Philippine Zingiberaceae: Ecology, Species Diversity, Their Uses

Philippine Zingiberaceae: Ecology, Species Diversity, Their Uses

Philippine Zingiberaceae: Ecology, Species
Diversity, Their Uses
by
MANUEL L. CASTILLO1, NATHANIEL C. BANTAYAN2 & EMER C. GESTIADA3
1Deputy
Director, Makiling & Head Botanic Gardens Parks and Ecotourism Division, Makiling Botanic Gradens, Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosytems (MCME),
College of Forestry and Natural Resources (CFNR), University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), College Laguna Philippines & Asssistant Professor , Department of
Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College Laguna Philippines
2 Director, Makiling Botanic Gradens, Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosytems (MCME), College of Forestry and Natural Resources (CFNR), University of the
Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), College Laguna Philippines & Professor Institute of Renewable Natural Resources UPLB-CFNR, College, Laguna, Philippines.
3University Researcher1, Forest and Watershed Division, Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosytems (MCME), College of Forestry and Natural Resources (CFNR),
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), College Laguna Philippines
DISTRIBUTION
 Zingiberaceae are distributed mostly in
tropical and subtropical areas
 center of
distribution is in SE Asia
greatest concentration of genera and
species is found in
Malesian region (Indonesia, Malaysia,
Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines and
Papua New Guinea)
Area
Genera
World (total)
52
China 21 200 India
18
Indochina
14
Malesia
25
Nepal
11
The Philippines 15
103
Thailand
20
Source: Sirirugsa 1999
Species
1,500
120
120
650
35
200
Zingiberaceae at least, there were approximately 127 species
found in different parts of country since late 19th century up
to 2005
 107 of which were endemic while 22 were
introduced,naturalized, and widely cultivated in the
country
does not include the 9 doubtful (e.g. Pelser et al., 2011)
and 7 not yet named species (e.g. Madulid 2001)
More species will rise with more future botanical
explorations in areas mentioned earlier.
Archipelagic-wide distribution of
Zingiberaceae in the Philippines
Island Group
Luzon
Frequency*
76
Percent of Cases
(%)
60.3
Mindanao
56
44.4
Visayas
29
23.0
Exotic
9
7.1
Distribution not
mentioned
Total
4
3.2
174
138.1
*multiple responses
Distribution by altitude
Philippine endemics, as well as
introduced ginger species occur in
the wild at wide range of habitat
types
low (15 masl) as in the case
of Alpinia eruciformis
(Kolowratia eruciformis)
very high elevation (3500
masl) and gradients as in the
case of Hedychium
philippinense K Schum.
Distribution by Habitat
Forests (primary, secondary, dense,
exposed forest ridges, humid, damp
primary, lowland montane evergreen ,
forested slope, lowland forest, oak
forest, thickets)
Frequency*
Percent of Cases (%)
78
61.4
Habitat not mentioned
32
25.2
Damp, humid, well-drained soil (damp
ravines, shaded ravine, wooded ravine)
27
21.3
20
15.7
9
7.1
7
5.5
5
3.9
2
1.6
180
141.7
Along tributaries (streams, river, cliffs,
streambanks, small streams, river
ridge, upper edge of a high waterfall)
Slope areas (sunny rocky slopes, talus
slope, hillsides)
Rocks and crevices (wet rocks, small
tufts in limestone rocks of the pine
region)
Near settlements (near or in cultivated
areas)
Open areas (grasslands, cogonal, old
clearings)
Total
 Zingiberaceae species occur in 52 provinces
in the Philippines)
 majority (22.0%) of which were discovered from
Sorsogon and also in the Mountain Province
 places known for having fertile and welldrained soil formed from volcanic parent
soil materials and from deposited alluvial
soil, respectively
 Many species were also discovered in
Quezon Province (Mt. Banahaw), Laguna
(Mt. Makiling), Davao (Mt. Apo), Negros,
Panay, Lanao (Lanao Lake), Bataan
(Lamao Forest Reserve), and Palawan
(Puerto Princesa, Busuanga).
Province
Frequency*
Percent of Cases (%)
Sorsogon
Mountain Province (Benguet, Bontoc, Baguio)
Quezon Province (Mt. Banahaw)
Laguna (Mt. Makiling)
62
28
33.8
22.0
25
19.7
22
17.3
Davao (Mt. Apo)
19
15.0
Negros
18
14.2
Panay
15
11.8
Lanao (Lanao Lake)
14
11.0
Bataan (Lamao Forest Reserve)
14
11.0
Palawan (Puerto Princesa, Busuanga)
Others (Misamis, Tarlac, Pampanga, Zamboanga, Negros,
Polilio, Catanduanes, Cagayan, Albay, Nueva Ecija, Mindoro,
Leyte, Guimaras, Camiguin Misamis, Rizal, Camarines, South
Cotabato, Agusan, Sibuyan,Pangasinan, Batangas, Bulacan,
Surigao (Bucas Grande), Zamboanga, Samar, Bataan,
Mariveles), Romblon, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Nueva Viscaya,
Zambales, Apayao, Isabela, batanes (Batan Island), Basilan,
Sulu, Biliran, Cavite (Corrigidor), Cotabato, Masbate,
Bukidnon, Ilocos Sur, Place not mentioned))
13
10.2
158
139.5
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
Zingiberaceae in the Philippines was originally distributed
into
4 tribes;
namely, Hedychieae, Zingibereae, Alpineae, and
Globbeae.
old taxonomic generic classification in the 19th century
(Ridley 1909) enumerated three endemics (Adelmeria,
Kolowratia, and Leptosolena)
three introduced (Curcuma, Kaempferia, and
Phaomeria); and nine indigenous genera (Globba,
Hedychium, Gastrochilus, Zingiber, Hornstedtia,
Amomum, Plagiostachys, Alipinia, and Costus)
Recently, Costus was separated from
Zingiberaceae and forms part of Costaceae.
present literature-based checklist
noted only 14 genera rather than 15 as the results of infrageneric fusions
Kolowratia, Adelmeria and Languas formed part of the largest genus of Alpinia;
Phaeomeria fused with Etlingera; and Gastrochilus with Boesenbergia (Merrill,
1923)
the most recent classification (Kress et al., 2005) recognizes 4
subfamilies and 6 tribes namely:
 Siphonochiloideae (Siphonochileae), Tamijioideae (Tamijieae),
Alpinioideae (Riedelieae, Alpinieae) and Zingiberoideae (Zingibereae,
Globbeae)
compressing even more the infrageneric ranks
and changes in infragenericplacement of the
Philippine gingers
Zingiberaceae species in the Philippines
Tribe
Genera
ALPINIEAE
Alpinia
Amomum
Etlingera
Geocharis
Hornstedtia
Leptoselana
Plagiostachys
Vanoverberghia
Boesenbergia
Curcuma
Hedychium
Kaempferia
Globba
Zingiber
14
HEDYCHIEAE
GLOBBEAE
ZINGIBEREAE
Total
Species of
the
Philippines
49
14
9
1
9
1
8
2
2
2
3
3
13
11
127
Endemic in the
Philippines
Introduced in
the Philippines
44
14
8
1
7
1
8
2
2
7
-
1
1
10
8
107
-
1
-
2
-
2
2
2
3
3
22
REPRESENTATIVES OF SPECIES OF THE PHILIPPINES
Photo by L. Co
ALPINIEAE
Alpinia elegans (C Presl) K Schum.
Luzon Endemic
Photo by D. A. lagunzad
ALPINIEAE
Alpinia haenkei C Presl
Photo by L. Co
Amomum mindanaense Elmer
Mindanao Endemic (Mt. Apo)
ALPINIEAE
Amomum palawananense Elmer
Luzon endemic (Palawan)
Photo by M. L. Castillo
Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm.
ALPINIEAE
Etlingera sp.1 (Cuernos)
Negros Oriental
Leptosolena haenkei C Presl
Luzon Endemic
ALPINIEAE
Photo by L. Co
Photo by L. Co
Photo by L. Co
ALPINIEAE
Geocharis fusiformis (Ridl.)
ALPINIEAE
Hornstaedtia sp
Photo by TIF
Photo by U. Ferraren
Plagiostachys sp. Mt Labo
Camarines Sur
ALPINIEAE
ALPINIEAE
Vanoverberghia sepulchrei Merr
Luzon Endemic.
HEDYCHIEAE
Curcuma longa L.
Photo by M. L. Castillo
Curcuma sp.
(Cagua)
Photo by MRMD
Hedychium coronarium Koenig.
Photo by M. L. Castillo
HEDYCHIEAE
Kaempferia philippinensis Merr.
Luzon Endemic (Laguna)
HEDYCHIEAE
Photo by L. Co
GLOBBEAE
Globba marantina L.
Photo by L. Co
GLOBBEAE
Globba campsophylla K. Schum.
Photo by L. Co
Zingiber sp.1
(Cuernos)
Negros Oriental
ZINGIBEREAE
Photo by L. Co
Zingiber (Kanlaon
NNGPF) Northen
Negros
ZINGIBEREAE
Photo by L. Co
Photo by L. Co
Zingiber sp. (Mt Kanalaon Negros
Occidental
ZINGIBEREAE
Photo by L. Co
STUDIES OF ZINGIBERACEAE IN THE PHILIPPINES
botanical explorations of the taxa dates back 19th
century have been fundamentals in the present day
taxonomic classification of the Philippine
Zingiberaceae
most recent study of Funakoshi et al., (2005) which
unleashed the existence of the presumed extinct
Leptosolena haenkei.
highlighted the need for follow up
botanical explorations in different parts
of the country in order to update the
statistics and ecological status of the
Philippine endemic gingers
Other studies point to several important uses of the taxa (Kurian
2010, Villaflores et al., 2010, and Aguinaldo et al., 201)
 Majority (20 species) are highly priced ornamental species
used for adornment, landscaping, and for social and religious
rites
 condiments or ingredients for food (12 species), has
established medicinal values (9 species)
 source of active compounds (6 species) used either in
perfumery, food industries, or pharmacies
Current studies
Leonard Co and his colleagues had paid off after
having been done with the preliminary
compilation of Zingiberaceae in the Philippines
(Pelser et al., 2011)
revision of the checklist for Globba is underway
(La Frankie 2012)
Problems
updating the state and taxonomic classification of these
large numbered taxa has not gained momentum for more
than a century
Philippines still uses the classic taxonomic classification
based on morphological features such as the number of
locules, placentation in the ovary, development of
staminodia, modifications of the fertile anther, and
rhizome-shoot-leaf orientation,
brought confusion especially for those taxa under
polyphyletic tribes as in Alpinieae
Future directions
 most priority of all is the conduct of botanical
explorations at different parts of the country previously
known as habitats of wild endemic gingers
 verification of taxonomic classification of the species
mentioned by Pelser et al., 2005 and Madulid 2001 as
doubtful, imperfectly known taxa and undescribed
species in order to update the current statistics and
ecological status of the Philippine Zingiberaceae
Species
Alpinia mollis C Presl
*Alpinia pulchella K Schum.
Alpinia (Languas) pendula Quisumb. & Merr.
Alpinia (Languas) scorpioidea Quisumb. & Merr.
Alpinia (Kolowratia) eruciformis Ridl.
Alpinia (Languas) pinatubensis Elmer
*Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.
Amomum deuteramomum
Globba ustulata
Kolowratia sp.
Alipinia sp.
Alpinia sp.
Amomum sp.
Curcuma sp.
Globba sp.
Zingiber sp.
*Exotic species
**Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines
*** Madulid 2001
Status
Doubtful species**
Doubtful species**
Doubtful species**
Doubtful species**
Doubtful species**
Doubtful species**
Doubtful occurrence**
Dubious or imperfectly known taxa**
Dubious or imperfectly known taxa**
Undescribed species***
Undescribed species***
Undescribed species***
Undescribed species***
Undescribed species***
Undescribed species***
Undescribed species***
RECOMMENDATIONS
 germplasm collection of gingers throughout the Philippines
and an onsite investigation of existence of the dubious,
imperfectly known, and undescribed ginger species
 establishment of a nursery for endemic Zingiberaceae
species germplasm at the Makiling Botanical Gardens,
College of Forestry and Natural Resources UP Los Banos for:
future studies related to pharmaceutical, biodiversity
conservation, and socio-economic, and phylogenetic
Zingiberaceae studies o
Thank you
for
Listening
M. L. Castillo
N. C. Bantayan
E. C. Gestiada