doc12-Pixel WSi SNSPD Arrays for the Lunar Lasercomm OCTL Terminal
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12-Pixel WSi SNSPD Arrays for the Lunar Lasercomm OCTL Terminal
! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! 12-Pixel WSi SNSPD Arrays for the Lunar Lasercomm OCTL Terminal Matt Shaw Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 24 June 2013 Jeffrey A. Stern1, Kevin Birnbaum1, Meera Srinivasan1, Michael Cheng1, Kevin Quirk1, Abhijit Biswas1, Francesco Marsili1,2, William Farr1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Varun Verma2, Richard P. Mirin2, Sae Woo Nam2 National Institute of Standards and Technology 1! LLCD Project Overview! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! Lunar Atmospheric Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), ARC Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) Launch: August 2013 Moon Lunar Lasercom Space Terminal (LLST), MIT-LL 39, 78 155, 311 622 Mb/s DOWNLINK 39 Mb/s DOWNLINK Lunar Laser Operations Center (LLOC), MIT-LL 10, 20 Mb/s UPLINK BEACON UPLINK ESA, Tenerife, Canary Islands Science Ops. Center, GSFC Lunar Lasercom OCTL Terminal (LLOT), JPL Boston MA Table Mtn CA Greenbelt MD White Sands Lunar Lasercom Ground Terminal (LLGT), MIT-LL NM First laser communication demonstration from Lunar distance • • • • • • Bidirectional laser communication demo from lunar orbit (400,000 km) at 1550 nm First demonstration of laser communication beyond earth orbit Uplink rates 10-20 Mbps, Downlink rates 39-622 Mbps Transmit Payload on LADEE Spacecraft (ARC) implemented by MIT-LL Managed by GSFC, Primary ground terminal implemented by MIT-LL Backup ground terminals implemented by JPL and ESA 2! LLOT Ground Terminal! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! OCTL Telescope • LLOT is a secondary ground station for the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD), located at Table Mountain, CA - - - - - - - 16 day demonstration (October-November 2013, following 6 Sept LADEE launch) Link support at Sun-Earth-Probe (SEP) > 10° Transmit laser beacon to assist link acquisition Receive downlink at 39 / 78 Mbps @ code-word error rate < 1E-5 Transmit limited real-time channel and link diagnostics to operations center Process downlink in non-real time to extract information 12-pixel WSi SNSPD detector arrays operating at 800 mK. 3! Pulse Position Modulation! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! • Encoding scheme trades data rate for mass and power on the spacecraft • Data is encoded in optical pulse timing • Ideal for “photon starved” applications such as deep space optical communication • LLST signals use PPM-16 encoding with 311 MHz – 5 GHz variable slot rate • Fundamental channel capacity hν/2kTln2 (more than one bit per photon) • Requires detectors with high efficiency and sub-nanosecond time resolution A B C D E F G H I Time (ns) J K L M N O P 4! Pulse Position Modulation! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! • Encoding scheme trades data rate for mass and power on the spacecraft • Data is encoded in optical pulse timing • Ideal for “photon starved” applications such as deep space optical communication • LLST signals use PPM-16 encoding with 311 MHz – 5 GHz variable slot rate • Fundamental channel capacity hν/2kTln2 (more than one bit per photon) • Requires detectors with high efficiency and sub-nanosecond time resolution A B C D E F G H I Time (ns) J K L M N O P 5! Pulse Position Modulation! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! • Encoding scheme trades data rate for mass and power on the spacecraft • Data is encoded in optical pulse timing • Ideal for “photon starved” applications such as deep space optical communication • LLST signals use PPM-16 encoding with 311 MHz – 5 GHz variable slot rate • Fundamental channel capacity hν/2kTln2 (more than one bit per photon) • Requires detectors with high efficiency and sub-nanosecond time resolution A B C D E F G H I Time (ns) J K L M N O P 6! LLOT Detection Architecture! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! OCTL Telescope • Single 1.2-m telescope • Signal coupled to GIF-625 multimode fiber • • • • • • 12-pixel WSi SNSPD array 64-µm diameter active area ~40% system detection efficiency All channels combined electronically Combined signal digitized @ 1.25 Gs/s Receiver implemented in software 7! Single Pixel WSi SNSPDs! • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Amorphous WSi, TC = 3.1 K (bulk 5 K) Time-resolved single photon counting No intrinsic energy resolution 93% System Detection Efficiency with cavity 60-150 ps timing jitter 20-60 ns recovery time 10-20 µm diameter active area Device Dark Rate < 1 cps System Dark Rate ~1000 cps Cavity optimized for 1520-1610 nm Without cavity, operation shown 1 – 5 µm Operating temperature ~1 K Nanowires 4.5 x 120-160 nm 12-pixel arrays demonstrated for comm 64-pixel free space arrays in development Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! 15 µm Marsili et al, Nature Photonics 7, 210 (2013) 8! Single Pixel WSi SNSPDs! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! TiO2 TE Au (pads) WSi SNSPD TM SiO2 (sputtered) Au (mirror) SiO2 (thermal) Si (substrate) • Embedding WSi nanowires in a microfabricated optical cavity improves detection efficiency from ~20% (Baek et al, 2011) to > 90% (Marsili et al, 2013) • Layer thicknesses optimized for detection at 1550 nm 9! Single Pixel WSi SNSPDs! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! SDE ISW • Sub-cps intrinsic dark counts, ~1 kcps dark counts coupled to SM fiber • SDE independent of temperature up to ~ 2 K • Bias plateau lost at higher temperatures 10! 12 Pixel SNSPD Arrays! • • • • • • • • Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! Array design based on single-pixel SNSPDs described above 12 Counterwound Nanowires, 6 wires in each plane, 160 nm width 64 µm diameter active area matched to GIF-625 multimode fiber Quarter wave optical cavity to resonantly enhance absorption at 1.55 µm Vias to Au mirror layer give CPW ground straps ~40% total array efficiency Max count rate ~10 MHz / channel Fabricated at JPL with NIST collaboration 11! 12-Pixel Array Packaging! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! • Fiber Self-alignment concept developed by Sae Woo Nam / Aaron Miller at NIST • Concept extended to 12-channel arrays for LLOT arrays • 12 waveguides connect nanowires to bond pads, then bonded to PCB with waveguides going to SMP connectors Optical fiber Fiber ferrule Zirconia sleeve Device chip Sapphire rod Coaxial connector pin Miller et al., Opt. Express (2011) 12! Array Performance! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! Bias Current (Arbitrary Units) • • • • • • All 12 channels are working and show saturated bias dependence Array Efficiency ~40% Dark counts 10 kcps/channel with multimode fiber Nanowire switching current ISW ~ 4 µA Recovery time ~17 ns per channel as measured from interarrival time histograms Maximum count rate ~10 MHz per channel 13! Cryogenic System! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! • Cryogen Free 1K cryostat from Photon Spot, Inc. • Closed-cycle He4 refrigerator • Holds 780 mK > 12 hrs unloaded, 8.5 hrs with wiring • Backed by Sumitomo GM cooler with 3K and 40K stages • Air-cooled compressor, 208V, suitable for field operations. 14! Cryogenic Readout Electronics! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! • High bandwidth ~2 GHz requires one cryogenic amplifier per channel • Low-cost SiGe solution: Sirenza SGL-622Z • ~90 K cold noise temperature with transformer coupling to provide return current path • 5 MHz – 4 GHz amplifier band • Detector bias added at amplifier board • CuNi coax used from 1K to 40K • 3x 4-channel amplifier boards at 40K stage 15! Room Temperature Electronics! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! • Amplifier • Filter • Comparator • ECL Converter • Analog Combiner • High-Speed Digitizer SNSPD LEVEL SHIFT + DAQ V 1K 40 K 300 K 16! Link Closure Tests! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! • Performed joint compatibility tests with MIT-LL LLST Transmit Emulator • Only used 9 out of 12 SNSPD channels due to wiring issues • Closed error-free LLCD communication link at 78 Mbps w/ > 1.5 dB margin under worst case additive backgrounds and clock dynamics • Closed link at 39 Mbps w/ 4.4 dB margin under worst case conditions • May be able to close link at 155 Mbps using all 12 channels • For comparison, LLGT terminal (MIT-LL) closes link at 622 Mbps using four 4channel NbN SNSPD arrays with 14 µm diameter WSi detector closed the link at 39 and 78 Mb/s 17! Summary! Jet Propulsion Laboratory! California Institute of Technology! • LLOT is a backup ground terminal for the LLCD space communication demonstration • 12-Pixel WSi SNSPD arrays have been developed which are suitable for LLOT • Work is based on previous achievements with single-pixel WSi SNSPDs • A ground receiver instrument has been built and will be field deployed • LLOT Receiver passed all compatibility tests with spacecraft hardware emulator Thanks to our collaborators • JPL, NIST, MIT-LL, GSFC Thanks to our sponsors • NASA Office of Chief Technologist, Game Changing Development Program • NASA HEOMD, Space Communications and Navigation • DARPA DSO Information in a Photon (InPho) This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 18!
