fulgens, by Euphorbia fulgens § § 2. appendages

On
the
Aestivation
bia
fulgens,
in
of
Remarks
some
morphological
the
Cyathium
the
with
the
of
Interpretation
Cyathium
Euphor-
on
General
in
by
J.
Schoute
.
C.
Dedicated
of
to
the
A. W. Eichler
2nd
1887,
47)
on
at
the
of
versary
memory
(f March
the
his
of
age
fiftieth
anni-
death.
Contents.
Introduction
Ch.
Ch.
I.
16&
Euphorbia
II.
fulgens
169
§
1.
The
§
2.
The
aestivation
of
the
appendages
170
§
3.
The
aestivation
of
the
involucre
172
§
4.
Discussion
Some
of
inflorescence
remarks
173
5.
The
§
6.
The
the
on
the cyathium
§
169
male
interpretation
general
in
of
nature
morphological
the
partial
175
involucre
and
the
glands
17 5
inflorescences
177
Summary
180
Introduction.
In
the
I
dons
course
was
corolla
(10,
44);
p.
and
spiral,
right
hand
a
obliged
contort
heterotropic,
of
with
the
study
some
the
of
contort
aestivation
i.e.
changing
moreover
spiral
is
the corolla aestivation of
time ago
SW
of
to
make
(=
of
appendages
these
short
accompanied
with
way)
by
a
Dicotyle-
comparison
Euphorbia
appendages
direction
in
a
proved
the
the
be
to
phyllotactical
heterotropic,
right
of
fulgens
i.e.
contortion
a
and
reversely.
As
a
detailed
observations
study
were
of
this
continued,
aestivation
with
the
seemed
aim
of
promising,
the
checking
the
169
observations
should
be
firmed
on
These
tation
already
further
and
the
of
study
I.
the
vation,
the
relation
the
of
origin
hetero-
the
as
prelimi-
involucre
the
which
was
itself
soon
chapter
con-
on
Euphorbia
doubted
been
the
morphological
fulgens.
being
with
begin
and
paragraph
a
the
for
required
spiral
phyllotactical
will
interpre-
had
follow.
may
between
classical
which
inflorescence
chapter
present
the
to
glands,
cyathium
of
knowledge
the
second
a
Chapter
Some
that
fact
a
support
giving
authors,
of
interpretation
too,
the
on
attractive
suggested
contort
involucre
recent
given
more
observation.
observations
some
the
was
heterotropic
of the
already
views
This
contortion.
nary
by
the
of
correctness
tropic
aesti-
the
on
inflorescence.
1.
§
The
The
inflorescence.
inflorescence
being
as
of
terminal
a
Euphorbia
compound
fulgens
be
may
raceme,
characterized
in
ending
cincinni
of
cyathia.
The
with
main
large
leafy
and
axes,
leaves,
but
diminish
like
cyathium
last
The
minal
is
!)
2
)
of
the
axes
writes
is
statement
The
(1,
feature.
bracts
with
begin
the
a,
to
The
following
but
a
then
it
it
may
falls
on
followed
in the
some
be
the
red
lateral
foliage
deciduous
six
bracts,
3
that
cases
of
repetitions
small
terminal
however
higher
even
axis
of
ones
only
2
a
is
ter-
gradually
bracts
fulgens
E.
the apical
under their
bearing
the
main
a
2
).
unlimited;
correct.
these
The
bracts
shows
lateral
lower
small
very
the
the apex
).
ones
rarely
or
rapidly
some
1
developed
lower
leaves
by
majority of
aborts
the
302)
basal
a
which
mm
axis
4,
g-prophyll
bracts
inserted
or
,
a
of
quite
of
distribution
bud.
be
may
better
are
p.
not
unexplained,
small
main
axis,
number
similar
similar
small
the foliage
main axis
they
about
cyathium
part
vegetative
with
part
with
of the lateral branches. At
main
the
Eichler
the
sometimes present;
part
diminishing
this
flowering
branches
long
a
subtending
leaves.
of
and
those
lateral
of
part
apex
of
consists
occasionally
lateral
size,
in
plant
terminal
a
foliage
no
Towards the
the
the
leaves,
subtending
bracts,
bracts
of
axis
foliage
is
much
will
be
higher
placed
abaxial
like
called
S—£
side;
in
The
in
a
any
with
here
S
same
This
y—£.
bract,
common
case
four
sometimes
having the
next
but
following remarkable,
-prophyll,
larger,
up.
the
branches
y,
spiral
falls
on
more
subtending
dimensions
is
/J
may
and
be
opposed
to
superposed
arrangement,
the
a
as
adaxial
and
side.
170
The
lower
the higher
be
may
of
bracts
bracts
in
three,
the
lateral
the
branches
in the
fertile;
are
higher
lower
two
being
finally
or
sterile,
only
lateral branches there
only
fertile
one
bract.
These
fertile bracts
peduncle
The
bearing
that
to
of
cincinni
2.
in
observations
main
When tracing
it
has
In
the
of
remaining
lateral
its basal
in
first
member
axis,
the
of
is
the
whereas
the
that
the
branch
main
axis
moreover
continued
terminal
the
to
phyllofind
always
we
its
with
Con-
its
on
a
right
cyathium.
find
we
we
the
to
opisthodromously.
terminal
is
appendages
downward,
side,
a
its
the
numerous
cyathia
bracts
in
of
connected
adaxial
whorl
but
the
in
that
only
not
that
see
level, gradually diminishes
insertion
70
of
antidromous.
the
the
it
higher
branches
decreases,
often anti-
branches
lateral
parent
in
so
relation
simple
is
always
here
on
appendage
bracts
at
ft
branches
contortion
is
the
and
a
the
contort
higher
number
of
spiral
have
we
right
a
the
It
cases.
fertile.
appendages.
the
developed;
between
runs
sequently
all
the
is
the
its
cyathium
every
second
100
(in
to
are
confirmed
was
when
axes,
of
that
cyathia,
the
lateral
axis
members
result
heterotropic
SW
the
main
homodromous
aestivation
earlier
of
which
homodromous);
30
cincinnus
The
The
often
is
following
that
the
antidromous,
were
of
bracts
spiral
phyllotactical
dromous
§
subtend cincinni of
two
the
a-prophyll,
size
and
finally
disappears.
Yet
the
at
some
We
has
not
that
calyces,
3
and
in
is
views
side
remain
appendages
and
with
its
the
bract
first
terminal cyathium
a
not
If
it
should
to
that
be
be
is
general
over
its
this
at
in
the
p.
there
with right
the
32
conclusion
whole
opisthodromously
which
of
genus
the
E.
an
or
in
of
to
be
the
the
the
the
its
same
left
position
he
does
splendens
aborted
over
0
not
as
of
found
433,
enumerate,
such
an
of
its
species.
on
in
footmake
exception),
-prophyll logically
most
have
bract
usually
p.
first
g.
we
involucral
condition
right
the
But
objected.
first
bracts
higher
has
that
fact
such
further
Of
should
course
further research.
cyathium would
namely
from
little
on
the
developed
at
the
by
to
Euphorbia (Wydler, 8,
genus
without
confirmed,
prophyll
with
describes
the
lateral flowers;
is
led
well
two
in
-prophyll
a
are
inserted
side,
position
contrast
the
accepted
adaxial
species,
some
12,
visible
the
we
the
are
corroborated
peculiar
in
they
first
is
themselves
the
as
y,
that
granted,
is
members
and
with
which
therefore
is
with
in
Schmidt,
this
ft
And
that
almost
writes
that
run
the
bract,
conclusion
this
Once
situated
is
mind
extended
line
member
bract
exception;
be
a
adaxial
note
of
basal
has
left,
its
on
cincinnus
the
but
ft,
appendages.
these
bear
the
contortion
without
hardly avoid the
in
and
a
involucral
To
base
aborted.
wholly
and
contort
to
the
branch
its
therefore
can
level,
from
mm
conclusion
are
lateral
a
appendages.
contort
cases
and
phyllotaxis
that
so
same;
in
both
(the aborted)
the
a
to
be
brought
phyllotactical
ft.
still
more
spiral
in
would
171
tactical
the
cyathia.
the
cyathia
the
In
prophyll,
dict
of
spiral
terminal
latter
two
remarked
as
It
leaves.
foliage
is
in
and
the
categories
footnote 2
the
moreover
of the lateral branches
of
position
above,
in
case
the cincinnus
in
permits
first
the
to
one
pre-
the contortion direction.
In
small
a
is
contort,
the
overlapped
(=
cochlear,
not
being
they
of
minority
vicinal
(=
appendage,
the
of
These
and
the
cases
for
interest
overlapping
Schoute,
see
the
instead
aestivation,
the
overlapping
neighbours).
might be
the
cases
cochlear,
10,
24)
p.
studied
theoretical
being
next
to
distal
or
overlapped
were
of
being
appendage
detail,
in
of
explanation
as
the
contortion.
Our
FIG.
L
1
fig.
1.
Euphorbia
subtending
petaloid
of
male
flowers
being
the
p.
laid
is
of
a
order
now
that
have
that the
the
a—e
the
cincinni
been
omitted.
in
the latter
same
way
as
the appendage
a,
involucral bracts
indicated by
by
inflorescence.
t,
the
lateral
a
cyathium,
and
S
in
e,
earlier,
the
of
of
appendages
—
initiated and
1
and
3,
other appendages
the
newly
abnormal aestivation (24
appendages
determined,
a,
from
of
letters.
observed
This
facts
way.
with
the
as
moved
the
branch
involucre
the
letters
product
be
axis
terminal female flower
the
I
main
lateral
cyathia
cyathium;
by
Now
to
the
corroborated
cyathia
was
classified
and
down in
following
25
the position
spiral
45).
of
the
1—5
bracts,
cincinni
terminal
the first
might be
the
1—5
of
Diagram
a—t
commissural
supposition
In
The
indicated
(10,
might be
in
from
with its
been
before
leaf,
of
diagram
a
fulgens.
foliage
appendages.
branch
have
represents
h,
c,
d
or
and
occupied
in other
e
with
words
appendages.
vicinal,
respect
the
to
1
the
appendages
distal)
bract
were
172
In
the
In
all 24
17 of
these
d
and
So
normal
the
idea
3.
The
As
far
is
a
I
and
The
aestivation
and
the bud
state,
or
than
more
vation
is
the
In
later
the
suitable
In
the
with
in
different
the
that
The
the
drawing
and
dages
)
The
Goebel
(4,
paragraph,
never
in which
Ill),
the
is
most
cochlear
though
often,
in
even
which
the
the
living
latex
floods
the gynoecium,
the involucre,
the obser-
the
the
the
fig.
1.
the
),
male
cyathia
present
a
numbers.
direction
condition
always
3
appendages
hand
great
contortion
in
the
other
in
whorls
two
before
impossible;
This
female
mainly
are
even
on
same.
here
in
the
which
duration.
covering
impossible
in
observation,
LW
short
still
are
with
observed
of
-
period
the
be
to
stage
appendages
cyathia
becomes
the
has
was
being
Indeed
of
appen-
never
met
contort
we
may
in
state
heterotropic.
of
the
this
fact
will
of
description
be
some
discussed
in
non-contort
follow.
selected cyathia
already
p.
the
importance
successively
mentioned
is
involucre
may
of
represented
as
theoretical
Out of 25
s
material,
senses
only
a
practically
Troll
is
fig.
with
met
is
involucre
the
by
involucre
my
next
cases
for
supports
drawing of
a
contortion
the appendages
is
cyathia
flowering
gives
species,
also
during
reliable.
the
involucre
162,
p.
stamen, have pierced
formed
material
the
this
are
ease
when
observation
early
(13,
in
those open
piercing
all
expand,
one
strongly
d.
of
cases.
removal
in
longer
no
gynoecium
of
the
edges
overlapped
incidental changes
Troll
indeed
involucre
observation
And
everything.
of
some
condition,
by
as
the
of
with
the
involucre,
aestivation
minority
three
case
e,
each
then b.
of
Only
And
aestivations
great
by
case
involucre.
fulgens
contort.
quincuncial
certainty
In
is
and
one
turn
distribution
aestivation
Euphorbia.
a
involucre
rather
an
the
Euphorbia
involucre
common
a
of
cyathium
the
in
their
distal
in its
e
only
were
down first,
of
know
been described
a
but
laid
aestivation
as
In the
and
covered
in
a,
showed
abnormal.
being
instead of being
e,
evidently
the edges
edge
one
overlapped
b
overlapping.
contortion,
that
only
that
a
cases
overlapped
a
deviations
the
§
5
wholly
were
these
was
in
normal; here
were
direction,
it
cases
e,
four of
vicinal aestivation
contortion
overlapping
was
c
of
cases
normal
198)
developed
by
for
E.
Roeper
fulgens
with
cyathia
(9,
in
p.
a
different aestivation 17
show
38)
for
particular.
a
sexual
the
were
differentiation,
German
spp.,
and
as
by
173
8
vicinal,
quincuncial.
volucral bracts
In
the
17
lapping
there
vicinal
the
each;
in
two
were
variably
In
throughout.
and
1/4, 2/5
the
from
being
tinuation
4.
already
stated
As
are
there
1
eutopic
deviations,
therefore
only
in-
namely
three
were
over-
involucres
became
were
aestivation,
gives
the
of
the
lower
for
proof
a
returns
deviation
one
is
involucre
fact,
the
researches
developmental
of
the
well-
previous
direct
con-
phyllomes.
1.
The
is
the
and
a
The
and
by
sible
in
means
of
called
whether
other
the
invo-
appendages
anantiotropic.
this
fact
of
cases
(10,
p.
isomerous
The
40).
may
be
heterotropic
corolla
contort
with eutopic
calyx,
contortion becomes
petal
case
the
of
calyx
1
sep.
the
only
and
the
of
2,
a
preceding
contact
for
heterotropic
a
be
the
as
were:
SW
outer
contact
sep.
the
and
the
latter
LW
origin
heterotropic
after
is
by
ternary
(10,
pair
The
43).
p.
preceded
by
two
with
alternating
heterotropic
quinary
after
by
binary
parastichies
means
and
is
ter-
impos-
4.
androecium
phalanges
with
3—5,
phyllomes
after
3
Cistaceae
sep.
contortion becomes
with
parastichies;
this
the
as
cases
an
but
may
is
now
and
appendages
of the first petals with the sepals,
nary
of
the
contort,
corolla
with
consisting
The
The
of
parastichies.
whorl,
contact
3.
basis
same
heterotropic
3—5.
tortion
discussed
former
contact
The
prophylls
whorls
heterotropic
sepals.
contort
sep.
Our
quinary
2.
the
alternating
of
means
be
to
on
aestivation.
whorl
the
heterotropically
the involucre LW, they
question
explained
of
again
by
of
above,
both
SW and
The
of
heterotropic,
deviations 33
eutopic
heterotropic
bract
quincuncial
aestivation
cyathium
phyllotaxis
that
8
LW
the
LW
(=
Discussion.
lucre
are
the
of
the
1/4
in-
follows.
as
fault”.
surely
that
authors,
of
from
of 34
the
to
times
the
spiral
were
were
15
7
that
so
eighth
Out
“irrational
result
established
§
the
5/3.
contort
an
This
2/5
four edges
In
2/5.
bract
and the results
was
deviations
and
1/4
edge
times
the
determining
involucres
aberrant
and 2
4)
By
numbered,
were
of
Sidalcea
becomes
petals
to
SW
which
(11).
The
con-
heterotropic
the
phalanges
by
are
superposed.
To
if
these
possible
ciples.
three
their
cases
Euphorbia
explanation
fulgens
should
be
adds
based
on
two
the
others,
same
and
prin-
174
A
consideration
closer
start
we
from the
by
Robert
by
Eichler
lome
sural
386).
p.
and
and
Thus
take
with
is
this
and
Wydler,
we
the glands
that
cyathium,
the
appendages
detail
in
be
to
a
phyl-
commis-
be
to
if
developed
forth
set
the involucre
the
possible,
as
productions.
whorl
involucral
The
number
varying
So
(1,
whorl,
of
theory
Roeper
Brown,
shows
directly
classical
falls
it
which
it
ferent,
of
more
in
as
Cistus
by
two
of
E.
fulgens
Yet
the
only
and
involucral
parastichies,
line
in
LW
three
and
if
is
the
so,
is
the
whereas
2—6
not
according
contortion
to
Cistus
and
five
dif-
they
are
involucral
the
needs
a
with
slightly
bracts.
contact
and
binary
must
by
whorl.
a
whorled
that
is
supposition
bracts
of
case
contort,
are
by
preceded
forming
calyx
The
sepals
whorls,
probable
not
the
with
preceded
are
directly
is
bracts,
heterotropy.
only
lower
basis
placed
dimerous
preceded
bracts
less
or
the
shares
this
on
spirally
of
ternary
become
LW
heterotropic.
As
the
to
between
I
bracts,
a
with
the
mine
its
Now
bility
involucral
that
FIG.
2.
the
In
and
by
b
in the
and
—
3.
This
contortion
direction of
the
to
contort
appendage
show
known,
is
all
the
formed
contact
deter-
may
by
how
involucral
is
edges
of
possisimply
the
invo-
2.
fig.
the
another
appendages
superposed
demonstrated
intended
the
by
e.
skewness
with
involucral
the
their first
direction
SW
involucre
way
of
1
bracts
contact
Diagram
edges
tropically
well
the
the
in
skew
with
that
45)
p.
intercalated
structures
are
alternating
(10,
out
members
that the
determined
with
become
will
these
involucre,
pointed
fellow
is
lucre,
and
already
member
when
appendages,
bracts
appendage*
bracts
1—5
may
a—e
by
become
contact
enantio-
contort.
any
with
case
the
therefore
both
forms of
general
give
contortion
explanation
fresh
support
to
of
in
E.
fulgens
heterotropic
this
view.
fit
in very
contortion,,
175
II.
Chapter
Some
remarks
of
The view
being
nature
It
is
views
of
accepted
only
held
is
condensed
a
by
partial inflorescence
the primitive
day,
our
of
view
floral
a
superseded.
will
the involucre and
On
made
be
the
that different
organization
authors.
recent
remarks
some
of
in
interpretation
general.
details of the cyathium
on
dispute
nature
morphological
in
cyathium
definitely
still
are
the
on
cyathium
that the
generally
is
the
these matters
namely
here,
and
glands,
of
two
the
on
the
on
male
partial
inflorescences.
§
5.
nature
The
According
the
of
of
the
formed,
are
oid
A
of
modified
branch.
(Zwischenzipfel)
Haber’s
p.
in
the
involucre.
cribed
that
for
the
traces
on
of
the
the
the
Troll
traces
are
male
nature
anew
what
and
(see
Such
and
their
by
it
as
view,
a
stems,
and
based
on
all
5,
e.g.
ago
p.
in
388)
p.
the
on
sometimes
689,
des-
been
(14,
laterally
“lateral
confusion between
a
growing
with
or
(5,
on
their
the
turn
fig. 85—89),
axes”
during
cortex.
the belief
on
outward
clashes
the
bracts
glands
already
which
inflorescences
giving off
through
fused
a
vascular bundles
inserted
axes”
course
has been
commissural
the
of
long
traces
their
who
33).
p.
inflorescence
the
had
Warming
she
about “primary
petal-
involucral
of the
fuse below with the bract
writes
dorsal
(9,
lateral
the
phyl-
outgrowths
Roeper,
it
consider
course
double,
partial
lower
the glands
a
and
a
to
by
spiral
a
representing
neighbouring involucral bracts,
the
in
stipules.
the
by
part
due
as
of
cauline
of
finding
On
greater
gland
of
traces
of
is
gland
phyllomes,
study
a
the
with
provided
branches
and
of
that
arguments for
interpetiolar
as
conception
is based
700)
real
formed
is
placed
commissural
the nature of
on
Gluck
the
as
involucre
theory
takes every
secondary
Moreover
formations
the
good
gave
who
by Haber,
given
of
different view
wholly
pair
and
bracts
sometimes
part
glands.
bracts,
continuation of
glands,
enounced it
the
the
4—8)
involucral
this
appendage;
first
the
the
and
theory
(seldom
5
is
which
Between
lomes.
involucre
classic
the
to
concrescence
phyllotaxis
the
that leaves
traces,
well
is
to
vascular
and buds
be
established
are
discarded,
facts
of
bundles
originated
the
external
more
mor-
phology.
It is
his
on
a
basis of
comparative
aberrant view according
to
morphology that Gluck develops
which
the
glands
and
appendages
176
the
are
phyllomes,
real
stipules
(2,
between the
in
points
The
by
(13,
raised
the
on
Yet
In
such
my
Gluck
to
be
and
the
If
might
Warming
The
arise
The
the
of
have
clearly
glands
this
should
if
view
theory
Roeper’s
of
real
is
phyllomes,
phyllotactical
the
observed;
see
for
instance
80).
that
the
according
been
the
reverse.
should
not
be
with
phyllomes
bracts
involucral
appendages;
rather have
phyllomes,
the
them
their
on
supposing
inflorescences
that the whole
that
were
in
indicates
and
(13,
arguments.
6, fig.
p.
follow
they
and
be
may
whorls.
two
been
never
resume
by
the male
show
to
appendages
the
as
these
traces
by
to
however
overcome
and
following
find
appendages,
heterotropic,
be
may
erroneous
and
35,
p.
is
to
ontogeny
view
whorls
relations
spatial
objections
contends
He
bracts
difficult
not
on
traces
before
Gluck’s
3.
is
glands
(15,
of the
Troll
expect
Such
spiral.
2.
it
maintained,
1.
one
resemblance
adhered
from the
serious
assumption.
alternation
an
opinion
of
interpetiolar
a
what had been overlooked
and
some
difficulties
is
argument
ontogeny
an
these
into
that
inflorescence bract
realizes,
parts
the superposition
changes
the
same
Troll
cyathium
that
bracts
namely
states
and
parts
that from the
against
299)
that
view
the
involucral
the
direction.
169).
p.
Gluck,
between
p.
cyathium
that
same
Troll
and
Gluck
321—326);
p.
SW
a
but
spiral
to
LW
phyl-
lotaxis.
The
4.
be
not
arise
order
involucral
formed
p.
4,
flowers
the
5.
of
of
main
flowers
aestivation
The
32,
the
as
p.
it
in
was
the
the
if
a,
order
453,
19,
cincinni
involucre
in
own
that
flowers
coming
commissural,
skewness
24;
bract 2—5
E.
the
to
actual
15,
20,
p.
the
in
a
res.
develop(same
groups
subtended five
the
p.
387,
flower
male
bract
p.
151), from
p.
evident
very
of
14,
of
That
them
follows from the direct
spiral,
13
Veh
involucral
front
the
of
involucre,
heterotropic,
von
expect
order.
1/5
should
outgrowths,
might
one
a
superposed
17,
first
of
in
or
flowering
where
the
but
phyllotactical
the
flowers
commissural
spiral,
ontogeny (Warming
p.
(Wydler
front
second
12,
from
fulgens,
the
the
order
authors),
in
of
Schmidt
mental
E.
of the
that
is
if
bracts,
2/5
a
simultaneously
either
observation
in
main
observation
the
first,
main
in
flower
followed by
regular
afterwards),
order,
and
the
from
fulgens.
should
direction of
not be
the
LW
bracts
but
should
SW
be
177
determined
The
6.
the
to
the
by
ontogenetical
alternation,
into
the
all
Against
objections
serious
of which
importance
suggests,
of
being
with
of
phylogenetical,
or
likeness
certain
a
instead
alternate
superposed
them;
this
change,
a
superposition
unparalleled
would
be
Gluck
and
in
Dicotyledons.
these
forward
bring
should
Troll
as
of
branching
appendages.
inflorescences
bracts
involucral
whether
underlying
male partial
in
plastics,
in
morphological
Troll
feature
a
has
questions
only
can
the
small
always
been
recognized.
So
is
§
there is
doubt that
no
the classic
only
view
this
in
respect
correct.
6.
The
In
male
1843 Wydler
Centralbliithe
als
eben
“Die
wrote:
fiinf
Wickel
betrachten,
zu
der Bracteen (Vorblatter)
der
als
jeder
der
aus
This
view
and
has
part
of
by
Aufbliihfolge
has
been
it.
It
E.
and
the
third
of
the
forming
The
by
Bluthen,
(16,
409).
p.
all morphologists
nearly
theory,
of
as
essential
an
inflorescence
from
is
a
and
not
after
number
a
in
the
the
first
the
he
the
study
of
the vascular
of
the
(12,
the
14,
Haber
defended by
argument of
left
p.
(5,
vascular
con-
but
a
ramification.
those
strands
the
fourth,
drew
first
by
flower;
cincinnus,
a
its
male
developed
not
produces
monochasia
been
is
in
that
observations
sympodial
latter
p.
flower
cyathia
35)
derived
is
these
the right
has
view
the
(12,
flower
corroborated by
was
the
of
but
second
two
separate
same
them
third
From
male
traces
two
basis
hervorgeht”
of
ontogeny
the
the
etc.
the
result
course,
Reihe
accepted
of
all
producing
dichasium,
the
the
second,
way
fifth
that
clusion
This
the
same
the
Stellung
Haber.
in
found
branching
in
by
inflorescences
partial
der
aus
einzelnen monandrischen
into the classic
incorporated
studying
spp.
been
wie
sind
Euphorbia
von
has however been doubted in the twentieth century
Schmidt
Schmidt,
of
since
die weibliche
monandrischen,
Bluthenreihen
umgebenden
viele
so
inflorescences.
partial
bundle
flower
fig.
p.
row
II).
693)
bundle
on
course
only.
In
my
cincinnus
next
the
flower
axis
visible
two
rows
both
flowers
of
older
spurious
of
opinion
this
arguments
any
of
the
other
relation
developmental
of
flower
lateral
may
stages,
branches
of
are
By
row.
be
is
a
as
to
value.
In
branch
a
the
obscured
so
on
little
doubt
no
formation
during
give
continuous
the
or
real
a
of
the
of
a
before
appearance
main
axis;
we
178
recall
may
the
(3,
of
In the
of
case
like
axis,
be
the
lateral
been
the
finding
E.
splendens
As
(ibid.
might
we
raceme
contracted spurious
a
the
of
two
cyathium
of
rows
coherence
a
must
seemingly
of
the
row
coherence
a
it
of
in
fig.
40,
a
13)
and
left
a
another
did
E.
by
Schmidt
not
succeed
geniculata
or
Pedilanthus.
in
or
explained
that
say
who
salicifolia,
11,
right
described
92)
p.
E.
well
quite
even
(8,
of floral
sympodium
the
by
conden-
same
condition might
hardly
expected.
Of
Haber
in
cincinni
in
the
least
in
the
is
dichasial
beginning.
be
subject
species
lowing
flower,
is
as
double
rows,
form of
form
2.
If
from
two
a
a
male
the
when
a
genus is
flowers
trichasia
Michaelis
of
the
male
(8,
p.
1).
condition
without
flowers,
may
a
appear
of the innumer-
greater part
is
at
endings,
40, fig.
common
course
and
bracts
with
monochasial
examined,
case
in
screw
the
nearly
would
found to
are
from
double cincinnus
cincinnus
based
all
or
two
species,
double
a
require
that of
inflorescence
the
double
initial
row
more,
were
dichasium
should be
number of
quite
the
the
on
a
subject
to
nought.
to
the
fol-
rows;
the
later
some
in
two
the primary
by
assumption
is
screw
of
the
that of
the
of
a
untenable.
flower
four
only
possible
double
sickle,
Euphorbiaceae.
double monochasium,
dichasial branchings
or
arranged
presence
twisting
alien
into
be
anterior side
double monochasium would be
of
the
or
vast
involucral
even
few
which of
statement,
emanating
double
branching
the
by
cincinni
simple
This
exceptions
the
the
rows,
Schmidt of
a
or
and
ending
excluded,
yet
the
Schmidt
dichasia
arguments.
When
1.
straight
dichasia
ramifications
of
to
of
not
Aubryanum
diagram given
however
able
is
by
given
of
presence
species
of the genus Euphorbia
cyathium
that
arguments
the
some
subtend
dichasial
shown by
is
In the
the
Anthostemma
doubt
any
that
of
cyathia
of
three
fact
conclusive,
not
are
case
without
the
by
course,
and
a
such
pi.
be
may
show
Michaelis
formation of
this
sation;
A
dorsiventral
a
ontogeny.
of
trace
any
the
to
fact
the
theory,
well
quite
their
denied by
in
traces,
classic
may
during
Moreover
to
homologize
to
attempts
with
inflorescence
partial
the
to
flowers
members
be
Goebel’s
Boraginaceae
condensed cincinnus with
a
male
according
has
connection
the
406—422).
p.
as
this
in
cincinnus
the change
monochasial
variation
occasionally
in
mode
place,
might
be
so
of
that
either
179
3.
In
dent.
A
rows,
as
regular
the
the
equal
regularly
two
or
inflorescences
For
the
groups,
the
distribution
As
these
of
shapes,
material in
this
not
literature
In
the
there
first
authority
somewhat
a
the
The
contains
right,
that
here
flowers
the
this
Though
be
as
each
the
tion
of
this
is
the involucre
only
a
new
morphology,
a
a
to the
group
stands
that
less
no
twice
19,
an
in
p.
a
24),
for several
present between
bract
E.
of
near
every
has
of
as
the
to
bract.
first
possible,
further
the
and
left
that
dichasial
it
test
as
the
is
not
substantial
the
two
branching.
to
be
con-
evidence.
conclusion that the classic
well
des-
only
Mansfeld supposes
and
aborted
the
Tessmannii,
inflorescence
partial
narrow
quite
without
come
about the male flower
is
by
433,
are
one
in
conditions.
Hieronymus
having
some
and
cases
such
p.
symmetrically
by
flower
supposition
by
investigation
repeated
(18,
on
every
products
established
of
statement
and
flowers.
assumed
surprising if
better
of bracts
row
have
excepted.
placed
subtended
we
later
mentioned is
primary
Summarizing
short
above
male
the
separate
or
indications
rows
where
flowers,
each
represent
sidered
old
two
flower
Mansfeld,
two
and
to
case
by
does
derived from
suitable
yield
detailed statement
primary
last
cribed
the
form
partial inflorescences,
two
flower,
not
are
some
quoted
174), that
the
would not be
should
have
detailed
more
(6, col.
species
it
in
conditions
ill-developed
species
species
we
the
subtending
are
But
Wydler,
more
and further
bracts
already
are
Euphorbia
laterals,
highest
of
place
than
the
of
might have been
investigated
yet
row
neigh-
its
in
the strong tendency
criterion
respect.
one
with
compared
two
especially
never
best
most
the
packing,
strong.
very
usually
pappus-like
and
flowering
as
of
due to
still be
discrimination
the
bracts
of
indepen-
are
flowers
expectation.
furthering
become
thorough
a
flower
the
monochasia,
two
think of
we
towards
argument
all
against
when
the
of
members short
more
be
Especially
this
of
order
alternating
development
would
bour,
monochasia
two
alternation
spatial
observed in most E. spp., might
but
having
double monochasium the
a
theory
that about the construc-
against
all
modem attacks;
example of the great internal strength of the
strength
which is
underrated by
many
modem
botanists.
Of
course
still be
it
is
no
the
corrected
doubt
classic
theory
and completed
correct.
has
in
its
deficiencies
details. But
and
in the
it
may
main part
180
Summary.
A.
Euphorbia
1.
The
short
aestivation
and
2.
bracts
The
In
even
complete
3.
The
the
1
and
is
appendages
When
in
is
usually
and
3,
sometimes
appendix
(=
the
is
appendage
a,
the
between
between
b,
SW
cyathia
some
individual
an
this
of
from
give
in
the
bracts
is
2
evidence
give
the
heterotropic
in
new
returns
of
minority
to
cases
reached.
and
about
earlier
LW
different;
is
always
considerable
is
usually
aestivation
nearly
are
a
1
sub
reported
direction
they
that
bracts
the
cases
aestivation
eutopic
expressed
contortion
involucral
of
contortion
much
so
the
minority
a
facts
views
time
cyathium
contort.
regular,
aestivation
departures
eutopy,
a
the
4.
heterotropic.
the
less
is
overlapping,
involucral
1
of
heterotropically
way)
wholly
fulgens.
aestivation
fresh
a
aestivation.
the
for
classic
to
support
determination
the
At
theory
the
of
same
the
of
cyathium.
B.
The
4.
The
view
is
structures
of
5.
The
view
of
which
involucral
The
view
monochasial
Eichler,
is
Haber
Gluck
of
in
1
and
the
Troll
glands
represent
Schmidt
and
cyathium
is
not
theory
of
not
the
to
Haber
glands
the
be
that
by
the
are
and
the
male
partial
dichasia
with
facts.
any
cyathium,
phyl-
are
laminas
as
expounded
by
maintained.
be
Botanical
Groningen,
cauline
accepted.
Euphorbia
supported
of
the
that
represent
is
stipules,
the
endings,
to
that
appendages
the
classic
The
general.
discarded.
the
bracts
inflorescences
7.
of
be
to
lomes
6.
in
cyathium
Febr.
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