TECNOLOGÍA NUCLEAR Y SOCIEDAD

Transcription

CURSOS DE VERANO UPM
TECNOLOGÍA NUCLEAR Y SOCIEDAD
La Granja – 2-3 Julio, 2007
Mesa redonda:
Plataformas Tecnológicas en Energía Nuclear
La Plataforma Europea SNE-TP:
Sustainable Nuclear Energy – Tech. Platform
José Mª Aragonés Beltrán
Departamento de Ingeniería Nuclear – UPM
J.M. Aragonés – Dept. Ingeniería Nuclear – UPM
Cursos Verano UPM, 2 Julio 2007
1
European Technology Platform on Sustainable Nuclear Energy (SNE-TP)
- SNFTP-CA: Coordination Action FP6:
start Oct 2006 – 2 years
- SNE-TP Vision Report (June 2007, COM)
- Launch of the Nuclear Fission TP
(name: SNE-TP)
21st September 2007 in Brussels
at COM with Commissioner(s)
Ÿ Large consensus on the process and on the
Vision of the Technology Platform
Ÿ Broad participation of the « Community of
Interest »
Ÿ Organising Committee for the Conference:
(COM, CEA, UPM, Foratom, etc.)
- Agree on “Roadmaps” (WPs)
- Agree on « Structure » for the TP:
Roles and involvement of all actors
2
1
Vision Report on SNE-TP: Background
•
•
•
Nuclear fission energy can deliver safe, sustainable, practically carbon-free
and competitive energy to Europe’s citizens and industries.
In the frame of the Strategic Energy Technology Plan [1], the European
Commission has invited stake-holders to formulate a collective vision of
the contributions this energy could make towards Europe’s transition to a
low-carbon energy mix by 2050.
The Vision Report has been prepared within the framework of two
Euratom FP-6 Coordination Actions, namely SNF-TP (Sustainable Nuclear
Fission Technology Platform) and PATEROS (Partitioning and
Transmutation European Roadmap for a Sustainable Nuclear Energy),
with contributions from Europe’s Technical Safety Organisations.
Contributors: ANSALDO Italy, AREVA France, CEA France, CIEMAT Spain, CNRS
France, EDF France, ENEA Italy, FZD Germany, FZK Germany, KFKI
Hungary, JRC, ECJSI Slovenia, NEXIA Solutions UK, NRG The Netherlands,
PSI Switzerland, SCK•CEN Belgium, UJV Tcheque Republic, University of
Karlsruhe Germany, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Spain, University of
Roma Italy, VATTENFALL Sweden, VTT Finland, AVN Belgium, GRS
Germany, IRSN France.
[1] Towards a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan, COM(2006) 847
3
Vision Report on SNE-TP: Executive Summary
•
The Vision Report prepares the launch of the European Technology Platform on
Sustainable Nuclear Energy (SNE-TP).
•
It proposes a vision for the near, medium and long term development of nuclear
fission energy technologies, with the aim of achieving a sustainable production
of nuclear energy, a significant progress in economic performance and the
highest level of safety as well as resistance to proliferation.
•
In particular, this document proposes roadmaps for the development and
deployment of potentially sustainable nuclear technologies, as well as actions
to harmonize Europe’s training and education, while renewing its research
infrastructures.
•
Public acceptance is also an important issue for the development of nuclear
energy.
•
The proposed roadmaps provide the backbone for a Strategic Research
Agenda to maintain Europe’s leadership in the nuclear energy sector.
•
By emphasizing the key role of nuclear energy within Europe’s energy mix, this
document also contributes to the European Commission’s Strategic Energy
Technology Plan, by calling on Europe to mobilise the resources needed to
fulfil the vision of sustainable nuclear energy.
4
2
Sustainable Development Vision Scenario (IEA 2003)
9
Other Renewables
Biomass
25
8,5
Nuclear
Gas
Oil
20
8
Coal
15
7,5
Population
10
7
5
World Population (Billions)
Source IEA 2003 :
Energy to 2050 Scenarios for a
Sustainable
Future
World Primary Energy Sources (Gtoe)
30
6,5
0
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
6
2050
2040
5
Global Energy Perspectives (WEC- IIASA 1998)
A : High growth
(Income, energy,
technology)
B : Modest
growth
C : Ecologically
driven growth
Source : IIASA/WEC, 1998
Hypothesis B ⇒ 19.7 Gtoe in 2050
6
3
What should respect a sustainable scenario ?
An increasing energy
demand in the world
by 2050, but also
•
•
•
Limiting of CO2
emissions
Energy supply
security
Access to
energy for
underprivileged
populations
Nuclear energy could be used even more extensively if:
•
•
The 2.5 Gtoe not yet allocated cannot be obtained from fossil fuels
The 5 Gtoe Energy Management (MDE) and 5 Gtoe Renewable Energies (ENR)
cannot be met
7
What nuclear reactors for future ?
If the world nuclear park is based on “current” technology with an
installed capacity which will remain stable until 2020 and then could
grow linearly until 2050, the uranium resources consumed and
earmarked in 2050 would be :
Nuclear primary energy in 2050
(Gtoe)
0.7
1.8
2.5
3.2
Installed capacity in 2050 (GWe)
400
1000
1400
1700
Unat consumed and earmarked in
2050 (Mt)
6
12
16
19
The “known” resources of U (15 million tons) will have been
earmarked once the installed capacity reaches 1300 GWe
⇒ Breeding, or at least iso-generation, reactors will therefore
be needed before this time.
Technological Break
8
4
The Evolution of Nuclear Power
Current
Reactors
First
Reactors
1950
1970
1990
Future
Systems
Advanced
Reactors
2010
2030
2050
2070
2090
Generation I
UNGG
CHOOZ
Generation II
Generation III
REP 900
REP 1300
Generation IV
EPR
N4
Future Nuclear Energy Systems
9
(Source: JRC – Brussels - 2006)
5 fundamental criteria
ECONOMICS
SAFETY
Competitiveness
Investment cost
Operation/Accidents
Severe conditions
Save natural
resources (U, Th)
Reuse (U, Pu) from
existing reactors
Minimize Waste
production
Integral recycling of
actinides
Enhance
proliferation
resistance
Pu burning,
Integration of fuel cycle
Missions and
additional criteria
• Electricity generation
• Hydrogen production
• /HT process heat
• Long-lived radioactive
waste burning
• High sustainability
• Symbiosis with existing LWRs
• Flexible adaptation to diverse
fuel cycles
10
5
European strategy for nuclear energy ?
EU
Nuclear energy currently plays a key role within
the European Union
but
the lack of a common nuclear vision through the
European Union has lead to a non favourable
political environment for its development
nuclear
16%
coal
16%
Primary
energy
However, 3 recent events could change that :
Ø The Green Paper, “Towards a European
Energy Security Strategy”, published by the
EC in November 2000
Ø The effective participation of EURATOM in
the Gen IV International Forum since
September 2003
Ø The “International Partnership for the
Hydrogen Economy” signed in Washington in
November 2003
3
rd
renewable
6%
gas
21%
gas
13%
oil
41%
oil
8%
hydro
11%
others
2%
Electricity
coal
31%
nuclear
35%
11
Generation Reactors
§ Generation 3 is an important improvement in terms of safety,
resource and waste management.
à developments in reactor and materials modelling and
simulation tools, with experimental validation : common
European standards
NURESIM + PERFECT (FP6) à NURESP + PERFORM (FP7)
§ Construction of 400 Gwe in the coming twenty years (half to
renew obsolescent power plants, half to cope with the
increase of energy demand), European Green Book.
Out of 400 GWe, 100 Gwe nuclear is a reasonable assumption
i.e around 150 G€ investment.
§ An Euratom participation of 20 M€/year, represents less than
0,3% of the average annual European investment over the 20
years period.
12
6
GEN IV : paves the way for a sustainable nuclear energy
Ø New requirements for sustainable nuclear energy
• Gradual improvements in
• Concepts with breakthroughs
ü Competitiveness
ü Minimization of wastes
ü Safety and reliability
ü Preservation of resources
ü Non Proliferation
Ø Assets for new markets :
- attractiveness
- simplicity, robustness
- safety, non proliferation
France
Canada
U.S.A.
Ø Assets for new applications :
- hydrogen production
- direct use of heat
- sea water desalination
Brazil
E.U.
Génération IV
International
Forum
Members
Switzerla
nd
Japan
Argentina
South Africa
United
Kingdom
South Korea
13
4th Generation Reactors
Example of development cost for VHTR concept, excluding a
demonstration reactor :
Design and
safety
Fuel and fuel
cycle
Materials and
components
H2 production
High performance
Helium turbine
100 MUSD 300 MUSD
270 MUSD
250 MUSD
80 MUSD
1 GUSD between 2005 and 2015
à Initial estimation of the global Gen4 RTD program in around
4 G€ between 2005 and 2015.
à Transmutation may be also in ADS system and ADS design
and safety studies will continue
à European contribution (Member states + Euratom):
400 x ¼ = 100 M€/an
one third Euratom participation : 130 M€/FP.
14
7
European RTD in Energy within the Framework Programmes
(Source: World Energy Council)
80
Percentage of FP Budget
70
60
50
Euratom
Fission
Energy
40
30
20
10
0
FP1
FP2
FP3
FP4
FP5
FP6
Framework Programme
15
Nuclear Power Reinassance
16
8
US-DOE GNEP: Global Nuclear Energy Partnership
A comprehensive strategy to support Civilian Nuclear Power expansion worldwide
17
US-DOE GNEP: Global Nuclear Energy Partnership
Initially GNEP envisions three facilities
18
9
European Nuclear Fission Tech. Platform (SNF-TP): Scope
SNFSNF-TP
Managementof
ofradioactive
radioactivewaste
waste
Management
SNF-TP
Geologicaldisposal
disposal
•• Geological
Partitioning&&Transmutation
Transmutation
•• Partitioning
Keycross-cutting
cross-cutting
Key
activities
activities
Research
•• Research
infrastructures
infrastructures
Humanresources,
resources,
•• Human
mobility&&training
training
mobility
Reactorsystems
systems
Reactor
Nuclearinstallation
installationsafety
safety
•• Nuclear
Sustainablenuclear
nuclearsystems
systems
•• Sustainable
Radiationprotection
protection
Radiation
19
SNF-TP CA Project Structure and Management
Project
Coordinator (CEA)
Executive Committee
SP1: Strategic Research Agenda ;
Platform Organization & Operation,
including WP1.7 (CEA)
WP1.1: Materials and Fuel
Development (PSI)
WP1.2: Simulation Tools for
Reactor Design and Safety (U-Ka)
WP1.3: System Integration:
Fast and Thermal Reactors, Fuel
Cycles with P&T, Waste Processes
(SCK*CEN /NEXIA/U-Roma)
European
Commission
SP2: Platform
Deployment Strategy (EDF)
WP1.4: Training and R&D
Infrastructures (CEA)
WP1.5: Light Water Reactors
(VTT)
WP1.6: High Temperature
Reactors and Processes (AREVA)
20
10
European SNE-TP – Strategic Research Agenda
Interactions of
SNE-TP
with other
Technological
Platforms or
international
initiatives
21
SNF-TP Roadmaps: Fast Reactors and Simulation
Confirmation of design features
Pre-selection of design
features
Technological R&D on preselected design features
Assessment of
innovations
2007
2009
2012
Preliminary and detailed designs, Safety analysis
reports, Validation R&D, Construction
2015
2020
Roadmap for Development, Validation and Qualification of Simulations Tools
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Phase 3
Phase1
NURESIM-2
PERFECT -2
R&D physics & numerics
Phase 0
Experimental
Validation
Including Sensitivities and
Uncertainties
Further
Developments
Phase 2
Software Architecture
Multi-scales development & multi-physics
coupling
R&D: physics & numerics
Validation & Qualification
2015 …
2015…
New generation of simulation
tools;
Multi -scales;
Multi -Physics;
Validation;
Qualification
Standardization
Consolidation
Validation & Qualification
NURESIM
PERFECT
22
11
NURESIM: European Nuclear Reactor Simulation Platform
Integration
( …)
Data base
NURESIM Core Physics
code
script
code
( …)
Data base
script
NURESIM Thermal-Hydraulics
S&U
SALOME platform
Multi-Multi
Physics
Core
Physics
Thermal-Thermal
Hydraulics
GEOM
MESH
SUPERV
Data
model
DATA
VISU
Coupling
methods
( …)
script
code
Data base
code
( …)
script
NURESIM Sensitivity &
NURESIM Multi-Physics
Uncertainty
23
View of the NURESIM Core Physics Platform
Monte Carlo
reference
calculation
route
Deterministic validated
calculation
route
APOLLO2
NURESIM
Lattice
calculation
APOLLO2
NURESIM
CORE
PHYSICS
PLATFORM
SP1
SAPHYB
TRIPOLI4
DESCARTES
CORE V2
COBAYA3
DYN3D
CRONOS2
ANDES
Core
calculation
SP5
SP3
SP3
NEPTUNE Core
Component (FLICA-4)
24
12

TECNOLOGÍA NUCLEAR Y SOCIEDAD

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