZlevs meores. amitomac upirispirdeba am
RonisZiebebs erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavri da SemoqmedebiTi
Zala – milionobiT adamianis piradi interesi, rom
adamianma ganvlos sakuTari cxovreba Tavisi warmodgenis
mixedviT. swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom am RonisZiebebs
xSirad sapirispiro efeqti aqvT“ [6.გვ;194].
miuxedavad aseTi „radikalizmisa“, ar SeiZleba
imis Tqma, rom ekonomikuri liberalizmis fuZemdeblebi
saerTod uaryofen saxelmwifos rols ekonomikis
ganviTarebaSi, amasTan dakavSirebiT, ar SeiZleba ar
daveTanxmoT prof. d. iakobiZes, romelic m.fridmanis
moZRvrebis analizis safuZvelze askvnis, rom
„igi
umoqmedobisken ki ar mouwodebs xelisuflebas, aramed
kompetenturi Carevis momxrea, romelic damyarebuli
iqneba prudenciul (keTilgonier da frTxil, obieqturi
procesebis
Secnobis
safuZvelze
SemuSavebul
RonisZiebaTa sistema) politikaze …sabazro procesebSi
xelisuflebis Caurevloba sruliadac ar niSnavs imas,
rom ekonomika damoukidebelia politikisagan, piriqiT,
es niSnavs sabazro saqmeebSi cudad Carevas ... ekonomikaSi
95
roman xarbedia
saxelmwifos Carevis uaryofa
TviT aris Careva,
radganac mivyavarT rutinisken da sinamdvilisadmi
retrogradiuli damokidebulebisken“ [2, გვ. 103,194].
saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri
rolis
sakiTxis
garkvevisas metad originaluria akad. vl. papavas
midgoma, rodesac igi asabuTebs, rom saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri saqmianoba bazris Sinagani, imanenturi
nawilis saxiTac SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli. „sakiTxis
aseTi dasmidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebisa da meTodebis
problemis princi pulad gansxvavebuli gziT gadawyveta,
roca isini ekonomikis sxva agentebis saqmianobis
formebisa da meTodebisagan praqtikulad arafriT iqneba
gansxvavebuli“ [7, გვ. 146]. ufro metic, saTanado Teoriuli
msjelobis Sedegad igi askvnis, rom
saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unari warmoebis erT-erTi, kerZod, mexuTe
faqtoria [7, გვ. 149,150,151,152], miwas, kapitals, Sromasa
da samewarmeo unarTan erTad.
sabazro
ekonomikis
pirobebSi,
ekonomikuri
liberalizmis politikis ganxorcielebis procesSi,
saxelmwifos roli ganisazRvreba ara uSualod fabrikaqarxnebis mSeneblobiTa da amis meSveobiT samewarmeo
saqmianobis ganxorcielebiT, risi survili da molodini
jer kidev sakmaodaa gamjdari Cveni sazogadoebis
garkveul fenebSi, aramed iseTi maregulirebeli
normatiuli dokumentebisa da politikuri garemos
SeqmniT, rac maqsimalurad SesaZlebels gaxdis kerZo
mewarmeobisa da kerZo iniciativis gafarToebas. amdenad,
dapireba da aqedan gamomdinare, moTxovna imisa, rom
mTavrobam gaxsnas (aaSenos) sawarmoebi absoluturad
miuRebelia liberaluri ekonomikisaTvis da igi verc
ganxorcieldeba. amdenad, ekonomikuri liberalizmi,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
yvelaze ufro misaRebi gzaa
96
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenisaTvis
keTildReobis
SedarebiT maRal donis misaRwevad. saqarTvelosTvis
jer kidev problemad rCeba swori sabazro orientaciis
politikis aRiareba, gaTaviseba da misgan ar gadaxveva. es
politika ki ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali tempebis
miRwevis aucilebeli winapirobaa.
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis garkvevisas,
sainteresoa rogori korelacia arsebobs mTavrobis
mier gaweul investiciebsa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris. am
kuTxiT ekonomikur mecnierebaSi erTiani pozicia ar aris
Camoyalibebuli da miT ufro diametrulad gansxvavdeba
keinzianuri midgoma
fridmaniseuli midgomisagan.
liberaluri ekonomikis fridmaniseuli moZRvreba
aSkarad upirispirdeba keinzianizms, rogorc XX saukunis
erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul ekonomikur koncefcias,
romlis mixedviT, saxelmwifos Careva ekonomikaSi
aucilebelia. liberaluri ekonomikis koncefciiT
(gansakuTrebiT, fridmanis moZRvrebiT) mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikis dabalansebis mizniT samTavrobo
xarjebis (investiciebis) gaweva dadebiTi Sedegebis
momtania, praqtikuli gamocdilebiT ar dasturdeba
da Teoriuladac SeuZlebelia
misi dadastureba.
Tumca, saqarTvelos bolo ramdenime wlis gamocdileba
gviCvenebs, rom mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebul xarjebs
ekonomikis saerTo zrdis procesSi uaryofiTi roli ar
Seusrulebia. magram, isic unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi
CvenTvis ucnobia gamocdilebis sxva, ase Tu ise
dalagebuli da Rrma analizi, romelic gaamarTlebda
saxelmwifos am fiskalur politikas. xolo zogierTi
Cveni
„ekonomikis
eqspertis“
mier
gaJRerebuli
mosazrebebi ki ufro ekonomikuri miTologiis nawilia da
ara seriozuli ekonomikuri kvlevisa da analizis Sedegi.
aqve davZenT, rom mosazreba ekonomikur procesebSi
97
roman xarbedia
saxelmwifos farTod Carevis aucileblobis Taobaze
mainc didi gavleniT sargeblobs sazogadoebaSi, Tumca,
dausabuTeblad da yovelgvari seriozuli ekonomikuri
analizis gareSe.
zemoT moyvanili msjeloba ar gulisxmobs
sabiujeto saxsrebis rolis srul ugulebelyofas
ekonomikur procesebSi, piriqiT, biujetma, garkveuli
doziT, SeiZleba ekonomikis dambalanseblis roli
Seasrulos da am rolis aRsrulebis procesSi,
rogorc amas ekonomikuri liberalizmis ideologebi
miiCneven, srulebiT araa aucilebeli es dabalanseba
ganxorcieldes biujetis xarjviTi nawilis meSveobiT.
amisTvis saSemosavlo mxare arsebobs. ramdenadac
ekonomikuri
stagnaciis
an
recesiis
pirobebSi
mcirdeba mTavrobis mier akrefili gadasaxadebis
moculoba, rac warmoqmnis biujetis saSemosavlo
nawilis deficits, xolo ekonomikis mkveTri zrdisas
ki piriqiT xdeba, sworad migvaCnia mosazreba, rom
saWiroa Semcirdes sagadasaxado ganakveTebi krizisul
periodebSi da gaizardos ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros.
rasakvirvelia, sagadasaxado politikis cvlilebebis
mimarT investiciebis gazrdili mgrZnobiarobis gamo, es
cvlilebebi ar unda iyos xSiri, potenciuri investorebis
mier qveynis ekonomikuri politikis stabilurobis
aRqmis SenarCunebis mizniT.
zogadad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebas
yovelTvis bezrdeba xolme
samoqalaqo cxovrebis
erTferovneba (es exeba ekonomikis sferosac) da igi
cvlilebebs iTxovs, miuxedavad imisa, kargad aqvs Tu
ara gaazrebuli am cvlilebebis saboloo Sedegebi.
problemas arTulebs isic, rom cvlilebebis, ekonomi
kuri
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis, keTilSobiluri miznebiT
ganpirobebuli ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba
98
warmatebuli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
xelisuflebas eqneba sakmarisi ndoba mosaxleobis
mxridan da miRweuli iqneba sazogadoebis ZiriTadi
jgufebis konsensusi. es ukanaskneli ki metad efemerulia
da, SedarebiT xangZliv periodSi ki , – Znelad misaRwevi.
sinamdvileSi seriozuli ekonomikuri reforma araso
des ar iZleva myisierad dadebiT Sedegs, piriqiT, sawyis
etapze man SesaZloa ekonomikuri stagnaciac (garkveulad
recesiac) ki gamoiwvios.
On Economic Liberalism and the State Role
R. Kharbedia
Since the restoration of state independence there has been discussion in Georgian society on which economic model will provide
stability of the country’s socio-economic development and further
progress. By the efforts of the authorities and on the recommendations of the international financial organizations, Georgia in a zigzag
fashion is on the road to building liberal economy and this continues
today.
From the economic point of view, liberalism generally can be
perceived as the recognition of the right of free economic activity based
on private property and markets. The formation of liberal economy (economic liberalism) cannot take place in a country without recognition and
inculcation of liberal democratic principles. Nondemocratic and nonliberal society cannot create liberal economy.
It should be noted that economic liberalism is a rather wide concept and doesn’t exclude the existence of state sector in economy, so
called a certain dose of state economy. But in the conditions of the domination of state sector in economy, naturally, it is difficult to talk about
liberalism of economy. Here the main thing is not how many percent is
99
roman xarbedia
with state sector in country’s economy, but how the state contributes and
protects the development of private sector and its interests.
In the societies based on market economies, which model of
market economy it shouldn’t acknowledge, the market cannot accept
government’s permanent interventions and interference for its perfect
functioning that in the long run engender unhealthy and sometimes crisis situation.
The governments’ desire to get involved overly in economy, this
is basically an illness of transitional period, created by particular political, economic and social demands, in the countries which are comparatively at a low stage of socio-economic development. Here we should
also note that the opinion about the necessity of state’s wide involvement
in economic processes is of great importance in the society, though, it is
unfounded and without economic analysis. This is not meant to ignore
totally the role of budget means in economic processes. On the contrary,
the budget even can play a balancing role of economy in a certain dose.
1. В.Папава, Экономика Грузии: в поиске модели развития,
Jurn. Мир перемен, N.3, 2013;
2. d.iakobiZe, globaluri dinamizmis qarTuli
sinamdvile, Tb., 2011;
3. merab mamardaSvili, saubrebi filosofiaze.
Tb.,199;
4. f.fukuiama, istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli
adamiani. Tb., 1999;
5. li kuan iu, mesame samyarodan pirvelSi: singapuris istoria:1965–2000, Tb.2012;
6. milton fridmani, kapitalizmi da Tavisufleba,
Tb., 2002;
7. vladimer papava, aratradiciuli ekonomiqsi,
Tb.,2011.
100
religiisa da ekonomikis
urTierTmimarTebis klasikuri
da Tanamedrove sociologiuri
implikaciebi
kaxa qecbaia
filosofiis doqtori,
saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiis
mimarTulebis asocirebuli profesori
religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb klasikur sociologiaSi ZiriTadad ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebaa cnobili. am mosazrebaTa
avtorebi sociologiis klasikosebi marqsi da veberi
arian.
marqsis mixedviT, ekonomika gansazRvravs yovelives da maT Soris religiasac (religiur cxovrebas).
ufro metic, misi azriT, religia zogjer amuxruWebs
sazogadoebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. Tumca, marqsis
Sexeduleba religiasTan mimarTebiT saqmis realurma
viTarebam ar daadstura. magram, imis mtkiceba, rom religiuri cxovreba mTlianad Tavisufalia ekonomikis
gavlenisagan, SeuZlebelia. ufro metic, am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT postTanamedrove socialur mecnierebebSi damkvidrebuli bevri mosazreba marqsis naazrevidan
momdinareobs.
marqsisagan gansxvavebiT, veberma aCvena, rom ekonomikaze did gavlenas religia axdens. man SeamCnia, rom
germaniaSi saukeTeso ekonomikuri miRwevebi protes-
101
kaxa qecbaia
tantebs aqvT. mewarmeTa da maRalkvalificiur teqnikur specialistTa birTvs swored isini warmoadgenen.
amasTan, drom aCvena, rom ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT protestantuli qveynebi dinamikuri ganviTarebiT gamoirCevian; rom dasavluri
kulturis arnaxul ekonomikur miRwevebs Rrma religiuri (kaTolikuri da protestantuli) safaneli aqvs
[Sdr. 6,gv.54-64].
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT veberis koncefcia religiis socialuri rolis Sesaxeb, aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi viqonioT is winapirobebi da amosavali princi pebi, romliTac is adamianTa religiuri moqmedebebis
axsnisas xelmZRvanelobda. es saxelmZRvanelo princi pi veberis socialuri moqmedebis Teoriaa. vebers
miaCnda, rom socialuri institutebi, struqturebi da
calkeuli aqtorebi im sazrisebis mixedviT funqcionirebs, romelTac masSi adamianebi deben. es sazrisebi
ki maT mier winawar gaazrebulia (racionalizebulia)
da garkveuli miznebis miRwevazea orientirebuli, anda
am moqmedebebs mTeli rigi Rirebulebebi ganapirobebs
(RirebulebiTracionaluri moqmedeba). am gagebiT socialuri moqmedeba racionaluri xdeba. es niSnavs, rom
socialuri moqmedebis gadamwyveti faqtorebi adamianTa mier racionalizebul qcevasa da RirebulebiT
orientaciebzea damokidebuli. swored es amosavali
princi pi udevs safuZvlad veberis religiis sociologiur imlikacias, romlis mixedviT, religia ganixileba,
rogorc moqmedebis racionalizaciis piroba. swored
am konteqstiT ikeTeba, veberis mixedviT, religiisa da
ekonomikis urTierTkavSiri [1,gv.344].
veberma marqsTan polemikaSi aCvena, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan wyaros „ideebi“
102
warmoadgens, rom arsebobs kauzaluri kavSiri eTikur,
religiur normebsa da ekonomikas, politikasa da socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebs Soris. religiis
specifikur funqciad vebers misi masazrisianebeli
funqcia miaCnda. religiis sociologiis amocanad ki
religiasa da socialur cvlilebebs Soris kavSirebis
dadgenas Tvlida [5,gv.163-173].
veberis msjeloba religiis sociologiur aspeqtebze ZiriTadad msoflio religiebs Seexeba. mas
miaCnda, rom yvelaze meti mimdevrebi mTels msoflioSi am religiebs yavT, amitom maTze zedmet yuradRebas am faqtiT xsnida. garda amisa, es is religiebia
romelTac garkveulwilad gavlena moaxdines istoriis msvlelobaze. am mizniT ikvlia veberma qristianoba, budizmi, iudaizmi, islami (nawilobriv), Cinuri religiebi, induizmi. am religiebis SedarebiTi analizis
safuZvelze samyarosadmi specifikuri midgomis TvalsazrisiT veberma religiebis sami zogadi ti pi gamoyo.
yoveli ti pi sakuTari ganwyobiTa da socialuri moqmedebis sakuTari veqtoriT xasiaTdeba.
religiebis pirvel ti ps cxovrebisadmi Semguebloba axasiaTebs. mas miekuTvneba konfucianeloba da
daosizmi, Cinuri religiebi. xolo danarCeni ori ti pi
cxovrebisadmi SeurigeblobiT gamoirCeva [8,gv.96-107].
induizmi da budizmi, induri religiebi cxovrebisagan gaqcevis religiebia. iudaizmi da qristianoba ki
cxovrebis dauflebazea orientirebuli. msoflio religiebi eTikuri religiebia, anu xsnis religiebs warmoadgens. yoveli maTgani Taviseburad aswavlis sikeTis keTebasa da borotebis uaryofas. yoveli maTgani
racionalobis sakuTari xarisxiT aris gamorCeuli.
vebers miaCnia, rom saerTod uazrobaa religiis fun-
103
kaxa qecbaia
qciaze saubari, radganac sxvadasxva religiis funqcionirebis socialuri Sedegebi sxvadasxva socialuri
konteqstiT gansxvavebulia. Amitom, religiis funqciaze
zogad saubars veberi calkeuli religiis socialur
funaqciaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas amjobinebs.
iudaur-qristianuli tradiciiT, RmerTi moqmedi
RmerTia, Semoqmedi. adamiani am SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc samoqmedo iaraRi RmerTis xelSi. aqedan
saTaves iRebs ara amqveyniuri saqmeebisagan gaqcevis,
aramed aqtiuri moqmedebis idea. Qristianoba, am gagebiT,
xsnis religiaa. igi gamomdinareobs rwmenidan, romlis
mixedviT adamiani xsnas moi povebs Tuki religiur dogmebs miiRebs da moralur princi pebiT icxovrebs. am
SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba codvis cnebas da misgan
gamoxsnis ideas aqvs. socialuri realobisadmi amgvari
midgoma daZabulobasa da emociur dinamizms warmoSobs, romelic rogorc wesi, aRmosavlur religiebSi
ar gvxvdeba. xsnis religiebs „revoluciuri“ aspeqti
aqvs, rac codvisadmi Seurigeblobasa da brZolaSi
vlindeba. amiT xsnis religiebi socialuri gardaqmnebs astimulirebs da sazogadoebis mTel rig sferoSi did socialur gardaqmnebs uwyobs xels.
indur religiebSi RmerTi samyaros imanenturia,
amitom, adamiani aq ganixileba rogorc RmerTis, RvTaebrivi sawyisis samyofeli, sadgomi. aqedan saTaves iRebs
samyarosadmi mistikur-mWvretelobiTi midgoma. cxovrebisadmi amgvari midgoma kapitalizmis ganviTarebas aferxebs, amitom, aRmosavleTSi kapitalizmi Znelad
ikidebs fexs. msgavsi daskvnebi veberma msoflio religiebis SedarebiTi analizis gziT miiRo. amgvari analizis klasikuri nimuSia misi naSromi „msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTika“. aq man erTmaneTs sxvadasxva
104
religia imis mixedviT Seadara, Tu ra kavSirSia maTi
religiur-eTikuri princi pebi ekonomikuri saqmianobis
formebTan. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, amosavali racionalobis xarisxia.
naSromSi _ „protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli“, veberi asabuTebs, rom protestantulma reformebma Tanamedrove kapitalizms Cauyara safuZveli
(samuSaosa da investirebisadmi axali damokidebuleba).
am naSromSi man aCvena, rom kapitalizmi qristianuli
evropis pirmSoa da igi aziasa da afrikaSi ar gvxvdeba. veberma daadginda, rom gamdidrebisaken miswrafeba
protestantebs ufro metad aqvT, vidre kaTolikebs. Sesabamisad igi imis Sesaxeb sakiTxiT dainteresda, Tu
riT SeiZleba es axsniliyo. amitom man siRrmiseulad
Seiswavla protestantuli religia, gansakuTrebiT kalvinisa da mis mimdevarTa religiuri doqtrina.
kalvinisturi religiuri doqtrina imis rwmenazea
damyarebuli, rom adamianis bed-iRbali, anu sikvdilis
Semdgomi cxoneba Tu warwymeda, imTaviTve, dabadebidanvea gansazRvruli. saukuno cxovreba uflis mowyalebazea damokidebuli da ara adamianis damsaxurebaze.
uflis gegmis Secvla arc erT adamians ar SeuZlia.
erTaderTi gamosavali uflis mowyalebis misaRebad
aris dauRalavi Sroma, sakuTari Tavis uaryofa (veberis
gagebiT _ asketizmi) da momavali sargeblisaTvis investiciebis kargad gaTvla. amas veberi protestantul,
miwier asketizms uwodebs. kalvinistebis rwmena gamoixateba gamonaTqvamSi: „dazogili peni gamomuSavebuli
penia“; „zarmaci eSmakis kerZia“. amiT vlindeba protestantuli eTika, romelmac kapitalizmis suliskveTeba
gaaZliera, romelic iseTi ideebisagan da damokidebulebebisagan Sedgeba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, waaxalisa ker-
105
kaxa qecbaia
Zo samewarmeo saqmianobis wamowyeba. mogebuli Tanxa
fufunebis sagnebze ki ar unda gaeflangaT, aramed
saqmeSi unda daebandebinaT. kalvinistebs amgvari piradi msxverplis gaRebisaken TavianTi religiuri eTika
mouwodebda [2,gv.62-63]. religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis veberianul gagebas saTanadod afasebdnen RvTismetyvelebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa Soris gamorCeulia al. meni, romlis mixedviT `religia
ara mxolod sazogadoebis sulier cxovrebaze axdens
gavlenas, aramed ekonomikazec. maqs veberma daadgina,
rom kapitalizmis warmoSobis pirobebi arsebobda jer
kidev antikurobasa da SuasaukuneebSi, xolo protestanizmis gaCenasTan erTad igi swrafad ganviTarda.
adreuli protestantuli literaturis gamokvlevisas
veberma SeniSna, rom luTeranis msoflmxedvelobaSi is
ideologiuri impulsi (`profesiuli movaleobis~ idea)
devs, romelmac warmoebis kapitalistri wesis damkvidrebas Seuwyo xeli. statistikuri meTodis gamoyenebiT veberma SeZlo eCvenebina, rom kapitalizmi yvavis
iq, sadac protestantuli sarwmunoebaa gavrcelebuli
(inglisi, germania, amerika)~ [11,gv.229].
veberis Teoriam imis Sesaxeb, rom protestantulma religiurma doqtrinebma saTave daudes kapitalizms
da ekonomikis modernizeba moaxdines, imTaviTve azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. misi zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebda, rom veberis azrebi ara mxolod protestantizmiT, aramed kaTolicizmiTac iyo Semofargluli.
sxvebi ki miiCnevdnen, rom religiuri transformaciebi
kapitalizmma ganapiroba da ara piriqiT (verner zombarti).
naSromSi _ ,,ebraelebi da sameurneo cxovreba“,
v.zombrati msjelobs ebraelebze, rogorc specifi-
106
kuri niSan-Tvisebebis mqone eTnikur jgufze da mis
gavlenaze dasavleT-evropul sazogadoebaSi kapitalizmis formirebaze. ebrauli fenomenis analizisas zombarts iudaizmi aqvs mxedvelobaSi [10,gv.34-45]. biznesisa
da saerTod warmatebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis
aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi da azrovnebis wesi ebraelTa
wminda wignebSia Tavmoyrili, xolo meore naSromSi _
,,burJua“, is kapitalizmis erT-erT safuZvlad kaTolicizms asaxelebs. Tumca amavdroulad uaryofs protestantizmis analogiur rols, riTic upirispirdeba
veberis pozicias. ufro meti, ,,protestantizmi, misi azriT, mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnis kapitalizms da gansakuTrebiT kapitalistur-sameurneo cxovrebis wess“.
rac Seexeba puritanizms, esaa ara wesi, aramed misgan
gamonaklisi, rac absoluturad ar uaryofs im WeSmaritebas, rom kapitalizmi individualuri fenomenia
da ar arsebobs misi winaswargansazRvruli, sayovelTaod warmatebuli forma. v.zombarti kapitalizms ar
moiazrebs, rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT
safexurs, gardamaval etaps, romelsac mosdevs socialisturi wesrigi, amavdroulad ewinaaRmdegeba socializmis da kapitalizmis Serwymisa da am gziT sruliad
axali sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciis Camoyalibebis ideas [9,gv.67-89].
m. veberma da v. zombartma pirvelebma ekonomikuri mecnierebis axali koncefcia SeimuSaves, romlis
mTavari Rirseba adamianis kulturuli da ekonomikuri saqmianobis socialuri safuZvlebis princi pulad axali aspeqtiT gaanalizebaSi gamoixateba, riTic
didwilad ganapirobes kidec sociologiis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi dargis _ ,,ekonomikis sociologiis“
ZiriTadi princi pebis Camoyalibeba [7,gv.116-138].
107
kaxa qecbaia
aSS-dan germaniaSi dabrunebilma zombartma
Tqva: ,,me SemaZrwuna momavalma“. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
v.zombarti erTmaneTs upirispirebs kapitalizms da
Tanamedroveobas. Magram, tradiciuloba masTan antikapitalizmisa da
anti pozitivizmis sinonims warmoadgens. mecnieris mxridan sinamdvilisadmi msgavsi
damokidebuleba, marTalia, araa klasikuri, magram arc
novatorulia, ris magaliTad Tundac, f. nicSes damowmebaa sakmarisi, visi gavlenac v.zombartze udidesia.
misi naSromebis stili swored nicSeanuria, sadac mecnieruli abstraqcia da esTetizmi organuladaa Serwymuli erTmaneTTan. v. zombartis azriT, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis procesi kapitalizmis
demokratizacias, socialuri dapirispirebis Sesustebas da sazogadoebis racionalizacias ganapirobebs.
sawarmoo sferos, bazris, informaciis rolis, Tu zogadad, sazogadoebrivi procesis garTuleba, mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs Seitans momavlis sociologiis, misi
miznebisa da amocanebis gaazrebis procesSi, rac Tvesobrivad Secvlis im meTodebs, romliTac sociologia da ekonomikuri mecniereba Tanamedrove gamowvevebis winaSe unda warsdges. miuxedavad zombartis da
sxva TeoretikosTa kritikisa, unda iTqvas, rom veberis
mosazrebebi ZalaSia dResac. is aCvenebs, Tu rogor
kveTen erTmaneTs religia da Tanamedrove racionalizebuli, ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. ufro metic, faqtia, rom postTanamedrove epqaSi religiuri ideebisa
da sxavdasxva tradiciuli dResaswaulis komercializaciazea msjeloba. veberma Tavisi religiis sociologiuri TeoriiT aCvena, rom religiuri reforma
da sazogadoebis iseTi sekularuli sferos, rogoric
ekonomikaa, cvlilebebi erTmaneTis paralelurad mimdinareoben [3,gv.55-64].
108
religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxis saintereso analizia mocemuli socialur anTropologiaSi, romlis mixedviT is, rac religias da
ekonomikas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, socialuri jgufis
interesebia, anu religiuri da ekonomikuri interesebi
erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba. socialuri anTropologiis warmomadgenelebi msgavs daskvnebs aborigen mosaxleobaze dakvirvebis Sedegad akeTeben (eTnografiuli
meTodi). mgavsi kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom Zvel xalxebSi
oqrosa da vercxlis dagrovebis privilegia qurumebsa
da mefeebs hqondaT. socialur-anTropologiuri kvlevebi am SemTxvevaSi imiT aris saintereso, rom maT
safuZvelze keTdeba daskvna, romelsac veberic ar ewinaaRmdegeba da romlis mixedviT, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistemis cvlileba religiuri sistemebis cvlilebas iwvevs. Tumca, veberi religiaSi socialuri
transformaciebis mZlavr stimuls xedavda, romelsac
sazogadoebis sameurneo da ekonomikuri cxovrebis
gardaqmna SeuZlia.
religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis veberianuli xedva sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, rac Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriebis safuZvelze dasturdeba.
veberis droidan moyolebuli dRemde, uamravi
sociologiuri gamokvleva dagrovda, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qveynebis ekonomikuri
CamorCenilobis an ganviTarebis mizezebi sazogadoebis
kulturul da religiur gansxavavebaSia saZebni, anu
im religiaSi romelsac am qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesoba aRiarebs. amas adsturebs taftsis universitetis profesor lourens harisonis mier Catarebuli
gamokvleva [12,gv.1-7]. harisonma 117 qveyana gamoikvlia,
109
kaxa qecbaia
romlebSic erT-erTi msoflio religiis mimdevari 1
mln-ze meti adamiania. mogvyavs erT-erTi saintereso
fragmenti harisonis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevidan
harisonis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi1∗
religia*
protestantoba
iudaizmi
kaTolicizmi
marTlmadidebloba
islami
Mmosaxleoba**
saerTo
Tavisufleba***
mTliani Siga
produqti
mosaxleobis
erT
sulze (aSS
dolarebSi)
korufcia
530
2,3
29784
14,9
6
4
19320
16
5,5
9358
45,6
75,7
904
262
8,6
7045
1122
9,7
3142
78,6
rogorc ityvian, komentarebi zedmetia. rac ufro
maRalia qveynaSi Tavisuflebis xarisxi, miT ufro maRalia cxovrebis done da dabalia korufciis maCvenebeli.
agreTve, TvalSi sacemia Tavisuflebis maCveneblis kavSiri religiasTan. kvleva aCvenebs, rom protestantebi
1 * mosaxleobis 50% mocemul religias aRiarebs.
** milioni adamiani, msoflio bankis 2002 wlis monacemi.
*** 2 Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxis maCvenebelia, xolo 2-dan
14-mde _ dabali (Freedom House monacemebi).
110
da iudevelebi ekonomikis sferoSi ufro warmatebulni
arian vidre sxva religiis mimdevrebi.
sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi religiuri jgufebi, romlebic gavlenas axdendnen TavianT mimdevarTa
ekonomikur Sexedulebebsa da qcevaze garkveuli
dilemis winaSe aRmoCndebodnen xolme. es dilema simdidresa da siRaribesTan damokidebulebas Seexeba. am
ekonomikur fenomenebTan damokidebuleba religiebs
Soris gansxvavebulia.
religiuri jgufis organizaciuli struqturis
garTulebasTan erTad mis winaSe mTeli rigi ekonomikuri problema dgeba. Tundac arsebobisa da moqmedebisaTvis aucilebeli materialuri saxsrebis moZieba
da sxva msgavsi ram. aseT viTarebaSi religia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi monawileobis miRebas iwyebs, rac
adasturebs imas, rom ara marto religia zemoqmedebs
ekonomikaze, aramed _ piriqiTac. religia ekonomikuri
cxovrebisaTvis iseT aucilebel unarebze akeTebs aqcentirebas, rogoricaa: patiosneba, movalebebisadmi pativiscema, muxlCauxreli Sroma. Sesabamisad, religiuri
msoflmxedveloba da eTikuri orientaciebi arnaxul
ekonomikur warmatebaTa sawindari xdeba. Tanamedrove
dasavluri civilizacia Tavis keTildReobas da ekonomikis maRal dones garkveulwilad dasavlur qristianobas unda umadlodes. am civilizaciaSi religiam
Sromisa da meurneobis maRali kulturis formirebas
Seuwyo xeli. amis Sesabamisad adamianebma ician, rom
Sromaa udidesi mowodeba adamianisa, rom ar arsebobs
damamcirebeli Sroma da a. S. kanadeli mkvlevrebis
ulrix blumisa da leonard dalis empiriulma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom efeqtiani SromiTi saqmianobis stimulirebiT religia ara mxolod gavlenas axdens ekono-
111
kaxa qecbaia
mikaze, aramed sicruisa da motyuebis akrZalviT, ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis aucilebel da mniSvnelovan
princi ps ayalibebs.
dRes bevri mkvlevari msjelobs imis Sesaxeb, rom
sazogadoebis racionalizaciasTan erTad religiis
gavlena socialuri realobis sxvadasxva sferoze nelnela mcirdeba, Tumca, saqmis realuri viTareba sul
sxva suraTs iZleva. kerZod socialuri sinamdvilis
arc erTi sfero, raoden sekularizebuli ar unda iyos,
uZluria religiis winaSe. am mxriv religiis gavlena ki
ar mcirdeba, piriqiT matulobs. samwuxarod veberi ver
moeswro iaponiis magaliTs ekonomikis sferoSi. ìaponuri saswaulis~ saidumloebac mis religiur ZirebSia
saZebni. iaponia, albaT, erT-erTi samagaliToa im qveynebs
Soris, sadac tradiciebs scemen pativs. tradiciebi ki
religiasTanaa kavSirSi. iaponelebi zedmiwevniT icaven
ufrosebisadmi pativiscemis wess da rigs, romelic aq
ritualis donezea ayvanili. SesaZlebelia iaponelTa
80%-ze mets ar smenia, rom arsebobs mcneba `pativi ec
mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, rameTu keTili geyos Sen
da dRegrZeli iyo qveyanasa zeda~. miuxedavad amisa,
dRes msoflioSi sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT iaponelebi gamoirCevian. ufrosebisadmi pativiscema iaponuri
kulturis safuZvlebSi devs. erT-erT mcneba gvaswavlis _ àra i paro~ da iaponelebi keTilsindisierad
ixdian gadasaxadebs. aravis ar unda, rom mas uxarisxo
saqonels awvdidnen. iaponelebi am SemTxvevaSic gamoirCevian. isini maRalxarisxian saqonels awarmoeben.
maT kargad gamosdiT dacva princi pisa _ `da rogorc
gindaT rom geqceodeT kacni, Tavadac ise moeqeciT maT~.
swored amgvari princi pebis dacvaSia iaponuri ekonomikuri saswaulis saidumloeba, miuxdedavad imisa, rom
112
iqac igive ekonomikuri kanonebi moqmedebs rac sxva
qveynebSi. ekonomikis ganviTarebis britaneTis nacionalurma sabWom gaaanaliza im gamarjvebuli iaponuri
firmebis saqmianoba, romelTac msoflio bazarze TavianTi konkurentebis sworad gansazRvra SeZles. analizis Sedegad ori ZiriTadi princi pi gamoyves, romelTac
zedmiwevniT icavdnen gamarjvebuli firmebi. pirveli
princi pi aseTia: izruneT saqonelze. meore princi pi ki
ase JRers: ifiqreT klientebze.
ekonomikis seroSi iaponiis miRwevebis religiur safuZvlebs miuZRvna Tavisi gamokvleva _ `religia tokugavas epoqaSi~ (1957w.) religiis sociologiis msoflioSi aRiarebulma Tanamedrove mkvlevarma
robet nil belam. mis mixedviT, ìaponuri religia~
`saero saqmeTa mogvarebazea~ orientirebuli. iaponuri
religiuri doqtrinis mixedviT, warmatebis sawindari
Sromismoyvareoba da gulmodginebaa, romelic amave
dros RvTivsaTno moqmedebaa. RmerTi bejiT da Sromismoyvare adamianebs wyalobs. am rwmeniT STagonebuli
adamianebi ki socialuri cxovrebis nebismier sferoSi
saswaulebs axdenen.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religia (religiuri rwmena da
misi Sesabamisi cxovrebis wesi) mentalobisa da adamian-kapitalis safuZvelia.
1950-ian wlebSi cnobilma amerikelma sociologma gerhard lenskim detroitSi Caatara empiriuli
gamokvleva, romlis Sedegebis mixedviT gaakeTa daskna
imis Sesaxeb, rom industriul sazogadoebaSi religia
mosaxleobis sameurneo-ekonomikuri azrovnebisa da
mentalitetis ganmapirobebli erT-erTi mZlavri faqtoria. lenskis mier Catarebulma gamokvlevam aCvena,
113
kaxa qecbaia
rom ekonomikuri mentaliteti, anu is, rasac veberi `kapitalizmis suliskveTebas~ uwodebda, protestantebs
ufro metad aqvT Camoyalibebuli, vidre kaTolikebs.
msgavsi ti pis daskvnebi imaze metyvelebs, Tu ramdenad
masStaburi da genialuria veberis mosarebebi religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.
unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikuri gaTvlebi: `xarjebi-Semosavali~ yovelTvis rodi gansazRvravs adamianis qcevas. xSirad Cvens moqmedebebs religiuri da
eTikuri faseulobebi, kulturuli normebi, adaT-wesebi,
sxvadasxva saxis ideebi da Sexedulebebi gansazRvarvs.
magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi giganturi kompaniis
mflobelisa da misi rigiTi TanamSromlis saSobao sufraze TiTqmis erTi da igive saWmel-sasmeli iqneba da
miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi Semosavlebi gansxvavebulia,
saSobao saCuqrebSic isini daaxloebiT erTnair Tanxas daxarjaven, rac maTi religiuri mrwamsis _ protestantizmis moqmedebis princi pebiT aixsneba, romlis
mixedviT, sakuTari Semosavlebis miuxedavad, adamiani
ubralod da ekonomiurad unda cxovrobdes, xolo danarCeni fuli saqmeSi unda Cados. ase rom, am qveynebSi
mdidruli cxovreba ara maRali socialuri statusis,
aramed uRirsi qcevis maCvenebelia. es faqti kargad
asaxvas religiuri eTikisa da ekonomikuri cxovrebis
wesis Tanafardobas, romlis mixedviT religia da ekomomika ki ar ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs, ramed erTmaneTTan organul kavSirSi arian. swored amas adasturebs
religiis klasikuri da Tanamedrove sociologiuri
implikaciebi.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom religiisa da ekonomikis
urTierTmimarTebis klasikuri da Tanamedrove sociologiuri imlikaciebi ZiriTadad dasavlur qris-
114
tianobaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT Semoifargleba.
Sesabamisad dRis wesrigSi dgeba sakiTxi aRmosavluri
qristianobisa (marTlmadidebloba) da ekonomikis
urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. socialur mecnierebebSi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb met-naklebad srulyofili
fundamenturi gamokvleva ar arsebobs. am sferoSi erTaderTi gzamkvlevi mama sergi bulgakovis naSromebia,
romelic didad afsebda veberis Rvawls mecnierebis
am dargSi. bulgakovis azriT, sameurneo-ekonomikuri
cxovrebisadmi axleburi midgoma qristianul religias ukavSirdeba, romlis amosavali princi pia is, rom
Sroma aramarto aucilebelia, aramed is adamianis religiuri da eTikuri movaleobaa. aq Cans Sromisa da
sxva ekonomikuri aqtivobebisadmi moralur-religiuri
midgoma. Sromisadmi moralur-religiuri midgoma gansakuTrebul fsiqologias gulisxmobs, rac simdidrisadmi damokidebulebiT vlindeba. am SemTxvevaSi simdidre TviTmizani ar aris. yovelive es kapitalisturi
eTikis nawilia, romelic bulgakovis TqmiT, CvenSi
politikuri Carevis Sedegad ver ganviTarda, amitom
marTlmadidebluri aRmsareblobis qveynebis ekonomikuri CamorCena religiuri eTikis naklovanebis brali
ar aris. amaSi aTeizmi da bolSevizmia damnaSave. samwuxarod, Cveni sazogadoeba dResac ar aris bolomde
Tavisufali amgvari cnobierebisagan. Daskvna, romelsac bulgakovi akeTebs, aqtualuria dResac: sameurneoekonomikuri saqmianoba suliT janmrTel adamianebs
saWiroebs, romlebic gansakuTrebuli pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobiTa da TviTdisci pliniT gamoirCevian. am
unarebis gamomuSavebaSi ki did rols qristianuli religia asrulebs. ase, rom garkveuli religiuri Rirebulebebi, ganwyobebi da maTi Sesabamisi cxovrebis wesi
115
kaxa qecbaia
ekonomikuri sistemis aRmavlobis an dacemis erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes pirobas warmoadgens [amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. 4,gv.79-89].
Tanamedrove msoflioSi ekonomikuri sistemis
ganviTarebaze religiuri eTikis gavlena naklebad
SesamCnevia, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom postTanamedrove sazogadoeba da adamiani moralisa da cnobierebis kriziss ganicdian. socialuri sinamdvilis
racionalizaciam, sekularizaciam da desakralizaciam
ekonomikuri cxovrebidan TiTqmis gandevna religiuri
eTika da RmerTis adgili yovlisSemZle dolarma daikava. Sesabamisad, religiuri eTikis komercializacia
moxda, ramac ekonomikaze religiis gavlena minimumamde
daiyvana. postTanamedrove epoqa Zalumad cdilobs
taZarsa da savaWro centrs Soris sazRvrebis moSlas
da religias postTanamedrove sazogadoebis Konsumurausch-Si agdebs, ris Sedegad ekonomikis axali ti pi _
`transekonomika~ gaCnda (J. bodriari), romelic religiurobisagan mTlianad daclilia. es faqti adasturebs
imas, Tu ra SedegebiT SeiZleba dasruldes religiisa
da moralis komercializacia da ekonomizacia. sul
sxva viTarebaa maSin, rodesac ekonomikuri da komerciuli saqmianoba moralizacias da religiis gavlenas
gancidis, ris erT-erT sazomad Tanamedrove sociologiaSi ekonomikuri elitis religiurobis xarisxi miiCneva (am mxriv aqtualuri da sainteresoa sakiTxi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad religiuria Tanamedrove qarTuli
ekonomikuri elita?).
116
Classical and contemporary sociological implications of the
interrelation of religion and economics
K. Ketsbaia
Classical and contemporary sociological implications of the interrelation of religion and economics and theoretical positions are discussed in the article. The conceptions of such classics of sociology as
Weber, Max and Sombard and theoretical views of such contemporary
sociologists as R.Bellah, G.Lenski, L.Harrison and others are analyzed.
The problem of interrelation of Orthodox Christianity and economics
(according to Father Sergi Bulgakov) is paid a special attention. The
author of the article does not share the view that in Orthodox Christianity this problem is provoked by the absence of a social conception in it.
Lack of faith and social conceptions have nothing to do with it.
In the present day world the influence of religious ethics upon
the development of economic system is minor. It is conditioned by the
crisis of moral and consciousness that the postmodern society and man
undergo. Rationalization of the social reality, its secularization and desacralization have almost drawn religious ethics out of economic sphere
and the almighty dollar has replaced God. Accordingly, commercialization of religious ethics took place and the influence of religion was
reduced. A new type of economics – “transeconomics” (J.Baudrillard)
emerged. This fact is a valid demonstration of the results that commercialization and economization of religion and moral can arrive at. The
situation is absolutely different when economical and commercial activities are influenced by moral and religion. In the present day world
this influence is measured by the degree of religiosity of the economic
elite. In this respect the question as to the religiosity of the present day
Georgian economic elite is rather interesting and actual.
117
kaxa qecbaia
Ggamoyenebuli literatura
1. gidensi e. samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba, wignSi:
sociologia, Tb., 2011;
2. veberi m. rCeuli nawerebi religiis sociologiaSi,
Tb., 2004;
3. zombarti v. wignSi:Dd. zaqaraia, k. qecbaia, sociologiis klasikosebi: biografiuli leqsikoni studentebisaTvis, Tb., 2012;
4. mesxia i. bibliuri ekonomikuri mcnebebi da Tanamedrove saqarTvelo, Jurnali `religia~, #1, 2008;
5. qecbaia k. religiis sociologia, gam. ùniversali~,
Tb., 2013;
6. xasaia z. saqarTvelo da dasavluri kultura, krebuli `filosofia, mecniereba, religia~, (red. i. kalandia, k. qecbaia), gam. ùniversali~, Tb., 2012;
7. Бём-Баверк О. Апология Вернера Зомбарта // Критика теории
Маркса. Челябинск. 2002;
8. Вебер М. Избранные произведения, М., 1990;
9. Зомбарт В. Буржуа: этюды по истории духовного развития современного экономического человека; Евреи и хозяйственная
жизнь,М., 2004;
10. Зомбарт В. Роль евреев в развитии капитализма (internet
versia);
11. Отец Александр Мень отвечает на вопросы, М., 2008;
12. Харрисон Л. Зависимост экономики от религий, (internet
versia).
118
produqciis saeqsporto
potencialis indeqsis gansazRvra
giorgi RaRaniZe
saxelmwifo universitetis profesori
saqarTvelos mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebelia sagareo savaWro balansis
saldos gaumjobesebis gareSe. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovania,rogorc saeqsporto potencialis ganuxreli
zrda, aseve garkveuli zomiT importCanacvleba. saeqsporto potencialis ganuxreli zrda damokidebulia eqsportis xelSemwyob RonisZiebebze. Sesabamisad,
aucilebelia zustad ganisazRvros am RonisZiebebis
moqmedebis areali, misi konkretuli instrumentebi da
rasakvirvelia, unda gaiTvalos maTi efeqtianobis ganmsazRvreli pirobebi. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovania
ganisazRvros prioritetebi, romelTa raodenobriv gazomvas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
nebismieri gadawyvetileba ama Tu im dargis an
konkretuli sawarmoebis mxardaWeris Sesaxeb, unda
efuZnebodes kargad gaangariSebul da gamWvirvale
raodenobriv maCveneblebs. importCanacvlebis SemTxvevaSi, savsebiT sakmarisia adgilobrivma produqciam
iseTive xarisxobrivi parametrebis pirobebSi momxmarebels SesTavazos ufro iafi alternativa. amdenad,
amocana daiyvaneba igive xarisxobrivi parametrebis miRwevis teqnikur aspeqtebze da amavdroulad am
119
giorgi RaRaniZe
produqciis ufro iafad warmoebis SesaZleblobebze.
gacilebiT ufro rTuladaa saqme eqsportis potencialis gansazRvrisas. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi ara mxolod is, risi eqsportirebac ukve xdeba, aramed isic,
risi gamoSvebac princi pSi SesaZlebelia. eqsportis
strategiis formirebisaTvis aucilebelia mTeli rigi
daSvebebis da SezRudvebis SemoReba, rac gaamartivebs
strategiis formirebas. pirvel rigSi, unda ganisazRvros is produqcia, romelSic saqarTvelos gaaCnia
konkurentuli upiratesoba. samwuxarod, mxedvelobaSi
iqneba miRebuli mxolod is produqcia, romlis eqsportireba ukve xorcieldeba, anu safuZvlad iqneba
aRebuli gamovlenili konkurentuli upiratesobis an
la-faies indeqsebi. am problemis gadaWris gzas warmoadgens produqciis saeqsporto potencialis indeqsis SemoReba. am SemTxvevaSi, ganxiluli iqneba aseve
is produqcia, romelic ar iwarmoeba saqarTveloSi
mocemuli momentisaTvis, Tumca misi warmoeba da eqsportireba SesaZlebelia.
meore, mxedvelobaSi unda
iqnes miRebuli msoflio bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebi, kerZod, msoflio importis ganviTarebis tendenciebi da mesame - regionuli Taviseburebebi. aseve, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi sxvadasxva RonisZiebis gatarebis
droiTi periodebi. Sesabamisad, dasaSvebia saeqsproto
potencialis zrdis moklevadiani (taqtikuri), saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani (strategiuli) mimarTulebebis gamoyofa.
moklevadian amocanebSi Sedis mesame qveynis Suamavlebis Canacvleba, rodesac qarTuli produqcia
saeqsportoa. am xerxs sakmaod kargad iyeneben Zlieri
savaWro-saSuamavlo
firmebi, romelTa
moqmedebis
logika sakmaod martivia - am firmebis saerTaSoriso
avtoriteti gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre qarTveli
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mwarmoeblebis da amdenad maTTvis qarTuli produqciis realizacia ufro martivia. sxva savaWro-saSuamavlo firmebis Canacvleba unda moxdes, pirvel yovlisa,
qarTuli analogiuri struqturebis meSveobiT. saeqsporto potencialis TvalsazrisiT ki, saqarTveloSi
SeZenili da mesame qveynebSi gayiduli produqcia unda
Sefasdes mesame qveyanaSi realizaciis fasiT da fasTa
sxvaoba daematos arsebul eqsports. aseve unda ganisazRvros reeqsportis zrdis SesaZleblobebi. eqspertuli
Sefasebebis safuZvelze es Seadgens arsebuli eqsportis 15-20%-s da warmoadgens saeqporto potencialis
amaRlebis uaxloes da amavdroulad yvelaze ufro
martivad asamoqmedebel rezervs. mxedvelobaSi unda
iqnes miRebuli Semdegi momenti: qarTveli eqsportiorebis finansuri problemebi (ZiriTadad samuSao kapitalis nakleboba), Suamavlebi sargebloben da Zalze
dabali fasebiT, xSir SemTxvevaSi Setanili nedleulis gadamuSavebis RirebulebiT, xelSi igdeben saeqsporto produqcias da TviTon yidian mesame qveynebSi. savaWro-saSuamavlo samamulo firmebis formireba
mkveTrad Secvlida am suraTs da garda sxva upiratesobebisa, gaumartivebda qarTvel eqsportiorebs muSaobas – Camoacilebda ra maT mwarmoeblisaTvis uCveulo
bazris Seswavlisa da misi kvlevis amocanebs.
meore mniSvlelovani mimarTulebaa nedleulidan
gadamuSavebul, anu maRali damatebuli Rirebulebis
produqciis eqsportze gadasvla. amis naTeli magaliTia saqarTvelos bolo wlebis eqsportis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi produqcia - Txili. daumtvreli da damtvreuli Txilis realizacia iZleva fasebSi daaxloebiT 2-jer sxvaobas. analogiurad SesaZlebelia nebismier sxva safexurze, magaliTad moxaluli Txilis,
Txilis zeTis, eTerzeTis da a.S. eqsportze gadasvla.
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giorgi RaRaniZe
am amocanis gadawyveta ufro rTulia da amavdroulad moiTxovs ufro xangrZliv dros. aucilebelia investiciebis ganxorcieleba am amocanis gadasawyvetad. saxelmwifom unda uzrulvelyos gadamamuSavebeli seqtoris ufro maRali mimzidveloba da amiT
xeli Seuwyos investirebis process. araa aucilebeli
mxolod gare investiciebze orientireba, rac erTi periodi gamocxadebuli iyo rogorc saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, sainvesticio
garemo zogadad unda iyos mimzidveli miuxedavad investoris qveynisa.
mesame mimarTuleba yvelaze rTul da Sromatevad
samuSaoebs Seexeba. unda ganisazRvros Tu ra produqcia isargeblebs maRali moTxovniT drois sakmaod did
perspeqtivaSi - 10-15 weli da amis Sesabamisad moxdes yvela saxeobis ekonomikuri berketis amoqmedeba. Tu mosalodneli maRali moTxovnis produqciis prognozireba
rTuli, magram mainc gadawyvetadi amocanaa, gacilebiT
ufro rTulia ganisazRvros raoden SesaZlebelia am
produqciis saqarTveloSi warmoeba konkurentuli
upiratesobebis SenarCunebiT. aseve, xazi unda gaesvas,
rom wina SemTxvevidan gansxvavebiT, aq didi moculobis sagareo investiciebis gareSe amocanis gadawyveta
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. unda gvaxsovdes, rom damamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi didi sagareo investiciebi
xorcieldeba or SemTxvevaSi: pirveli, rodesac mocemuli qveynis Siga bazari Zalze tevadia, magaliTad,
ruseTis federacia, an rodesac mocemul qveyanaSi arsebobs romelime aucilebeli resursis iafad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. aq igulisxmeba, rogorc materialuri resursebi, aseve muSaZalis siafe.
XXI saukune ayalibebs Tvisebrivad axal ekonomikur models, romelSic fuZemdeblur princi pebs emate-
122
ba axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba,
ara mxolod warmoebis, aramed aseve gayidvis etapze.
eleqtronuli vaWroba ganviTarebul qveynebs arTmevs
myidvelze swrafi wvdomis upiratesobebs da Tanabar
pirobebSi ayenebs sxvadasxva mwarmoebels. produqciasTan fizikuri kontaqtis gareSe mwarmoeblebi Tanabar
pirobebSi dgebian da kidev ufro amZfreben isedac
mwvave konkurencias.
saeqsporto potencialis gansazRvra safuZvlad
edeba eqsportis ganviTarebis strategiis formirebas
da amavdroulad xels uwyobs am ukanasknelis zrdas. qveynis saeqsporto potenciali mimarTuli unda
iyos im bazrebze, romelTa moTxovnis dakmayofileba
realuria mocemuli qveynisaTvis. bazris absoluturi
sidide mniSvlelovani, magram mxolod erTi parametria,
romelic SeuZlebelia safuZvlad daedos strategiis
gansazRvras. bazris sidide unda ganixilebodes iseT
parametrebTan erTad, rogoricaa zrdis tempi, gajerebis zoma, bazris saimedooba da sxva. ruseTis federaciis bazari ara mxolod tradiciulia, aramed sakmaod
tevadic, magram eqsportis wili am bazarze mcirdeboda
ruseTis federaciis mier embargos gamocxadebamdec.
movlenaTa siRrmiseuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom qarTvel eqsportiorTa gadanacvleba dasavleT evropuli
bazrebisaken absoluturad samarTliania. ruseTis bazars aqvs udidesi nakli - arastabiluroba, 1998 wlis
finasurma krizisma umZimesi dartyma miayena bevr qarTvel eqsportiors da xSir SemTxvevaSi sabediswero aRmoCnda maTi biznesisaTvis. am bazarze Zalze maRalia
saxelmwifos zegavlena,sakmarisia erTma arasasurvelma gancxadebam gaiJReros da rusuli importiori
firmebi problemebis Tavidan asacileblad masobriv
uars amboben qarTul produqciaze. aseve Zalze maRa-
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giorgi RaRaniZe
lia am bazarze politikuri riskebi da ekonomikuri
kavSirebi xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rogorc politikuri zewolis berketi. amis naTeli magaliTia 2006
wels gamocxadebuli embargo qarTuli produqciis
eqsportze. eqsportiori, romelic isedac gazrdil
riskTan Seguebulia, eZebs naklebad riskian bazrebs da
swored maTze axdens Zalisxmevis koncentrirebas. amas
emateba eqsportis dakrediteba/dazRvevis Tanamedrove
sistemis ar arseboba, romelic nawilobriv mainc SeZlebda riskebis dazRvevas.
bazris zomis, zrdis tempis, stabilurobis erTiani SefasebiT kriteriumis SerCeva ar warmoadgens
did sirTules da ekonomikur literaturaSi es cnobilia bazarTa ranJirebis meqanizmiT. Zalze mniSvnelovania msoflio importis gaanalizeba da im dargebis
an produqciis jgufebis gamoyofa, romlebsac gaaCniaT
gansakuTrebiT maRali zrdis tempi. es amocanac Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis
kvalobaze sakmaod advilad dasaZlevia, SesaZlebelia
ara mxolod msoflio, aramed regionuli maCveneblebis
analizi da regionuli prioritetebis gamoyofa. regionuli prioritetebis analizis dros aucileblad unda
iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli msoflio ekonomikuri procesebis globalizacia, rac ekonomikuri ganviTarebis am
stadiaze gadamwyveti mimarTulebaa da misi regionuli
aspeqtebis gamovlena umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. globalizaciis regionul aspeqtebze msjelobisas albaT,
yvelaze sworia ganvixiloT evrokavSiris modeli, sadac qveynebs Soris urTierT SeRavaTebi organulad
erwymis evro kavSiris erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis
dacvis amocanas. praqtikulad evrokavSiris qveynebi
TavianT dacul bazarze muSaoben da swored esaa maTi
warmatebis sawindari.[1]. uaRresad tevadi bazari ev-
124
rokavSiris qveynebs saSualebas aZlevs gaZlierdnen am
bazarze da Semdgom mimarTon sagareo ekonomikur eqspansias. ekonomikur literaturaSi, eqsportis zrdis am
models uwodeben “upsalas models”. es modeli saqarTvelosaTvis praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT gamousadegaria,
vinaidan ar arsebobs obieqturi winapirobebi amgvari
gaerTianebis formirebisaTvis. amdenad, SesaZlebelia
mxolod swrafva evrokavSiris bazrisaken, rac aucileblad gulisxmobs savsebiT mkafio politikur prioritetebs. mdgomareobas arTulebs tradiciuli bazrebisaken inerciuli midrekileba, rac aixsneba am bazrebis ara mxolod detaluri codniT, aramed wlebis
ganmavlobaSi dagrovili uzarmazari gamocdilebiT.
Tumca, aqac vawydebiT politikuri orientaciis problemas, romelic samomavlod kidev ufro mZafr xasiaTs
miiRebs.
saboloo angariSiT, aucilebelia saeqsporto potencialis Sefasebis garkveuli modelis SemuSaveba,
rac saSualebas mogvcems met-naklebi sizustiT vivaraudoT eqsportis Semdgomi ganviTarebis tendenciebi.
TavisTavad cxadia, aucilebelia garkveuli SezRudvebis sistemis formireba, rac saSualebas mogvcems
aRvweroT saeqsporto potencialis mdgomareoba. ra
daSvebebi unda gaviTvaliswinoT modelSi? - pirvel
rigSi, unda ganisazRvros produqciis is raodenoba,
rac Seadgens saqarTvelos saeqsporto potencialis
safuZvels.UTavidanve aRsaniSnavia, rom saeqsporto potencialis zogadi Sefaseba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia,
radganac saeqsporto potenciali gaaCnia yvelafers,
rac ki iyideba msoflio bazarze. amdenad, es midgoma
ufro mniSvnelovania qveynis prioritetebis naTlad
gansazRvrisaTvis. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qarTveli
mwarmoeblebis mier ucxoel Suamavlebze uaris Tqma an
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giorgi RaRaniZe
qarTuli savaWro kompaniebis gamoyeneba da reeqsportis operaciebis zrda, eqsportis moculobas gazrdis
15-20%-iT, rac aucilebelia rogorc pirveli nabiji.
aseve aucilebelia nedleulidan maRali damatebuli
Rirebulebis mqone produqciaze gadasvla, rac iZleva
sxvaobas 40-50%-is farglebSi. maRali damatebuli Rirebulebis mqone produqciaze gadasvla, Tavis mxriv,
moiTxovs investiciebs sabrunav saxsrebSi, kerZod SefuTvis, dizainis da a.S. gaumjobesebas. amis naTeli
magaliTia Rvinis eqsporti. qarTveli meRvineebi sakmaod swrafad gadavidnen Tanamedrove dizainis boTlebze gadasvla, gaaumjobeses etiketis dizaini, moaxdines
investireba axal teqnologiebSi. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi Rvinis eqsportis ganuxreli zrda evrokavSirSi adasturebs gamoTqmuli mosazrebis siswores [2].
metad mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba saeqsporto potencialis indeqsis (spi) SemoReba. spi aRwers ama Tu im
produqciis konkretul bazarze realizaciis dones
da saSualebas iZleva obieqturad ganisazRvros drois
mokle periodebSi saeqsporto potencialis maqsimalurad maRali realizaciis SesaZleblobebi. resursebiT
(maT Soris savargulo miwebiT) Raribi qveynisaTvis,
rogoricaa saqarTvelo aseT midgomas uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba aqvs. saWiroa aseve Semdegi umniSvnelovanesi daSvebebis dafiqsireba. spi aRwers mxolod erTi
garkveuli produqciis an erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomi
produqtebis SesaZleblobebs erT romelime bazarze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu saxelmwifoTa sabaJo kanonmdebloba, fasebi, importis regulireba erTmaneTs emTxveva,
maSin SesaZleblia indeqsis gaangariSeba regionuli
WriliT, magaliTad evrokavSiri an dsT, indeqsi saSualebas gvaZlevs met nalebad mkafio orientiri aviRoT
da drois mokle periodebisaTvis SevafasoT konkre-
126
tul miznobriv bazarze miRweuli Sedegebi. msgavsi
indeqsebis gamoyeneba sakmaod gavrcelebuli da farTodaa aRiarebuli maTi mniSvneloba. indeqsi Sedgeba
rva maCveneblisagan, romelTac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs produqciis eqsportisas. TiToeul maCvenebels
miniWebuli aqvs wona saerTo indeqsSi, xolo wonis
gansazRvra SesaZlebelia eqspertuli SefasebiT 0-dan
5-mde.
saeqsporto potencialis indeqsi:
1. qveynis Sesaxeb informirebulobis done uSualo myidvelebSi – 10 %;
2. produqciis fardobiTi upiratesoba – 20 %;
3. eqsportis qveyanaSi arsebuli eqsportis mxardamWeri kanonmdebloba – 10%;
4. eqsportiorTa finansuri mxardaWera – 10%;
5. logistikuri mdgomareoba – 10%;
6. importis qveyanasTan moqmedi savaWro reJimi – 10%;
7. importis qveyanaSi momqmed standartebTan Sesabamisoba – 20 %;
8. eqsportioris qveyanaSi investiciebis dacva – 10%;
TiToeuli maCvenebeli moiTxovs calke dasabuTebas. pirveli maCvenebeli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosaTvis, vinaidan xSir SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblisaTvis saqarTvelo gaigivebulia yofil sabWoTa kavSirTan da inerciiT ruseTTan, an aSS erTerT StatTan. aseve mxedvelobaSia misaRebi uSualo
momxmareblebis azri. SevecdebiT ufro ganvavrcoT es
debuleba. davuSvaT qarTuli Rvino iyideba germanul
supermarketSi, maSin uSualo myidvelia momxmarebeli da maTi gamokiTxva Zalze savalolo Sedegebs
mogvcems. princi pulad icvleba viTareba Tu kompania
ukavSirdeba specializebul Rvinis importiors, sadac
informirebulobis done qarTul Rvinoze Zalze maRa-
127
giorgi RaRaniZe
lia da amdenad maCveneblis mniSvnelobac Seicvleba.
yovlad SeuZlebelia spi gavzomoT produqtze bazrisagan misi mowyvetiT. amis brwyinvale dasturia igive Rvino dsT sivrceSi, sdac informirebulobis done
Zalze maRalia. sayuradReboa sxva faqtorebic, kerZod,
igive Rvinis magaliTze msjelobisas gaumarTlebeli
iqneba maCvenebeli gaizomos evrokavSiris masStabiT.
am SemTxvevaSi erTad aRmoCndeba tradiciuli Rvinis
qveynebi da skandinaviis saxelmwifoebi da cxadia, informirebulobis done gansxvavebuli iqneba. situacia
princi pulad icvleba, Tu spi unda Sefasdes Txilze,
sadac yvela momxmarebeli erTi da imave mdgomareobaSia Cayenebuli. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom am maCveneblis gazomva princi pSi Zalze martivia da advili
SesaZlebelia am SemTxvevaSi eqspertTa Sefasebis gareSe misi dadgena.
•informirebulobis done SesaZlebelia gavzomoT Semdegnairad: msoflioSi aRiarebuli brendi – 5
qula; mocemul bazarze cnobadi brendi – 4 qula;
mocemul bazarze brendis cnobadoba momxmarebelTa
garkveul jgufebSi (asakobrivi, eTnikuri) maRalia – 3
qula; brendis Sesaxeb informacia aqvs momxmarebelTa
minimum 10%-s – 2 qula; brendi ician mxolod specializebulma importiorebma – 1 qula.
• produqciis fardobiTi upiratesobis maCvenebeli, Zalze kompleqsuria da moicavs sxvadasxva elements. esaa ara mxolod standartuli: fasi/xarisxi
Sefardeba, aramed gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuri maCveneblebi. eqsportis dros gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba saqonelmoZraobis arxis SerCevas, importiori
qveynis vaWrobis sistemas da tradiciebs, mogebisa da
riskis maCveneblebs. importiori ar iyidis momxmareblisaTvis ucxo qveynis produqcias, Tundac es produq-
128
cia mas Zalze maRali mogebis normis miRebis SesaZleblobas aZlevdes, vinaidan aseve maRalia am produqciis
saerTod gayidvis riski. stabiluroba Tanamedrove
biznesis umTavres prioritetadaa aRiarebuli da amdenad stabilurobis fasad maRali riski praqtikulad
miuRebelia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul produqcias mTel rig SemTxvevaSi, rasakvirvelia, ufro dabali fasi aqvs, magram ara imdenad dabali, rom es sxvaoba faravdes importioris risks. Zalze mniSvnelovania
xarisxis damadasturebeli saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli sertifikatebi, riTac, samwuxarod, qarTveli mwarmoeblebi iSviaTad Tu daitraxeben, amdenad Cndeba arc
Tu usafuZvlo eWvi, aqvs Tu ara produqvias is xarisxobrivi parametrebi, rac mas miewereba da Tu aqvs, rogor
SeiZleba amis dadastureba. FfardobiTi upiratesoba
SesaZlebelia SevafasoT Semdegnairad: gamovlenili
konkurentuli upiratesobis (gku) mixedviT produqcia
Sedis msoflios 10 liderSi – 5 qula; gku-s mixedviT, produqcia saukeTesoa saqarTveloSi – 4 qula;
gku-s mixedviT, prodqcia Sedis saqarTveloSi 10 lider
produqtSi – 3 qula; igive 20 lider produqtSi – 2
qula; produqcia iwarmoeba saqrTveloSi – 1 qula.
• qveyanaSi arsebuli saeqsporto kanonmdebloba,
erTi mxriv, damatebiT stimuls unda uqmnides eqsportiors, xolo meore mxriv, qveynis saeqsporto seqtors
mimzidvels xdides investorisaTvis. amdenad, kanonmdebloba xels unda uwyobdes eqsportis, rogorc mudmivi biznesis ganxilvas da ara calkeuli operaciis
Catarebas. es maCvenebeli SesaZlebelia gavzomoT Semdegnairad: eqsportiori ar ixdis dRg-s, mTlianad an
nawilobriv ganTavisuflebulia mogebis gadasaxadidan – 5 qula;Gar ixdis dRg-s, mogeba ibegreba regresiuli gadasaxadiT – 4 qula; ganTavisuflebulia dRg-
129
giorgi RaRaniZe
gan – 3 qula; importirebul masalebze, rac gamoiyeneba
saeqsporto produqciis warmoebaSi, sabaJo ganakveTi 0vania; importirebul produqciaze, romelic gamoiyeneba
saeqsporto produqciis warmoebaSi, sabaJo gadasaxadidan ganTavisuflebulia – 1 qula.
eqsportiorTa finansuri mxardaWera eqsportis
waxalisebis kvlav Zlier berketad rCeba. Tanamedrove
ekonomikuri politika, rasakvirvelia, uars ambobs eqsportis pirdapir subsidirebaze, magram arsebobs subsidirebis faruli gzebi. eqsportiorTa dabalprocentiani kreditebiT uzrunvelyofa, eqsportis dazRvevis
farTomasStabiani sistemebis formireba erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa Tumca, aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT
Semdegi. Tu eqsportiorTa finansuri mxardaWera wlebis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda eqsportis stimulirebis
yvelaze mZlavr berketad, amJamad eqsportiorTa sainformacio momsaxureba xdeba konkurentuli upiratesobis mopovebis ZiriTadi saSualeba. veranairi safinanso mxardaWera ver uzrunvelyofs bazarze araswori
strategiiT Sesvlis, anda droSi dagvianebis mizeziT
gamowveuli problemebis gadawyvetas. amdenad, rodesac vmsjelobT safinanso mxardaWeraze, igulisxmeba
mxardaWera sainformacio uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze
da ara misnacvlad. am sakiTxSi Camoyalibebulia mTeli
rigi princi puli midgomebi, romlebic praqtikulad mxolod ama Tu im qveynis saeqsporto produqciis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. Tu eqsportis
sasaqonlo WrilSi maRali wiliTaa warmodgenili
produqcia, romlis anazRaureba msoflio praqtikaSi
xdeba 30 an 60 dRis Semdeg miwodebidan, rasakvirvelia, aqcenti unda gadavides eqsportioris dazRvevis
sistemaze. eqsportiors unda SeeZlos Tamamad wavides
gadaxdis aseT gadavadebaze dazRvevis sistemiT meSve-
130
obiT. sasaqonlo WrilSi fasisadmi Zalze mgrZnobiare,
danaxarjebSi mudmivi danaxarjebis maRali wilis mqone
produqciis SemTxvevaSi aqcenti gadadis dakreditebaze,
anu eqsportiorisaTvis ara mxolod mocemul saxelmwifoSi ufro dabali saprocento ganakveTis, aramed
imaze ufro dabali saprocento ganakveTis dadgenaSi,
romelic aqvs mis ZiriTad konkurentebs. es metad princi puli sakiTxia, romelic xSirad xdeba kamaTis sagani.
aris mosazreba eqsportiorisaTvis dadgindes saprocento ganakveTi, ara mocemul qveyanaSi momqmed sabazro ganakveTebze ufro dabla, aramed iseT saprocento
ganakveTebze romelic am produqcias konkurentunarians gaxdis sxva arsebul eqsportiorebTan SedarebiT.
SesaZlebelia Semdegi Sefasebebis gamoyeneba: arsebobs
eqsportiorTaTvis dabalprocentiani kreditebi an
sakredito procentis subsidireba – 5 qula; arsebobs
eqsportiorTa finasuri mxardaWeris specialuri sqemebi (gamofena-bazrobebze misiebis dafinanseba, savaWro
misiebis organizeba, konkretul bazrebze kvlevebis dafinanseba, eqsportiorTa ufaso treningebis Catareba
calkeul sakiTxebze) – 4 qula; arsebobs igive sqema,
romelic muSaobs garkveuli SezRudvebiT (SezRudvebi SeiZleba exebodes garkveul sasaqonlo jgufebs
an garkveul miznobriv bazrebs) – 3 qula; konkretul
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia garkveuli finansuri mxardaWera – 2 qula; moqmedebs eqsportiorTa mxardaWeris drosa da TanxebSi SezRuduli sqema, rac iTvaliswinebs, mxolod specifiuri xarjebis nawilobriv
anazRaurebas – 1 qula.A
logistikis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, ara maTi zogadad arseboba, aramed eqsportiorTaTvis maTi xelmisawvdomoba.
miuxedavad gadamzidavTa simravlisa (rogorc adgilo-
131
giorgi RaRaniZe
brivi, aseve rezidenti kompaniebi) gadazidvis tarifebi
ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. problemis mogvarebis
ZiriTad mimarTulebad miCneuli unda iqnes saxelmwifo
uwyebebis mkacri administrireba, raTa uzrunvelyofili iqnes realuri konkurentuli garemo. gadawyvetis
erT-erTi gzaa eqsportiorTa asociaciis egidiT CarCo
xelSekrulebis gaformeba konkretul gadamzidavebTan.
am gadawyvetilebis praqtikuli realizacia,ganuviTarebeli sakanonmdeblo bazis pirobebSi, sakmaod rTulia,
garda amisa TviT gadawyvetileba Tavis TavSi moicavs
monopolizmis safrTxes da sabolo angariSiT drois
grZelvadiani monakveTisaTvis sakmaod sariskoa. albaT,
aseve aucilebelia saeqsporto tvirTis gadazidvisas
gadamzidavi ganTavisufldes dRg-s gadaxdisagan, rac
jdeba waxalisebis saerTo RonisZiebebSi da gavlenas
iqoniebs saeqsporto produqciis fasis Semcirebaze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom logistikuri xasiaTis problemebi
aseve dafiqsirda biznesis keTebis simartivis maCveneblis gaangariSebaSi, sadac erTi konteineris saeqsporto
an saimporto SemTxvevebSi ganbaJebis xarjebi (terminalidan daniSnulebis adgilamde misvlis an terminalamde misvlis CaTvliT sakmaod maRalia). amdenad,
mniSvnelovania aqac gvqondes Sefasebis sistema: gadazidva xorcieldeba erTi satrasporto saSualebiT, nebismieri daniSnulebis adgilamde – 5 qula; gadazidva
xorcieldeba kombinirebuli satransporto saSualebebiT, magram erTi gadamzidaviT, nebismieri daniSnulebis
adgilamde – 4 qula, gadzidvaSi CarTulia ramdenime
gadamzidavi, daniSnulebis adgilebi SezRudulia –
3 qula; eqsportiori myidvels Tavazobs erT daniSnulebis adgilamde produqcias CIF fasiT – 2 qula;
eqsportiori myidvels Tavazobs produqcias FOB fasSi
– 1 qula. importis qveyanasTan moqmedi savaWro reJimi
132
mniSvnelovani berketia saeqsporto potencialis ukeT
realizaciisaTvis. SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT Sefasebis Semdegi sistema: arsebobs SeTanxmeba sabaJo kavSirze an SeuzRudavi Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba
– 5 qula; Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba, garkveuli
SezRudvebiT - 4 qula; arsebobs preferenciebis generalizebuli sistemis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba – 3 qula; arsebobs upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi (mso wevri qveyana)
– 2 qula; ar arsebobs aranairi SeTanxmeba da saerTaSoriso vaWroba xorcieldeba Cveulebrivi sabaJo
tarifebiT – 1 qula.
importis qveyanaSi moqmed standartebTan Sesabamisoba, aseve warmoadgens Zalze seriozul faqtors.
misi analizisas mxedvelobaSi unda miviToT zogadi
ekonomikuri procesebi, pirvel rigSi ki, globalizacia. evrokavSiris erTiani bazris formireba ayalibebs
erTian midgomebs standartebTan, Tumca, calkeul wevr
qveynebs aZlevs SesaZleblobas damatebiTi moTxovnebi
wamoayenon. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is faqti, rom teqnikuri barierebi gadaiqca Siga bazris dacvis ZiriTad
berketad. am problemas nawilobriv agvarebs msoflio
savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianeba, magram realurad
importiorisaTvis mudmivad warmoadgens eqsportiorze
zewolis berkets. problema ganxiluli unda iqnes regionuli WriliTac, dsT sivrceSi qarTveli eqsportiorebi naklebad awydebian am problemas, Tumca, wevri
qveynebis swrafva msoflio standartebze gadasvlisaken, adre Tu gvian am tradiciul bazarzec dagviyenebs
am sirTuleebs. problemis gadawyvetis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqtiani gzaa ISO standartebze gadasvla, rac
avtomaturad moxsnis importioris mier xarisxisadmi
wayenebul moTxovnebs da gaxdeba konkurentuli brZolis mZlavri berketi.
133
giorgi RaRaniZe
•SesaZlebeli Sefaseba ganxorcieldes Semdegi
sqemiT: saqarTveloSi moqmedi xarisxobrivi parametrebi, srulad Seesabameba importis qveyanaSi moqmeds da
aRiarebulia importis qveynis xarisxis masertificirebeli organoebis mier – 5 qula; ZiriTadad Seesabameba,
importis qveyana aRiarebs qarTuli an saqarTveloSi moqmedi xarisxis masertificirebeli organoebis
xarisxis sertifikatebs – 4 qula;saqarTveloSi moqmedi xarisxobrivi parametrebi, nawilobriv Seesabameba
importis qveynis xarisxobriv moTxovnebs, aucilebelia
xarisxis sertificireba importis qveynis mier aRiarebul organoebSi – 3 qula; qarTuli produqciis xarsixis sertificireba unda moxdes adgilze, importioris mier gamogzavnili masertificirebeli organos
warmomadgenlebis mier – 2 qula; produqciis sertificireba unda moxdes importis qveyanaSi miTiTebul
masertificirebel organoSi – 1 qula.
• saeqsporto produqciis warmoeba dakavSirebulia
seriozul investiciebTan. Siga bazarze momuSave
kompaniebisagan gansxvavebiT, eqsportiors gacilebiT
ufro xSirad uwevs ZiriTadi fondebis ganaxleba,
teqnologiis Secvla. am sakiTxebis mogvareba ki
ukavSirdeba investiciebis problemas. am SemTxvevaSi
aqcenti gadadis ara ucxour investiciebze, aramed
zogadad
investiciebze.
SeuZlebelia
Seiqmnas
investorisaTvis mimzidveli klimati, Tu adgilobrivi
mwarmoebeli daucvelia.
warmoebis arsebuli teqnikur-teqnologiuri done
ganapirobebs saeqsporto produqciis warmoebis mizanSewonilobas. xSir SemTxvevaSi elementaruli teqnikuri operaciebis ganxorcieleba sakmao sirTules warmoadgens da aqcenti gadatanilia muSaZalis siiafeze.
134
Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomika sul ufro da ufro
amcirebs am faqtoris mniSvnelobas da amdenad fardobiTi upiratesobis miRweva Zneli xdeba. pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis gareSe konkurentunariani saeqsporto produqciis warmoeba sakamod rTulia da amdenad investorTa dacvis meqanizmebis arseboba unda ganvixiloT. rogorc mniSvnelovani faqtori
saeqsporto potencialis SefasebaSi. kerZod, SesaZlebelia investorTa dacva ganvixiloT Semdegi Sefasebebis mixedviT: qveyanaSi moqmedebs investorTa dacvis
specialuri sagarantio sistema – 5 qula; SesaZlebelia
garkveuli riskebis dazRveva – 4 qula; investorTa dacva xorcieldeba saerTo sakanonmdeblo safuZvelze – 3
qula; arsebobs samewarmeo davebis ganxilvis specialuri organo (arbitraJi) – 2 qula; samewarmeo davebis
ganxilva da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba
efeqtiania – 1 qula. CamoTvlili parametrebiT gaangariSebis Semdeg miRebuli sidide gviCvenebs mocemul
qveyanaSi ama Tu im produqciis saeqsporto potencials.
diferencirebuli midgoma bazrebisadmi, rasakvirvelia,
gacilebiT ufro rTulia, magram amavdroulad miRebuli rezultatebic gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania.
vinaidan saxelmwifos eqneba naTeli warmodgena Tu
konkretulad ra mimarTulebiT da ra nabijebi unda
gadaidgas, rom moxdes arsebuli saeqsporto potencialis, erTi mxriv, ufro efeqtiani realizacia, meore
mxriv, saeqsporto potencialis gazrda.
135
giorgi RaRaniZe
Determining the production export potential index
G. Gaganidze
In the Scientific article Author analyzed the competitiveness of
Georgian export products, different aspects that influences the export
potential. Seeking the strong Government support for increasing export
activities, easily measured indicators needed. Thus the export potential
index of the production could serve as the objective indicator in order to
find out the most promising export products.
1. kristof kordonie, evrokavSiris saeqsporto bazrebis mdgomareoba qarTuli agro produqciis
konkurentuli upiratesobebis realizaciisaTvis,
samuSao masalebi, 2010;
2. Vincentz Volkhart, “Trade Policy and Georgian Exports”, GEPLAC,
Georgian Economic Trends, October 2008;
3. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris informacia, http://www.geostat.ge
4. saerTaSoriso savaWro centri, ITC, www.intracen.org
5. faostati, http://faostat.fao.org
136
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
konkurentunarianobis analizi
da perspeqtivebi
vaxtang Waraia
saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti
ukve mravali aTwleulia msoflio ekonomika
globalizaciis niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. XXI saukune ki
gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia am kuTxiT da sul ufro
amWidrovebs sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikas erTmaneTTan.
amavdroulad calke aRebuli TiToeuli qveyana
miiRwvis imisken, rom awarmoos iseTi xarisxisa da fasis
matarebeli produqti, romelic konkurentunariani
aRmoCndeba rogorc adgilobriv, aseve saerTaSoriso
bazarze.
postkomunistur sivrceSi araerTi warmatebuli
qveyanaa,
romelmac
SeZlo
evropuli
ti pis
sabazro ekonomikaze gadawyoba [8] da Sesabamisad
konkurentunariani
garemos
Seqmna.
swored
am
mimarTulebiT aris sasurveli saqarTvelos ekonomikis
ganviTarebac.
konkurentunarianobis cneba mraval faqtors
aerTianebs, maT Sorisaa iseT sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: a)
qveynis ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis saWiro stabilurad
maRali tempis miRweva da SenarCuneba; b) warmoebis
faqtorTa mwarmoebluroba; g) warmoebuli produqciis
konkurentunarianobis miRweva da SenarCuneba [10]. Tumca,
garda CamoTvlili punqtebisa, Cveni azriT, arsebobs
iseTi faqtorebic, romlebic mTlianad Tu ara,didwilad
mainc ganapirobebs qveynis konkurentunarianobas:
137
vaxtang Waraia
stabiluroba, ganaTlebis done, teqnologiuri baza,
ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura, kanonis uzenaesoba,
kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba da sxva, romelTa
uzrunvelyofa, pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifos da Semdgom
ukve Tavad am qveynis mosaxleobis gonivrulobazea
damokidebuli.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom miuxedavad mniSvnelovani
ekonomikuri
progresisa,
saqarTveloSi
bolo
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, am mimarTulebiT didi
xarvezebi SeimCneva da es arcaa gasakviri sul raRac
ori aTeuli wlis win damoukidebloba mopovebuli
qveynisaTvis [9, gv. 3].
Cveni
azriT, dRes
arsebul
saerTaSoriso
reitingebs Soris, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
adgili ukavia „msoflio konkurentunarianobis indeqss“,
romelic kompleqsur, mravalmxriv realur suraTs
iZleva msoflios 148 qveynis konkurentuanarianobis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb.
reitingis meTodologia sul 119 monacems aer
Tianebs konkurentunarianobis 12 ZiriTad indikatorSi.
mocemuli indikatorebi ki Tavis mxriv iZleva ama Tu
im qveynis srul suraTs, romlis mixedviTac SeiZleba
Sefasebul iqnes erovnuli mTavrobebis mcdeloba
gaaumjobeson Tavisi mosaxleobis cxovrebis done [6].
aRsaniSnavia, rom
msoflio
globalizaciis
paralelurad sul ufro metad aqtualuria calkeuli
qveynis
konkurentunarianobis
sakiTxi, msoflios
yvela kuTxesa Tu saerTaSoriso gaerTianebebis (mag.:
evrokavSiri) doneze. es arcaa gasakviri, radganac
xvalindeli keTildReoba didwilad dRevandel (maRal)
konkurentunarianobazea damokidebuli. moklevadiani
perspeqtiva
ar
unda
gadaifaros
grZelvadiani
SesaZleblobebis xarjze.
138
2013-2014 wlebis „globaluri konkurentunarianobis
indeqsis“ mixedviT saqarTvelo 72-e adgilzea, rac wina
wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT (93-e) mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesebuli maCvenebelia [5]. Tumca, iseTi qveynebi,
rogoricaa azerbaijani, ruseTi, yazaxeTi da kidev 68
sxva qveyana reitingSi saqarTvelos winaa. rac Seexeba
kavkasias, mxolod somxeTs (79 adgili) vjobniT.
aRsaniSnavoa, rom msoflio ekonomikuri forumi
(World Economic Forum) 2005 wlidan Tavis daskvnebs swored
zemoaRniSnuli indeqsis meSveobiT akeTebs, radganac is
iZleva qveynis SesaZleblobebis suraTs rogorc mikro,
aseve makrodoneze. konkurentunarianobis koncefciaSi,
qveynis konkurentunarianoba mkafiod ganisazRvreba
Semosavlebis donis mdgradobis SesaZleblobiT.
aRniSnul indeqsSi aseve igulisxmeba erT-erTi
centraluri indikatoric - investiciebis ukugebis
koeficienti, romelic erT-erTi mTavari faqtoria
ekonomikis zrdis potencialis dadgenisas.
globaluri konkurentunarianobis ukanaskneli
(2013-2014 ww) moxsenebis Tanaxmad, pirvel aTeulSi 6
evropuli, 3 aziuri da 1 Crdiloamerikuli qveyanaa
(ix. cxrili 1). aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo wlebis lideri
Sveicaria myarad inarCunebs Tavis liderul poziciebs
bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mas Semdeg, rac 2009 wels
gadaaswro aSS-s. Tavad aSS ki wlidan wlamde icvlis
Tavis poziciebs, Tumca, pirvel aTeulSi mudmivad aris
warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom aTeulSi moxvedrili
6 evropuli saxelmwifodan mxolod Sveicaria araa
evrokavSiris wevri. rac Seexeba meore aTeuls, aq
ukve aziuri qveynebi lideroben da TvalsaCinoa maTi
mniSvnelovani progresi bolo bolo aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi [6].
139
vaxtang Waraia
pirveli aTeuli qveynebis reitingi globaluri
konkurentunarianobis indeqsis mixedviT (2013-2014
wlebi)
cxrili 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
შვეიცარია
სინგაპური
ფინეთი
გერმანია
აშშ
შვედეთი
ჰონგ კონგი
ჰოლანდია
იაპონია
დიდი ბრიტანეთი Sveicariis
didi
warmatebebi
globaluri
konkurentunarianobis aspeqtiT ganapiroba iseTma umniSvnelovanesma faqtorebma, rogoricaa: qveynis inovaciuri potencialis maRali done (II adgili), bazris
efeqtianoba (II adgili), biznesis warmoebis maRali
kultura (II adgili), (Innovation, labor market efficiency, sophistication of the business sector). agreTve aRsaniSnavia, rom
Sveicariis samecniero - kvleviTi institutebi erTerTi saukeTesoa msoflioSi (V adgili), xolo mWidro
TanamSromloba akademiur, saxelmwifo da biznesstruqturebs Soris (e.w. sammagi spiralis modeli), romelsac
emateba umaRlesi klasis infrastruqtura (VI adgili),
adgilobrivi organizaciebis SedarebiT maRali xarjebi kvlevebsa da ganviTarebaze (R&D), makroekonomikuri
stabiluroba (XI msoflioSi), iZleva imis garantias,
rom aRniSnuli kvlevebi transformirebuli iqneba im
procesebsa da produqtebSi, romlebic moTxovnadia
140
rogorc adgilobriv, aseve saerTaSoriso bazarze da
romlebsac gaaCnia mTavrobis mZlavri mxardaWera inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis kuTxiT [6, gv 11-101,
236-237].
Tumca, TviT SveicariaSic ki, yvelaferi idealurad rodia. magaliTad, mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis meTodiT miRebuli Sedegebis Tanaxmad, Sveicariis konfederaciaSi, globaluri konkurentunarianobis kuTxiT,
yvelaze didi problemebi (sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT)
aris: araadekaturad ganaTlebuli muSaZala (Inadequately educated workforce), naklebadefeqtiani saxelmwifo biurokratia (Inefficient government bureaucracy), sagadasaxado
regulaciebi (Tax regulations) da Semakavebeli samuSao
regulaciebi (Restrictive labor regulations). igive kvlevis Tanaxmad, minimaluri problemebi Sveicarias gaaCnia jandacvisa (poor public health) da saxelmwifo stabilurobis kuTxiT (government instability). rac Seexeba korufcias,
Sveicariis konfederaciaSi gamokiTxulTa azriT, aris
nulovani [6, gv. 236].
ganvixiloT saqarTvelos magaliTi. msoflio
ekonomikuri forumis monacemebiT. mosaxleobis erT
sulze mTliani Siga produqtis trendi saqarTveloSi
1994 wlidan 2012 wlamde aRmavali iyo, garda 2008-2009
wlebisa. Tumca, zrdis miuxedavad, is yovelTvis ufro
dabali iyo, vidre dsT-is gasaSualoebuli maCvenebeli
(ZiriTadad navTobiTa da gaziT mdidari qveynebis xarjze) [6, 192]. Tumca, sainteresoa, rom saqarTvelom 20082009 wlebis ormagi dartyma: ruseTTan omi da msoflio finansuri krizisi, am mxriv martivad gadaitana.
Cveni azriT, es ganpirobebuli iyo ara saqarTvelos
ekonomikis gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT, aramed megobari qveynebis mier gamoyofili miliardobiT sesxebisa
da grantebis daxmarebiT [7], romelic adre Tu gvian
saqarTvelos ukan eqneba dasabrunebeli.
141
vaxtang Waraia
cnobisaTvis, erovnuli bankis monacemebis mixedviT: saqarTvelos mTlianma sagareo valma 2013 wlis 31
martis mdgomareobiT 13.4 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina,
rac mSp-s 83.9%-ia, aqedan 4.2 mlrd dolari samTavrobo
seqtoris valia (mSp-s 26.5%), 500.2 mln – erovnuli bankis, 2.4 mlrd – sabanko seqtoris, 3.4 mlrd – sxva seqtorebis da 2.9 mlrd – kompaniaTaSorisi vali [1].
msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mier Catarebuli
gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad konkurentunarianobis miRwevis
Semaferxebeli faqtorebi saqarTveloSi mravladaa,
romelTa Soris mTavaria [6, gv. 192]:
1.finansur resursebTan wvdoma (Access to Financing);
2.araadekvaturad ganaTlebuli muSaZala (Inadequately Eeducated workforce);
3.Raribi samuSao eTika erovnul muSaZalaSi (Poor
Work Ethic in National labor Force);
4.politikuri arastabiluroba (Policy Instability).
igive kvlevis Tanaxmad am mxriv saqarTvelos minimaluri problemebia:
1.ucxouri valutis regulireba (Foreign Currency
Regulations);
2.kriminali da qurdoba (Crime and Theft);
3.inflacia (Inflation);
4.korufcia (Corruption).
garda moyvanili dadebiTi da uaryofiTi faqtorebisa, Cveni azriT, aris sxva faqtorebic, rac
saqarTvelos konkurentunarian ganviTarebas uSlis an
uwyobs xels. kerZod, negatiur faqtorebad SeiZleba
ganvixiloT:
1.Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis dabali done;
2.susti infrastruqtura da dabali teqnologiuri progresi;
3.maRali saprocento ganakveTebi;
4.erovnuli valutis kursis arastabiluroba;
142
5.eTikuri biznesis warmoebis kulturis ararseboba;
6.qarTuli produqciis dabali cnobadoba saerTaSoriso bazrebze. [11, gv. 113-126].
rac Seexeba pozitiur momentebs, anu sferoebs,
sadac saqarTvelos konkurentunariani garemo gaaCnia,
Semdegia:
1.dabalkvalificerebuli, Tumca iafi muSaxeli;
2.geopolitikuri mdebareoba;
3.liberaluri saxelmwifo politika (konkurentunariani sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba, liberaluri
SromiTi kodeqsi da savaWro politika..).
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare gasagebia, rom
ekonomikis mraval dargSi saqarTvelos ubralod ver
eqneba upiratesoba saerTaSoriso bazarze (saboloo
angariSiT, arc adgilobrivzec), Tumca, garkveul segmentebSi mainc SesaZlebelia saqarTvelom SedarebiT
upiratesobis xarjze moi povos garkveuli niSa [2, gv.
3-20].
kvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom SedarebiTi upiratesoba saqarTvelos gaaCnia Semdeg dargebSi: energetikuli resursebi, soflis meurneoba / kvebis mrewveloba,
hidroenergetika da turizmi [3, gv. 76]. es swored is
dargebia, romlebzec saqarTvelom unda aiRos orientiri, Tumca, amavdroulad gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
saqarTvelos momavali ver iqneba verc agraruli da
verc turistuli sfero, Tu qveyanas aqvs pretenzia
iyos maRalganviTarebuli. amitom, saWiroa qveyanaSi
sxva danarCenTan erTad, Sesabamisma organoebma izrunon da waaxalison codnaze orientirebuli ekonomikis mSenebloba, romelic grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi
mogvcems SesaZleblobas rogorc minimum, ar CamovrCeT
Cvens partnior (Tu arapartnior) qveynebs da nabijnabij viaroT win.
143
vaxtang Waraia
am fonze, rogor afasebs saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebul konkurentunarianobas msoflio ekonomikuri
forumi, Tavis uaxles 2013-2014 wlebis erTobliv angariSSi:
ZiriTadi moTxovnebi - 57-e adgili:
1. institutebi (Institutions) - 64-e adgili
(wina
wlis maCvenebeli - 69-e). is moicavs 21 indikators, romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos saukeTeso - me-10-e adgili
(wina wlis maCvenebeli - 4-e) - „mTavrobis regulaciebis simZimis“ mixedviT (Burden of Government Regulation),
xolo yvelaze susti ki 125-e - „minoritari aqcionerTa
interesebis“ dacvisaTvis uWiravs (Minority Shareholder’s
Interests);
2. infrastruqtura (Infrastructure) - 56 adgili (wina
wlis maCvenebeli - 73-e). moicavs 9 indikators, romlis
mixedviT saqarTvelos yvelaze kargi pozicia - 35-e
adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 41-e) „rkinigzis infrastruqturis xarisxisaTvis“ aqvs daTmobili (Quality
of Railroad Infrastructure); xolo yvelaze suti - 109-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 111-e) „teritoriis xelmisawvdomoba aviaxazebiT“ (Available Airline Seat Kilometers);
3. makroekonomikuri garemo (Macroeconomic Environment) - 61 adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 130-e). moicavs
5 indikators. Zlieri pozicia, 38-e adgili - „biujetis dabalanseba, % mSp“ (Government Budget Balance, % GDP)
susti pozicia - 98-e adgili - „mTliani nacionaluri
danazogebi, % mSp“ (Gross National Savings, % GDP);
efeqtianobis gaZliereba (Efficiency Enhancers) - 86-e
adgili:
4. janmrTeloba da dawyebiTi ganaTleba (Health
and Primary Education) - 70-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 70-e). moicavs 10 indikators. wamyvani pozicia
am mimarTulebiT oria: a) malariis gavlena biznesze
(Business Impact Malaria) da b) malariis SemTxvevebi (Ma-
144
laria Cases) - orive pirveli; xolo yvelaze negatiuri ki
tuberkulozis maRali maCveneblebisaTvis (Tuberculoses
Cases) – 103-e adgili.
5. umaRlesi ganaTleba da profesiuli momzadeba (Higher Education and Training) - 92 adgili (wina wlis
maCvenebeli - 90-e). aerTianebs 8 indikators, romelSic
wina wels saukeTeso - saSualo ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis maCvenebeli (Secondary Educationenrollment Rate)
gauaresda da 59-e adgilidan 80-eze gadainacvla. wlevandeli saukeTeso maCvenebeli ki skolebSi internetis
xelmisawvdomobis gamo (Internet Access at School) davimsaxureT - 62-e adgili. ukiduresad negatiuri Sefaseba ki
kvlevebisa da treningebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT
(Availability of Research and Training Services ) – 130-e adgilia;
6. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazris efeqtianoba
(Goods Market Efficiency) - 67-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 64-e). aerTianebs 16 indikators. aRniSnul maxasiaTebelTa sistemaSi saqarTvelos: a) biznesis dawyebisaTvis saWiro dReebis odenobasa (No. Days Required
to Start a Business) da b) biznesis dawyebisaTvis saWiro
procedurebis odenobaSi (No. Procedures to Start a Business),
sakmaod maRali, Sesabamisad meore da mesame adgilebi
uWiravs. usutesi poziciebia Semdegi mimarTulebiT: a)
klientis saorientacio xarisxi (Degree of Customer Orientation) da b) soflis meurneobis politikis Rirebuleba
(Agricultural Policy Cost), Sesabamisad 127-e da 125 adgilebi;
7. Sromis bazris efeqtianoba (Labor Market Efficiency)
- 40-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 31-e). moicavs 10
indikators, sadac, saukeTeso maCvenebeli saqarTvelos
gaaCnia - dasaqmebisa da daTxovnis praqtikaSi - 13-e
pozicia (Hiring and Firing Practices), xolo yvelaze negatiuri maCvenebeli ki aris - qveynis siZliere talantebis
mosazidad - 105-e pozicia (Cauntry Capasity to Attract Talent);
8. finansuri bazris ganviTarebuloba (Financial
145
vaxtang Waraia
Market Development) - 75-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli
- 108-e). masSi gaerTianebulia 8 indikatori, saidanac
iuridiuli uflebebis indeqsis mixedviT (Legal Rights
Index) qveyanas me-12-e adgili ukavia, xolo poziciaSi dafinanseba adgilobrivi safondo bazris meSveobiT
(Financing Through Local Equity Market) ki SarSandelTan SedarebiT qveyanam 1 adgiliT ukan daixia da 126-e adgili daikava;
9. teqnologiuri ganviTarebis done (Technological
Readiness) - 68-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 98-e).
aerTianebs 7 indikators, romelSic saukeTeso maCvenebeli saqarTvelos gaaCnia internetis siCqareSi (kilobit/wami mosaxleobis erT sulze) (Internet Bendwidth, kb/s
per user) – 40-e pozicia, xolo yvelaze uaresi pozicia
igivea, rac SarSan - teqnologiebis aTvisebis maCvenebeli (Firm-Level Technology Absorption), Tumca, garkveuli
gaumjobeseba mainc SeimCneva - 125-e poziciidan 117-ze
gadasvla;
10. adgilobrivi bazris masStabebi (Market Size) 103-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 107-e). aerTianebs
4 indikators. Zlieri (pirobiTad) poziciaa - eqsportis wili mSp-Si (Exports as a Percentage of GDP). yvelaze
susti pozicia ki aris - ucxouri bazris masStabis
indeqsi (Foreign Market Size Index) – 114 adgili (wina wels
115);
11. biznesis konkurentunarianoba (Business Sophistication) - 120-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 111-e). aerTianebs 9 indikators. maT Soris konkurentunarianobis upiratesobaTa bunebis (Nature of Competitive Advantade)
mixedviT wina wels 81-e adgili gvekava, wels ki - 91-e.
146
ukan daixia agreTve saqarTvelos poziciebma adgilobriv momwodebelTa simravlis mixedviT (Local Supplier
Quantity) da 130-e adgilidan 136-e adgilas gadainacvla;
12. inovaciebi (Innovation) - 126-e adgili (wina wlis
maCvenebeli - 125-e). moicavs 7
indikators. iZlieri
poziciaa - yovel milion mosaxleze patentebis efeqtianoba (Utility Patents Per Million Population) da Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi (Govt. Pprocurement of Advanced Tech Products) – orive 62-e adgili. yvelaze
susti pozicia ki - TanamSromloba universitetebsa da
industrias Soris kvlevebsa da ganviTarebaSi (University-Industry Collaboration in RD) – 132 adgili (wina wels 134-e
adgili).
zemoT CamoTvlili Sedegebis mixedviT rTulia
saqarTveloze Tqva, rom is lideria an Tundac SeiZleba amisi pretenzia hqondes msoflio konkurentunarianobis mixedviT.
mTlianobaSi,
msoflio
ekonomikuri
forumis
konkurentunarianobis indeqsis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo
- „efeqtianoba mamoZravebeli“ (ix. cxrili 2) qveynebis jgufs ganekuTvneba, rac araa cudi Sedegi, zemoT
mocemul rig maCvenebelSi katastrofuli Sedegebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca, garkveul miRwevad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos is, rom qveynis ganviTarebis etapis mixedviT, regionSi (somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan SedarebiT)
ukeTesi maCvenebeli swored saqarTvelos aqvs. aRsaniSnavia, rom amave etapze imyofeba evrokavSiris wevri
ramdenime qveyanac, kerZod: bulgareTi da rumineTi.
147
vaxtang Waraia
zogierTi qveyana ganviTarebis
etapebis mixedviT [6]
cxrili 2
ეტაპი I.
ფაქტორმამოძრავებელი
გარდამავალი
პერიოდი (ეტაპი
I და II)
ეტაპი II.
ეფექტიანობამამოძრავებელი
გარდამავალი
პერიოდი
(ეტაპი II და
III)
ეტაპი III.
ინოვაციამამოძრავებელი
ბანგლადეში
ალჟირი
ალბანეთი
არგენტინა
ავსტრალია
ბენინი
სომხეთი
ბულგარეთი
ბრაზილია
ბაჰრეინი
ბურკინა
ფასო
აზერბაიჯანი
ჩინეთი
რუსეთი
ბელგია
კამბოჯა
ლიბია
საქართველო
ლატვია
გერმანია
კამერუნი
კუვეითი
გვატემალა
ლიტვა
საფრანგეთი
ჩადი
მოლდოვა
მაკედონია
ლიბანი
ფინეთი
ინდოეთი
ფილიპინები
უკრაინა
პოლონეთი
ისრაელი
ნიგერია
ვენესუელა
რუმინეთი
ურუგვაი
აშშ
ვიეტნამი
ბოლივია
იამაიკა
უნგრეთი
ლუქსემბურგი
პაკისტანი
გაბონი
ტაილანდი
ყაზახეთი
კატარი
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi jerac ar arsebobs
qveynis ekonomikuri konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis
realuri gegma. Tanac, arc is migvaCnia sworad, rom
konkurentunarianobis
amaRlebis
TiTqmis
erTaderT gzad ucxouri investiciebia miCneuli [2, gv. 2728], romelic wlidan-wlamde cvalebadi nakadebiT moedineba saqarTvelosken [4, gv. 4-5]. amasTan, mis struqturasac Tu ki gaviTvaliswinebT, davinaxavT, rom araviTar mdgrad da konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaze
orientirebul investiciebs saqarTveloSi adgili ara
aqvs (mcire gamonaklisebis garda), amitomac, aucilebelia grZelvadiani strategiis SemuSaveba, romelSic
aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani parametrebi, rogoricaa:
•makroekonomikuri da politikuri stabilurobis
148
miRwevis gzebi;
•adgilobrivi da ucxouri mdgradi investiciebis
moZieba;
•konkurentunariani
produqciis
warmoebis
xelSemwyobi qmedebebi;
•strategiuli dargebis ganviTarebis gzebi;
•mecnierebatevadi da codnaze orientirebuli
dargebis ganviTareba;
•Zlieri da sando sasamarTlo sistemis Camoyalibeba da samarTlianobis damkvidreba;
•Zlieri da sando sabanko sistemis Camoyalibeba;
•saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis
radikaluri gardaqmna da am procesSi mTavrobis aqtiuri mxardaWera.
Economic Competitiveness of Georgia,
Analysis and Perspectives
V. Charaia
The article focuses on the problems of economic competitiveness of Georgian state in different fields. Based on special sources and
mainly on World Competitiveness Report of 2013-2014 years, the state
of the art reality of Georgian economy is analyzed.
Based on such parameters, like: basic requirements, institutions;
infrastructure; macroeconomic environment; health and primary education; efficiency enhancers, higher education and training; goods market
efficiency; labor market efficiency; financial market development; technological readiness; market size; innovation and sophistication factors;
business sophistication and innovation – it is analyzed in which way the
Georgian economy should be developed and proper recommendations
are given.
Finally it is underlined that sustainable economic development
of Georgia could not be achieved based on the agriculture and tourism
sectors. Only the knowledge based economy in complex with new tech-
149
vaxtang Waraia
nologies could be the platform for deep and comprehensive sustainable
development of the state and it has no alternatives.
gamoyenebuli teratura
1. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki www.nbg.ge
2. xaduri n., saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis analizi da perspeqtivebi, USAID, 2010 wlis
8 ivlisi;
3. A. Papaphilippou, Risk for the Sustainability of Georgia’s Economic Growth, Georgian Economic Trends, 2008. P.49;
4. D. Narmania, Global financial crisis and challenges for Georgia, #1, 2009, p. 4-5;
http://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=340&newsid=2184
5. Klaus Schwab, Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013,
World Economic Forum, 2012;
6. Klaus Schwab, Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014,
World Economic Forum, 2013;
7. Papava V. Post-War Georgia’s Economic Challenges. Central
Asia-Caucasus Analyst, Vol. 10, No 23, 2008 November;
8. Papava V., Economic Transition to European or Post-Communist Capitalism?, European Assosiation for Comparative Economic
Studies (EACES) Working Papers, 2006, No 1, March;
9. Papava V., The Main Challenges of ‘Post-Rosy’ Georgia’s Economic Development, Experts Opinion, GFSIS 2013, p 3;
10. Porter, M., On Competition, Harvard Business School Press,
1998;
11. RaRaniZe
g.,
qarTuli
sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis konkurentunarianoba da saeqsporto
strategiis formirebis sakiTxebi evrokavSiris bazarze. Jurn. ,,ekonomika da biznesi,~ 2013 weli, #6.
150
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis
xelSemwyobi meqanizmebi
maia sanikiZe
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti.
dinamikuri da aqtiuri kerZo seqtori ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erTi faqtoria. ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcire biznesi mniSvnelovan socialur-ekonomikur
funqcias asrulebs. maT Sorisaa: dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa, konkurentuli garemos formireba, socialuri uTanasworobis Serbileba da sxva. istoriulad
msoflios umetes qveyanaSi mcire biznesi iyo qveynis
ekonomikis zrdis mamoZravebeli. mcire da saSualo biznesi ,,ekonomikis xerxemalia“, naTqvamia evrokavSiris
eqspertTa jgufis angariSSi - ,,Tavdapirvelad ifiqre
mcireze- gaiTvaliswine mcire da saSualo biznesis
interesebi politikis SemuSavebisas“ (,,Think Small First
– Considering SME interests in policy-making“). angariSis mixedviT evropis sawarmoTa 99% mcire da saSualo bizness
miekuTvneba da brunvis saerTo wilis 58% swored maT
wilad modis. bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi evrokavSirSi axali samuSao adgilebis 80%-s swored mcire
da saSualo firmebi qmnis [1, gv.6].
mcire biznesis ganviTareba sakmaod mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis. Tumca, msoflio bankis kvlevis - ,,mewarmeobis xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi“ mixedviT, mcire biznesis wili saqarTvelos mSp-Si
151
maia sanikiZe
mcirea. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli
sawarmoebidan 95% mcire da saSualo sawarmoa, maTi
wili mSp-Si mxolod 20% mdea, mezobel somxeTSi es
maCvenebeli 42,5 %-ia [2, gv.1].
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris
monacemebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa wili, mTlianad warmoebul produqciaSic sakmaod dabalia. (ix. cxrili).
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa wili gamoSvebuli produqciis mixedviT erTob
mcirea, Tanac, faqtobrivad, Znelia imis Tqma, rom mcire
biznesi viTardeboda ganxilul periodSi.
unda aRsaniSnos is, rom msoflio bankis 2013
wels Catarebuli kvlevis - ,,mewarmeobis xelSewyoba
saqarTveloSi“ mixedviT, saqarTveloSi gamokiTxuli
respodentebidan 92%-s surs iyos TviTdasaqmebuli da
hqondes sakuTari biznesi. evrokomisiis kvlevis - ,,mewarmeoba evrokavSirSi da mis farglebs gareT“ mixedviT ki, evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi es maCvenebeli gacilebiT dabalia da gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 37%-s
surs hqondes sakuTari biznesi da iyos TviTdasaqmebuli. litvaSi TviTdasaqmebuli surs iyos 58%-s, SvedeTSi - 22%-s, TurqeTSi - 82%-s da braziliaSi 63%-s. [3, gv.5]. survili erTia da SesaZlebloba meore.
axalgazrda mecnierTa kavSiris - ,,inteleqtis“ mier
Catarebul kvlevaSi gamokiTxul respondentTa 95% -ma
aRniSna, rom ZiriTadi problema, rac xels uSlis sakuTari biznesis wamowyebaSi, esaa: Semosavlebis simcire,
finansuri resursebisadmi wvdomis deficiti, reali -
152
სულ
მლნ
ლარი
11003,1
13303,7
19239,9
23096,0
4332,5
5132,3
5504,0
წელი და
კვარტალი
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
I კვარტალი
II კვარტალი
III კვარტალი
4498,5
4020,7
3515,9
19002,5
15437,8
10859,6
8970,3
მლნ.
ლარი
82%
78,4%
81,1%
82,3%
80,2%
81,6%
81,5%
წარმ.
პროდუქ.
წილი %
მსხვილი
461,1
411,8
337,4
1740,2
2095,3
1461,5
1151,5
მლნ.
ლარი
8%
8%
7,8%
7,5%
10,9%
11%
10,5%
წარმ.
პროდუქ.
წილი %
საშუალო
544,4
699,8
479,2
2353,3
1706,5
982,6
881,3
მლნ
ლარი
10%
13,6%
11,1%
10,2%
8,9%
7,4%
8%
წარმ.
პროდუქ.
წილი %
მცირე
produqciis warmoeba sawarmoTa zomis mixedviT [5]
153
maia sanikiZe
zaciis bazrebis ararseboba. evrokomisiis kvlevis
mixedviT, gamokiTxulTa 79% Tvlis, rom rTulia biznesis dawyeba finansuri mxardaWeris ararsebobis gamo,
51% ki Tvlis, rom mas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi informacia
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda daiwyos biznesi.
kvlevebidan Cans, saqarTveloSi survili imisa,
rom sakuTari biznesi hqondeT, Zalian maRalia, sakmaod
martivia sakuTari biznesis daregistrirebac, biznesis
dasawyebad saWiro aucilebeli iuridiuli procedurebis mogvarebasac saqarTveloSi naklebi dro sWirdeba,
vidre sxva postsabWoTa qveynebSi. biznesis dawyeba advilia, magram gagrZeleba _ Zalian Zneli, amaze metyvelebs oficialuri statistika. bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi 222418 axali sawarmo Seiqmna, maTgan
mxolod 13-14%-ma moaxerxa saqmianobis gagrZeleba [6].
bevr qveyanaSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebas ganapirobebs saxelmwifo mxardaWera. aSS-Si saxelmwifo
mxardaWeris mTavari organoa mcire biznesis administracia , misi ZiriTadi funqciebia: mcire da saSualo
biznesis finansuri mxardaWera; daxmareba saxelmwifo
SekveTebis misaRebad; konsaltinguri daxmareba; sammarTvelo gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas daxmareba; bazris Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba.
iaponiaSi mcire biznesis daxmarebis ZiriTadi
programebi moicavs: SeRavaTian kredits da sakredito
garantiebs; SeRavaTian gadasaxadebs; mcire firmebisaTvis kadrebis momzadebas; subsidirebas; bazris Sesaxeb
informaciis miwodebas.
CineTSi mcire biznesis daxmarebis yvelaze aqtiuri organoa biznesis koordinaciisa da kooper-
154
aciis Cinuri centri. misi funqciebia: mcire biznesis
problemebis gamokvleva; bazrebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba; mcire biznesis daxmarebis kompleqsuri
sistemis SemuSaveba; bazrobebis, gamofenebisa da saqmiani Sexvedrebis organizeba mcire firmebisaTvis.
did britaneTSi saxelmwifo daxmareba gulisxmobs: konsultaciebis gawevas mcire firmebisaTvis; finansuri daxmarebas; mcire firmebis saeqsporto potencialis amoqmedebis waxalisebas.
saqarTveloSi ki dRemde ar arsebobs mcire da
saSualo biznesis xelSewyobis mizniT SemuSavebuli
saxelmwifo politika. Tumca aRsaniSnavia , rom umokles droSi ekonomikis saministro gegmavs Seiqmnas
saagento mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSewyobis mizniT [6].
ucxoeTis gamocdilebidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mxardamWeri RonisZiebebi
unda iyos: mcire firmebisaTvis kreditebis xelmisawvdomoba; gadasaxadebis Semcireba; bazris Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba; mcire firmebisaTvis saeqsporto
potencialis amoqmedebis waxaliseba; mcire firmebisaTvis gamofenebis, bazrobebis organizeba.
mcire biznesis xelSewyobis mizniT ucxoeTis
bevr qveyanaSi kargadaa ganviTarebuli biznesinkubatorebisa da teqnoparkebis sistema. biznesikubatorebi
erTamneTisagan gansxvavdeba klientebisaTvis servisebis SeTavazebis meTodebiT, organizaciuli struqturiTa da klientTa kategoriebiT. biznesinkubatorebi
SeiZleba specializebuli iyos sxadasxva sferoSi, maT
Soris - umciresobebisa da sazogadoebis specifikuri
155
maia sanikiZe
jgufebis momsaxurebaze, an bazris romelime segmentze.
dafinansebis wyaroebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: kerZo,
sajaro da kerZo -sajaro partnioroba.
biznesinkubacia aris xelSemwyobi procesi, romelic miznobrivi resursebisa da momsaxurebis miwodebis gziT maqsimalurad aCqarebs mewarmeTa saqmianobis
ganviTarebas. biznesinkubatori ganixileba rogorc
biznesi biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis, romelic siRaribis Semcirebis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqtiani saSualebaa,
vinaidan igi ara marto ekonomikur zrdas uwyobs xels,
rac Tavis mxriv, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas emsaxureba,
aramed igi regionebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis ganviTarebasac iwvevs.
imisaTvis,rom davinaxoT saqarTveloSi ramdenadaa
ganviTarebuli mcire biznesis xelSemwyobi meqanizmebi,
ganvixiloT aWaris regioni. analizis pirvel wyarod
gamoviyene axalgazrda mecnierTa kavSiri – ,,inteleqtis“– evrokavSiris finansuri mxardaWriT mimdinare
proeqtis farglebSi – ,,adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobebis SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba grZelvadiani mdgradi
ganviTarebisTvis aWaris regionSi“- 2011 wels Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi. kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul
iqna aWaris 5 munici palitetis biznesmenebi. maTi azriT,
biznesis ganviTarebis xelisSemSlel faqtorTa Soris
erT-erTi arsebiTia mosaxleobis mcire Semosavlebi,
finansuri resursebis simwire da masTan wvdomis deficiti, aseve realizaciis bazrebis ararseboba. magaliTad, xelvaCauris munici palitetSi gamokiTxuli biznesmenbis 73% aRniSnavs, rom ver axerxebs biznesis
gafarTovebas finansuri saxsrebis simwris gamo. maTi
156
azriT, finansuri seqtori upiratesobas msxvil bizness
aniWebs da damwyeb da mcire firmebs TiTqmis ar afinansebs. Sesabamisad, mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis xelmisawvdomia mxolod mikrosafinanso organizaciebi,
romlebsac Tavis mxriv, sakmaod maRali saprocento
ganakveTi aqvT.
mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis aqtualuri da
mniSvnelovani problemaa gayidvebis organizaciac.
maT, rogorc wesi, ar miuwvdebaT xeli sadistribucio
sistemaze, ar floben Sesabamis marketingul da gayidvebTan dakavSirebul codnasa da unar-Cvevebs. respondentTa 34% -isTvis problematuri sakiTxia sasurveli
adamianuri resursebis moZieba. rac Seexeba Suamaval
organizaciebs, aseTebis Sesaxeb informacias respodentTa 91,1% ar flobs, gamokiTxulTa mxolod 1,6%
flobs informacias eqsportis xelSewyobis iniciativebis Sesaxeb.
sasurvelia saxelmwifos mxardamWeri programebi
da biznesinkubatorebi Seiqmnas biznesmenTa gamokiTxvis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze. aWaraSi, kerZod ki
baTumSi, 2009 wels gaixsna biznesinkubatori, romlis
proeqtis Rirebulebac 300 aTas aSS dolars aRwevda
da gaeros ganviTarebis programis, rumineTis mTavrobisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis
mier aris dafinansebuli. rogorc maTi saitidan Cans,
samwuxarod, es Tanxa ZiriTadad momsaxurebis sferos
ganviTarebaze daixarja.
baTumis biznesinkubatori axaldamwyeb da ganviTarebad bizness sTavazobs Semdegi saxis resursebsa
da momsaxurebas: 15-20 kv.m Tanamedrove saofise farTi ,
157
maia sanikiZe
aRWurvili: saofise avejiTa da inventariT, kompiuteruli teqnikiT, komunikaciebis saSualebebiT, ufaso komunaluri momsaxurebiT, ufaso ofisis dacvis sistemiT;
konsultantebis momsaxureba Tanadafinansebis princi piT sxvadasxva sferoSi: ekonomika da finansebi. marketingi, buRalteria, iuridiuli sakiTxebi da sxva.
inkubaciis periodSi (maqsimum 3 weli),zemoT CamoTvlili pirobebis sanacvlod, proeqtis monawile kompaniebi valdebuli arian gadaixadon 225 aSS dolaris
ekvivalenti larSi yovelTviuri sawevro gadasaxadi.
2012 wlis 1 oqtombris mdgomareobiT, inkubirebul kompaniaTa raodenoba 25-s Seadgenda, amaTgan 11ma kompaniam warmatebiT daasrula inkubaciis periodi.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, kompaniaTa didi nawili momsaxurebis sferos ganekuTvneba: - Sps ,,Premiumlogistik”
sadistribucio kampania; ,,Prime consulting”- sabuRaltro
momasaxureba;
,,Premium trevel” - turistuli kompania;
,,San group”- saremonto kompania da a.S.
Tumca, yuradReba unda mieqces im faqts, rom mcire
mewarmeebma, romlebsac realurad sWirdebaT daxmareba,
arc ki ician Suamavali organizaciebis Sesaxeb. amis
kidev erTi dadasturebaa is, rom ramdenime xnis win bazarze gamoCnda xelvaCauris munici palitetSi warmoebuli Tafli- ,,maWaxelas daTunia“ , da aWaraSi warmoebuli elitaruli Cai, mwvane Cai- ,,baTumi“ da Savi Cai
- ,,elita“ orive produqti savaWro qselSi ,,qarTuli“
niSniT gamoCnda. ,, qarTuli“ niSnis mflobeli aris
Sps ,,gayidvebis marTvis kompania“, romelic ara baTumSi,
aramde TbilisSi mdebareobs. kompania aqtiurad muSaobs regionebSi mcire mwarmoeblebTan, romelTac aqvT
158
Zalian saintereso da xarisxiani produqcia, magram ver
axerxeben mis bazarze pozicionirebas da gayidvebis
marTvas. „Cven aseT kompaniebs warmoebis Semdeg momxmareblamde misvlis yvela komunikacias davugegavT“ ganacxada Sps ,,gayidvebis marTvis kompaniis“ erT-erTma
damfuZnebelma- irakli leqvinaZem. is fiqrobs, rom kompania aris warmatebis Sansi im mcire sawarmoebisaTvis,
romlebic damoukideblad ver axerxeben gayidvebis
dagegmvas, produqciis reklamirebas da investorebis
moZiebas. „vidre proeqts daviwyebdiT, moviareT regionebi da wavawydiT bevr saintereso kompanias, romelTac
warmoeba gamarTuli aqvT, magram uWirT gayidvebi, menejmenti, savaWro qselebTan urTierToba, ar aqvT reklamis
gakeTebis resursi, marketingSi ver arian Zlierebi da
ase Semdeg. anu aqvT mxolod produqti, Cven aseT kompaniebs vTavazobT, CvenTan TanamSromlobas, raTa davexmaroT produqtis SefuTvaSi, bazarze warmoCenasa da
gayidvebis awyobaSi. bunebrivia, amaSi Cveni interesebic
devs da Cven amas vuyurebT rogorc Cveulebriv biznes
proeqts“. batoni irakli aRniSnavs rom kompania gansakuTrebiT interesdeba mcire da saSualo firmebiT.
migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis daxmarebis servisebze arsebuli moTxovna mniSvnelovnad
aWarbebs miwodebas. amitom, aucilebelia regionebSi
Seiqmnas specializebuli, konkretuli dargebis ganviTarebaze orientirebuli biznesinkubatorebi, raTa
xeli Seewyos regionebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
mcire biznesis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tavisebureba xom
lokaluri materialuri da SromiTi resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenabaa.
159
maia sanikiZe
2013 wlis 27 dekembers, saqarTvelos mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa asociaciis prezidenti kaxa koxreiZe
sxva biznesasociaciis warmomadgenlebTan erTad, Sexvda saqarTvelos finansTa ministrs nodar xadurs.
Sexvedraze gadawyda mcire da saSualo biznesis sakonsultacio sabWos Seqmna, imedia, misi saqmainoba nayofieri iqneba mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis.
saqarTvelos axali mTaavroba saojaxo da mcire
biznesis ganviTarebis fondis Seqmnasac apirebs. amasTan, gvpirdebian, rom gaatareben biznes garemos arsebuli riskebis Semcirebisa da jansaRi konkurentuli
garemos Seqmnis RonisZiebebs, gaamartiveben sagadasaxado procedurebs da mTlianobaSi _ mcire da saSualo
biznesis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi politika qveynis
ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTulebad cxaddeba.
amrigad, saxelmwifo politika, kerZo an erToblivi biznesinkubatorebi, konsaltinguri firmebi, gayidvebis kompaniebi da a.S. xels Seuwyobs mcire biznesis
ganviTarebas, rac mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos ekonomikis stabiluri ganviTarebis aspeqtebiT.
160
Support instruments for SME Developoment
M. Sanikidze
A dynamic and vibrant private sector is crucial to economic
growth, with firms making new investments, creating jobs, improving
productivity, and promoting growth. Small and medium size enterprises (SMEs)3 form the backbone of the European Union’s (EU) economy.
They account for 99 percent of European enterprises and generate about
58 percent of the EU’s turnover, employing two thirds of the total private employment. In the last five years 80 percent of the new jobs were
created by SMEs. It is therefore important that regulation does not create disproportionate burdens on SMEs and that the interests of SMEs
are preserved.
Perceived Obstacles. The top three cited obstacles in setting
up or operating a firm were market risk/uncertainty, technological
risk/uncertainty, and difficulty recruiting highly skilled employees. The
most commonly cited legal and regulatory constraints were continually
changing taxation regulations and high tax rates.
Increasing Access to Finance. Financial systems in Georgia
are not conducive to business development. Companies cite high
interest rates and risk-averse lending policies (requiring high levels of
collateral) as major hindrances to expansion.
The government can establish favorable financing programs
for SMEs by developing early-stage risk capital.Simplifying Tax Administration. Greater transparency and certainty must be ensured in the
tax system.
and providing economic incentives in the form of tax exemptions and subsidies to promote training and technology transfer from
buyer firms to local supplier firms
161
maia sanikiZe
1. Report of the Expert Group. Think Small First – Considering SME interests in policy-making http://ec.europa.eu/
enterprise/policies/sme/small-business2. Fostering Entrepreneurship inGeorgia http://documents.
worldbank.org/
3. ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE EU AND BEYOND http://
ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/
4. aWaris xuTi municipalitetis ( qobuleTi, xelvaCauri, qeda,
Suaxevi, xulo) socialur ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiuli
gegma 2012 -2022 wlebi momzadebuli axalgazrda mecnierTa kavSiri ,,inteleqtis“ mier http://www.intellect.org.ge
5. http://geostat.ge saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris
masalebi
6. http://commersant.ge/ 26.11.2013
162
biznes-procesebis
reinJiniringi da
operaciuli konsaltingis
roli mis ganxorcielebaSi
manana xarxeli,
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is
asocirebuli profesori,
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
biznes-procesebis ganaxlebis koncefcia ukve ori
aTeuli welia, rac TandaTan inergeba kompaniebSi. maT
avangardSi dganan samrewvelo kompaniebi. sazRvargareTis maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi es sakiTxi globaluri konteqstiT ganixileba. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi
biznes-procesebis reinJiniringi ara mxolod naklebad xorcieldeba, aramed Teoriul donezec ki naklebad ganixileba. Amitom, Cven mizanSewonilad miviCnieT winamdebare statiaSi ganvixiloT reinJineringis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebi da dainteresebul
pirebs gavuRrmavoT codna aRniSnul sakiTxSi.
biznes-procesebis ganaxleba eqvs etaps moicavs [1,
gv. 610]:
pirveli etapi _ RonisZiebis (aqciis) dasabuTeba;
meore etapi _ ganaxlebis saWiroebis mqone procesis gamovlena;
mesame etapi _ ganaxlebis SesaZleblobis Sefase-
163
manana xarxeli
ba;
meoTxe etapi _ arsebuli procesis analizi;
mexuTe etapi _ axali procesis proeqtis Seqmna;
meeqvse etapi _ ganaxlebuli procesis danergva.
pirveli etapi unda mieZRvnas firmis SigniT informaciuli kampaniis mowyobas, romelzec dasabuTdeba
Tu ratom apirebs firma biznes-procesis (an procesebis) ganaxlebas.
meore etapze unda gamoikveTos is procesebi, rac
pirvel rigSi saWiroebs ganaxlebas. am etapze pasuxi
unda gaeces kiTxvebs:
1. romeli procesebis ganaxleba SeuZlia firmas
warmatebiT?
2. ra saxsrebi dasWirdeba mis gansaxorcieleblad?
3. ramdenad Zlieria procesebis ganmaaxlebeli
gundi?
4.kerZod, ra moZvelda _ TviTon procesi, Tu masSi
gamoyenebuli teq
nologia?
mesame etapze fasdeba firmaSi ganaxlebis ganxorcielebis SesaZ
lebloba, anu misi personalis kultura, maT mier siaxlis saWiroebis gaTaviseba da masSi
maTi monawileobis SesaZlebloba da sxva.
meoTxe etapze tardeba im procesis (procesebis)
detaluri diagnostika, romelic saWiroebs ganaxlebas.
sdgeba diagramebi, blok-sqemebi da a. S. am etapze Casatarebeli mTeli samuSao unda daiyos sam ti pad:
1. samuSaoebi, romlebic zrdis Rirebulebas, anu
samuSaoebi, romlebsac anazRaurebs momxmarebeli;
2.samuSaoebi, romlebic ar zrdis produqciis Rirebulebas. es samuSaoebi momxmareblisTvis ar qmnis
damatebiT Rirebulebas, magram is aucileblad unda
164
Sesruldes pirveli ti pis samu
Saos Sesasruleblad;
3. ukugebis arqmone samuSao drois daubrunebeli
danakargebi, anu samuSaoebi, romlebic zrdis Rirebulebas da arc im samuSaoTa Sesrulebas uwyobs xels, romlebic zrdis mas.
CamoTvlili samuSaoebidan, mesame ti pis samuSaoebi aris umizno da zedmeti. es samuSaoebi unda amovardes axali procesis daproeqtebidan, xolo meore
ti pis samuSaoebi unda Semcirdes da SeZlebisdagvarad
gardaiqmnas pirveli ti pis samuSaoebad.
mexuTe etapze xdeba axali procesis proeqtis
Sedgena, anu procesis gadaproeqteba. igi carieli furclidan iwyeba. am saqmeze momuSave specialistebs evalebaT uari Tqvan arsebul wesebsa da procedurebze
da Seqmnan princi pulad axali proeqti. specialistma
upirvelesad proeqtidan unda amoagdos arafrismomcemi,
umizno samuSaoebi da agreT
ve produqciis (momsaxurebis) Rirebulebis argamzrdeli samu
Saoebi, xolo Semdeg
izrunos am saxeSecvlili procesis SesrulebisTvis
Sesaferisi teqnologiis da saTanado momzadebis mqone
muSebis SerCevisTvis.
meeqvse etapze xdeba ganaxlebuli procesis praqtikuli danergva, raSic firma-klientis xazobrivma xelmZRvanelobam aqtiur monawileoba unda miiRos.
procesis ganaxlebisTvis sxvadasxva meTodi da
instrumentebi gamoiyeneba. am meTodebsa da instrumentebSi saxeldeba: induqciuri azrovneba, blok-sqemebis
Sedgena, procesis etalonis modelireba, pro
cesis ganaxlebis programuli uzrunvelyofa.
induqciuri azrovneba gamoiyeneba aSkara an faruli problemebis da maTi potenciurad swori gadawyvetilebis Ziebis dros. es midgoma aucilebelia pro-
165
manana xarxeli
cesis ganaxlebisaTvis informaciuli teqnologiebis
SemoqmedebiTi gamoyenebisas.
blok-sqemebis Sedgena. blok-sqema is erTaderTi instrumentia, romelic biznes-procesis ganaxlebis
yvela etapze gamoiyeneba. es sqemebi SeiZleba Seiqmnas
martivi wesiT _ qaRaldze isrebiT gamoxatuli da SeiZleba rTuli kompiuteruli programebis gamoyenebiT.
procesis SemoqmedebiTi gadaproeqteba xdeba
maSin, roca procesi saTanado efeqts ver iZleva da
resursebs `Wams~. magaliTad, bevrma firmam momwodeblebTan urTierTobaSi uari Tqva angariS-faqturebis
gamoyenebasa da mis mixedviT angariSsworebaze. isini
momwodebels angariSs pirdapir faqtobrivad miRebuli
saqonlis (nedleuli, masala, makompleqtebeli masalebi
da a. S.) mixedviT usworeben.
procesis etaloni ganixileba rogorc uwyveti
ganaxlebis inst
rumenti. etalonis meSveobiT SeiZleba
axali procesebis gamoyenebasa da danergvis xerxebis
SerCevaSi lideris gamovlena da maTi mocemul sawarmoSi praqtikuli gamoyeneba.
მodelireba
biznes-procesis
gadaproeqtebis
Sefase
bis da vizualizaciisTvis gamoiyeneba.
procesis ganaxlebis programuli uzrunvelyofa. Tanamedrove mecnierebas praqtikulad gamoyenebisTvis aqvs teqnologiurad iseTi programuli uzrunvelyofa, romelis meSveobiT SeiZleba Sefasdes arse
buli
procesebi da daproeqtdes axali. es programebi Seqmnilia aSS Tavdacvis saministros daproeqtebis meTodologiis safuZvelze, rome
lic cnobilia Intergrated
Definitio-is (IDFF) saxelwodebiT.
biznesSi procesebis ganaxleba misi mimdinare
gaumjobesebiT, pe
rioduli gardaqmnebiT da reinJiner-
166
ingiT xorcieldeba. maTgan reinJi
neringi siRrmiseuli,
radikaluri cvlilebaa da igi mTeli biznes-politikis Semcvlelia.
biznes-procesebis reinJiniringi gamoiyeneba maSin,
roca sawarmoo procesi imdenad moZvelebulia, rom ar
Rirs misi `Senaxva~, arc gadaproeqteba da arc e. w. yvelaze ufro xelsayreli gardaqmna (BFSS).
reinJiniringi metad misaRebia gamosayeneblad
kompaniis ZiriTadi biznes-procesebis 5-20%-ze, magram
Tu igi gadascda am zRvars, maSin kompaniis marTvis
gardaqmnis problemac Cndeba.
reinJiniringis
sworad warmarTuli procesi
xarjebTan erTad 60-90%-iT amcirebs sawarmoo ciklis
xangrZlivobas. marTalia, TviT reinJiniringi moiTxovs
did dros sakmaod ZviradRirebulia da did riskTanac dakavSirebulia, magram globalur bazrebze
konkurenciis gamZafrebam firmebSi misi gatareba am
bolo dros metad saWiro gaxada.
biznes-procesebis marTvaSi revolucia Semoitana
Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis dargSi miRwevebma, ramac biznes-procesis inJineringi da reinJineringi metad gaaadvila. m. xameri da d. Campi biznesprocesebis reinJineringad miiCneven `sawarmos saqmianobis ZiriTad maCveneblebSi Zireuli gaumjobesebis
misaRwevad biznes-procesebis fundamentalur gadaazrebas da radikalur gadaproeqtebas~ [3, gv. 17].
j. xaringtoni, k. eselingi da x. nimvegeni reinJinirings procesis inovacias uwodeben, radganac misi
warmateba masze momuSave `gundis inovaciur da SemoqmedebiT unarzea damokidebuli~ [4, gv. 10].
biznes-procesebis
reinJiniringi
xorcieldeba sainJinro meTodebis gamoyenebisa da konsaltin-
167
manana xarxeli
guri kompaniisa da biznes-erTeulis specia
listebis
erToblivi gundebis mier. biznesis reinJineringi
iTvaliswinebs azrovnebis axal wess, riTac aseT dros
kompaniis biznesi ganixileba rogorc iseTi ram, rac
SeiZleba agebuli, daproeqtebuli da gada
proeqtebuli
iyos sainJinro princi pebTan SesabamisobiT.
biznes-procesebis reinJiniringis umniSvnelovanesi princi pebia:
1. procesebis `horizontaluri SekumSva~, riTac
masSi erTiandeba ramdenime samuSao procedura da miiReba samuSao adgilebis mravalfunqcionireba;
2.procesis `vertikaluri SekumSva~. aseT dros
Semsruleblebi iReben damoukidebel gadawyvetilebebs,
rითac იზრდება muSakis pasuxismgeblobა da sakuTari
Sromis SedegebiT dainte
resebა;
3. procesis paraleluroba, რითაც procesi mimdinareobs bu
nebriv wessa da rigSi. samuSao sruldeba
im adgilze, sadac es mizanSewonilia;
4.procesis Sesrulebis mravalvariantuloba, ucxo
garemos cvli
lebebTan procesis adaptirebis amaRleba;
5.SemowmebaTa
da SeTanxmebaTa raodenobis Semcireba;
6.uflebamosili menejeri uzrunvelyofs klientTan kontaqtis erTian wertils;
7.Warbobs Sereuli _ centralizebul-decentralizebuli midgoma. Sedegi _ `zevidan-qveviT~ wesiT
uflebamosilebaTa delegireba~.
biznes-procesebis
reinJiniringis
warmatebis
ZiriTadი pirobeბია:
kompaniis xelmZRvanelobis mier amocanis swori
gageba, erTguleba reinJiniringis miznisadmi;
168
kompanis TanamSromelTa motivacia, zrdisken swrafva;
swori menejmenti, sakuTari ZalebiTa da konsultantebis daxmarebiT biznes-procesebis reinJineringis
ganxorcielebis unari;
reinJineringis gatarebaSi konsaltinguri organizaciis gamocdilebisa da Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba.
biznes-procesebis reinJiniringiT sasur
veli
Sedegiს მისაღებად, maikl hameri gvTavazobs misi
ganxorcielebis Semdeg wesebs [3, gv. 23]:
Sedegs unda miaRwioT da ara davalebis Sesrulebas;
იs,
vinc
process
qmnis, manve
unda
აიღოს
პასუხისმგებლობა, Sedegebზე;
geografiulad gafantul resursebs ise unda miudge, rogorc centralizebuls;
unda gaerTianდეს saqmianobis paraleluri saxeოbებi
da ara Sedegebi;
gadawyvetileba samuSaos msvlelobisas unda iqnes
miRebuli, xolo kontroli - procesSi dawesebuli;
informaciis Seyvana unda moxdes mxolod sawyis
wertilSi erTxel.
biznes-procesebis Taviseburebebi, rისTvisac kompaniebSi xorcieldeba reinJiniringi, Semdegia [5, gv.
148]:
1. biznes-procesebis mravalferovnebis gamomwvevi
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis diversifikacia (bazris sxvadasxva segmentze orientireba);
2.individualur SekveTebze muSaoba, romelic
moiTxovs klientebis moTxovnilebebze biznes-procesebis adaptaciis maRal xarisxs;
169
manana xarxeli
3.axali teqnologiebis danergva, rაc exeba sawarmos yvela ZiriTad biznes-process;
4.operatiuli kavSirebis mravalferovneba sawarmos partniorebsa da masalis mimwodeblebTan, romlebic ganapirobeben biznes-procesis agebis alternatiulobas.
biznes-procesebis sworad Catarebuli reinJineringi kompaniebSi uzrunvelyofs Semdegi amocanebis
gadawyvetas [6, gv. 36]:
Sesasrulebeli funqciebis optimaluri Tanamimdevrobis gansazRvra, romelic iwvevs produqciis da
momsaxurebis warmoebis da gayidvis ciklis Semcirebas da rogorc misi logikuri Sedegi _ kapitalis brunvadobis daCqarebiT mogebis absoluturi masis zrdas;
sxvadasxva biznes-procesSi resursebis gamoyenebis
optimizacia;
adaptirebuli biznes-procesebis ageba, rაc gamiznulia bazarze konkurentunarianobis, sawarmoo teqnologiebis da produqciis saboloo momxmareblebis moTxovnilebaTa cvlile
bebTan mosargebad;
klientebsa da partniorebTan urTierTobis racionaluri sqemebis gansazRvra da rogorc Sedegi - mogebis zrda, fuladi nakadebis optimizacia.
biznes-procesebis optimizacis meTodebs Soris
(gaumjobeseba, gardaqmna, reinJineringi) reinJineringi
gamorCeulia. es sabuTdeba qvemoT motanil cxrilSi
mocemuli am meTodebis daxasiaTebiT.
170
gaumjobeseba calkeuli
funqciebis doneze xor
cieldeba
xorcieldeba mudmivad
mcire
droebiTi brZanebebiT
xorcieldeba
nawilobriv
dabali
politika
gamoyenebis
sixSire
cvlilebebis
masStaburoba
realizaciis
xerxi
efeqtianoba
Rirebuleba,
riskebi,
Sromatevadoba
gaumjobeseba
dabalidan saSualomde
maRali
revoluciuri
xelmZRvanelobis mier
xorcieldeba
yvela struqturu
li qvedanayofis
ZalisxmeviT
xorcieldeba
zomieri
mTlianad biznesis
gamoiyeneba saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi
reinJiniringi
ganxorcieldeba
Zireuli gardaqmna.
moxdeba biznesisadmi
midgomis princi puli
cvlilebebi.
zomieri
xorcieldeba
periodulad
gardaqmna
ZiriTadad Senar
Cundeba. aRmoifxv
reba zedmeti da
naklebwarmatebuli
procedurebi
biznes-procesebis optimizacis meTodebi
biznes-procesebis optimizaciis meTodebi
komerciul bankebSi [7, gv. 199]
171
manana xarxeli
rogorc cxrili gviCvenebs, reinJiniringi (biznesprocesebis Zireuli gardaqmna), masStaburi cvlilebaa.
igi firmis mTlian bizness exeba da gansxvavebiT gaumjobesebisa da gardaqmnisgan, misi efeqtia
noba revoluciuria e. i. maRalze _ maRalia.
magram, biznes-procesebis gaumjobeseba kompaniaSi mudmivad mimdi
nareobs, gardaqmna - periodulad,
reinJiniringi კი mxolod saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi unda
ganxorcieldes. kompaniis xelmZRvanelobam swored es
momenti unda `daiWiros~. es ar arisa advili saqme.
Tumca, araerTi da ori specialisti miCnevs, rom es
momenti maSinaa, roca daiwyeba firmis mogebis kleba
da gadaxdisunarianobis Semcireba. Magram, gadaxdis
unarianobis, ასევე მოგების Semcireba SeiZleba SemTxveviTma faqtorebmac gamoiwvios. ამ უკანასკნელზე
uaryofiTad moqmedebs jarimebis gadax
da, uimedoba
valebis zaralSi, Camowera da sxva. mogebis Semcireba
ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs gadaxdisunarianobis Semcirebas
da a. S.
ase rom, kompaniis menejerebs didi Zalisxmevა
marTebT maTi biznesis sasicocxlo ciklis im etapis gamosarkvevad, rodesac kompaniaSi Cndeba dacemis
simptomebi, anu roca kompaniis biznesi `berdeba~. am
etapis gamosavlenad ar gamodgeba kompaniis finansuri
koefi
cien
tebis analizi, radgan umravles SemTxvevaSi,
is urTierTsawinaRmdego Sedegebs iZlevა. am mdgomareobidan gamosasvlels gvTava
zobs rusi mecnieri s. buxanova. man SeimuSava kompaniis biznesis sasi
cocxlo
ciklis etapis dasadgenad integraluri maCvenebeli,
romelic ase iangariSeba [8, gv. 8]:
172
K0 =
1 20
∑ x ⋅100
20 i =1
formulaSi - 20 aris am koeficientis gaangariSebaSi CarTul ekono
mikur maCvenebelTa ricxvi (sakuTari kapitali, wminda aqtivebi da sxv.).
K 0 _ koeficienti 0-dan 100-is diapazonSi icvleba.
roca igi 100-is tolia, anda axlosaa 100-Tan, maSin kompaniis sasicocxlo cikli zrdis an gajerebis etapzea,
xolo Tu igi 50-ac ar aRwevs, maSin _ dacemis etapzeა.
koeficientis es mniSvneloba signalia imisa, rom kompaniam reinJineringi unda ganaxorcielos. biznesis sasicocxlo ciklis dadge
nisTvis integraluri koeficientis gamoTvlis sxva SemoTavazebebic arsebobs (v.
norodinis, n. minaevis da sxvebi), magram gamosayeneblad
isini ufro rTulia. amitom, qarTul kampaniebSi biznesprocesebis rein
Ji
neringis saWiroebis gansazRvrisTvis, Cven mizanSewonilad miviCnevT s. buxanovas mier
SemuSavebul meTods.
biznesis msoflio praqtikidan cnobilia, rom mis
ganaxlebasa da gaumjobesebaSi specialuri konsaltinguri firmebiა daspeciali
zebuli. aSS-Si funqcionirebs 10 umsxvilesi konsaltinguli firma _ Andersen
Consulting, Authon Anderson, Deloite Touche da sxvebi, romelTa
konsultantebis raodenoba 1000-dan 43000-mde meryeobs
[1, gv. 596]. maTi filialebi mimofantulia mTel msoflioSi da isini kvalificiur rCe
vebs aZleven yvela
msurvels.
samwuxarod, am mxriv saqarTvelo metad CamorCeba
maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, saqarTveloSi konsaltinguri momsaxureba mxolod აxla idgams fexs. arsebobs
173
manana xarxeli
mxolod ramdenime sakon
sultacio firma, romelTac
kompaniebisTvis
biznes-procesebis
ganax
lebaSi
mar-
Tlac faseuli daxmareba SeuZliaT. erT-erTi aseTi
aris Sps `menejmentis mrCevelTa jgufi~, romelic
mdebareobs q. TbilisSi, yazbegis 10-Si da, romelmac
daarsebis dRidan 20 sagranto proeqti Seasrula. me
var misi erT-erTi damfuZnebeli. vxelmZRvanelob marketingisa da menejmentis mimarTulebebs. kerZod, vuZRvebi im proeqtebs romlebic moiTxovs bazris kvlevas,
produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis reklamirebis saukeTeso
gzebis CerCevas, mmarTvelobiTi struqtu
rebis optimizebas, samuSao gundebis optimalur dakompleqtebas
da sxva.
2011-2013 wlebSi Cven SevasruleT 3 sagranto proeqti:
1. sagranto proeqti GA-GEO-2011-537024741 (Sps
`lg glass~-Si davnergeT kompiuteruli saaRricxvo
sistema);
2.sagranto
proeqti
GA-GEO-2012-268643674 (Sps
èl-dk~-Si movawesrigeT finansuri da sagadasaxado
urTierTobebi);
3. sagranto proeqti GA-GEO-311320411 (Sps `Trevel turs~ SevuswavleT turistuli bazari da CavutareT danaxarjebis analizi).
vfiqrobT, Sps `menejmentis mrCevelTa jgufi~,
zemoT
dasaxelebuli
biznes-procesebis
ganaxlebis
samuSaoTa SesrulebiT, mniSvne
lovan rols TamaSobs
174
kerZo biznesis ganviTarebაში, რათა ის
saqarTveloSi
sabolood gaxdes evrostandartebis donis.
Reengineering of Business Processes The Role of Operational
Consulting In Its Implementation
M. Kharkheli
The author draws attention to the need of reengineering
and advises the companies to acknowledge the significance of it.
The author, also refers to the mathematical formula created by Russian
scientist Bukhanova. This formula, calculating the integrated coefficient showing the stage of life cycle of business entity, makes it possible to ascertain whether there is necessity of reengineering or not.
In the end, there are some practical materials given, related
to workings in the field of reengineering performed by Georgian consulting company called “Management Advisory Group”.
1. Ричард Б. Чейз, Николас Дж. Эквилайн, Роберт Ф. Якобс. Производственный и операционный менеджмент, М., Вильямс, с.
610;
2. manana xarxeli, operaciuli menejmenti, Tb., 2011, gv.
47;
175
manana xarxeli
3. М. Хамер, Дж. Чампи. Рейнжинеринг корпорации – Манифест
Револуции в бизнесе, Санкт-Петербург, 1997, с. 17;
4. Дж. Харингтон и др. Тпмизация бизнес-процессов, СанктПетербург, 2002, с. 10.
5. William J. Stevenson, Operation managtmtny/-7th, p. 142;
6. Jay Haizer,Barry Render. Operation management, 9/E, Prentice
Hall, 2008, p. 36;
7. g. caava da sxvebi, riskologia, Tb., 2007, gv. 199;
8. Буханова
нансовый
176
С.
Комплексная
устойчивости
методика
предпрятия,
М.,
анадиза
2004,
фис.
8.
liderobis
marTlmadidebluri aRqma
ekaterine gulua,
merab xoxobaia,
ekonomikis doqtorebi, ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
asistent-profesorebi
Tanamedrove sazogadoebas xiblavs liderobis
idea. individebi eZeben informacias, saswavlo prog
ramebs, rom
Seiswavlon
rogor gaxdnen efeqturi
liderebi. adamianTa garkveul nawils swams, rom
lideroba aris pirovnuli, socialuri, profesiuli
cxovrebis gaumjobesebis gza. korporaciebi eZeben
lideruli
unarebis
mqone
adamianebs,
radgan
sjeraT, rom maT moaqvT gansakuTrebuli aqtivebi
maTi organizaciebisTvis, SeuZliaT gaaumjobeson,
radikalurad Secvalon arsebuli mdgomareoba. Sedegad,
lideroba gaxda maRalmoTxovnadi da faseuli unari.
Znelad Tu moiZebneba samagistro kursi lideruli
unar-Cvevebis swavlebis gareSe, an pirovneba, romelsac
surs warmateba, karieruli winsvla da ar eZebs
literaturas liderobaze.
qristianul-marTlmadidebeli sazogadoebisTvis
mniSvnelovania, ra
damokidebulebaSia
lideroba
marTlmadideblur faseulobebTan.
liderobisadmi swrafva adamianisTvis TiTqos
bunebrivia. qristes mowafeebs ainteresebdaT vin iqne-
177
ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia
boda sasufevelSi udidesi: ,,mas Jamsa Sina mouxdes
iesus mowafeni da etyodes: vin-me ufrois iyos sasufevelsa caTasa?“ [maTe 18,1]. am miswrafebas avlens
adamianTa yoveli naazrevi, zRapari, miTi, legenda,
qveynebis istoriebi, mxatvruli nawarmoebebi. Tundac
Tanamedrove cxovreba warmoudgenelia religiuri, istoriuli, politikuri, Tanamedrove realuri an gamogonili gmirebis gareSe, romlebic aRgvafrTovaneben,
gvaZleven magaliTs, gviqmnian ganwyobas, gviyalibeben
faseulobebs. msoflio warmoudgenelia religiuri da
erovnuli gmirebis gareSe.
arsebobs sapirispiro damokidebulebac, arcTu
iSviaTad, sazogadoebis garkveul nawilSi liderobis
survili aRiqmeba, rogorc pirovnebis negatiuri Tviseba, garkveuli ampartavneba da sxvaTa daqvemdebarebis
an Cagvris moTxovnileba. rogorc yovelgvar ideas, am
damokidebulebasac, ra Tqma unda, aqvs Tavisi obieqturi
safuZveli. liderebi, romlebic borotad iyeneben TavianT Zalauflebas, zogadad liderebisadmi negatiur
damokidebulebas ganapirobeben. sazogadoebaSi, sadac
faseuloba adamianTa Tavisuflebaa, msgavsi ti pis lideroba ver aRiqmeba dadebiT movlenad.
swori damokidebulebis CamoyalibebisTvis umTavresia liderobis arsis dadgena. liderobis mravali ganmarteba arsebobs. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia
misi aRqmac. mkvlevarebi maTi naSromebis mkiTxvelebs
urCeven Camoayalibon TavianTi damokidebuleba liderobisadmi, e.w. sakuTari ,,ganmarteba“ Seqmnan, rac maTi
konkretuli miznebis, mimdevrebisa Tu situaciuri konteqstis adekvaturi iqneba. es mowodeba uadgilo namdvilad ar aris, radgan lideroba unaria, romelic im
178
Tvisebriobisaa, rogoric aris misi matarebeli, xolo
is, Tu rogori stilis liderobas irCevs pirovneba,
damokidebulia rogorc Tavad am pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebze, aseve misi mimdevrebis/daqvemdebarebulTa
Tvisebebsa da garemoebaTa konteqstze, sadac yalibdeba
lideri da misi lideruli Cvevebi.
maqsvelis (Maxwell) ganmartebiT, ,,,martivad lideroba es aris zegavlena“. is, Tu rogori iqneba es
zegavlena, damokidebulia liderze, mimdevarsa da konteqstze, rogorc es zemoT ukve aRvniSneT. Tanamedrove
gagebiT, lideroba SegviZlia ganvmartoT, rogorc ,,ndobis inspirirebis da im adamianTa mxardaWeris mopovebis
unari, visTan erTadac SesaZlebelia saerTo miznebis
miRweva“[4,gv;27]. am da TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove ganmartebaSi xazgasmulia lideris da mimdevrebis ,,saerTo
miznebi“. es gulisxmobs lideris da mimdevarTa interesebis Tanxvedras da lideris gansakuTrebul rols
am miznebis miRwevaSi. Tumca, araferia naTqvami imaze,
Tu rogoria es miznebi: pozitiuri – sazogadoebisTvis
sasargeblo, eTikuri, Tu piriqiT – negatiuri. rTulia
isaubro liderobaze, rogorc dadebiT an uaryofiT
movlenaze, rogorc, vTqvaT, fulze, metyvelebis unarze,
sxva unarebze, an Tundac locvaze. rogori movlenaa
fuli? _negatiuri Tu pozitiuri? asevea metyvelebac.
Ees adamianisTvis RvTisgan naboZebi unari, ar niSnavs,
rom erTmniSvnelovnad dadebiTia. mTavaria, vin rogor
iyenebs am unars. aseve SeiZleba iTqvas locvazec. ioane
oqropiri brZanebs: ,,yovelTa ukve uwyodeT sayvarelno,
rameTu dasabami yovlisa keTilisa locva ars“ ,,madidebelni Cemni vadidne” [I mef. 2-30].Tumca, SesaZlebelia es iTqvas yovelgvar locvaze? bibliaSi naTladaa
179
naCvenebi erT-erTi saTnoebis – locvis Tvisebrioba
or gansxvavebul adamianSi: ,,fariseveli igi wardga da
amas ilocvida TÂsagan: RmerTo gmadlo b Sen, rameTu
ara var, viTarca sxuani kacni, mtacebel, cru da memruSe,
gina viTarca ese mezuere, vimarxav or-gzis SabaTsa
Sina da aTeulsa Sevswirav yovlisagan monagebisa Cemisa, xolo mezuere igi Sors idga da ara ikadrebda TualTaca ze axilvad, aramed icemda mkerdsa da ityoda:
RmerTo, milxine codvilsa amas” [luka 18,11-13] is, rac
erTisTvis macxonebelia, meoresTvis sasjelis wyaro
SeiZleba gaxdes. adamians ki uflisgan aqvs gansjis
unari, raTa gaakeTos swori arCevani.
liderobisadmi
damokidebulebis
gansazRvrisas, umTavresi, rasac Cven unda daveyrdnoT, es
bibliaa,romelSic
liderobisadmi
damokidebuleba
asaxuli da aSkaraa:
– ,,xolo iesu mouwoda maT da hrqua: uwyiTa, rameTu mTavarni warmarTTani ufleben maT zeda, da diddidni xelmwifeben maT zeda? xolo Tquen Soris ara
egreT iyos, romelsa unebs Tquen Soris did yofai,
iyavn Tquenda msaxur; da romelsa unebs Tqvens Soris
wina yofai, iyos igi Tquenda mona. viTarca Ze kacisai
ara movida, raiTamca imsaxura, aramed msaxurebad da
micemad suli Tvisi saxsrad mravalTaTvis“ [maTe 20,
25-28];
– ,,da movida kapernaumd. da viTarca Sevida igi
saxlsa, da hkiTxvida maT, rasa-igi icilobdes urTierTas gzasa zeda. xolo igini dumnes, rameTu urTierTas
ityodes gzasa zeda, viTarmed: Cuengani vin-me udides
iyos? da dajda da mouwoda aTormetTa maT da hrqua:
vis undes Tquengansa pirvel yofa, iyos igi yovelTa
180
mrwem da yovelTa msaxur“ [markozi 9, 33-35].
daculia umTavresi princi pi – arCevanis Tavisufleba – ,,...romelsa unebs Tquen Soris did yofai...;
romelsa unebs Tqvens Soris wina yofai...“ saubaria
agreTve imaze, rom warmarTTa Tvisebaa pirvelobisTvis
zrunva [2, gv. 568], qristianTa Soris ar unda iyos ase.
visac ,,wina yofai“, an ,,did yofai“ surs, unda iyos ,,mrwem“, ,,msaxur“ da ,,mona“, rogorc Tavad qriste, romelic
sxvaTa msaxurebisTvis gankacda.
,,wina yofa“ ar miiCneva borotebad, Tumca is, visac
surs iyos pirveli, uflis winaSe boloyofas rom aeridos, sxvas unda msaxurebdes ,,viTarca Ze kacisai“: ,,da
odes dahbanna ferxni maTni, moiRo samoseli Tvisi da
inax-idga da mere hrqua maT: uwyiTa, rai-ese giyav Tquen?
Tquen mxadiT me: moZRuaro da ufalo, da keTilad
sTquT, rameTu var. ukueTu me dagbanen ferxni, ufalman
da moZRuarman, Tquenca Tana-gac urTierTas dabanad
ferxTa. rameTu saxe migec Tquen, raiTa, viTarca-ese me
giyav Tquen, egreTve Tquenca hyofdeT. amen, amen getyvi
Tquen: ara ars monaiU ufrois uflisa Tvisisa, arca mociquli ufrois momavlinebelisa Tvisisa. ese Tu scnaT,
netar xarT, ukueTu hyofdeT amas“ [ioane 13, 12-17].
WeSmariti pirveloba aris ufalTan meti siaxlove _ ,,xolo udidesi Tqueni iyavn Tquenda msaxur.
xolo romelman aRimaRlos Tavi TÂsi, damdabldes; da
romelman daimdablos Tavi TÂsi - amaRldes”. [maTe 23,
11-12].
liderobis mecnieruli gageba ar ewinaaRmdegeba
marTlmadideblur aRqmas:
- lideroba esaa mzaoba pasuxismgeblobisTvis
(Joe Montana)[5];
181
- lideroba aris unari, romliTac lideri sxva
adamians Tvalsawieris gafarToebis saSualebas da unars aZlevs (Drucker) [5];
- lideroba aris individis unari moaxdinos gavlena, motivireba da misces sxvebs SesaZlebloba wvlili Seitanon organizaciis warmatebasa da efeqtianobaSi (House) [5];
- lideroba SesaZloa iyos aRwerili, rogorc socialuri zegavlenis procesi, romliTac erT adamians
SeuZlia daxmareba gauwios da mxari dauWiros sxvebs
ganaxorcielon saerTo miznebi (Chemers, M. M.)[5];
- lideroba aris unarebi: unari, rom moismino da
daakvirde, gamoiyeno sakuTari kompetencia, raTa xeli
Seuwyo dialogs gadawyvetilebis mimReb yvela dones
Sorisunari Camoayalibo procesi da gamWvirvaloba
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi; naTlad gaarkvio mimdevrebis piradi faseulobebi da xedva, magram eqspluatacia
ar gauwio maT. lideroba aris is, rac adgens da ara
mxolod reagirebs, gansazRvravs problemebs da axdens
siaxleebis inicirebas, romelic qmnis realur gaumjobesebas da metia, vidre mxolod cvlilebebis marTva
[5].
lideroba, winamZRoloba uflisgan akrZaluli ar
aris. piriqiT, Tu is uflis kanonebs, WeSmaritebas emorCileba kurTxeulia. bibliaSi gansazRvrulia isic, Tu
rogori unda iyos lideri. WeSmariteba ara qvaze an
ficarze, aramed wrfel gulze waiwereba. ,,ara ficarTa
Sina qvisaTa, aramed ficarTa Sina gulisa xorcielisaTa” [2, kor.3,3]. wrfeli gulis gamo ufalma TevzTa
mebadureni kacTa Taobebis mebadurebad aqcia: ,,da iqceoda raU iesu zRviskidesa mas galileaisasa, ixilna
182
orni Zmani: simon, romelsa ewoda petre, da andrea, Zmai
misi, iTxevlides rai saTxevliTa zRuasa mas, rameTu
iyvnes mesaTxevle. da hrqua maT: movediT da SemomidegiT me, da gyvne Tquen mesaTxevle kacTa. xolo maT
meyseulad dauteves bade maTi da Seudges mas“ [maTe 4,
18–20]; [markozi 1, 16–18]. WeSmariti liderebi suliwmindiT ganaTlebulni, WeSmaritebis maZiebelTa WeSmaritebisken warmmarTvelni arian.
bibliaSi gamokveTilia im winamZRolis pasuxismgebloba, romelic araswori gziT atarebs mimdevrebs da
gansazRvrulia princi pebi, romelic aris umTavresi
winamZRolisaTvis: ,,hrqua iesu mowafeTa TvisTa: Seugvanebel ars sacTurisa ara moslvai, xolo vai, visgan
movides! uadviles ars misa, ukueTumca lodi viriT
safqvelisaiUzeda edva qedsa missa da STavrdomil iyo
zRuasa, vidre ara dabrkolebad erTsa amas mcireTagansa. aramed ekrZaleniT TavTa TquenTa. ukueTu Segcodos Sen Zmaman Senman, Sehrisxen mas; da ukueTu Seinanos,
miuteve mas. daRaTu Svid-gzis dResa Sina Segcodos
da Svid-gzis moaqcios da grquas Sen: Sevinane, miuteve
mas“ [markozi 17, 1–4]; ,,da romelman daabrkolos erTi
mcireTagani morwmuneTaÁ Cemda momarT, umjobes ars
misa gamo-Tumca-iba qedsa missa wisqÂlis qvai viriT
safqveli da STavarda zRuasa.” [markozi 9,42].
sagulisxmoa, marTlmadidebluri xedva, Tu rogor
unda gaxdes pirovneba lideri: ,,da etyoda CinebulTa maT igavsa da Seaswavebda, viTar-igi zemojdomasa
irCevdes, da etyoda maT: raJams gxados vinme qorwilsa,
nu dasjdebi pirvelsa sainaxesa, nuukue upatiosnesi
Sensa iyos Cinebuli misgan; da movides, romelman-igi Sen
da mas gxada, da grquas Sen: adgil-ec amas! maSin iwyo
183
sircxviliT ukanaisknelsa adgilsa dapyrobad. aramed
odes gxados vinme, mived da dajed ukanaisknelsa adgilsa, raiTa movides, romelman-igi gxada Sen, da grquas:
megobaro, aRmoguale zemokerZo! maSin iyos Senda dideba winaSe yovelTa meinaxeTa SenTa. rameTu yovelman
romelman aRimaRlos Tavi Tvisi, igi damdabldes; da
romelman daimdablos Tavi Tvisi, amaRldes“ [markozi
14, 7–11].
uflisadmi mibaZviT, saTnoebebiT mcxovrebTaTvis
ufali yvela Tavis saunjes xsnis. is yvelaze udidesiT – ganRmrTobis unariT ajildovebs adamians: ,,iyveniT Tquen srul, viTarca mamaÁ Tqveni zecaTaÁ srul
ars” [maTe 5,48]; ,,ufroÁsi amissa siyuaruli aravis aqus,
raÁTa suli TÂsi dadvas megobarTa TÂsTaTÂs. Tquen
megobarni Cemni xarT, ukueTu hyoT, romelsa ese gamcneb
Tquen. arRara getyÂ Tquen monad, rameTu monaman ara
icin, rasa iqmn ufali misi. xolo Tquen garqu megobrad,
rameTu yoveli, raodeni mesma mamisa Cemisagan, gauwye
Tquen” [iovane 13-15]; ,,amen, amen getyÂ Tquen: romelsa
hrwmenes Cemi, saqmesa, romelsa me viqm, manca qmnes da
ufroÁsiRa amisa qmnes, rameTu me mamisa mival” [iovane
14,12].
uflisken gzaze adamians eZleva axal-axali niWi:
,,...nugeSinismcemeli igi suliwmidaÁ, romeli moavlinos saxeliTa CemiTa mamaman, man gaswaos Tquen yoveli”
[ioane 14-26]; ,,xolo TÂToeulsa Cuensa mocemul ars
gamocxadebaÁ igi sulisaÁ umjobesisaTÂs. romelsame
sulisa misgan micemul ars sityuaÁ sibrZnisaÁ xolo
sxuasa sityuaÁ mecnierebisaÁ miTve suliTa. da sxuasa
sarwmunoeba Ámisve sulisagan, romelsame madli kurnebaTaÁ misganve sulisa, romelisame Sewevnani ZalTani,
184
romelsame winaÁswarmetyuelebaÁ, romelsame gankiTxvaÁ
sulTaÁ, da sxuasa Teslad-Tesladi enaTaÁ, da sxuasa TargmanebaÁ enaTaÁ xolo hbaZevdiT madlTa amaT
ufroÁsTa, da merme aRmatebuli gzaÁ giCueno Tquen”
[pavle, I _ korinTelTa 12,7-10,31]. visac aqvs da aviTarebs niWs – emateba, vinc mocemul talantebs ar amravlebs isic CamoerTmeva, rac mieca: ,,rameTu yovelsa
romelsa aqundes, mieces da miematos; da romelsa ara
aqundes da romel-Ra igi aqundes mo-ve-eRos misgan”
[maTe 25,29; luka 19,26].
“ubralo” xeli da wminda gulia saWiro WeSmariti Zalis misaRebad. ,,vin aRvides mTasa uflisasa, anu
vin dadges adgilsa wmidasa missa? ubraloÁ xeliTa da
wmidaÁ guliTa, romelman ara aiRo amaoebasa zeda suli
TÂsi da arca efuca zakviT moyvassa TÂssa”[fs. 23].
WeSmariti simaRle mxolod TavmdablobiT miiRweva: ,,ar aris raime ufro maRali, vidre simdable da
ufro mdabali, vidre siamaye”, ,,adamiani eZebs pativs
maTgan, visac arafrad agdebs... xolo pativi, romelsac mas miageben, didad fasobs misTvis”; ,,mdabals ver
daiWer veranairivnebiT, verc didebis siyvaruliT, verc
SuriT, verc eWviT da ra SeiZleba iyos amgvar, yovelgvari vnebisgan ganwmendil sulze ufro udidesi?”[3, gv.
569-570]
RvTivkurTxeulia adamianTa gaerTianeba da keTili miznebisken swrafva rwmeniT: ,,ukueTu orni Tquenganni SeiTqunen queyanasa zeda yovlisaTÂsve saqmisa,
romelica iTxoon eyos maT mamisa Cemisa zecaTaÁsa. rameTu sadaca iyvnen orni gina samni Sekrebul saxelisa
CemisaTÂs mun var me Soris maTsa” [maTe 18, 19.20]; ,,ukueTu gaqundes sarwmunoebaÁ, viTarca marcvali mdogvisaÁ,
185
hTquaT mTasa amas: miicuale amier iqi, da miicvalos, da
araraÁ SeuZlebel iyos Tquen mier” [maTe 17, 20]; ,,rquaT
Tu mTasa amas: aRifxuer amier da STavardi zRuasa!
iyos egre. da yovelsa raodensa iTxovdeT locvasa
Sina sarwmunoebiT, geyos Tquen” [maTe 21, 21].
warmaval didebas damonebuls ufali ar ganadidebs. ioane oqropiri cudmedidobas memTvraleobis
sens adarebs, romelic adamians zecas dauxSavs da miwas miajaWvavs. ,,didebasa urTierTas miiRebT da didebasa mxoloÁsa RmrTisasa ara eZiebT?” [in. 5-44] aseTi
adamianebi avadmyofebs gvanan, romelTa ,,kargad yofna”
brbos keTilganwyobazea damokidebuli, brbos azri ki
usasrulod Wrelia, masze daqvemdebarebulis cxovreba
ki _ StormSi Segdebuli uialqno gemiviT ugzo. ras
miscems adamians brboSi gandideba? sabraloa adamiani,
visac es cxovrebis miznad gauxdia da raoden sabraloa
masze daqvemdebarebuli, misi mimdevari. maT pirveloba
TviTgandidebisTvis surT. maTi amocnoba advilia _ ,,...
uyuars zemojdomaÁ sersa zeda da pirveldajdomaÁ SesakrebelTa Soris. Dda mokiTxvaÁ ubanTa zeda, da raÁTa
xadodian kacni: rabi! rabi!“ [maTe23, 6-7].uzenaesi Zalis
aRiareba da masze daqvemdebareba is Ruzaa, romelic
pirovnebas arasodes akargvinebs simSvides, WeSmarit
napirs. Tavis mowafeebs ufali ganuCens mokrZalebul
adgils sazogadoebaSi _ ,,xolo Tquen nu iwodebiT
rabbi, rameTu erTi ars moZRuari Tqueni _ qriste, xolo
Tquen yovelni Zmani xarT. da mamiT nuvis xadis queyanasa zeda, rameTu erTi ars mamaÁ Tqueni, romel ars
caTa Sina. nuca geTqumin Tquen winamZRvari, rameTu erT
ars winamZRuari Tqueni _ qriste” [maTe 23, 8-10].
ioane oqropiris qadagebebi mniSvnelovani swav-
186
lebaa WeSmarit mmarTvelobaze _ ,,ra aris WeSmariti
Zalaufleba? is, rac adamianisgan gaqvs miRebuli Tu
is, rac SenSia? gana mefe gaqcevs ritorad an eqimad?
asevea ufrosobac. ufrosis saxeli jer kidev ar niSnavs ufrosobas, rogorc wmindanTa mosaxeleni ar arian wmindanni. arseboben ufrosebi aseTi saxelebis gareSe. ufrosia is, vinc Tavis Tavs marTavs. visac saxlSi ufrosoba unda, man pirvelad sakuTari suli unda
marTos. Tu sakuTar suls ver warmarTavs, sadac martoa da baton-patronia, maS sxvaTa warmarTvas rogor
apirebs? vinc saxls marTavs, is qalaqsac warmarTavs,
xolo vinc qalaqis warmarTva SeZlo, is saxelmwifosac
gauZRveba. visac sakuTari sulis warmarTva ar SeuZlia
is saxelmwifos rogor gauZRveba? miTxari ra Tvisebebi unda hqondes ufross? xelqveiTebisaTvis sikeTe
ar moaqvs da maTTvis ar qvelmoqmedebs? Tuki msgavsi
araferi aqvs, rogor SeZlebs sxvebs sikeTe moutanos
iman, visac sikeTis qmna TavisTvis ar SeuZlia? nu ityvi,
rom esa da es etliT dabrZandeba, warbebi maRla auzidavs da mcvelebs garemoucavT. nurc mis sartyelze
metyvi nurafers, nurc mis xmamaRal yvirilze. amas
nuki miCveneb, rogorc mis gamorCeul Tvisebas, aramed
misi sulieri mdgomareoba miCvene, sakuTar vnebebs, wamxdar survilebs da miswrafebebs Tu marTavs da Zlevs.
magaliTad: vercxlis moyvareobisadmi midrekilebas,
mrisxanebas da bilw vnebebs Tu iokebs, Suriani xom
ar aris, mzvaobrobiT xom ar SfoTavs, siRaribis, an
araxelsayreli cvlilebebis xom ar eSinia. es SiSi bolos xom ar uRebs. ai aseTi ufrosi miCvene, ai es aris
– Zalaufleba... Tuki adamianebs warmarTavs, Tavad ki
vnebebs emoneba, maSin is yvela adamianze ufro damoneb-
187
ulia, is monaa da vnebebis Zaladobrivi xelmwifeba mis
sulSia ganmtkicebuli. vinces xelmwifeba gadaigdo,
borot survilebs ar mihyveba, siRaribis da saxelis dakargvis ar eSinia da cxovrebiseul siZneleTa winaSe
ugonod ar Zrwis, is Tundac flasiT iyos Semosili,
satusaRoSi jaWviT Seborkili ijdes, ufross vuwodeb.
is Tavisufalic aris da mefeze mefec”[3. gv. 221].
ioane oqropiri brZanebs, rom adamianma unda
ganiZarcvos ,,bilwi samoseli” _cudmedidoba, radgan
igi codvisTvis aRZravs adamians da SfoTis, mrisxanebis, angarebis, Suris, dasmenis, ciliswamebis ,,deda, fesvi
da wyaroa”. pavle mociquli angarebas kerpTTayvanismcemlobad miiCnevs [ef. 5,5]. efrem asuri locviT SesTxovs ufals daifaros mTavrobis moyvarebisgan. ,,ufalo
da meufeo cxovrebisa Cemisao sulsa uqmobisasa da mimomwvilvelobisasa mTavrobismoyvarebisasa da cudadmetyvelebisasa nu mimcem me”. WeSmariti gandideba, simdidre da Zalaufleba modis mxolod maSin, roca uzenaesi simarTlis msaxurni vxdebiT. ,,arca veZiebT kacTagan didebasa, arca Tquengan da arca sxuaTagan”[ITes.
2,6]; ,,eZiebdiT pirvelad sasufevelsa RmrTisasa... da
ese yovelni SegeZinos Tquen”[mT. 6,33].
Orthodox Comprehension of Leadership
E. Gulua,
M. Khokhobaia
Leadership is actual subject among modern society; Individuals desireto get more information in this direction. Leadership became
highly required and valued skill. Some people believe that leadership is
188
the way of personal, social, professionalimprovement. The situation in
labour market is the confirmation (corroboration) of abovementioned
point. Companies endeavour select persons with leadership skills, which
are great assets for every organization.
This article heeds Orthodox vision of leadership. When we make
a choice how to attitude to leadership, the main buttress in this way
is The Bible. Leadership, prioress isn’t interdicted; contrariwise, if it
submits divine lows, it’s beatified. The Bible defines how must behave
and which features must have the leader. ,, Jesus called them together
and said, “You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them,
and their high officials exercise authority over them. Not so with you.
Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first must be your slave— just as the Son
of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a
ransom for many.” (Mathew 20, 25-28). The truth is not written on the
stone or on the board, but on the candid heart. “You show that you are
a letter from Christ, the result of our ministry, written not with ink but
with the Spirit of the living God, not on tablets of stone but on tablets of
human hearts.” (2 Corinthians 3:3).
Scientific understanding of leadership is not contradicting with
orthodox comprehension. Leadership is the rediness for responsibility
(Joe Montana);Leadership is skills in which leader gives to ather person
means of expend their point of view. (Drucker);
1. wminda werili, Zveli aRTqma mcxeTuri xelnaweris
mixedviT. axali aRTqma, giorgi mTawmindelis
redaqciiT – http://www.nekeri.net/society/religion/pmb/
189
2. ganmarteba saxarebisaTvis wmindisa mociqulisa da
maxarebelisa maTesi., wminda ioane oqropiri konstantinepolis mTavarepiskoposi. ,,alilo”,Tbilisi,
2009;
3. cxovreba da rCeuli Txzulebani wmidaTa Soris
mamisa Cvenisa ioane oqropirisa, konstantinepolel
mTavarepiskoposisa. ,,sameba”, Tbilisi 2007;
4. John Maxwell, “The Maxwell Leadership Bible”, Second Edition,
New King Jame’s Version, NKJV, 2007;
5. http://www.dwaynebess.com/139-2/
190
finansuri ekonomika
optimaluri sagadasaxado
tvirTis gaangariSebis
sakiTxisaTvis
Tamar kbilaZe,
ivane javaxiSvilis Tsu-is doqtoranti
optimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTebi mTlianad
sagadasaxado tvirTis, samewarmeo seqtorisa da
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis stimulirebis
umniSvnelovanesi berketia. amitom, bunebrivia kiTxva imis
Sesaxeb,Tu ra zomis unda iyos sagadasaxado ganakveTebi,
rom is optimalurad miviCnioT. am kiTxvaze msoflioSi
dRemde ar arsebobs erTiani pasuxi. SeumuSavebelia
mocemul problematikasTan dakavSirebuli, saerTa
Sorisod aRiarebuli meTodologia. mecnier-ekono
mistebs, samTavrobo da biznesseqtoris warmomadgenlebs
ar aqvT calsaxa, dasabuTebuli pasuxi kiTxvaze: ratom
aris mogebis gadasaxadis ganakveTi dasabegri mogebis
15% da mosaxleobis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi
daricxuli Semosavlis 20%?
mocemuli problema gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
Tanamedrove
interaqtiul
msoflioSi,
rodesac
globalizaciis maRalma tempebma ekonomikuri zrdisa
da socialuri progresis tradiciul parametrebSi
koreqtivebi Seitana. es gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis, ekologiuri mdgomareobisa da
191
Tamar kbilaZe
ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis inovaciuri
indikatorebis danergvis problemas exeba. bunebrivia,
axali midgomebia saWiro sagadasaxado Semosavlebis
integrirebis, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis ganakveTebisa
da mTlianad sagadasaxado tvirTis optimalurobis
uzrunvelyofis mxriv.
makro
doneze
optimaluri
sagadasaxado
tvirTis
miRwevis
RonisZiebebze
ufro
naTeli
warmodgenisaTvis, avagoT laferis dinamikuri mrudi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis magaliTze 1996–2012 wlebis
mixedviT. dinamikuri laferis mrudi balackiseuli
interpretaciiT Caiwereba Semdegi formuliT:
x=a ∙q+b ∙q2 (1), sadac a da b Sefasebadi parametrebia.
(1) modeli, erTdroulad, sami indikatoris miRebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs. esenia, dinamikuri laferis
wertili (q*), statikuri laferis wertili (q**) da
ekonomikis maqsimaluri matebis tempi (x*).
x=
q=
xt-xt-1
xt-1
- aris mSp-is matebis tempi;
T
x - aris sagadasaxado tvirTi [1, gv.209]. (mocemul
problematikasTan dakavSirebiT Jurnal ,,ekonomika da
biznesis’’, N4, 2012 - aRniSnulia gamoCenili qarTveli
mecnierebis iuri ananiaSvilis da vladimer papavas
damsaxureba).
optimaluri sagadasaxado tvirTis Sesafaseblad
gavaanalizoT oficialuri statistikuri monacemebi.
(ix. cxrili 1)
192
finansuri ekonomika
saqarTvelos mSp-isa da sagadasaxado Semosavlebis
maCveneblebi 1996-2012 wlebSi (1996 wlis ucvleli
fasebiT, mln lari)
cxrili 1
weli
mSp
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi
1996
3868,5
386,2
1997
4275,4
727,9
1998
4408,1
663,0
1999
4534,6
736,9
2000
4617,9
753,1
2001
4839,9
833,9
2002
5104,8
887,2
2003
5669,3
890,8
2004
6001,5
964,3
2005
6577,3
975,8
2006
7194,5
1043,5
2007
8082,1
1223,6
2008
8269,1
1230,4
2009
7956,9
1209,1
2010
8454,5
1224,5
2011
9060,9
1349,2
2012
9615,0
1450,6
eqselSi Catarebuli regresiuli analizis Sedegebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0,998816
R Square 0,997634
Adjusted R Square
0,930809
Standard Error
0,055063
Observations
17
ANOVA
df
Regression
Residual
Total
SS
MS
F Significance F
2 19,17362 9,586811 3161,945 2,57E-19
15 0,045479 0,003032
17 19,2191
193
Multiple R 0,998816
R Square 0,997634
Adjusted R Square
0,930809
Standard Error
0,055063
Observations
17
Tamar kbilaZe
ANOVA
df
Regression
Residual
Total
SS
MS
F Significance F
2 19,17362 9,586811 3161,945 2,57E-19
15 0,045479 0,003032
17 19,2191
Coefficients
Standard Error t Stat
P-value Lower 95%Upper 95%Lower 95,0%
Upper 95,0%
Intercept
0 #N/A
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
X Variable 116,01418 1,039874 15,40011 1,34E-10 13,79774 18,23062 13,79774 18,23062
X Variable 2 -58,671 6,643468 -8,83138 2,5E-07 -72,8312 -44,5108 -72,8312 -44,5108
Tavisuflebis 17 xarisxisTvis da mniSvnelovnebis
5%-iani donisTvis stiudentis ganawilebis kritikuli
donea 2,110, orive koeficientisTvis. anu, miiReba
alternatiuli hi poTeza da xdeba nulovani hi poTezis
uaryofa. es ki niSnavs, rom miRebuli gantolebis orive
koeficienti mniSvnelovania.
amasve adasturebs ndobis intervali, romelSic
nuli ar Cavarda arcerTi koeficientis SemTxvevaSi,
rac gvaZlevs nulovani hi poTezis uaryofis da
alternatiuli
hi poTezis
miRebis
saSualebas
koeficientebis mniSvnelovnebis dasturad.
rac Seexeba TviT gantolebis mniSvnelobas,
pirvel rigSi, SevxedoT determinaciis koeficients,
romelic
aris
Sedegobrivi
cvladis
mTlian
gafantulobaSi regresiiT axsnili gafantulobis
wili. rac ufro axlos aris es koeficienti erTTan,
niSnavs, rom dakvirvebis wertilebi miT ufro axlos
aris ganlagebuli regresiis wrfesTan. cxrilSi
determinaciis
koeficienti
0,99-is
tolia, rac
migviTiTebs regresiis modelis mniSvnelovnebaze. amaze
metyvelebs, aseve, maRali koreqtirebuli determinaciis
koeficientis mniSvnelobac.
194
finansuri ekonomika
gantolebis
metyvelebs, aseve,
miSvnelovnebis
sasargeblod
F statistikac, romelic didad
aRemateba kritikul mniSvnelobas Tavisuflebis 2 da
14 xarisxebisTvis.
rogorc aRniSnulidan Cans, modeli akmayofilebs
misdami wayenebul statistikuri Sefasebis parametrebs.
laferis mrudi saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis SeiZleba
Semdegnairad gamovsaxoT:
x=16,014 q-58,671q2
(2)
parabolis amoxsniT miviRebT, rom optimaluri
sagadasaxado tvirTi, anu dinamikuri laferis wertili
q=13,6%-s, xolo ekonomikis Sesabamisi optimaluri zrda
aris 9,3%, statikuri laferis wertilis mniSvneloba
tolia 17,6 %-is. Tu gadavxedavT ekonomikis realuri
zrdis monacemebs (cxrili 2) da aseve, sagadasaxado
tvirTis monacemebs, SegviZlia TiToeuli wlisTvis
SevafasoT am maCveneblebis optimaluri donidan
gadaxris sidide.
statikuri laferis mrudis wertilebi (ix. sqema)
aRniSnavs ekonomikis iseT mdgomareobas, rodesac mSp
inarCunebs zrdis mudmiv temps, romelic tolia erTis.
am wertilebs Soris moqceulia fiskaluri politikis
samoqmedo diapazoni. am Sualeds miRma gadacdena
qveyanas ekonomikur krizisamde miiyvans. statikuri
laferis
wertilebis
Sefasebuli
mniSvnelobebi
saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis aris, Sesabamisad - 9,6% da
17,6%. es niSnavs, rom sagadasaaxdo tvirTis daweva 9,6%
195
Tamar kbilaZe
-is qvemoT gamoiwvevs qveynis ekonomikur vardnas, aseve,
sagadasaxado tvirTis gazrda 17,6%-is zemoT, qveynis
ekonomikis recesiul mdgomareobaSi Seyvanas niSnavs.
saqarTvelos mSp-is realuri zrda (%-obiT wina
welTan SedarebiT) da sagadasaxado tvirTi 1996 – 2012
wlebSi
cxrili 2
196
wlebi
mSp-is realuri
zrdis tempebi
sagadasaxado tvirTi
1996
1,113
0,099
1997
1,1053
0,170
1998
1,0313
0,150
1999
1,029
0,163
2000
1,018
0,163
2001
1,048
0,172
2002
1,055
0,174
2003
1,111
0,157
2004
1,059
0,160
2005
1,096
0,148
2006
1,094
0,145
2007
1,123
0,151
2008
1,023
0,149
2009
0,962
0,152
2010
1,062
0,145
2011
1,072
0,149
2012
1,061
0,151
finansuri ekonomika
optimalurobis
TvalsazrisiT, racionaluria
Tu sagadasaxado tvirTis mniSvneloba miuaxlovdeba
13,6%-s
marcxnidan, Tumca, aucilebeli
sabiujeto
xarjebis gawevisaTvis, fiskaluri politikis SedgeniT
dakavebuli aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo organoebi,
albaT, sagadasaxado tvirTis parametrebad 13,6% - 17,6%mde Sualeds airCeven. aseT pirobebSi, garda imisa, rom
maRalia biujetis Semosavlebi, ekonomikac Sesabamisad
izrdeba. amrigad,sagadasaxado tvirTis 13,6% - 17,6%-iani
intervali sakontrolo da saprognozo, saorientacio
parametria.
makro doneze
sagadasaxado tvirTis optima
lurobis uzrunvelyofis erT-erT mimarTulebad
gvesaxeba evrokavSiris wevr axal da Zvel qveynebTan
197
Tamar kbilaZe
saqarTvelos
sagadasaxado
tvirTis
Semdgomi
daaxloeba. am ideis sicxadisaTvis saWiroa ganvixiloT
sagadasaxado
tvirTis
dinamikis
tendenciebi
evrokavSirsa da masSi Semaval qveynebSi.
sagadasaxado tvirTma evrokavSiris 27 qveynis
mixedviT (EU 27)1 2011 wels mSp-is 38,8% Seadgina.
aRniSnulma maCvenebelma 2010 wels _ 38,3%, xolo 2009
wels _ 38,4% Seadgina. sagadasaxado tvirTma evrozonaSi
(EA 17)2 2011 wels moimata wina wlebTan SedarebiT da
Seadgina 39,5%, maSin roca 2010 wels-39,0%, xolo 2009
wels-39,1% iyo.
sagadasaxado tvirTi gansxvavdeba evrokavSiris
wevri qvynebis mixedviT: 2011 wels 30%-ze naklebi
dafiqsirda Semdeg qveynebSi: litva-26,0%; bulgareTi
27,2%; rumineTi-28,2%; slovakeTi-28,5%; irlandia-28.9%;
40%-ze meti dafiqsirda daniaSi-47,7%; SvedeTSi-44,3%;
belgiaSi-44.1%;
safrangeTSi-43.9%;
fineTSi-43.4%;
italiaSi-42.5% da avstriaSi-42.0%.
sagadasaxado tvirTis maCveneblis yvelaze mkveTri
zrda dafiqsirda 2010- 2011 wlebSi portugaliaSi
(31,5 %-dan 33,2%-mde), rumineTSi (26,7%-dan 28,2%-mde),
safrangeTSi (42,5%-dan 43,9%-mde), xolo Semcireba
dafiqsirda estoneTSi (34,1%-dan 32,8%-mde), SvedeTSi
(45,4%-dan 44,3%-mde), litvaSi (27,0%-dan 26,0%-mde).
1 EU 27- belgia, bulgareTi, CexeTis respublika, dania, germania, estoneTi, irlandia, saberZneTi, espaneTi, safrangeTi, italia,
kvi prosi, latvia, litva, luqsemburgi, ungreTi, malta, holandia,
avstria, poloneTi, portugalia, rumineTi, slovenia, slovakeTi,
fineTi, SvedeTi da didi britaneTi.
2 EA17- belgia, germania, estoneTi, irlandia, saberZneTi, espaneTi,
safrangeTi, italia, kvi prosi, luqsemburgi, malta,niderlandebi,
avstria, portugalia, slovenia, slovakeTi, fineTi.
198
finansuri ekonomika
evrokavSiris 27 wevr qveyanaSi (EU 27) sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis yvelaze didi nawili modis saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebze,
romelsac
mosdevs
gadasaxadebi
moxmarebaze
(Semosavlebis
erTi
mesamedi)
da
gadasaxadebi kapitalze (Semosavlebis erTi mexuTedi).
sagadasaxado tvirTis moculobam Sromaze EU 27Si, 2010 wlidan 2011 wlamde, 35,4%-dan 35,8%-mde moimata.
2011 wels maltaSi sagadasaxado tvirTi Sromaze
dafiqsirda-22,7%; bulgareTSi-24,6%; portugaliaSi25,5%; did britaneTSi-26,0%; belgiaSi-42,3% da avstriaSi40,8%.
sagadasaxado tvirTis moculobam moxmarebaze
EU 27-Si, 2010 wlidan 2011 wlamde, 19,7%-dan 20,1%-mde
moimata. 2011 wels yvelaze dabali sagadasaxado tvirTi
moxmarebaze dafiqsirda espaneTSi (14,0%), saberZneTSi
(16,3%), latviaSi (17,2%), italiaSi (17,4%). yvelaze maRali
saprocento ganakveTi aRiniSna daniaSi (31,4%), SvedeTSi
(27,3%), luqsemburgSi (27,2%), ungreTSi (26,8%), fineTSi
(26,4%).
sagadasaxado tvirTis moculobam kapitalze, 2011
wels 2010 welTan SedarebiT, 10 wevri qveynis mixedviT
daiklo, xolo 9 qveyanaSi moimata. misma moculobam
litvaSi 5,5%, xolo safrangeTSi - 44,4 % Seadgina.[3,
http://ec.europa.eu]
evrokavSiris 27 wevr qveyanaSi (EU 27) saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis
saSualo
maCvenebelma
2013 wels
38,7%
Seadgina, xolo 2012 wels 38,1%. yvelaze maRali
saprocento ganakveTi dafiqsirda SvedeTSi (56,6%);
daniaSi (55,6%); belgiaSi (53,7%); portugaliaSi (53,0%);
199
Tamar kbilaZe
espaneTsa da niderlandebSi (52,0%); yvelaze dabali
aRiniSna bulgareTSi (10,0%); litvaSi (15,0%); ungreTsa
da rumineTSi (16,0%).
mogebis
evrokavSiris
gadasaxadis
27
wevr
saSualo
qveyanaSi
maCvenebelma
(EU 27)
2013 wels
Seadgina 23,0%. yvelaze maRali saprocento ganakveTi
mogebaze
dafiqsirda
safrangeTSi
(36,1%);
maltaSi
(35,0%); belgiaSi (34,4%); xolo yvelaze dabali aRiniSna
bulgareTsa da kvi prosSi (10%) da irlandiaSi (12,5%).
dRg-is saSualo procentulma maCvenebelma 27
wevr qveyanaSi (EU 27) 2013 wels 21,3% Seadgina. 2012
welTan
SedarebiT
eqvsma
wevrma
qveyanam
gazarda
saprocento ganakveTi dRg-ze, mxolod da mxolod
litvaSi Semcirda aRniSnul gadasaxadze saprocento
ganakveTi. 2013 wels, dRg-ze ganakveTi gansxvavdeboda
qveynebis mixedviT: 15% dafiqsirda luqsemburgSi, 18%
_ kvi prossa da maltaSi, 27,0% _ ungreTSi da 25% _
daniasa da SvedeTSi. [4, http://ec.europa.eu]
saqarTveloSi calkeuli saxeobis gadasaxadebis
saprocento ganakveTebi dabalia rogorc
mTlianad
evrokavSiris, aseve mis calkeul Zvel da axal wevr
qveynebTan SedarebiT.
saqarTveloSi
da
sagadasaxado
tvirTis
analizma
mocemul sakiTxze Cven mier Catarebulma kvlevam
gviCvena, rom
saqarTveloSi
dReisaTvis
arsebuli
sagadasaxado tvirTi saWiroebs Semdgom optimizacias,
rac
ekonomikis
mdgradi
mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
200
ganviTarebis
erT–erTi
finansuri ekonomika
For the Issue of calculating Optimal Tax Burden
T. Kbiladze
High speed of globalization has created inevitability of ensuring
objectives of sustainable development of economics and optimally
determined taxes can play very important role in it, which is the main
factor for formation of tax burden. This in itself is an important leverage
for achieving the sustainable development and prosperity of society.
Sustainable development of economy and business promotion greatly
depends on heaviness and lightness of tax burden. Thus, it is very
important and difficult scientific and practical problem to determine the
optimal size of tax burden. There still does not exist universally accepted
methodology for determining optimal tax rates, which is the main issue
for optimal tax burden formation.
Thus, analysis of tax burden and according to our research
it is obvious that nowadays the existing tax burden in Georgia needs
further optimization which is the most important factor for sustainable
development of country’s economy.
Ggamoyenebuli literatura
1. Е.В.Балацкий, Н.А.Екимова, Налогово- бюджетная политика и
Экономический рост, «Общество и экономика», N4-5,2011;
2. qarTvel mecnierTa aRiareba, Jurnali ,, ekonomika
da biznesi’’, N4, 2012;
3. http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/index_en.htm
4. www.geostat.ge
201
JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero statiis
warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesi
1.
JurnalSi qarTul, inglisur,
germanul da
rusul enebze qveyndeba statiebi ekonomikuri Teoriisa
da ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoriis, ekonomikuri politikis, ekonomikisa da biznesis aqtualur sakiTxebze, aseve,
recenziebi bolo periodSi gamoqveynebul monografiebsa
da saxelmZRaneloebze.
2. statiaSi warmodgenili unda iyos: sakvlevi problemis aqtualuroba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, kvlevis
meTodologia, kvlevis Sedegebi (siaxle), rekomendaciebi.
3. statia warmodgenili unda iyos 4 formatiT.
statiis moculoba, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalisa da referatebis CaTvliT, ar unda aRematebodes
kompiuterze 1,5 intervaliT da 11 SriftiT nabeWdi teqstis 15 gverds.
4. qarTul enaze daweril statias unda axldes referatebi qarTul da inglisur enebze - TiToeuli 1000dan 1500-mde niSnis moculobiT. Uucxo enaze daweril
statias Tan unda axldes ZiriTadi Sinaarsi 2-3 gverdze
qarTul enaze da referati imave ucxo enaze.
5. redaqciaSi statiis warmodgena aucilebelia or
nabeWd egzemplarad, elversiasTan erTad( MS word, qarTuli statia SriftiT AcadNusx, ხოლო უცხოურ ენაზე ტექსტი
- Times New Roman).
6. statiis saTauris qvemoT (marjvena mxares) unda
mieTiTos avtoris (an avtorebis) sruli saxeli, gvari, akademiuri xarisxi, Tanamdeboba, telefoni da eleqtronuli
fostis misamarTi;.
7. statiaSi unda Candes
sakvlev problemasTan
dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani literaturis gamoyeneba.
literaturis dasaxeleba unda ganTavsdes statiis bo-
202
los erTiani siis saxiT: a) wignis dasaxeleba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari da inicialebi,
wignis dasaxeleba, gamocemis adgili, gamomcemloba, weli;
b) saJurnalo statiisaTvis - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari
da inicialebi, statiis dasaxeleba, Jurnalis dasaxeleba,
weli, Jurnalis nomeri.
literaturis siaSi miTiTebuli wyaro gamoyenebuli
unda iyos statiis teqstSi. ama Tu im avtoris naSromidan citirebisas, mas unda mieTiTos wyaro Sesabamisi
gverdis aRniSvniT Semdegi saxiT [5,gv.41], sadac pirveli
cifri Seesabameba citirebuili wyaros rigiT nomers
gamoyenebuli literaturis siaSi, xolo meore - im gverds,
saidanac moyvanilia citata. literaturis siaSi yoveli
wignis (Jurnalis) bibliografiuli aRwera unda Seesabamebodes mis satitulo furcels.
8. ZiriTadad teqstSi cxrilebi, grafikebi da sqemebi unda ganTavsdes maTi miTiTebis adgilze, Tu iq
adgili arasakmarisia - SeiZleba momdevno gverdze. cxrilebs, grafikebs da sqemebs unda hqondes dasaxeleba da
numeracia.
9. statias, romelic ar pasuxobs zemoT CamoTvlil
moTxovnebs, redaqcia ar miiRebs
10. JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantebisa da yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, xolo sxva (gare) avtorebi ixdian safasurs – erT gverdze 5 (xuT) lars,
rac maT mier Cairicxeba Tsu-is ekonomikuri Semosavlebis
angariSSi.
sakontaqto telefonebi:
2 30 36 68; 2 30 40 78;
599 24 77 47; 599 10 38 16
e-Mail:[email protected]; [email protected]
203
ISSN 1987-5789
daibeWda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa manana jixviSvili
204

ekonomika da biznesi

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