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Original Article
1394 Q=y@ 'h} QW u=Qta|UOvyt
8175 "X '1/2 |xQ=tW '31 2 |xQwO
} U W |=Q@ |Q=OQ@xvwtv ?U=vt QDU@ u}}aD
=yx=Q |=yxOv}q;
| = =v
\}Lt w u=Qta |UOvyt |xOmWv=O
OWQ= T=vWQ |R=UQyW w x=Q CQ=Rw 'pkv w
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|=yxOv}q; XwYNQO |Q=OQ@xvwtv Qw_vtx@ ?U=vt QDU@ u}}aD 'xar=]t u}= s=Hv= R= hOy
xOv}q; w ?=NDv= QwLt 4 '=DU=Q u}= QO "CU= xOw@ QwWm |=yx=Q |Q=OQ@xQy@ R= |W=v
QDW}@ '=yV}=tR; G}=Dv T=U= Q@ "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk VHvU OQwt hrDNt |=y\}Lt
'xar=]t u}= QO "Ov=xOw@ OQ=Ov=DU= OL Q}R 'l =N |=yQDt=Q=B RH x@ VHvU OQwt |=yQDt=Q=B
u=R}t x@ ?}DQD x@ xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt l =N QO s}O=v=w w pm}v 'TPH C_re u} QDW}@
xOw@ R=Ht u=R}t R= QD=Qi xm 'Ov=xOW |Q}oxR=Ov= l =N sQowr}m QO sQo|r}t 162 w 90 '14
OQwt |=y\}Lt Q}=U =@ xU}=kt QO l =N \}Lt |=yxOv}q; C_re uOw@q=@ p}rO "CU=
Q}=U =@ xU}=kt QO l =N \}Lt QO xOv}q; |Q=Oyov |q=@ |}=v=wD x@ u=wD|t =Q VHvU
R= |W=v |=yxOv}q; Q}F-=D |UQQ@ Qw_vt x@ u}=Q@=v@ "CUv=O \@DQt =wy w ?; Ovv=t =y\}Lt
|x}W=L ?; `@=vt w =wy =@ xU}=kt QO |QD?U=vt u=mt l =N QDU@ 'x=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@
"CU= xO=H
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[3]
Vy=m R}v u=QoWywSB |NQ@ "Ov=xOQm QmP =ywQOwN RwRo= |HwQN =Q nQR@ |=yQyW
pmDwQB |=QH= |=yQ=my=Q R= |m} u=wvax@ =Q |}xO=H pkv w ptL R= |W=v CO2
=ywQOwN uOQmRwU p}wR=o XwYN u}= QO w Ov=xOQm QmP =BwQ= |x}O=LD= QO w}mwD
QO u@ QmO}Um=|O u=R}t Vy=m QO QFw-t pt=a wO u=wvax@ =Q |SwrwvmD |xaUwD w
[4] "Ov=xOQm |iQat =BwQ= |x}O=LD=
|xQ=@QO prt u=tR=U Tv=Qivm 21 Q=m QwDUO syv pYi QO GQOvt OQ=wt T=U=Q@
|=yxt=vQ@ R= |m} u=wvax@ pkv w ptL '1992 p=U QO xaUwD w CU}R \}Lt
Vy=m 'xt=vQ@ u}= |rY= h=Oy= R= "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk xHwD OQwt Q=O}=B |xaUwD OQ@W}B
?U=vDt |=yxt=vQ@ w =y|Wt \N <=kDQ= 'u}tR wH Q@ |SQv= hQYt <wU C=QF=
O=H}= CyH |O=YDk= |=yxt=vQ@ w =y|Wt\N |R=Uy@ w u}wOD 'xt=vQ@ u}= "CU=
<wU C=QF= Qo}O w wH pN=O x@ xOv}q; |=yR=o Q=WDv= pQDvm w Vy=m 'C}OwOLt
u}= "CU= xO=O Q=Qk OwN |rY= h=Oy= |xQtR QO u=mt= OL =D =Q |]}LtCU}R
w |rt Kw]U QO X=N |vt}= \}=QW w O=a@= w xaUwD |=yC} wrw= x@ xHwD =@ syt
[5] "O@=} jkLD O}=@ hrDNt |rLt
C=_Lqt uDiQoQ_vQO uwO@ ,=DOta =yx=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ w CN=U C=}rta xRwQt=
|v=Qta |=yxSwQB w =yKQ] |=QH= j@=wU |UQQ@ =t= 'CU}v umtt |]}LtCU}R
|Q=}U@ Ovv=t x@ 'xDWPo |=y|R}Qxt=vQ@ QO xm OyO|t u=Wv QwWm QO =yx=QoQR@ Q}_v
@ U D w u} wv |oOvR |rY= |=yCN=UQ}R w syt <=RH= R= =yx=Q 'Q[=L QYa QO
|=yQwWm QO |QyW `t=wH VQDUo w C}atH OL R= V}@ V}=Ri= "OvwQ|t Q=tW
xm 'Ov=xOW ?Hwt =Q CavY w |RQw=Wm Q}_v |irDNt |=yVN@ |xaUwD 'hrDNt
u}@ |]=@DQ= |xkrL u=wva x@ =Q =yx=Q |xm@W QDW}@ xJ Qy |xaUwD w O=H}= Qt= u}=
QO |QwQ[ w C@Ft Vkv 'pkv w ptL VN@ "CU= xOW Ea=@ Qwm Pt |=yVN@
xat=H hrDNt |=yVN@ R=}v p}rO x@ w OQ=O QwWm |a=tDH= w |O=YDk= |xaUwD
|m} pkv w ptL VN@ xm |}=Hv; R= "OwW|t |@=}RQ= OWQ x@ wQ |DavY 'u; x@
w ptL |=ys=_v QO O}=@ 'OwQ|t Q=tWx@ CU}R \}Lt ?} QND w |oOwr; `@=vt R=
u}= QO 'Qo}O CQ=@a x@ "OwW Q_vO}OHD u; QFw-t |L=Q] w C} Q}Ot w OwHwt pkv
COtR=QO w COtx=Dwm |]}LtCU}R ?wr]t=v =} ?wr]t Q=F; |x}rm O}=@ XwYN
"OvQ}o Q=Qk Q_v Ot w |}=U=vW
=ywQOwN OOQD x@ u=yH QO |O}rwD |}xv=Nro |=yR=o R= |}q=@ OYQO xRwQt=
CNwU R= pY=L CO2 u=R}t '|Oq}t 1990 p=U QO "OwW|t xO=O C@Uv
6 6 x@ 2007 p=U QO xm 'CU= xOw@ uD uw}r}t 4 6 OwOL QO u=yH QO =ywQOwN
9 33 x@ u=R}t u}= '|Oq}t 2030 p=U QO OwW|t |v}@V}B w xO}UQ uD uw}r}t
x xa w
pwUt xOvU} wv "1392 6 27 VQ}PB '1392 6 16 x}LqY= '1391 10 12 Ci=}QO %M}Q=D
|Q=OQ@xvwtv |=yx=oDU}= w =yQwLt ?=NDv= "2"2
?=NDv= |R}tt s=Hv= CyH QwLt 4 '=yx=Q |]}LtCU}R C} wrw= |xWkv x@ xHwD =@
=@ \=kv 'Q}Ut V}=t}B R= TB =yQwLt |x}rm QO xm CU= sRq Qm PD u}= "CU= xOW
xOv}q; O}rwD `@=vt u}vJty w V}=B |=yx=oDU}= ?=NDv= w |yOR=}Dt= |=Q@ C}ty=
CW=OQ@ |DavY |=ylQyW w `}=vY 'syt w nQR@ C=U}U-=D '|vwmUt j]=vt Ovv=t
Q}=U R= Q}PB QF= |=yxOwOLt hPL =@ TBU "CU= xOW GQO x]w@ Qt |=yxWkv QO w
w G=QNDU= V}=B |=yx=oDU}= |xOwOLt 'GIS \}Lt QO |y=QQ}e |xOv}q; `@=vt
O=OaD Q@=Q@ 4 =D 3 u=R}t x@ 'OaDUt |x}rw= \=kv w s=Hv= |v=O}t |=yO}OR=@ 'xt=O= QO
pt=wa |UQQ@ w =yxWkv |Q=Posy}wQ =@ R}v C}=yv QO "CU= xOW C@F w u}}aD R=}vOQwt
xOW ?=NDv= |R}tt s=Hv= x=oDU}= u=wvax@ x]kv 5 'Q}Ut Qy |=Q@ QFw-t |=yQDt=Q=B w
'|DavY |=ylQyW '|vwmUt |=y\}Lt Q}_v |k]=vt Q}F-=D '=DU=Q u}= QO "CU=
xOW ^=Lr |Q=OQ@xvwtv |xOwOLt u}}aD QO C}ty= =@ w nQR@ C=U}U=D w `}=vY
|xv}W}@ |Q=OQ@xvwtv |=yx=oDU}= =D CU= xOW |aU 'Qo}O CQ=@a x@ [12] "CU=
"OvW=@ xDW=O Qwm Pt um =t= R= =Q xrY=i
y } tR; s=Hv= w |Q=OQ@xvwtv "3"2
= V=
@ v 2 QO \@ Q}P |=yu=oQ= w =yO=yv =@ |ovy=ty =@ xt=vQ@ j@] |=y|Q=OQ@xvwtv
'pH |=yQDt=Q=B '=DU=Q u}= QO "CU= xOW s=Hv= 1390 Q=y@ w 1389 u=DUtR
'|v}tRQ}R|=y?;XwYNQO COD w EC 's}O=v=w'pm}v'C=iUi'C=QD}v 7 'TPH
'COD 'EC 'pm QiUi 's}OU 'C=irwU 'C=iUi 'C=QD}v 'TPH 'pH |=yQDt=Q=B
'=y?;u=wQ w |L]U |=y?; XwYNQO nvQ w CQwOm 'TSS 'DO 'BOD
|=yO}Um= 'CO |=yQDt=Q=B 'l =N \}Lt QO s}O=v=w w pm}v 'TPH 'pH |=yQDt=Q=B
'Leq CwY COW u=R}t w PM10 'PM2 5 'NO2 'SO2 'CU@R; '|}=}t}WwDi
CyH =DU=Q u}= QO "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk VHvU OQwt =wy \}Lt QO Lmin w Lmax
|=yOQ=Ov=DU= R= |v}tRQ}R w |L]U ?; |=yxvwtv p=kDv= w |Q=Oyov 'C}@FD 'CW=OQ@
|Q=OQ@xvwtv |xwLv ptar=QwDUO 'u=Q}= |DavY C=k}kLD w OQ=Ov=DU= |xUUw-t 4208
R= CU}R \}Lt w |a}@] `@=vt |=yVRQ= w C}ty= 'xaUwD p=LQO |=yQwWm R=
C=_Lqt x@ xHwD uwO@ =yxSwQB u}= R= |Q=}U@ w CU= xOw@ u=yvB u=Q}os}tYD x=oO}O
|D=t=Ok= u}vJ |=yOt=}B w pY=L "Ov=xOW |Q=OQ@xQy@ w |L=Q] |]}LtCU}R
C=QF= Q}=U w `@=vt O}OW |R=U|yD w ?} QND 'hrDNt |=yVN@ QO |oOwr; RwQ@
"CU= xOw@ QwWm QO |]}LtCU}R <wU
sQ=yJ |xt=vQ@ |]}LtCU}R C=t=Rr= uDiQoQ_vQO =@ w Qwm Pt OQ=wt x@ xHwD =@
xm 'uwv=k u}= 192 |xO=t ? Ov@ j@=]t w |a=tDH= w |O=YDk= |xaUwD
|R}tt |=QH= 'Ov=O|t =yxv=NDQ=Rw w =yx=oDUO |x}rm h}=_w <RH =Q |Q=y_=OwN
|R}tt "OwW|t KQ]t |vwv=k s=Rr= u}= |=QH= QO Q=my=Q l} u=wvax@ |]}LtCU}R
'xv=iQ]|@ |@=}RQ= |=Q@ xOWOvDUt w Ovts=_v j}OYD Ov};Qi l} |]}LtCU}R
"CU= xOWs}_vD |]}LtCU}R |=yQ=}at =@ sDU}U C}r=ai j@=]D u}}aD w
|=y|R}tt G}=Dv w |]}LtCU}R |=yC}r=ai C}ty= x@ xDU@ '|R}tt |R=UxO=}B
|]}LtCU}R V}=B w |R}tt |=QH= =Pr "CU= OvtR=}v |}xQwO |}=v@t x@ u}W}B
w ?wr]t=v C=QF= |}=U=vW x@ QHvt Ov=wD|t |Q=OQ@xQy@ p=L QO |=yxSwQB |=Q@
`iQ x@ C@Uv Q=F; Vy=m w p}rkD |=yQ=my=Q |x=Q= =@ TBU w xOW =yv; |R=U|t
:m
[7w6] "OQm s=Ok= CqmWt
=@ |D=ar=]t |Q=OQ@xQy@ p=L QO |=yxO=H XwYNQO QwWm pN=O QO uwvm =D
xOWs=Hv= |=yxSwQB QDW}@ w xDiQ}PBv s=Hv= |]}LtCU}R |R}tt =} V}=B u=wva
|WywSB QO xvwtv |=Q@ "CU= xDW=O X=YDN= =y|oOwr; |UQQ@ x@ =DU=Q u}= QO
QO x}rkv p}=Uw OOQD R= |W=v sw}tO=m w pm}v 's}O=v=w '|wQ '?QU C=Rri C_re
QO [8] "CU= xOW VQ=Ro R=Ht u=R}t R= V}@ GQm u=QyD x=QoQR@ |x}W=L l =N
OQwt Ovw=tO u=QyD QwLt |x}W=L l =N QO sw}tO=m w ?QU u=R}t R}v |Qo}O VywSB
OQw;Q@ R=Ht OL R= V}@ ?QU C_re R}v OQwt u}= QO xm 'CU= xDiQo Q=Qk |UQQ@
|x}W=L l =N QO ?QU C_re u=R}t 'x@=Wt |WywSB QO u}vJty [9] "CU= xOW
R= V}@ u=yiY= u=QyD w GQm u=QyD 'QUt=Q |=Jqm '|rRv= CWQ x=QoQR@ 4
[10] "CU= xOW VQ=Ro R=Ht OL
|xOmWywSB QO QwWm |=yx=Q |R}tt |xwLv =@ \=@DQ= QO |rtar=QwDUO R}v ,=Q}N=
|OOaDt |=yQDt=Q=B |Q}oxR=Ov= u; QO w u}wOD |R=UQyW w x=Q CQ=Rw pkv w ptL
QO [12w11] "CU= xOW |v}@V}B |R}tt s=Hv= Qw_vt x@ l =N w ?; '=wy \}Lt QO
?NDvt |=yQwLt R= |O=OaD QO ptar=QwDUO u}= |W}=tR; |R=UxO=}B 'xar=]t u}=
|=yxOv}q; |}=U=vW XwYNQO |Q=OQ@xvwtv CyH QDU@ u} QDy@ u}}aD Qw_vt x@
u}= QO "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk Q_v Ot |m} R}i \}Lt QO =yx=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ R= |W=v
R= |W=v |=yxOv}q; u=R}t '|Q=OQ@xvwtv |=yx=oDU}= w Q}Ut ?=NDv= R= TB '=DU=Q
'C}=yv QO w xDiQo Q=Qk VHvU OQwt 'l =N w =wy '?; \}Lt QO =yv; R= |Q=OQ@xQy@
"CU= xOW u}}aD |Q=OQ@xvwtv CyH QDU@ u} QD?U=vt
C w
Q=m s=Hv= VwQ "2
yx=Q |]}LtCU}R C} wrw= |xWkv |x}yD "1"2
=
} y U QO |[=}Q CqO=at j} Q] R= x}rw= |r}rLD |R=UpOt w |k}@]D |UQQ@
QO hrDNt |=ypwrU |=Q@ |v=mt VRQ= w |Ov@xk@] =@ |v=tR |oO}J}B |=Q=O xm
|QDu}}=B CkO w =]N p=tDL= |=Q=O w xOw@ Q=wWO w Q@u=tR 'OvDUy |}=}i=QeH |xvyB
=Qi |=yVwQ w |awvYt |@Ya |xm@W Q}_v O=R; pOt |=yVwQ x@ C@Uv
"CU= 2 SMCE |}=[i |xQ=}at OvJ |@=}RQ= VwQ R}v w 1 xOvvmhWm w |Q=mD@=
| = sDU}
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|=yx}q |wQp}rLD s=Hv= w |R=UxO=}B w j}@]D C}r@=k =@ SMCE VwQ u=}t u}= R=
"CU= xDiQo Q=Qk xHwD OQwt QDW}@ 3 GIS |}=}i=QeH C=aq]= sDU}U |D=aq]=
'Ci=}QO u=mt= 'CU= Q=wDU= xQ=}at OvJ |Q}os}tYD |=yVwQ |x}=B Q@ xm VwQ u}=
Q}O=kt =@ xWkv |m}i=Qo |xDUw}B |=yxvyB ?r=k QO G}=Dv |HwQN |x=Q= w VR=OQB
"OQ=O =Q GIS \}Lt QO |v=mt pwrU Qy |=Q@ XNWt |=yVRQ= w
QO |@=}u=mt XN=W C=Q}}eD '|rwrU |xWkv |x}yD Qw_vt x@ R}v xar=]t u}= QO
\}Lt xU QO x}=B C=aq]= R= xO=iDU= =@ SMCE VwQ R= xar=]t OQwt |xOwOLt
QFw-t |vwQO pt=wa w |ovyQi |O=YDk= |a=tDH= w |m} R}i '|m}Swrw}@ |a}@]
'|@; |=ysDU}Uwm= 'T=UL |=yx=oCU}R w xOWC_=iL j]=vt Q}_v |QDlJwm
w |v=DU=@ Q=F; w 'xRQru}tR 'l =N V}=UQi '|L]U |=y?; `@=vt '|[=Q= |Q@Q=m
4
uDiQoQ_vQO w x}=B |x}q Qy x@ R=}Dt= w |}=}i=QeH Q=}at X}YND w |ovyQi E=Q}t
R= l} Qy |=Q@ R=}vOQwt |=yxWkv "CU= xOW xO=iDU= 5 'x}q Qy QO Tqm Qy uRw
|xWkv '=yu; |Q=Posy}wQ =@ w x}yD \w@ Qt Rm=Qt w =yu=tR=U j} Q] R= xOWQmP OQ=wt
OQwt |xOwOLt K]U QO |@=}u=mt XN=W |Ov@xR=@ uqB pt=W xm 6 'xOWp=@ Qe
|Q}PB?}U; |Ov@xvyB x@ \w@ Qt |xWkv j}irD =@ 'xt=O= QO "OW pY=L 'CU= xar=]t
QwWm |=yx=Q |xWkv =@ |a=tDH= |O=YDk= w |m}Swrw}@ '|m} R}i |=y\}Lt
"CU= xOW x}yD |]}LtCU}R C} wrw= =@ |}=yQ}Ut
y=R xt]=i w |v=Q=DNt QO=v
O
Qw] x@ =ys}rk= QO hqDN= =Pr "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk Q_v Ot R}v C} Rv=QD w pkv w ptL QO
"CU}v X}YND p@=k ?NDvt |=yQwLt Q}Ut pw] pm |=Q@ jr]t
QyWsqU= |rY=x=Q uq}m |mv=w}= Q}Ut |=H x@ =OD@= QO xm CU= sRq Qm PD u}=
|Q=wHsy 'QwLt u}= QO xHwD p@=k |xDmv "CiQo Q=Qk V}=t}B OQwt w ?=NDv= sk
QO QDt 2500 =D 100 CQw=Ht |xrY=i =@ sk u=QyD x=QO=R; =@ Q}Ut 70 R= V}@
|Q=OQ@xQy@ w OOQD R= |W=v |=yxOv}q; pN=OD x@ xHwD =@ xm 'CU= xOw@ hrDNt \=kv
=Pr "Ow@v umtt CU}R \}Lt Q@ |}=yvD x@ |rY= x=Q C=QF= uO=OR}tD 'Qwm Pt x=QO=R; R=
xDiQo Q=Qk xHwD OQwt u} Ro}=H Q}Ut u=wvax@ uq}m |mv=w}= |rY=x=Q =DU=Q u}= QO
|Q=U QyWs=k x=QoQR@ pw= |xrLQt QO R}v u=QOvR=t u=DU= |=yx=QoQR@ u}@ R= "CU=
u=oQo u=QyD uy;x=Q =@ Q}Ut 100 |Q=wHsy R}v QwLt u}= QO "CU= xOW ?=NDv=
|=yxOv}q; pN=OD Ea=@ hrDNt \=kv QO QDt 250 =D 40 CQw=Ht |xrY=i =@
|xt=O= ,qta xm 'CU= xOW CU}R \}Lt Q@ Qwm Pt QwLt wO R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ R= |W=v
u} Ro}=H u=wvax@ p@=@ pt; x=QoQR@ 'xk]vt u}= QO u}=Q@=v@ "CN=U umtt=v =Q Q=m
|=yx=oDU}= w =yQwLt ?=NDv= XwYNQO xm CU= sRq Qm PD u}= "CU= xOW ?=NDv=
C@=F |xOv}q; `@=vt \UwD Q=PoQ}F-=D |=yxOwOLt hPL xrUt u} QDsyt '|Q=OQ@xvwtv
Q=Qk Q_v Ot O}=@ xm 'CU= xOw@ Q_vOQwt |=yQwLt R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ =@ \@DQt=v Q}eDt w
"OQ}o
xOW x=Q= 1 pmW QO |@=}RQ= OQwt |=yQwLt R= l} Qy pO=at OOQD \UwDt
x@ uq}m |mv=w}= w u}wRk GQm QwLt pO=at OOQD u=R}t 'pmW u}= j@=]t "CU=
"CU= u=R}t u} QDtm w u} QDW}@ ?}DQD
522 |xQ=tW |x} QWv w CU}R \}Lt C_=iL u=tR=U ?; C}i}m |=yQDt=Q=B
OQwt QDt=Q=B w xvwtv `wv QwN=Qi x@ QwytH T}Q |OQ@y=Q CQ=_v w |R}Qxt=vQ@ Cvw=at
105 jta R= =yxvwtv |x}rm R}v l =N OQwt QO [1513] "CU= xOW xO=iDU= VHvU
ptar=QwDUO j@=]t 'xO=H QwLt R= QDt 50 |xrY=i QO w u}tR K]U R= |QDt|Dv=U
=wy |=yxOv}q; XwYNQO [16] "CU= xOW s=Hv= |tD= |SQv= |rrtr=u}@ Tv=S;
ptar=QwDUO T=U= Q@ w xO=H QwLt R= |QDt 50 |xrY=i QO =y|Q=OQ@xvwtv R}v
sRq Qm PD u}= [18w17] "CU= xOW s=Hv= \}Lt QO xOv}q; C_re u=R}t |Q}oxR=Ov=
x@ w CW=OQ@ R}r=v; CyH xvwtv wO smCUO 'x]kv Qy R= OQ=wt |x}rm QO xm CU=
C@F |Q=OQ@xvwtv \=kv C=YDNt Q=m s=Hv= u}L QO "CU= xOW p=UQ= x=oW}=tR;
u}vJty "CU= xOW s}UQD l} Qy |=yxWkv w xOW GIS |D=aq]= lv=@ OQ=w w
OtDat x=oW}=tR; C=tON R= pL=Qt |x}rm QO 'C=}rta |Q}PBO=tDa= uOQ@q=@ |=Q@
"CU= xOW xO=iDU= =yV}=tR; s=Hv= |=Q@ CU}R\}Lt C_=iL u=tR=U
OQ=Ov=DU= =yv; XwYNQO xm l =N QO s}O=v=w w pm}v u=R}t RH x@ xar=]t u}= QO
\}Lt C_=iL u=tR=U |=yOQ=Ov=DU= OQ=wt Q}=U QO 'OQ=Ov OwHw QwWm QO |Y=N
l =N QO OwHwt s}O=v=w u=R}t XwYN QO [19] "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk Q_v Ot QwWm CU}R
'2000 p=U QO |WywSB QO "CU= xOW x=Q= |Dw=iDt s=kQ= w O=Oa= =}vO K]U QO
sQo|r}t 118 =D 15 u}@ u=yH K]U QO l =N |xOwD QO s}O=v=w u=R}t \UwDt
QO s}O=v=w u=R}t R}v Qo}O |}xar=]t QO [20] "CU= xOW VQ=Ro l =N sQowr}m QO
|=yVQ=Ro QO [21] "CU= xOW QmP l =N sQowr}m QO sQo|r}t 120 l =N |xDUwB
xOW VQ=Ro l =N sQowr}m QO sQo|r}t 105 w 98 '97 QDt=Q=B u}= \UwDt |Qo}O
[2422] "CU=
s}O=v=w u=R}t XwYN QO xmv}= x@ C}=va =@ w Qwm Pt OQ=wt x@ xHwD =@
'xar=]t u}= QO =Pr 'CU= xDiQ}PBv s=Hv= |Y=N |xar=]t QwWm QO l =N |xDUwB QO
|v=O}t C=ar=]t p}rLD w x} RHD "2"3
"CU= xOW xDiQo Q_v QO l =N sQowr}mQy <=R= x@ sQo|r}t 100 QYva u}= R=Ht OL
OOQD u=R}t u}vJty w OwHwt |=yOQ=Ov=DU= =@ =yVHvU G}=Dv =OD@= QO 'xar=]t u}= QO sQowr}m Qy <=R= x@ sQo|r}t 50 l =N QO pm}v R=Ht OL u}vJty xar=]t u}= QO
xOW|Q}oxR=Ov= |=yQDt=Q=B |x}rm xm O=O u=Wv G}=Dv w OW xU}=kt QwLt Qy Q_=vDt
[25] "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk Q_v Ot l =N
xOW|Q}oxR=Ov=|=yQDt=Q=B|xv}W}@ u}vJtyw |v}tRQ}R'|L]U|=y?;XwYNQO
u}= QO "Ov=xOw@ R=Ht OwOL R= QDu}}=B 'VHvU |xrLQt wO Qy QO =wy \}Lt QO
xOy=Wt x=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ =@ VHvU OQwt |=yxOv}q; u}@ |Q=O|vat \=@DQ= XwYN
OwHw 'l =N \}Lt QO xOW|Q}oxR=Ov= |=yQDt=Q=B XwYN QO =t= "CU= xOWv
EL@ w G}=Dv "3
w ptL =@ \@DQt |awv x@ u; <=Wvt xm s}O=v=w w pm}v 'TPH uwJ |}=yxOv}q;
?NDvt |=yQwLt "1"3
"CU= xHwD p@=k 'CU= xOQm |]ND R=Ht OL R= =yv; C_re |OQ=wt QO R}v w pkv u}= QO Qwm Pt |xWkv QwWm |=yx=Q |]}LtCU}R C} wrw= |RDvU |xWkv j@=]t
TPH w s}O=v=w 'pm}v <=Wvt 'x}rkv \=Uw l}DUq w |r}Ui |=yCNwU 'Cr=iU;
x@ w QwWm |r=tW |xt}v x@ \w@ Qt C}U=UL u} QDW}@ 'CU= xOWv x=Q= Q=DWwv
QO =yv; Q=WDv= u=mt= =yx=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ =@ xm OvDUy |}xO=H pkv w ptL QO |=yu=DU= QO |v=QL@ x@ l}ORv \}=QW w QwWm |kQW p=tW VN@ QO QDtm Q=Okt
?; '|L]U ?; |=yxvwtv QO TPH C=Q}}eD |vLvt [3026] "OQ=O OwHw \}Lt u=}t R= u}=Q@=v@ "CU= xOW xOy=Wt |kQW u=H}=@QP; w x=Wv=tQm 'u=DUQr 'uq}o
?}DQD x@ xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt hrDNt |=yx=oDU}= l =N u}vJty w |v}tRQ}R
'95 Km pw]x@ u}wRk GQm x=QO=R; %pt=W QwLt Q=yJ 'C} wrw= |=Q=O |=yQ}Ut
31 Km pw]x@ uq}m |mv=w}= |rY= x=Q '25 Km pw]x@ p@=@ pt; x=QoQR@
"Ov=xOW ?=NDv= |R}tt s=Hv= CyH 37 Km pw]x@ OwQx}U =irH |rY=x=Q w
sQo |=wy w ?;C |xk@] QO p@=@ pt; QwLt pw] |xOta uB wm |Ov@xk@] j@=]t
w AW |xk@] QO OwQx}U =irH QwLt pw] |xOta 'pODat |xk]vt ?w]Qt w
|xk@] QO uq}m |mv=w}= QwLt pw] |xOta 'pODat w lWN |=wy w ?; CW
|xOta w sQo |=yu=DU@=D =@ |BDU= w lWN |=wy w ?; C w B xwQo R= W
w |v=DUywm |L=wv |xO}J}B |=wy w ?; H |xk@] QO u}wRk GQm QwLt pw]
|Ov@xk@] Q=}at '=yQwLt ?=NDv= QO xm CU= sRq Qm PD u}= "OQ=O Q=Qk |v=DUywmxt}v
j@] |]}LtCU}R C}U=UL u} QDW}@ uDW=O Ovv=t '=yQ=}at Q}=U Q=vm QO |t}rk=
"xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt pO=at OOQD \UwDt "1 pmW
|OQmrta Vkv w QDW}@ |m}i=QD Q=@ uDW=O '=yx=Q |]}LtCU}R C} wrw= |xWkv
77
"xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt |L]U |=y?; QO pm}v C_re \UwDt "6 pmW
"xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt |v}tRQ}R |=y?; QO TPH C_re \UwDt "2 pmW
"|@=}RQ= OQwt |=yQwLt hrDNt |=yx=oDU}= l =N xvwtv QO pm}v C=v=Uwv "7 pmW
"xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt |L]U |=y?; QO TPH C_re \UwDt "3 pmW
78
"""|}=U=vW CyH |Q=OQ@xvwtv ?U=vt QDU@ u}}aD
|=y?; x@ |UQDUO sOa x@ xHwD =@ "CU= xOW x=Q= 4 |r= 2 |=ypmW QO
OwHw sOa u}vJty w OwQx}U =irH QwLt QO xar=]t OQwt |xOwOLt QO |v}tRQ}R
OQwt =yQwLt u}= QO \w@ Qt |=yQ}eDt u}wRk GQm QwLt QO |L]U ?; u=} QH
|=yxvwtv QO TPH C_re 'OwW|t xOy=Wt xm Qw]u=ty "Ov=xDiQov Q=Qk |@=}RQ=
u}vJty "CU= xHwD p@=k l =N QO u; u=R}t =t= 'R}J=v |v}tRQ}R w |L]U ?;
=yQwLt Qo}O R= p@=@ pt; QwLt QO l =N w ?; \}Lt wO Qy QO TPH C_re
|v}tRQ}R |=y?; w |L]U |=y?; QO TPH C_re |xv}W}@ "CU= xOw@ QDq=@
|r=L QO 'CU= xOw@ sQowr}m Q@ sQo|r}t 0 18 w 0 07 ?}DQD x@ p@=@ pt; QwLt
x@ ?}DQD x@ Qwm Pt QwLt l =N |xvwtv QO QDt=Q=B u}= u=R}t |xv}W}@ w xv}tm xm
"|@=}RQ=OQwt|=yQwLt hrDNt|=yx=oDU}=l =N xvwtvQO TPH C=v=Uwv"4 pmW u=R}t xJ Qo= "CU= xOW C@F l =N sQowr}m Qy <=R= x@ sQo|r}t 14 w 3 6 u=R}t
R= |rw 'OQ=Ov \w@ Qt |=yQwLt QO OOQD u=R}t =@ |Q=O=vat \=@DQ= I}y QDt=Q=B u}=
|Qo}O |xOv}q; `@=vt =D CU= xOW CkO |R}tt |=yx=oDU}= ?=NDv= QO xm |}=Hv;
|=yQwLt l =N w ?; QO TPH <=Wvt xm OUQ|t Q_v x@ 'OW=@ xDW=Ov OwHw
XwYNQO xm CU= sRq Qm PD u}= "OW=@ x=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ x@ \w@ Qt xar=]t OQwt
OQ=Ov=DU= 'CU= hrDNt |=yu@ QmwQO}y R= |@}mQD xm 'TPH R=Ht u=R}t |xv}W}@
xDW=O OwHw \}Lt QO C=@}mQD u}= O}=@v xm CU=vat u=O@ u}= w OQ=Ov OwHw |Y=N
|=y?; QO TPH |xOW|Q}oxR=Ov= Q}O=kt xm OwW|t xOy=Wt OwHw u}= =@ "OvW=@
xHwD p@=k l =N QO u; Q=Okt =t= R}J=v 'xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt |v}tRQ}R w |L]U
"CU= xOw@
l =N w |v}tRQ}R ?; '|L]U ?; |=yxvwtv QO pm}v C_re C=v=Uwv
xO=O u=Wv 7 |r= 5 |=ypmW QO |@=}RQ= OQwt |=yQwLt hrDNt |=yx=oDU}=
"xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt |v}tRQ}R |=y?; QO pm}v C_re \UwDt "5 pmW C_re 'OQ=wt |xty QO ?; XwYNQO 'OwW|t x_Lqt xm Qw]u=ty "CU= xOW
|=y?; XwYNQO u; |xv}W}@ w sQowr}m QO sQo|r}t 2 R=Ht OL R= QDu}}=B pm}v
XwYNQO w sQowr}m QO sQo|r}t 0 15 u=R}t x@ p@=@ pt; QwLt x@ \w@ Qt |v}tRQ}R
y=R xt]=i w |v=Q=DNt QO=v
O
OQwt |=yQwLt hrDNt |=yx=oDU}= l =N xvwtv QO s}O=v=w C=v=Uwv "10 pmW
"|@=}RQ=
OQwt QO xm |}=Hv; R= OwHw u}= =@ "OQ=Ov OHw xOv}q; C_re w OOQD u}@ |Q=O=vat
|xOv}q; `@=vt =D CU= xOW CkO |Q=OQ@xvwtv |=yx=oDU}= ?=NDv= QO R}v QDt=Q=B u}=
x@ \w@ Qt l =N QO s}O=v=w <=Wvt xm OUQ|t Q_v x@ 'OvW=@ xDW=Ov OwHw |Qo}O
"OW=@ x=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@
|=y\}Lt Q}=U =@ xU}=kt QO l =N \}Lt |=yxOv}q; C_re uOw@q=@ p}rO
|q=@ ,=D@Uv |}=v=wD u}vJty w l =N QDU@ uOw@C@=F x@ u=wD|t =Q VHvU OQwt
"CUv=O \@DQt Qo}O |=y\}Lt =@ xU}=kt QO xOv}q; |Q=Oyov w ^iL QO l =N
Q=WDv= R= TB hrDNt |=yQwLt QO =ywQOwN OOQD R= |W=v |QiUtD= |=yxOv}q; ,qFt
|y=Dwm u=tR COt QO w =H@=H =wy u=} QH \UwD |wH \}=QW Q}F-=D CLD \}Lt QO
u}= QO xm CU= |a}@] "OvwW pkDvt CUO QwO \=kv x@ =} w j}kQ CU= umtt
\=@DQ= x@ =wy |oOwr; |=yQDt=Q=B |}x_Lr w s}kDUt |Q}oxR=Ov= =@ u=wD|tv Cr=L
"OQ@ |B |QiUtD= |=yxOv}q; w x=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ u}@
w l =N |x}q R= xOv}q; Qw@a x@ R=}v p}rO x@ R}v |v}tR Q}R |=y?; XwYNQO
|=yxOv}q; p=kDv= p=tDL= QwWm j]=vt QDW}@ QO ?; K]U |@Uv uOw@u}}=B u}vJty
|=y?; OQwt QO "CU= u}}=B |v}tRQ}R ?; |xQiU x@ x=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ R= |W=v
?; |xvwtv w CUq=@ ?; uwQO xOv}q; uOWj}kQ w p=kDv= CaQU R}v |Q=H |L]U
x=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ R= |W=v |=yxOv}q; Qov=}@ Ov=wD|tv u=wva I}y x@ xOWCW=OQ@
\}=QW Q}F-=D CLD ,qwtat |Q=H |=y?; 'u}= Q@ xwqa "OW=@ X=N |x]kv l} QO
|=yxOv}q; X}NWD R}v =yxJ=}QO w Om=Q |=y?; OQwt QO "OvQ=O Q=Qk R}v CUOq=@
|wH \}=QW XwYN u}= QO "Ow@ Oy=wN |rmWt Q=m 'x=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ R= |W=v
Ovy=wN =yxOv}q; C_re w ?; u=R}t QO |yHwD p@=k Q}F-=D |rYi w |}=wy w ?; w
"OR=U|t pmWt Q=JO =Q \w@ Qt C=@U=Lt xm 'CW=O
QO xOv}q; CmQL "CU= ?; w =wy \}Lt TmaQ@ \}=QW l =N \}Lt QO =t=
|xQ}NP |}=v=wD u}vJy l =N "CU= Ovm Q=}U@ ?; w =wy =@ xU}=kt QO l =N \}Lt
|=yxOv}q; |}=U=vW u=mt= xH}Dv QO [108] "OQ=O OwN QO =Q hrDNt |=yxOv}q;
`wv u}= s}kDUt |Q}oxR=Ov= =@ w CU= QDW}@ l =N QO x=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ R= |W=v
Qw_vt x@ u}=Q@=v@ "OQ@ |B =yv; OwHw x@ |O=}R OwOL =D u=wD|t l =N QO =yxOv}q;
l =N \}Lt '|m} R}i \}Lt Q@ =yx=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ R= |W=v |=yxOv}q; Q}F-=D |UQQ@
"CU=yxO=H x}W=L ?; `@=vt w =wy =@ xU}=kt QO |QD?U=vt u=mt
|Q}oxH}Dv "4
sQowr}m QO sQo|r}t 0 07 u=R}t x@ uq}m |mv=w}= QwLt x@ \w@ Qt |L]U |=y?;
OQwt 3 QO QDt=Q=B u}= l =N |=yxvwtv QO xm CU= |r=L QO u}= =t= "CU= xOw@
QwLt swU x=oDU}= |va} OQwt l} QO xm 'CU= xOW VQ=Ro Q=Ov=DU= OL R= V}@
xOw@ sQowr}m QO sQo|r}t 90 OwOL R=Ht OL Q@=Q@ 2 x@ l}ORv OwQx}U =irH
xOw@ xHwD p@=k pm}v C_re R}v =yx=oDU}= Q}=U QO l =N |=yxvwtv OQwt QO "CU=
[8] '2008 p=U QO |WywSB QO "CU= l}ORv R=Ht |xv}W}@ x@ \=kv R= |NQ@ QO w
VQ=Ro GQm u=QyD x=QoQR@ |x}W=L l =N QO pm}v R=Ht OL R= QDq=@ C_re R}v
u}= QO xm OwW|t xOy=Wt 1 pmW =@ 7 |r= 5 |=ypmW |xU}=kt =@ "CU= xOW
OQwt u}= QO "OQ=Ov OwHw xOv}q; C_re w OOQD u}@ |Q=O=vat \=@DQ= R}v XwYN
|Qo}O |xOv}q; `@=vt =D CU= xOW CkO |Q=OQ@xvwtv |=yx=oDU}= ?=NDv= QO R}v
|Q=OQ@xQy@ R= Q}e |Qo}O j} Q] R= pm}v xmv}= p=tDL= u}=Q@=v@ 'OW=@ xDW=Ov OwHw
"Ow@ Oy=wN Q=_Dv= R= QwO 'OW=@ xOW l =N OQ=w xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt R=
OQwt |=yQwLt hrDNt |=yx=oDU}= l =N w ?; |xvwtv QO s}O=v=w C=v=Uwv
xOy=Wt xm Qw]u=ty "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv 10 |r= 8 |=ypmW QO |@=}RQ=
R=Ht OL R= QDu}}=B Q=}U@ |v}tRQ}R w |L]U ?; |=yxvwtv QO R}v s}O=v=w 'OwW|t
QO l =N |=yxvwtv QO u; C_re xm |r=L QO 'CU= sQowr}m QO sQowQm}t 100
Rri u}= C_re |xv}W}@ "CU= xOW VQ=Ro OQ=Ov=DU= OL R= V}@ OQ=wt QDW}@
|mv=w}= w sQowr}m QO sQo|r}t 160 OwOL u}wRk GQm |=yQwLt l =N QO
QO "CU= xOw@ R=Ht OL Q@=Q@ 1 5 R= V}@ sQowr}m QO sQo|r}t 155 OwOL uq}m
|=yx=oDU}= R= |O=OaDQO \ki w xOw@ xHwD p@=k s}O=v=w C_re R}v =yQwLt Q}=U
xDW=O Q=Qk R=Ht OL Q}R QO QDt=Q=B u}= p@=@ pt; QwLt w OwQx}U =irH QwLt
x=QoQR@ |x}W=L l =N QO s}O=v=w C_re \UwDt R}v x@=Wt |WywSB QO "CU=
|xU}=kt =@ [8] "CU= xOW VQ=Ro sQowr}m QO sQo|r}t 160 u=R}t x@ GQm u=QyD
\=@DQ= R}v XwYN u}= QO xm OwW|t xOy=Wt 1 pmW =@ 10 |r= 8 |=ypmW
"xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt |v}tRQ}R |=y?; QO s}O=v=w C_re \UwDt "8 pmW
} U W XwYNQO |Q=OQ@xvwtv CyH ?U=vt QDU@ u}}aD hOy =@ |WywSB Q=m u}= |=yQwLt hrDNt |=yx=oDU}= |L]U ?; xvwtv QO s}O=v=w C_re \UwDt "9 pmW
G}=Dv u} QDsyt xm 'CU= xOW s=Hv= QwWm |=yx=Q |Q=OQ@xQy@ R= |W=v |=yxOv}q;
"xar=]t OQwt
| = =v
79
XwYNQO |Q}oxR=Ov= OQwt |=yQDt=Q=B QDW}@ 'xOt;ptax@ |UQQ@ T=U= Q@ QO xOW|Q}oxR=Ov= |=yQDt=Q=B u}vJty w =y?;u=wQ w |v}tRQ}R '|L]U |=y?;
|R}tt Cwr}=B |=QH= u=wva =@ |WywSB |xSwQB G}=Dv R= |WN@ Q=DWwv u}= "Ov=xOw@ \w@ Qt OQ=Ov=DU= OL R= QDu}}=B VHvU |xrLQt wO Qy QO =wy \}Lt
88B4T3P15(ENV) Om =@|}=yv|wor=|x=Q=w ?NDvt|=yx=Q |]}LtCU}R
|R=UQyW w x=Q CQ=Rw pkv w ptL |xOmWywSB |Q=mty w |r=t C}=tL =@ xm 'CU= |=yQwLt l =N |=yxvwtv QO s}O=v=w w pm}v 'TPH %Ovv=t =yxOv}q; R= |NQ@ =Pr "CU= xDiQ}PB s=Hv= TQOt C}@ QD x=oWv=O CU}R \}Lt |xOmWywSB \UwD w u=R}t xJ Qo= "Ov=xOQm |]ND R=Ht OL R= |OQ=wt QO w xHwD p@=k |UQQ@ OQwt
|v=OQOk w QmWD xSwQB u=Q=mQOv=CUO |x}rm R= Q=DWwv u}= u=oOvU} wv xr}Uw u}O@
xDW=Ov x]w@ Qt |=yQwLt QO OOQD u=R}t =@ |Q=O=vat \=@DQ= xvwoI}y =yQDt=Q=B u}=
"Ovvm|t |xOv}q; `@=vt =D CU= xOW CkO =yx=oDU}= ?=NDv= QO xm |}=Hv; R= |rw 'CU=
QmW
D w Q}OkD "5
y W vB
= C w=
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
meta-heuristics
special multi criteria evaluation (SMCE)
geographic information system
grant
class weight
sieve map
total petroleum hydrocarbon
References `@=vt
1. U.S. Department of Energy, International Energy Outlook, United States Energy Information Administration,
Oce of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, Washington, DC, USA (2009), from: www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/
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2. OECD/ITF, Reducing Transport Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Trends & Data 2010, International Transport Forum (2010), from: http://www.international tr- ansportforum.org/Pub/pdf/10GHGTrends.pdf.
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trac related CO2 emissions from motor vehicles in the
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action against climate change", Modern Applied Science,
3(8), pp. 56-62 (2009).
5. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, \Rio declaration an environment and development", UN Document A/CONF.151/26, 1 (1992).
6. Hoshyardel, B. \Investigation of environmental impacts
of road and rail transportation and necessary suggestions (case study: Tehran - shomal freeway)", M.Sc thesis, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (2005).
7. Monavari, M., Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for Highways, Iran Department of Environment
Press (2001).
8. Saeedi, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Jamshidi, A. and Pajooheshfar, S.P. \Assessment of heavy metals contamination and leaching characteristics in highway side soils",
Environmental Monitoring Assessment, Iran, 151(1-4),
pp. 231-241 (2009).
9. Behbahaninia, A. \The investigation of metals pollution
of fossil fuels in roadside soils of Tehran { Damavand",
Plant and Ecosystem, 17, pp. 45-56 (2009).
10. Rahmani, H., Kalbasi, M. and Hajrasuliha, S. \Leadpolluted soil along some Iranian highways", JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology, 4(4), pp. 31-42 (2001).
11. Ameri, M. and Zahed, F. \Compilation of a pattern for
environmental auditing of roads in Islamic republic of
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80
"""|}=U=vW CyH |Q=OQ@xvwtv ?U=vt QDU@ u}}aD
l =N QO C=@}mQD u}= <=Wvt xm OUQ|t Q_v x@ 'OW=@ xDW=Ov OwHw |Qo}O
%CU= KQW u}= x@ u; s=Hv= R= pY=L
"OW=@ =yx=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ x@ \w@ Qt xar=]t OQwt |=yQwLt
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"CU= xOW xOy=Wt |kQW u=H}=@QP; w x=Wv=tQm 'u=DUQr
"CUv=O \@DQt ?; w =wy \}Lt =@ xU}=kt QO l =N QDU@ QO
'|m} R}i \}Lt Q@ =yx=Q R= |Q=OQ@xQy@ R= |W=v |=yxOv}q; Q}F-=D |UQQ@ Qw_vt x@ |=yxOwOLt hPL QDt=Q=B u} QDsyt '|Q=OQ@xvwtv |=yx=oDU}= XwYNQO "CU=yxO=H |x}W=L ?; `@=vt w =wy =@ xU}=kt QO |QD?U=vt u=mt l =N \}Lt xm 'CU= xOw@ =yx=Q =@ \@DQt=v Q}eDt w C@=F xOv}q; `@=vt \UwD Q=PoQ}F-=D
"OQ}o Q=Qk Q_v Ot O}=@
y=R xt]=i w |v=Q=DNt QO=v
O
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