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AYURVEDA
(SUBMITTED BY KANTHI FERNANDO – COPYRIGHTS RESERVED –
SIDDHALEPA, © HETTIGODA INDUSTRIES (PVT) LTD. NO 33/3, SRI
DHARMARAMA ROAD, RATMALANA, SRI LANKA SRI LANKA)
From ancient times, Ayurveda has been physician and wrote the medical treatise This inter-relationship between ayurveda
and royalty has brought ayurveda and its
part of the lifestyles of people of Asia for Sarartha Sangrahay, which is still being
connections with Buddhism into in the
spiritual, medicinal purification as well as consulted by physicians to date. forefront
of
Sri
Lankan
life.
for rejuvenation purposes. Valued for its Ancient inscriptions on rock surfaces Ayurveda students receive a 6 year full
time training at university. Training
ability to arouse a myriad of moods and reveal the full establishment of the
includes allopathy (occidental medicine)
energies bringing calm and tranquility to contemporary medical services existing alongside ayurvedic subjects.
in the country. These ancient hospital
the tired soul.
sites which were active centuries ago Today, the Ayurvedic Medical Council
Learn Ayurveda
now attract the tourists, who view and maintains and controls the registration
Ayurveda, meaning ‘the science of life’ is marvel at these beautiful ruins, which of physicians and code of practice, ethics
and conduct. The Ministry of Health
considered to be the oldest healing
have
come
to
symbolise
a
sense
of
controls the Department of Ayurveda,
science in the world. It is practiced
extensively in Sri Lanka and India having healing and care which was so prevalent headed by the Commissioner of
Ayurveda,
the
Ayurvedic
Drug
being preserved through the ages by oral at that time.
Corporation
and
the
Ayurvedic
Research
tradition as well as written form. This
Institute.Finally, ayurveda has its own
ancient practice focuses on prevention of
The ayurvedic physicians enjoyed noble unique quality, which encompasses and
disease through a deeper connection
position in the social hierarchy in the enraptures the whole being, treating the
between the mind and the body; on a
country due to royal patronage and from diseased holistically. It examines the
state of total health based on vigour,
this stems a famous Sri Lankan saying: “If components which construct a particular
energy and balance. The concept of
you cannot be a king, become a healer”. diseased person, and the factors which
balance is important in Ayurveda - the
This inter-relationship between ayurveda influence its development or regression.
balance of body, mind and consciousness
and royalty has brought ayurveda and its Thus, it treats the person, rather than
based on each person's individual
connections with Buddhism into in the the disease.
constitution.
forefront
of
Sri
Lankan
life.
Ayurveda students receive a 6 year full Meaning of Ayurveda
Ayurveda and its History
time training at university. Training
The word “Ayurveda” originates from
The Ayurvedic medical system is known
includes allopathy (occidental medicine)
the ancient language of Sanskrit meaning
as one of the most complete healing
alongside ayurvedic subjects.
“science of life” (‘ayur’ meaning ‘life’ and
systems throughout the world. It is a
‘veda’ meaning ‘science’). In Sanskrit,
holistic method of healing and operates
physician and wrote the medical treatise
this word has a wider meaning, which
on all planes of the human system and
has been the root of almost all medical Sarartha Sangrahay, which is still being includes plants and animals as well as
disciplines, philosophy and treatment consulted by physicians to date. humans.
throughout
eastern
civilization.
Ancient inscriptions on rock surfaces
The origins of Ayurveda are shrouded in
Originating, around 5000 years ago, in
India, ayurveda has been passed down reveal the full establishment of the Indian mythology. “Mahabrahma” (the
through successive generations within contemporary medical services existing Hindu god of creation) is said to have
the same families.
in the country. These ancient hospital communicated this system of healing to
a number of enlightened and
sites which were active centuries ago distinguished personalities. Among them
Ayurveda in Sri Lanka
now attract the tourists, who view and were Charaka who founded internal
Sri Lanka has its own Ayurvedic system
marvel at these beautiful ruins, which medicine and Sushrutha, from the
based on a series of prescriptions
Dhanwantara School of surgeons.
have come to symbolise a sense of
handed down from generation to
healing and care which was so prevalent
generation over a period of 3000 years.
at that time.
The ancient kings, some of whom were
also prominent physicians as recorded by The ayurvedic physicians enjoyed noble
historical texts, encourage its use and position in the social hierarchy in the
therefore survival. King Buddhadasa (398 country due to royal patronage and from
this stems a famous Sri Lankan saying: “If
AD) was the most prominent kingyou cannot be a king, become a healer”.
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AYURVEDA
- Contd.
Aims of Ayurveda
Ayurveda has a two-fold aim; to prevent
diseases and to treat and cure diseases.
As a holistic discipline, it seeks to
promote health on all three planes of
life: mentally, physically and spiritually.
Concepts of Ayurveda
The Ayurvedic concept of creation
focuses on four interrelated factors.
These are Body, Mind, Consciousness (or
Soul) and the Panchamahabhuta (or five
elements). These four elements blend
into three bio-energetic forces (doshas)
that govern the health and determine
the physical constitution of living beings.
They are called Va (or Vata), Pith (or
Pitta) and Sem (or Kapha).
Dhatus consists of seven different body
tissue types. Malas are the three types of
body excretions
Panchamahabhuta
According to ancient, vedic scientific
thinking, all matter in the universe is
made up forms ranging from an absence
of matter to matter, which is constantly
changing from one form to another.
They
are
known
as
“PANCHAMAHABHUTA” made up of five
elements. These five elements are:
These are the basic foundations and
principles upon which Ayurveda is
founded. All five elements play a key role
in our lives, since our bodies are comApo
Meaning liquid, creating the taste
sensation (rasa), its sensory organ
being the tongue
Thejo
Meaning heat, creating the visual input
of colour (rupa), its sensory organ
being the eyes
Vayu
Meaning air, creating the physical
sensation of touch (sparsha), its
sensory organ being skin
posed of these five elements. The Three
Doshas In addition, life is considered a
Canberra Lankan
Pruthuvi
Meaning earth, creating the sensation
of smell and odour (gandha), its organ
being the nose
Akasha
Meaning space, creating the sensation
of hearing and sound (shabda), its
organ being the ear
union of body, mind and soul. There are
three body types according to individual
dominance, known as the three doshas:
Ayurveda Theory of Diseases
Ayurveda understanding of the diseases
process
Vata
Air
Pitta
Bile
Kapha
Phlegm
Vata
This initiates and promotes biological
activity responsible for all internal and
external movements of the body.
Prana (Head) the main life force
controlling breathing
Vata becomes excessive, we may
develop anxiety, insomnia, or irregular
digestion.
Pitta
This is responsible for the generation of
body heat, metabolism and certain
psychological attributes of the
individual.
People with Pitta dosha are vivacious,
smart and determined. If Pitta is
balanced they tend to be warm,
understanding and intelligent. Excessive
Pitta can however, create irritability,
jealousy and aggressiveness.
Kapha
The main function of this is to maintain
healthy body tissues and maintain the
balance of fat, water and other fluids.
These elements must exist in dynamic
equilibrium to help maintain body
“Prakruti”, meaning the original balance
of the individual’s dosha inheritance.
Any disturbance to any one of the
doshas causes imbalance and
malfunction, resulting in the
manifestation of disease.
Those with Kapha dosha tend to be
leisurely and stable. When balanced,
Kapha creates
calmness, sweetness and loyalty. When
excessive, Kapha can result in greed and
attachment.
Udana (Throat) supporting glandular
functions
Samana (Stomach and Duodenum)
supporting gastric functions
Vyana (Heart and Blood vessels) supporting circulator functions
Apana (Semen/Faeces/Urine) supporting elimination
People with Vata dosha tend to be
thin, light and quick in their thoughts
and actions. Change is an important
aspect of their lives. When Vata is
balanced they are creative, flexible,
enthusiastic and lively. However, if
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The doshas may change their
proportional balance as a result of a
variety of factors, such as inappropriate
lifestyle, diet, activities, mental and
physical trauma, which are mainly
brought about by the lack of
understanding about our own bodies.
When there is a change taking place
within us, which is pre-clinical in its
development stage, it may take a very
long period of time for signs and
symptoms to appear. Very often, when
there is change taking place, disease may
take a path along the inherited weak
areas of the individual.
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- Contd.
AYURVEDA
Sometimes,
in
certain
individuals, sometimes omitted and the two forms
disease may set in beyond the control of of bastis are classified separately to
make up the number of actions to five).
the individual and these are known as Detox programmes are recommended
Karmic diseases due to the theory of Virechana
cause and effect.
Purgation Therapy
Ayurvedic medications are mostly herbal
preparations and some include natural
Bastis (classified as
Nirunaand Anuvasana)
Herbal and/or oil decoction enemas
mineral preparations. All herbs or
minerals
possess
the
following
properties according to ayurveda:
Vamana
Emesis Therapy
Rasa
Taste
Nasya
Inhalation
Guna
Quality
Rakta Moksha
Blood letting
Virya
Potency (heating or cooling effects)
Vipaka
Effect after digestion and metabolism
once every season for most people, as a
way of preparing the body for the next
season; thus aiding the preventative
aspect of this healing system.
The Eight Branches of Ayurveda
Ayurveda looks at diseases as a state of
disharmony in the body as a whole, and
is divided into eight branches, which
In general, all herbs have the power to are:
Prabhave
Specific power of the substance
increase or decrease the three doshas, Kaya Chikitsa
Vata, Pitta or Kapha, to different extents Internal Medicine
and in different combinations.
Bala Chikitsa
Pediatrics
Classical ayurveda applies theory into
practice.
Firstly,
a
physician
will
prescribe suitable herbs in single or
Graha Chikitsa
Psychological Medicine
Popular Ayurvedic Preparations
Herbal medicaments are mixtures of
various herbs prepared to time tested
pharmaceutical
procedures
recommended by Ayurveda. The
curative properties of these herbs have
been identified and catalogued by the
ancient Rishis (hermits). They are meant
to maintain or regain equilibrium of
body functions based on the physical
and psychic forces mentioned in
Ayurvedic Concepts. No synthetic
chemicals are used in the preparation of
Ayurvedic
remedies.
Some popular Ayurvedic preparations
are given below.
Svarasa
The juice of herbs with or without
water/sugar.
Kalka
Paste prepared by grinding medicinal
plant materials.
Kasaya
A decoction. Herbal materials such as
bark, roots, leaves, fruits and flowers
are cut, sliced or powdered coarsely
and one part of the amalgamation is
boiled in four, eight or sixteen parts of
water (usually cups) and reduced to a
quarter.
Churna
Medicinal plant materials in powder
form.
combined form, with the appropriate Shalakya Tantra
Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and
dosage to control ailments.
Ophthalmology
Guli
Tablets or pills prepared singly or in
combination.
Prevention and Control of Disease - Pan-
Asava
Preparation in which herbal drugs are
soaked in liquids (mainly water)
fermented and filtered. Sometimes
natural alcohol obtained from herbs is
added to expedite fermentation and
efficacy.
chakarma
Shalya Tantra
Surgery
This is a sub-section of ayurveda, which
Agada Tantra
Toxicology
entails five different types of activities
aimed towards detoxification, mainly for
the prevention and control of diseases.
They are:
Vajikarana
Sexology
Rasayana
Rejuvenation
(Although classically considered the fifth
of the five actions, Rakta Moksha is
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Arishta
An Elixir, a Rasayana preparation
similar to Asava. Various decoctions are
used and fermented for retaining
efficacy over a long period of time.
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AYURVEDA
- Contd.
Leha
This is a semi-solid preparation; sugar
or jaggery is used as a medium.
Thaila
Ayurveda medicinal oils; special procedures are followed in the preparation of these oils.
Grita
Similar to the medicinal oils but the
herbs are boiled in ghee.
Lepa
A type of medicinal paste used for
external application.
Bhasa
Calcified preparations in which herbal
extracts are subjected to intense heat.
Peyawa
These are concentrations of decoctions preserved with the help of sugar, jaggery (palm sugar) or herbal alcohol.
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WE ARE DISCARDING OUR MUSICAL HERITAGE IN THE NAME OF
MODERNITY!
KAMAL WICKREMASINGHE
Generations of Sri Lankans who left the
country many decades ago going back
home would notice, not surprisingly, life
in the island these days is quite different
to the one they left behind. Food habits,
the language, and dress styles have all
changed significantly, with some changes
being more conspicuous than others.
worshipping God through Vedic chants.
These chants were set in just three notes
(Udatta, Anudatta and Swarita), chanted
in such a manner as to generate soothing
acoustics.
Sunil
Santa
W. D.
Amaradeva
The objective here is to look at changes in
the sphere of music that has always been Subsequent generations of artists like
an important aspect of life in Sri Lanka.
Victor Ratnayake, Sanath nandasiri,
Nanda Malini, Somathilaka Jayamaha and
One of the first noticeable aspects of Sri Dayaratna Rantunga advanced the
Lankan life these days is the Western evolution of Sri Lankan music to a unique
sounding beats and rhythms of music form of south Asian music. However, its
broadcast around the clock by more than roots are undeniably Indian.
100 FM radio stations. The type of music
being blared almost takes the visitor away
from the hoped-for serenity of “Serendib”
to an alien cultural blend similar to those
in the Caribbean or such other place. In
short, popular music in Sri Lanka these
days is certainly not the distinctly ‘Sri Victor
Somathilaka
Lankan’ variety firmly rooted in the Ratnayake
Jayamaha
sophisticated traditions of North Indian
Classical Music.
The current trend seems to be heading in
Before expressing personal regret and the direction of discarding this extremely
sorrow on this unwelcome change, it valuable foundation of North Indian
must be pointed out that the popular classical music in favour of a brand of
notion that change is natural and we need banal and loud music that is devoid of
to move with modern trends, is taken subtle flavours in terms of melody, and
note of. However, the objective here is to built solely on gory rhythms and beat that
appreciate the value of the system we almost hurt the ears of the listener.
seem to be discarding without any
hesitation and to question the assumption Indian Classical Music – a fountain of
that all change is necessarily ‘good’ and knowledge
desirable.
Music as a form of sound manipulation,
What we call “Sri Lankan music” here is and its study, in ancient India has ‘sacred’
the variety created by post-independence origins. According to the Upanishads, life
generation of Sri Lankan artists such as in the universe began in the form of the
Dewar Suryasena (Herbert Charles Jacob divine consciousness manifesting as
Peiris, son of Sir James Peiris), Ananda sound “OM”. Due to beliefs in such holy
Samarakoon, Amaradewa
beginnings, the study and creation of
and Sunil Santha. These
music in ancient India was a spiritual
artists and others of that
pursuit rather than a mere source of
generation
moulded
entertainment; Later studies have
distinctly
Sri
Lankan
revealed its sophisticated mathematical
sounding melodies by
foundations, and the ability to deliver
blending Sri Lankan folk
health benefits to the listener.
music with the essential
Ananda
features of North Indian
The earliest use of melodious music in
Samarakoon
‘raga’ base.
human history is considered to have been
in ancient India, in the context of
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This early, three-note musical scale is
believed to have later evolved into a scale
of seven primary notes – the ‘Saptak’, also
known as ‘Sargam’: Sa (Shadja), Re
(Rishabh), Ga (Gandhar), Ma (Madhyam),
Pa (Pancham), Dha (Dhwavait), and Ni
(Nishad). The Saptak is based on 22
intervals (natural divisions of vibrational
frequencies) referred to as ‘Sruti’.
In ancient India the knowledge of the
Saptak was considered to be supreme
human knowledge that enabled correct
form of God worship essential for
salvation. Even a superficial study of the
foundation structure of the Saptak shows
that such beliefs were not misplaced.
The Saptak is based on the note
‘Sa’ (Shadja) as the defining note that
determines the placement of other notes
Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, and Ni - Shadja in
Sanskrit literally means 'giving birth to six'.
The most ingenious invention however,
was the practice of choosing particular
combinations of these notes, known as
‘Raga’, for musical compositions. The
music composed according to the Raga
theory is known as ‘Ragadhari’ music.
The choice of Swara combinations that
form Raga from a possible 5040 (the
‘factorial’
of
7)
non-repeated
combinations is based on their ability to
‘colour’ the feelings of the listener.
Modern science shows that these
combinations of notes are based on the
concepts
of
‘consonance’
and
‘dissonance’. The ancient musical text
‘Natyasastra’ associates different Raga
with specific ‘Rasa’ (Sringara – love, Vira
– valour, Karuna – sympathy, Raudra
– anger, Bhaynaka – fear, Bibatsa
– disgust, Hasya – humour and Adbhuta
– wonder) they are capable of creating in
the listener’s mind.
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WE ARE DISCARDING...
An extremely sophisticated musical
education system, the ‘Guru-sisya
parampara’, through the study of major
texts on music such as ‘Natyashastra’ by
Sage Bharata, ‘The Dattilam’ by sage
Dattilam, ‘Brihaddeshi’ by Matanga,
‘Sangeeta Makaranda’ by Narada, ‘Gita
Govinda’ by Jayadeva and ‘Sangeeta
Ratnakara’ by Saranga Deva, in Veda
Pattashala (Gurukula)
produced the
musicians with necessary skills.
Such texts that layout detailed,
methodical scientific studies of music
show that creation of music is an
extremely complex human endeavour
with mystical beginnings. Some of the
scholars who wrote musical treatises
were not musicians but religious
philosophers who claim to have received
the knowledge through divine revelation.
This tradition continued after India
gained independence, with people like
Vishnu Digambar Paluskar (who had
been blinded at age 12), and Vishnu
Narayan
Bhatkhande
publishing
systematic studies and establishing
music
schools:
Paluskar
started
Gandharva Mahavidyalaya in Lahore in
1901 and Bhatkande wrote the
four
-volumed
“Hindustani Sangeetha
Padhathi” an attempt at classifying all
known ragas into 10 ‘thaats’ with
transcription and notation.
- Contd.
Health benefits of music
morning Raga are considered suitable for
the treatment of physical imbalances
arising Kapha, morning and afternoon
Raga for Pitta and late afternoon and
evening for Vata. The health benefits are
real and the use of Indian Music Therapy
in the treatment especially of
psychological imbalances is growing.
The therapeutic effect of ragas in
Hindustani classical music has long been
recognised in the ancient system of
‘Nada Yoga’ based on channelling sound
vibrations to uplift the level of
consciousness. The ancient manuscript
“Raga Chikitsa” details the effects of
ragas in fighting common ailments and
The modern world also recognises that
diseases and prescribes methods of
particular melodies embody human
application and use.
emotions and their nuances, and
listening to appropriate music offer
The Indian use of sound for healing is
health benefits by countering angry,
based on the theory that the human
depressive and other undesirable emobody and its functions are governed by
tions that are harmful to health.
72,000 ‘Nadi’ (nerves that carry pranic
energy) and disease is caused primarily
So the question is, why should be discard
due todisturbances to energy fields that
such a pleasant, spiritual and useful form
upset natural vibrations of the Nadi. The
of music in exchange for a set of loud
sound vibrations created through ‘Nada
booms emanating from woofers and
yoga’ has been found to enhance one’s
subwoofers?
positive energy and spiritual well-being.
The right type of music is also supposed
Discarding such a valuable heritage will
to restore the balance of the energy
be a great folly.
fields to bring about a state of
consciousness,
improving
physical,
Here's a fabulous trip down memory
mental and spiritual health.
lane........very nostalgic !!! But, at the
same time, very confronting and sad.
The culture of human voice to a state of "The way it used to be" This is no
harmony with the Svara is considered to Englebert love song - it is a matter with
elevate a human being to a higher state much more meaning.
of being. Proficiency of Nada yoga
enables Svara production vocally,
through the flow of ‘Prana’ freely along The gram sellers at Galle Face Green sold
the navel-head axis (the navel, heart, their 'kadala gottu' topped with 'isso
throat, lips, tongue, teeth and the head). wade' for twenty-five cents. The movie
The Dhrupad style of singing that goers at Savoy cinema came out; Couples
originated in the chanting of hymns and went to Aleric's for ice cream and
mantras, later developed into a classical families miserly budgeted for Chinese
performing is considered practice of fried rice at Golden Gate.
Nada yoga.
The learned musicians of Sri Lanka drew
from this well of
knowledge, with the
book “Ragadhari simhala
gita” by Santi Gitadeva
Gunawardena opened batting for the
providing the details of a Modern Ayurvedic use of Raga takes into
Tamil Union and Sunderalingam kept
good sample of such account the physical nature of Vata, Pitta
wickets for the Sinhalese Sports Club.
or Kapha in a patient’s body, and
Sinhala music.
schedules programs of listening to raga
at specific times of the day and night
Narada
suited to the remedy needed. Early
Disasekara
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“SRI LANKA WE ONCE KNEW” – AN ARTICLE BY CAPT ELMO
JAYAWARDENA
KANTHI FERNANDO
This was once nostalgic Sri Lanka
on easy street sans the raging war
and the terrible turmoil; 'The way
it used to be'.
were there, dazzling in mini-skirts,
making their best attempts to get
partnered to go to the Coconut
Grove and jingo and jive to the
Jetliners. Some made it to Akasa
Kade too, to eat egg hoppers and
hold hands and become more
naughty whilst pretending to be
watching the ship lights at the
Colombo harbour.
The 'Yal Devi' took the Madhu
pilgrims and the 'Ruhunu Kumari'
carried the Kataragama clan.
Marawila fishermen fished at
Mullativu with the monsoon
change and Lever's and Reckitt's
Sales Reps sold toothpaste in There was peace; it was a long
Jaffna and drank 'Tal Raa' whilst long time ago. That was before
bathing in the Keeramalai tank.
the Morris Minor taxis changed
their English alphabet number
plates.
The Vel cart used to come down
Wellawatte and the waiters
worked
double time at the Then came the carnage. Who's to
Sarasvati Lodge.
blame? Don't waste time, that's
kicking the moon and corralling
clouds. We all know better. We
The differences were there from
are all to be blamed, some for
the North to the South, but who
cheering and others for their
cared?
silence.
Nobody killed anyone. There was
The guns are silent now and the
a life, simple and in peace.
talks go on and hope seeps slow
like a weed-clogged wave. If the
That was acceptable.
Gods are kind, we'll have peace.
Let it lie there.
The queues got long at the CWE
to buy "Jumping Fish" and the
bread prices leapt like high
jumpers. Those were our big
problems.
The smiles were there too,
affordable to the all and sundry,
beat shows and big matches,
sports meets and school carnivals,
all within a ten-rupee budget.
Fashion-wise, the pinnacle was
the CR-Havies match at Longdon
Place; the Suzettes an Claudettes
Canberra Lankan
North and East must be separate
'Don't give this', 'can't have that','
autonomy? What nonsense?'
Such passionate phrases bellow
from borrowed patriotism. 'My
son has to study', 'No no, not to
join the AirForce', 'Army? Are you
mad?' The same voices add the
contradictions. 'We must continue
to fight at any cost'. Brave words,
quite cheap too when rights and
wrongs are just "whys" sprouting
out from empty
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Try telling all that to mothers who
buried their sons or children who
pray for their missing fathers.
Voice it to a legless 'Boy' from
Velvettiturai or a sightless soldier
from Devundara. Or maybe to a
lover who lights a candle for some
forgotten fighter buried under
swollen earth, too poor even for a
memorial.
What does it matter to which side
they belonged? They paid the
price, we didn't. They shed the
tears, we didn't.
Let us then wish, nay, that's not
enough, let us pray, to all the
Or.... let us be silent.
We owe that much to those who
died nameless.
Editor Note:
Indeed, ‘the times they are
a-changing’. Today, SriLankans are
looking to the
future with
immense hope to rebuild and
bring our beautiful country back
to its former glory. But this is also
a time to reflect on the pain that a
divided country causes to its
inhabitants, to learn from our
mistakes and forge forward as
one common people.
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