Electrical Safety: NFPA 70E Facilitator`s Guide

Transcription

Electrical Safety:
Fa c i l i t a t o r ’s G u i d e
What’s Inside
Facilitator’s Guide
a
Overview
b
Getting started
d
Presentation Guidelines
f
Lesson Plan
h
Frequently Asked Questions
1
Introduction
3
Electrical Hazards
6
Energized Equipment
11
Approach Boundaries
17
Personal Protective Equipment
23
Summary
25
Quiz
27
Quiz Answers
28
Example Of Reference Card
© 2009 Summit Training Source® Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission from Summit Training Source®
Inc. If you wish to purchase additional copies, call our office at 1-800-842-0466.
ii
©Summit Training Source,® Inc.
Overview
Working around electricity
can be extremely dangerous – electrical workers are
killed every day while on the
job. Because of the potential hazards, only trained
and qualified people should
perform work on electrical
equipment - and even very experienced workers should
avoid working on energized electrical equipment whenever possible. By respecting the potential hazards and
following best work practices, you can help ensure the
safety and health of you and your co-workers.
a
Getting Started
Training Materials
Collect all of the necessary materials and supplies before training begins. Here are some suggested materials and supplies:
• A training location that is free of distractions, has good lighting, and a comfortable temperature.
• Desks and chairs arranged so that everyone will be able to see the viewing screen, the facilitator, and each other.
• The video, a VCR, and a TV with a remote. Make sure the video is rewound.
•
An employee handbook and pen/pencil for each
trainee. Each handbook includes a quiz at the back, which can be used to test comprehension and
document training.
• Other supplies and equipment you may need - blackboard chalk, paper, handouts, transparencies, overhead
projector, markers, notepads, etc.
• Additional information, such as a copy of the
regulation or other reference tools.
b
Preparation
A successful presentation requires preparation and planning.
Give yourself several days before the training session to get
organized.
• Locate and schedule the training site as soon as possible.
• Notify trainees of the training date and time, the training schedule, and proper dress.
•
•
Obtain all necessary equipment and supplies.
Make sure you know how to operate the TV, VCR, and other equipment. Check to ensure that it is working
properly. Replace or repair any damaged equipment.
• Review all training materials, including the
Facilitator’s Guide, handouts, and any other
reference materials.
•
Prepare your presentation, including a lesson plan or
outline of the training. Include the training goals and objectives. Some presentation guidelines are included on the next page. A sample lesson plan has been included on page “f” of this Facilitator’s Guide.
•
A day or so before conducting the training session, you may want to have participants take the quiz as a pre-test. The results of this test can help you to determine weak areas to focus on during the training session.
• Preview the videotape. Note any key points you want to expand upon in your training.
c
Presentation Guidelines
How you present the training course can have a great
impact on learning. By following these simple presentation guidelines and keeping your objectives in mind, you
can effectively and efficiently get the most out of your
training session.
Organize Training Time Efficiently
In today’s busy work climate it can be difficult to find the
time needed for training, so it is important to be organized
and well-prepared when you do schedule training sessions.
Whether you use Summit’s suggested lesson plan or not,
it is important to have a lesson plan prepared that you can
implement comfortably. This ensures that time spent in training is productive and beneficial for everyone.
Stress the Purpose and Goals of Training
Training needs to be goal-oriented. State the purpose of
training in a clear, specific manner - whether it’s to reduce
injuries, increase production, improve quality, improve working conditions, etc. Review the goals and objectives of the
training so trainees know what is expected of them.
Capture Their Attention
Training needs to be interesting and compelling to hold
trainees’ attention. To help motivate learners, give them
specific evidence that their effort makes a difference and
provide feedback on their progress. Also, remember that
the first experience with a new subject usually forms a lasting impression on the learner. By making that experience a
positive one, you can help ensure your audience retains the
information learned.
d
Make New Learning Experiences Pleasant
For some adults, past experiences with education were
unpleasant and not helpful. Adults learn best when they feel
comfortable. By making the learning environment open and
friendly, you can help adults to feel secure in their new learning experience. Offer support and feedback as often as possible, and be ready to provide extra attention to those who
may require it.
Ask If There are any Questions
When most adults learn new information that conflicts with
what they already know, they are less likely to integrate
those new ideas. It is very important to make sure participants fully understand the training and do not have any unresolved questions. Provide for a question and answer period
so participants can resolve those questions and/or answer
questions throughout the training session.
e
Lesson Plan
As a qualified trainer, your job is to effectively communicate
a great deal of information in a well-organized manner. By
preparing a lesson plan, you can ensure that each minute of
the training session is productive. Summit has provided a
suggested lesson plan for your use.
1. Program Objective
This guide reviews Electrical Safety: NFPA 70E. In it, we will
cover:
• Electrical Hazards
• Energized Equipment
• Approach Boundaries
• Personal Protective Equipment
2. Show the Video: “Electrical Safety: NFPA 70E”
3. Discussion and Demonstration
To help relate the training to your site, you may wish to
incorporate your own discussion topics and exercises. Key
issues you might consider include:
• What procedures must be followed if an injury occurs from an electrical safety incident?
• What are the lockout/tagout procedures at this facility?
• What changes have been made in the 2009 NFPA standard?
f
4. Use Handbooks to Reinforce Training
The handbooks increase comprehension and reinforce the
information learned in the video program by explaining the
main points and expanding on the original material. For increased employee information retention, go over one section
at a time and stop to answer questions. The quiz at the back
of the Facilitator’s Guide is provided to document employee
training. Answers to the quiz are provided on a separate
page.
5. Questions and Answers
Provide for a Q&A session to answer any questions. It may
be necessary to review some of the material when providing answers. The employee handbook, equipment manuals,
and other reference tools may be helpful.
Other relevant Summit titles that might be of interest:
Electrical Safety: High Voltage 2- Part Series
Electrical Safety: Shock Proof 2- Part Series
Lockout/Tagout: 3-Part Series
Static Electricity
g
Frequently Asked Questions
What are some of the updates to the 2009 NFPA 70E
standard?
One significant change from the 2004 standard is that
the new update requires that hearing protection and
leather gloves be used for all hazard risk categories.
Another change requires that pants must be verified by
ANSI to be flame-resistant and must be labeled as such
when exposed to a Category 1 risk. This means that
standard blue jeans can no longer be worn at the Category 1 risk level.
If I am qualified to perform electrical work, is it still
important to have another qualified person nearby?
As a best work practice it is a good idea to have a qualified worker nearby while the work is being performed.
This is known as the “buddy system.” This person should
not be someone helping complete the job task, but someone standing by who can provide assistance in the event
of an emergency.
h
Introduction
Throughout time, human beings
have been fascinated and terrified
by lightning’s destructive power.
But it wasn’t until an American genius named Ben
Franklin flew a kite into
a storm that we actually
discovered what lightning
was… an immense bolt of
electricity. Building on
this insight, Franklin went
on to invent the lightning
rod… the first time in history anyone successfully
tamed this violent mass of
energy. Since then, we’ve
found ever more creative
ways to harness electricity…
and, as it’s grown to power
much of our world, we’ve
also needed to find better
ways to protect ourselves
from the potential danger
that’s always there.
In this handbook,
we will discuss…
• Electrical Hazards
• Energized Equipment
• Approach Boundaries
• Personal Protective Equipment
1
Introduction continued
NFPA 70E is a standard
developed to keep electricians, maintenance personnel, and other workers who
may be exposed to hazardous
electricity safe while on the
job. Created by the National
Fire Protection Association,
the standard isn’t a law, but
it is considered by OSHA to
be an important set of “best
work practices.” In fact, the
guidelines in NFPA 70E are
frequently used by OSHA
to determine if a facility
meets OSHA’s General Duty
Clause, which states that a
facility must be “free from
recognized hazards that are
causing or likely to cause
death or serious physical
harm to employees.” Because
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it is a respected source for
authoritative information on
how to avoid injury while
working near electricity, this
program will provide a brief
overview of some of the information contained in NFPA
70E, a standard that every
electrical worker should be
familiar with.
Electrical Hazards
Before we discuss how to work
safely, let’s first take a quick look
at the two hazards we’re most
concerned with when discussing
electricity in the workplace: electric shock and arc-flash.
Accidents involving electric
shock typically happen when
a worker makes physical
contact with an energized
electrical part. In effect, the
electricity uses the worker’s
body to complete an electrical circuit. Besides causing severe burns where it
enters and exits the body,
the current can travel along
the body’s vascular and nervous systems, damaging
internal organs and tissue
as it goes. How dangerous
is this? Every year in the
United States, electrical
contact causes 3,600 disabling injuries and kills an
average of one worker per
day, making electrocution
the fourth leading cause of
industrial fatalities. When
discussing electrocution, it’s
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Electrical Hazards continued
important to realize that it
doesn’t take much current to
be hazardous. If it passes
through the chest, the same
amount of current that it
takes to light up a small 7½
watt bulb can be fatal.
It’s estimated that nonlethal electric shocks occur
30,000 times every year.
For t u n at ely, a r c -f l a sh
incidents don’t occur this
often, but they happen more
often than many workers
realize, and the physical
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effects to anyone caught in
an arc-flash explosion can
be devastating. According
to studies, 5 to 10 arc-flash
incidents occur each day
in American workplaces,
sending about 2 to 3,000
workers to burn centers
every year. What is an arcflash? It happens when
a short circuit or ground
fault causes a high-amperage
current to travel through
the air. The cause of the
arc can be many things:
dust or corrosion on contact
surfaces, wiring errors, an
insulating material failure,
accidentally dropping metal
tools on energized parts.
In less than one second, a
current arcing through the
air can reach temperatures
as high as 35,000 degrees
Fahrenheit – that’s four times
the temperature of the sun’s
surface. Besides letting loose
a superheated ball of gas
that can vaporize skin and
cause severe burns, the arc
creates a high intensity flash
that can cause blindness, a
sound blast that can destroy
hearing, and flying debris
and particles that can act
like shrapnel to anyone who’s
nearby.
5
Energized Equipment
When dealing with electricity, one of the most important
safety decisions you’ll make is
whether it is possible to deenergize the equipment to be
worked on.
Obviously, if circumstances
allow you to take the electricity out of the system,
the risk of injury goes way
down: electrocution and arcflash can only occur when
equipment is energized. For
this reason, never work on
equipment that’s “live” when
you have the choice not to.
To de-energize a piece of
equipment and put it into
what the NFPA 70E standard
calls an “electrically safe
work condition,” a qualified
person needs to perform a
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lockout procedure. For the
complete, approved procedure at your facility check
with your supervisor or your
facility’s written safety pro-
gram. But, in general, to
perform a lockout, a qualified person shuts down the
equipment and removes all
stored energy, then places
a personalized lock on all
energy isolating devices and
tests that the equipment is
fully de-energized by trying
to restart it.
When assessing whether
equipment can be de-energized it’s important to recognize the difference between
situations that make it infeasible to de-energize equipment and situations where it
may be merely inconvenient.
Properly de-energizing equipment may take a little extra
time and effort - but, whenever possible, do it anyway.
Working on equipment that’s
“live” when you don’t need
to puts you and others at
unnecessary risk.
That said, there are two situations where it may not be
possible to de-energize equipment before work begins.
The first, when de-energizing
would create additional or
increased hazards. An example of this would be power
that operates a life support
system in a hospital. The
second situation is when cutting power would not allow
the worker to complete a task
that needs to be performed.
For example, troubleshooting or testing on electrical
circuits could require that
they remain energized.
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Energized Equipment continued
Before any work is performed
on energized equipment,
the NFPA 70E standard
requires that an employer
completes both a Shock Hazard Analysis and a Flash
Hazard Analysis. Through
information gathered from
these assessments, employers are able to determine
appropriate hazard boundaries and PPE when working on energized equipment.
In the most recent update
to NFPA 70E, labels are
now required to reflect this
information, providing the
approach boundary distances
and PPE requirements for
the specific equipment the
label is affixed to.
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Before a worker begins a
task that involves energized
equipment, an Energized
Electrical Work Permit must
be filled out and approved
with an authorized signature.
The work permit is an effective safety tool because it
helps a worker think through
the job task they’re about to
perform – the information
required on the permit is the
same information they’ll need to know to keep themselves
and co-workers safe while the task is being performed. Along
with justification for why the work must be performed on
equipment while it’s energized, other information on the
permit includes:
• A description of the equipment that will be worked on.
• The safe work practices that will be employed.
• The results of the shock hazard analysis.
• The approach boundary distances.
• The PPE required to safely perform the task.
• The method that will be used to restrict access to unqualified individuals.
• And, information discussed during the job briefing.
SAMPLE: Energized Electrical Work Permit
9
Energized Equipment continued
The job briefing is another
important way to communicate safety information
and must take place before
starting each job. This meeting, which is attended by all
employees involved in the
task, is conducted by the
person in charge. According to the NFPA standard,
the topics to discuss include
“hazards associated with the
job, work procedures involved,
special precautions, energy
source controls, and personal
protective requirements.” If
conditions change during the
task that could affect safety,
10
additional job briefings are
required to keep workers
updated.
A best work practice is to
include a qualified worker
in this meeting whose job
is to be nearby while the
work is being performed, and
ready to respond if an emergency arises. This “buddy
system” approach ensures
that somebody who’s not
directly involved in the job
task can provide immediate
assistance at a time when
moments count and knowing
what to do is critical.
Approach Boundaries
To meet the NFPA 70E
standard, employers are
responsible for developing
work practices that help
keep employees safe when working around “live,”
electrically charged equipment.
By using charts available
from the standard and information from the electrical
hazard analyses for both
shock and arc flash, employers develop safety guidelines
based on the electrical exposure risk for a specific situation. Two of the most impor-
tant things every employer
needs to determine are the
correct approach boundary
distances and the appropriate Personal Protective
Equipment (or PPE).
SHOCK BOUNDARIES
Approach boundaries are
a series of established distances for a specific piece of
energized equipment – their
purpose is to keep employees at a safe distance and
to warn them when greater
precautions need to be taken.
There are a total of four
boundaries: 3 for shock
and 1 for arc flash. When
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Approach Boundaries continued
determining distances the
most important factor is
the amount of voltage running through the energized
equipment or part. The
outermost of the three shock
boundaries is called the Limited Approach Boundary –
unqualified workers can only
enter this boundary area if
they’ve been advised and
are escorted by a qualified
person. Keep in mind that,
although these boundaries
are probably not actually
marked in any visible way,
where there’s an electrical
hazard there must be some
sort of actual barricade that
keeps unqualified employees
at a safe distance. This
may be accomplished by
using barrier tape, plastic
chain, orange cones, warn-
12
ing signs, or, when signs and
barriers aren’t sufficient, an
attendant stationed where
they can warn others to
stay back.
BARRIER
ATTENDANT
The second shock boundary is called the Restricted
Approach Boundary. Obviously, moving closer to
the energized equipment
increases the risk, and
only qualified workers are
allowed to cross into this
area. To do so they must
first meet several conditions: the qualified worker
must have an approved plan
that includes an Energized
Electrical Work Permit; they
must use proper tools and
don PPE appropriate to the
situation and rated for working near the voltage involved;
and, they must understand
how to position their body
in a way that maintains
a safe distance from the
energized equipment and
minimizes the risk of accidental contact.
A Flash Protection
Boundary
B Limited Approach
Boundary
A
B
C
D
C Restricted
Approach
Boundary
D Prohibited
Approach
Boundary
13
The third boundary for
shock – the one closest to
the energized equipment –
is the Prohibited Approach
Boundary. Moving into this
boundary area is considered
the same as making direct
contact with the energized
equipment. As with the
other boundaries voltage
determines the actual distance, and the Prohibited
Approach Boundary can
be anywhere from an inch
or less from the energized
equipment to more than 15
feet away. Because the risk
of electrocution increases as
a worker moves closer, the
conditions a qualified worker
must meet before crossing
this boundary are stricter:
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they must have received
specific training for working
on exposed energized parts;
they must have a documented
plan (approved by authorized
management) that details
proper procedures for the
task to be performed and justifies the need to work that
close; they must complete a
risk analysis which is also
management approved; and,
they must use PPE that is
rated for working directly
on exposed energized parts
with the voltage and energy
levels present.
ARC FLASH BOUNDARY
To help protect a worker from
arc f lash, a single Flash
Protection Boundary is established. It’s important to
realize that an unprotected
worker standing behind this
boundary is not necessarily
safe from injury during an
arc flash – rather, this boundary represents an estimate
of where a worker without
PPE won’t receive more than
second degree burns that can
be recovered from. Standing
behind this line also doesn’t
guarantee that a worker is
safe from the effects of arc
blast – the powerful wave of
energy and debris that blasts
outward when an arc flash
occurs. It bears repeating
15
that, whenever possible, the
first choice for reducing the
risk of hazards like this is
to completely de-energize
equipment. Engineering
controls such as protective
relays and high resistance
g rounding are another
important method of creating a safer work environment.
But where these preferred
approaches either won’t work
or can’t entirely eliminate
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electrical hazards, protecting workers through the
use of Personal Protective
Equipment is required.
OSHA’s position on wearing PPE
while working around electricity is clear.
Their policy states: “Protective shields, protective barriers, or insulating materials shall be used to protect
each employee from shock,
burns, or other electrically
related injuries while that
employee is working near
energized parts which might
be accidentally contacted or
where dangerous electric
heating or arching might
occur.” Determining the
type of PPE and level of
protection required is your
employer’s responsibility. To
help them with this, tables
provided in the NFPA 70E
standard allow an employer
to determine the PPE needed
in a given situation after
first determining the level
of electrical hazard present. Each hazardous situation is assigned a number
from 0 to 4 – hazards with a
higher number require more
PPE with greater protective
qualities.
17
continued
After the correct PPE is
selected, the authorized
worker’s responsibility is
to make sure that their PPE
is in good condition before
each day’s use, and then
don it properly whenever
a task requires it. When
inspecting PPE look for
any defects or damage that
could affect its ability to
keep you protected. Eye
and face protection should
provide good visibility – if
they require cleaning, avoid
abrasive materials that could
scratch the lens surface. If
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you use a hard hat make sure
the suspension is adjusted
properly and avoid applying stickers or paint that
can conceal cracks or other
damage. Keep protective
footwear clean and free of oil
and grease, and inspect for
cuts, cracks or holes. While
inspecting, don’t forget to
turn footwear over and check
the souls for pieces of metal
or other embedded material
that could cause a trip hazard
or make the wearer vulnerable to electrical exposure.
Electrical workers always
protect each hand with two
gloves: a rubber insulating glove to protect against
electrical exposure, and an
outer leather glove that provides mechanical protection
against cuts, abrasions and
punctures. Visually inspect
the entire surface of the
leather gloves, including
the fingers, for cuts or other
damage. When inspecting
the rubber insulating gloves,
in addition to a thorough
visual inspection, always
perform an air test before
each day’s use to check for
pinhole leaks that are hard
to see with the naked eye.
To do this test, fill the glove
with air – this can be done by
using a mechanical inflator
or pump, or by holding the
glove by the cuff and quickly
swinging it around to trap
air inside. With the glove
under pressure, inspect the
surface for visible holes, and
hold the glove close to your
face to listen and feel for
air escaping. If the gloves
19
continued
don’t pass inspection, before
discarding them, cut the
fingers off so that they won’t
be accidentally re-used.
Work clothes should also be
inspected. Replace clothes
that have tears or defects
that may put you at risk, and
do not don clothes that have
become contaminated with
grease, oil or other f lammable material. Also, make
sure that flame resistant
clothing is laundered correctly so that the protective
properties are not compromised; any chemical residual
20
from detergent or bleach can
reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of flame resistant
fabrics. For work clothes,
including undergarments,
100-percent cotton is the
material of choice. Unless
they’ve been specially treated
to withstand the hazards
that may be encountered,
never wear clothing made
of synthetic materials such
as acetate, nylon, polyester,
or rayon; even when blended
with cotton these materials
can melt into a victim’s skin
causing serious burns. Of
course, when working around
electricity workers should
also avoid wearing anything
made of conductive materials
such as jewelry, watchbands
and key chains.
21
continued
To stay current, employers must also update their
best work practices and
PPE choices when there’s
an update in the NFPA 70E
standard. For example, the
most recent update to the
standard occurred in 2009,
and one significant change
from the previous update
of 2004, is that the older
standard only required hearing protection and leather
gloves when a worker faced
a Category 2 risk or higher.
The updated standard now
requires wearing hearing
protection and leather gloves
for all hazard risk categories. Another change in the
2009 standard requires that
pants worn when exposed to
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a Category 1 risk must be
verified by ANSI to be flame
resistant (or FR), and labeled
as such. This means that,
at the Category 1 risk level,
it’s no longer acceptable to
wear standard blue jeans.
Summary
Whenever possible, always
de-energize equipment before
working on it – doing so
eliminates the serious risk
of shock and arc flash injuries. But when de-energizing
isn’t a viable option, remember these important safety
procedures….
• Before beginning work
complete an approved Energized Electrical
Work Permit.
• Conduct job briefings
to keep workers fully informed.
• Inspect and don the appropriate PPE.
• Know and follow all
established approach boundaries.
• Protect unqualified workers through
warning signs
and barriers.
• Use the “buddy system”
as an emergency
preparedness procedure.
If you have any questions
about working safely around
electricity discuss them with
your supervisor. Electrical
power provides enormous
benefits… but those benefits
come at a price. The risks
of working around electricity
are real, but you can protect
yourself by following the
established procedures and
best work practices found in
the NFPA 70E standard.
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Notes
24
Quiz
To review your knowledge of Electrical Safety: NFPA 70E, answer
the questions below.
Your name
Date
1. Which of the following could cause an arc flash? Select all that apply.
a. A metal tool dropped on energized parts
b. Dust or corrosion on contact surfaces
c. Applying a lock to properly de-energized equipment
d. Faulty wiring
2. Arc flash can only occur when equipment is energized.
a. True
b. False
3. If you have the option, always de-energize equipment before working on it.
a. True
b. False
4. As part of the NFPA 70E standard, what items must be
completed before performing work on energized equipment? Select all that apply.
a. Permit 70A
b. A Shock Hazard Analysis
c. A Flash Hazard Analysis
d. An Energized Electrical Work Permit
5. What type of information should be communicated at a job briefing before starting each job?
a. Hazards associated with the job
b. Work procedures and special precautions
c. Energy source controls
d. Required PPE
e. All of the above
25
Quiz continued
6. Which boundary line represents the closest distance that an office worker could approach without being accompanied by a qualified person?
a. Restricted Approach Boundary
b. Limited Approach Boundary
c. Prohibited Approach Boundary
d. Flash Protection Boundary
7. A person standing within the Flash Protection Boundary can
not be harmed by an arc blast.
a. True
b. False
8. PPE should be inspected before each task. When inspecting PPE, what should you look for?
a. Make sure eye and face protection are clean
b. Gloves are free of holes and defects
c. Footwear is clean and free of oil and grease
d. Check clothing for tears or defects
e. All of the above
9. When working around electricity 100% cotton is the material of choice for clothing and undergarments.
a. True
b. False
10. According to the 2009 NFPA 70E standard, it is acceptable to wear standard blue jeans when performing electrical work
with a Category 1 risk level.
a. True
b. False
26
Quiz Answers
1.
a A metal tool dropped on energized parts
b Dust or corrosion on contact surfaces
d Faulty wiring
2.
3.
a True
4.
b A Shock Hazard Analysis
c A Flash Hazard Analysis
d An Energized Electrical Work Permit
5.
e All of the above
6.
b Limited Approach Boundary
a True
7. b False
8. e All of the above
9.
a True
10.
b False
27
As an added bonus, this wallet-sized perforated card
will be included in every Electrical Safety: NFPA 70E
Employee Handbook.
Front of Card
Restricted and Prohibited Approach Boundaries
Restricted Approach Boundary -- before entering this boundary,
qualified workers must:
• Have approved plan that includes an Energized Electrical Work Permit.
• Use proper tools and don appropriate PPE for the situation, rated for working near the voltage involved.
• Understand how to position body to maintain a safe distance and
minimize risk of accidental contact.
Prohibited Approach Boundary -- before entering this boundary,
qualified workers must:
• Receive specific training for the hazards present.
• Have documented plan that details proper procedures for task to be performed and justifies the need to work that close, as well as complete a risk analysis – both must be approved by authorized management.
• Use PPE rated for the voltage and energy levels present.
Back of Card
Electrical Work Procedures / NFPA 70E
Before working on electrical equipment:
• Whenever possible, always de-energize equipment by following
your facility’s approved lockout procedures.
If you must work on energized equipment:
• Fill out Energized Electrical Work Permit and have approved with authorized signature.
• Hold job briefings for all involved in task, including a qualified
emergency responder.
• Set up barricade to keep unqualified workers at a safe distance.
• Don appropriate PPE for the voltage involved.
• Follow all precautions for the approach boundary you’ll be
working within.
• If you have safety questions, ask your supervisor.
©Summit Training Source, Inc.
28
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Electrical Safety: NFPA 70E Facilitator`s Guide

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