The Solar System - Astronomy - The University of Texas at Austin

CHANGE OF KOMATSU‘S
OFFICE HOURS
Welcome
Aboard!!
AST 301
(Previous)
Tuesdays & Thursdays 3:30 to 4:30
YOURNAME
31AUG
(New)
Tuesdays 4:45 to 5:30
Thursdays 3:30 to 4:30
YOURNAME
31AUG
2.5 MILLION
LIGHT YEARS
AUSTIN
1430
ANDROMEDA GALAXY
1400
Briefing
Welcome to the Cosmic Tour:
Some Guide Lines
Objectives: Establish the Big Picture
•Lecture 1: August 31
•Lecture 2: September 2
Lecture 1
Our Place in the Universe
Reading: Chapter 1
Our Cosmic Address
The Local Supercluster (or Virgo Supercluster)
The Local
The Milky Way
Group
• Hierarchical Universe
–
–
–
–
–
–
Earth-Moon System
The Solar System
The Milky Way Galaxy
The Local Group
The Local Supercluster
The Cosmic Web, The Universe
SMALL
The Cosmic Web
Earth
The Solar System
LARGE
Hierarchical Universe
Our Global Address
Houston etc.
American Continent
• Hierarchical Globe
Austin
Earth
USA
Texas
Hierarchical Globe
–
–
–
–
–
–
• Hierarchical Universe
Austin
Houston and Cities Around
Texas
The United States
American Continent
Earth
–
–
–
–
–
–
Earth-Moon System
The Solar System
The Milky Way Galaxy
The Local Group
The Local Supercluster
The Cosmic Web, The
Universe
Our Cosmic Origins
Our Cosmic Origins
• Cosmic History
Expansion --> Cool down
PAST
– Very Early Stage (A fraction of a second)
Gravitational Attraction
wins against expansion
--> Mass Assembly
• Inflation (rapid expansion of the Universe after birth)
• The Big Bang (Very Hot! The Universe cools as it expands)
– The Plasma Universe (~380,000 years)
The Big-Bang
• Filled with photons, protons, electrons
• Formation of Hydrogen atoms
Inflation
– The Dark Age (~200 million years)
• Assembly of matter into “Proto-galaxy clouds”
• Formation of first stars ends the Dark Age
You are born
as “Star Stuff”
Birth of Stars
– Galaxy Formation (~1 billion years)
– Steller Evolution (~a few to 10 billion years)
• Production of “heavier” elements (Carbons, Oxigens, etc)
– Planet Formation (~a few to 10 billion years)
• The Earth comes into existence
PRESENT
Planet Formation
0 yr
– The speed of light = 300,000 km per second
= 675 million miles per hour!
– Light can circle the Earth nearly 8 times in one second
• NOTHING BEATS LIGHT
– Nothing travels faster than light.
1000 yrs
• Seeing into the past
– It takes 8 minutes for light to travel from the Sun to the
Earth ---> The Sun is 8 light-minutes away
– The Orion nebula is 1,500 light-years away
– The Andromeda Galaxy is 2.5 million light-years away
Stars shine by nuclear
fusion --> Heavy elements
synthesized in the stars
What We See is an Old Picture
Farther Away -- Seeing into the Past
• Fundamental Properties of Light
• Light has a finite speed
Death of Stars --> Explosion,
expelling the synthesized
elements into space
2000 yrs
1000 light years
The Cosmic Horizon
• The finite speed of light gives the concept of the
“observable” Universe.
– The age of the Universe at present is about 14 billion years.
– We cannot possibily see anything older, or further, than 14
billion years.
– However, the actual size of the entire Universe is not limited
to the size of the horizon --- it can be much larger, but we
cannot determine it by any observational means, because
nothing travels faster than light.
How many planets?
• A: Still in Debate!!
• Historically, nine.
– Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune, and Pluto
• A big debate as to whether Pluto can be considered a
planet
• Last year, a potential candidate for the 10th planet,
“Sedna”, was discovered.
• Sedna vs Pluto
– Similar size
– 3 times more distant
The Solar System
• Q: How many planets in the Solar System?
– A: 8, B: 9, C:10
KBOs: Kuiper Belt Objects
• There are many objects orbiting beyond Pluto (or
Neptune). Are they not planets? Why not?
• They are not called planets, because of their small
sizes (~100km), compared to the size of Pluto
~2,400km; however, Pluto (and Sedna) itself may
be just a bigger version of the KBOs.
• The peculiarity of Pluto can be seen from its orbit
around the Sun: while the other planet‘s orbits are
nearly circular, Pluto’s is highly elongated,
arguing for a different formation process for Pluto.
Emptiness of the Solar System
• A model on the National Mall, DC. The Sun is
the gold sphere which is about the size of a
grapefruit. Earth would be 15 meters away and
only 1mm large. Pluto would be a speck and
would be about 600m away. Most of the Solar
System is empty!
The Solar System
Nearby Stars
• The nearest star is “Alpha Centauri”, which
is 4.4 light-years away.
For comparison, the
Sun is 8 light-minutes
away, and even Pluto is
only 5.5 light-hours
away. Think about how
far away the nearest
star is! (1 year is 8600
hours.)
The book provides a nice
analogy in daily life to
understand how far away
this is.
The Milky Way Galaxy
• The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy,
containing around 100 billion stars.
• Our Solar System lies about 28,000
light-years(!) from the Galactic Center.
Rotation of the Milky Way
• The spiral pattern is generated by rotation of the
Milky Way. As we see later, the rotation speed at
a given position is a good indicator of strength of
gravity caused by matter inside it. •The stronger the gravity
(or more matter) is, the
faster the rotation becomes.
•Thus, the outer part of the
Milky Way should have a
slower rotation speed;
however, observations
have shown that the
rotation speed is actually
constant over large radii.
•Presence of invisible
matter ---> Dark Matter!!
The Expansion of the Universe
• Imagine that we are
“Local Raisin”. As
time goes by this
raisin cake expands,
making distance
between raisins larger;
however, there is no
“central raisin” here.
• We are not the center
of the Universe, just
like raisins in a raisin
cake.
Dynamic Universe
• Everything is moving. Earth circles the Sun, the
Solar System circles the center of the Milky Way,
the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy are
attracting each other in the Local Group. (They
will eventually collide in 10 billion years.)
• If one gets out of the Local Group, then it appears
that all other galaxies move away from us --evidence for the expansion of the Universe.
– Does it mean we are the center of the Universe? If not,
why not?
Are We Alone?
• The observable Universe contains 100 billion galaxies,
each containing 100 billion stars. How many stars? The
book says that the number of stars in the Universe is
about the same as the number of grains of sand on all
beaches on Earth!
• Many, if not all, stars have planets, so the possibility of
Earth-like planets is high. Searching for the Earth-like
planets is one of the hottest subjects in Astronomy
today.
• It is certainly plausible that there are (in fact, lots of)
other lives on other planets, which are orbiting around
billions of billions of billions of… stars out there.