1.1.2 - University of Alberta

 University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Compiled by: Colleen Braconnier, Nathan Friesen, Stephanie Hannem, Kelsey Jansen, Heidi Keillor, Molly Penzes, Daniel Peterson, Andrea Wiebe and Elizabeth Wong Edited by: Kelsey Jansen EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In February of 2010, a group of nineteen students and three faculty members from the University of Alberta travelled to Jalisco, Mexico as part of an International Forestry course (FOR 456) offered to students studying forest management and environmental and conservation sciences. Pre‐existing relationships between the University of Alberta, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and the State of Jalisco as part of a sister‐state agreement and the Alberta‐Jalisco forestry cooperation agreement helped contribute to the decision to offer this international experience to University of Alberta students. Funding from Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, the Scotiabank Mexico Corporate Social Responsibility Fund, and the Alberta‐Jalisco Forestry Cooperation Agreement provided financial assistance that made this trip possible. Prior to departure, students conducted preliminary background research on the region, which included information on climate, geography, biodiversity, disturbance regimes and social and cultural influences as they apply to forest management. This background assessment is summarized in the first sections of this report to provide a contextual understanding of observed management practices in the State of Jalisco. References are made to field experiences throughout the introductory sections to fill information gaps that existed in the primary research. The second portion of this report provides a summary of the trip and field locations visited. Site descriptions and detailed discussion of current research and management issues provide a glimpse into the forest management initiatives that are ongoing in the region. The group visited four protected areas; the Sierra de Quila, Bosque de la Primavera, Macheros Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary and the Sierra del Tigre. Each area had unique characteristics and management challenges, although, watershed management, public awareness about conservation initiatives and fire management were reoccurring themes throughout the trip. This trip has provided University of Alberta students in natural resource management programs a chance to experience the varied approaches to forest conservation and management, as well as to experience some aspects of the culture and traditions that have shaped resource development in Mexico. Experiencing first‐hand the difficulties in the establishment and organisation of forest conservation initiatives in a developing country was a unique experience that gave students the opportunity to reconcile abstract concepts discussed in university with actuality. This trip engendered recognition of what issues are important to natural resource managers today and have inspired many students to consider further education and career goals that University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 2 of 37 include an environmental communication and awareness component. Students were given the chance to establish a network of contacts, both within Mexico, and with other students, that will be invaluable in future endeavours, especially for those now interested in work and volunteer opportunities in Mexico. Lastly, our trip to Mexico gave us a chance to reaffirm our interest in, and the relevance of, our areas of study in today’s world. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 3 of 37 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Biophysical Conditions ................................................................................................................. 7 1.1.1 Geography............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1.2 Geomorphology .................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.3 Climate .................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1.4 Forest and Vegetation Types ................................................................................................ 8 1.1.5 Biodiversity.......................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.6 Watersheds ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.1.7 Disturbance Regimes.............................................................................................................. 12 1.1.7.1 Erosion ................................................................................................................................ 13 1.1.7.2 Volcanic Activity .................................................................................................................. 14 1.1.7.3 Fire ...................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1.7.4 Deforestation ...................................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Social and Economic Conditions ................................................................................................ 16 1.2.1 Historical Influences............................................................................................................ 16 1.2.2 Cultural Factors ................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.3 Economic Drivers ................................................................................................................ 19 1.2.3.1 Economic Contribution of Forests ...................................................................................... 19 2.0 FIELD VISITS ................................................................................................................ 20 2.1 Sierra de Quila ............................................................................................................................ 20 2.1.1 Current Research .................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.2 Management Issues ................................................................................................................ 23 University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 4 of 37 2.2 Bosque de la Primavera ............................................................................................................. 24 2.2.1 Importance of Biodiversity...................................................................................................... 24 2.2.2 Tour and Management Issues................................................................................................. 25 2.2.3 Fire and Fire Management...................................................................................................... 25 2.2.4 Agua Brava Training Centre .................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Macheros Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary ................................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Monarch Life History............................................................................................................... 28 2.3.2 Ejido Management.................................................................................................................. 29 2.4 Sierra del Tigre............................................................................................................................ 30 2.4.1 Sawfly Outbreak and Management ........................................................................................ 30 2.4.2 Ejido Management.................................................................................................................. 32 3.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS.................................................................... 33 4.0 ACKNOWLEDMENTS.................................................................................................... 34 5.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 36 University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 5 of 37 1.0
INTRODUCTION Written by P. Comeau and A. Drummond Forests are a prominent feature in many parts of Mexico. Forest and wooded lands cover approximately 84 million ha of the total land area of 191 million ha, representing 44% of the land base (FAO Statistics, 2008). These forests are found in five of the nine ecological zones present in Mexico and they serve a number of very important roles including the provision of fuelwood for cooking, lumber for construction, pulp for paper, biodiversity, soil and slope stabilization, and use for agroforestry. With the exception of fuelwood, Mexico is a net importer of wood products; however, the development of a stronger forest industry and increased employment in the forestry sector is seen as an important priority in several parts of Mexico. While some private forest land exists in Mexico, most of the forest is on public land and there are several areas where forests are managed by local communities (Ejidos) to provide employment and to serve a broad range of community needs. Jalisco State is a sister state with the Province of Alberta and Alberta Sustainable Resource Development has developed strong relationships with government forestry agencies in the State of Jalisco. Strong linkages and exchanges are particularly notable in the area of fire suppression, with Alberta assisting with training and other resources for fire suppression in Jalisco and with Jalisco providing firefighters for work in Alberta. Financial support for the trip was also provided by the Alberta‐Jalisco Forestry Cooperation Agreement, which involves the University of Alberta and the Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG) and other institutions in Mexico in training and cooperative initiatives on firefighting, fire management, forestry youth programs, and forest health research (through the Alberta‐Jalisco Forest Health Initiative) in Mexico. The Secretaria de Desarrollo Rural (SEDER) played an instrumental role in organizing our visit. University of Alberta students within the Forest Management and Environmental and Conservation Science Bachelor’s degree programs expressed individual interest in participating in the International Forestry trip to Jalisco. All participants were from slightly varied backgrounds but all demonstrated a genuine willingness to learn about forest conservation and management in Mexico. The invaluable international experience that exposed students to the vibrant Mexican cultural was also instrumental in the decision to participate in this course. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 6 of 37 1.1
Biophysical Conditions 1.1.1 Geography Written by E. Wong Jalisco State is located in central west Mexico on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The state has an area of approximately eight‐ million hectares, which is equivalent to 4% of the total area of Mexico (Soltero‐
Gardea and Negrete‐
Ramos, 1997). There are four major physiographic regions found within Jalisco. Figure 1: Map of the States of Mexico (Source: Google Maps Online) The Mexican Plateau is located in the east of Jalisco, while the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountain Range runs parallel to the Pacific Coast and the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt extends across Jalisco to the east (“Jalisco”, 2008). The physiographic regions are influenced by the movement of the tectonic plate on the 19th and 21st parallel (Leyden, 2008). This movement also results in volcanic and seismic activity throughout Mexico. This activity presents itself in the form of hot springs, fumaroles, geysers, eruptions and earthquakes (Leyden, 2008). The geology of Jalisco State is also influenced by the hydrological system. The largest body of water, Lake Chapala, is located in central part of Jalisco. There is evidence that 30,000 years ago Lake Chapala was an inland sea that covered 8,500 square kilometres (Leyden, 2008). Since that time, this inland sea has drained and has shaped the landscape, creating features such as the tremendous gorge known as the Barranca de Oblatos (Leyden, 2008). University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 7 of 37 1.1.2 Geomorphology Written by E. Wong Jalisco’s geologic parent material is volcanic and has also been influenced by the drainage of Lake Chapala (Leyden, 2008). Glaciers are also present in Mexico, mostly located on the highest mountains (White, 2002). The properties of volcanic soils create an excellent medium for agave plants and contribute to the success of Mexico’s agave plantations (“Tequila”, 2009). 1.1.3 Climate Written by E. Wong There are a variety of climatic regions throughout Jalisco state consisting of four major climate types. The north and northeast of the state is characterized as semi‐arid and at higher elevations has a temperate climate. The central portion of the state has a semi‐tropical climate, and there is a tropical climate along the coast (Soltero‐Gardea and Negrete‐
Ramos, 1997). Semi‐arid climate is characterized by little rain and a significant variation within daily temperature ranges, as well as having a dry season in the summer months (Schaffner and Robinson, 2009). Semi‐ tropical and tropical climates have high temperatures and significant rainfall year round (Schaffner and Robinson, 2009). The temperate climate is characterized by having warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters (Schaffner and Robinson, 2009). This variation also contributes to the vast diversity in plant and animal species found throughout the Jalisco State, and Mexico in general. 1.1.4 Forest and Vegetation Types Written by E. Wong In Mexico, there are many varieties of tree species due to the different climatic zones that occur within the country. The broadleaf forest occurs throughout temperate cold climates. Quercus generally dominate the broadleaf forests and are combined with other species such as sweet University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 8 of 37 gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), Fagus mexicana, Nyssa sylvatica, American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), Ostrya virginiana, Cornus disciflora, Ternstroemia pringlei, Oreopanax ralapensis and Myrica mexicana (FAO, 2010). In tropical climatic regions, the broadleaf forests are well developed and highly diverse (FAO, 2010). There are both evergreen and semi‐deciduous forests found within this climate. Some other tree species found in tropical climates are: Terminalia amazonia, Dialium sp., breadnut tree (Brosimum alicastrum) and Manilkara zapota, Terminalia oblonga, Sterculia mexicana and Hasseltia guatemalensis, Bernoullia flammea, Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria, Ficus sp., Tabebuia guayacan, Bravaisia integerrima, and Lonchocarpus sp. (FAO, 2010). The rare cloud forest occurs within the mountains of the tropical climate (UNEP WCMC). This is an important ecosystem, which allows a diverse range of endemic and threatened species to thrive within Mexico (UNEP WCMC, 2010). In warm‐moist climate, there are more mixed tree compositions including both deciduous and evergreen species (FAO, 2010). The mixed tree composition occur again in dry warm climates, however, tree species are commonly characterized as thorny (FAO, 2010). Some species found in this climate are: Byrsonima crassifolia, Curatella americana, Crescentia cujete and Bursera genus (FAO, 2010). Mangroves forests are often found on the coastline of Mexico. The common species that form mangroves are: Rhizophora mangle, white button wood Laguncularia racemosa, white mangrove Avicennia nitida and Conocarpus erectus (FAO, 2010). Coniferous forests typically occur in cold temperate climates, at an elevation between 1500‐3000 meters, with average annual rainfall of 600‐1000 mm, and are generally dominated by Pinus and Abies genera (FAO, 2010). Coniferous stands are often mixed with the Quercus genus (FAO, 2010). Other species that can occur within coniferous forests are the Cupressus and Juniperus genera (FAO, 2010). University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 9 of 37 1.1.5 Biodiversity Written by D. Peterson According the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, Mexico is one of the top five “megadiverse” diverse countries in the world (2010). The country is home to one of the most diverse ecosystem groupings in the world with five out of eight principle terrestrial biomes represented (UN CBD, 2010). It is estimated that with only 1.5% of the earth’s land mass, Mexico represents 10‐12% of the world’s biodiversity (UN CBD, 2010). This biodiversity is attributed to great variation in elevation throughout the country, the location at the juncture of the Nearctic and Neotropical biogeographic regions, and a long history of human manipulation of plant crops (UN CBD, 2010). Figure 2: View of Cloud Forest at The state of Jalisco is representative of the entire country as it contains a very unique set of land formations which contributes to habitat heterogeneity and result in increased biodiversity. Jalisco is mainly dominated by the Trans‐Volcanic Belt which runs from west to east across the country (Robin et al, 1991). The tallest peaks in Mexico are located in this area. The Pico de Orizaba (5747m) and the Popocatepetl (5452m) are the tallest. These drastic changes in elevation create unique habitats and encourage diversity throughout the region. The aforementioned peaks, as well as any peaks above 3000m in elevation, accumulate snow cover throughout the year. The elevation of the state ranges from sea level to the top of Pico de Orizaba. This range in elevation results in rich plant diversity observed in the presence of species of oak, pine, cedar, juniper, and many other varieties of smaller vegetation (Valero et al, 2001). The rich water‐saturated volcanic soils also provide a variety of fertile micro sites capable of supporting significant primary production. The region also includes many hot and dry forest types as well. These varying forest Macheros Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 10 of 37 types are home to a very diverse group of bird, reptile, amphibian, insect, and mammal species due to their differing microclimates (Valero et al, 2001). The forests of Michoacán, where students travelled to observe the Monarch butterfly migration, contain large expanses of cloud forest. These regions contain much higher moisture levels, as well as many high elevation lakes. Moist sites are better suited to support reptile species, and as a result there are many unique amphibians and reptiles that are not found in any other areas in Mexico (Valero et al, 2001). There are many very important areas of interest throughout this region, as well as some of the largest cities within Mexico. Guadalajara and Mexico City are both located within the Trans‐Volcanic Belt. Habitat destruction and exploitation of resources resulting from increasing populations continue to threaten biodiversity in Mexico. Many areas are currently being converted to agricultural land such as pasture for cattle grazing and fields for sugar cane and agave plantations (Valero et al, 2001). With increased education and understanding about the importance of these areas and the negative effects that human populations can have, improving conservation efforts to preserve biodiversity is possible. Many conservation areas are being established and other steps are being taken to use ecologically sustainable practices to manage the land base (Valero et al, 2001). 1.1.6 Watersheds Written by N. Friesen The establishment of protected areas in Jalisco is heavily influenced by the location of water sources. The Sierra de Quila, located near the town of Tecolotlan, was established primarily to protect the watershed that supplies fresh water to the communities within the drainage basin (G. Iñiguez Herrera, personal communication, February 13, 2010). The area also has the potential for recreation and tourism development with the main attractions being the large waterfalls found in the area. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 11 of 37 The Bosque de Primavera was also established in part to maintain water quality for sources supplying the City of Guadalajara as well as to regulate the micro‐
climate of the urban centre. “Atmospheric water vapour absorbs and reflects portions of incoming solar radiation during the daytime and Figure 3: Cascada Tecolotlan, Sierra de Quila. provides heat energy to the Earth in the form of longwave radiation at night” (Chang, 2006). Since the forest has such a great moderating effect on temperatures within the city it must be kept forested to ensure adequate air and water quality for residents of the state capital. Within Mexico, the maintenance of water quality is a central issue considered by managers of conservation areas, especially when large populations are reliant on limited water resources. The conservation and management of these watersheds also plays a critical role in the preservation of biodiversity. Adequate water resource management can ensure that drier regions are capable of withstanding frequent droughts that may become even more prevalent, as indicated by climate modelling. Many regions of Mexico experience dry seasons when water is scare and, as such, sustainable management practices are of the utmost importance. The priority given to the security of water resources reflects the overall value that has been placed upon water by the government and conservation agencies in the region. 1.1.7 Disturbance Regimes The examination of natural and human induced disturbance regimes can help us to understand the evolutionary history of forest systems. Knowledge about historical disturbance is a fundamental component to University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 12 of 37 the development of effective forest management strategies. In Mexico, historical disturbances were predominantly erosion and volcanic activity, fire and deforestation are also discussed here as they have become issues of concern in recent years as their prevalence has steadily increased. 1.1.7.1 Erosion Written by N. Friesen In Mexico, it has been documented that 65‐85% of the land surface has been eroded to some degree (Bocco et al, 1992). Campbell (2003) estimates that 2‐9% of this erosion is a result of heavy rilling, a significant problem on roadsides or at any location where exposed mineral soil is present. Figure 4: Sierra de Quila – Ditch dug out to slow Some estimates indicate flow rates, pine trees planted in an attempt to significant losses of stabilize slope. topsoil; up to 40% has been estimated to have been eroded away from fertile areas (Bocco et al, 1992). Soil loss from erosion can consist of losses in organic matter or topsoil, breakdown of soil structure, acidification, salinisation, or a reduction in nutrient retention capability. Erosion control has been undertaken across the region, as well as in other states in Mexico (B. Kishchuk, personal communication, January 12, 2010). Fences constructed from logs that reduce flows during precipitation events are used frequently in areas with high erosion potential. Minimal litter and organic matter within the soil, coupled with low density tree cover in some areas, results in high overland flows during large precipitation events. Afforestation programs in areas such as Sierra de Quila are pilot projects aimed at restoring vegetation and reducing the overall effects of erosion on the land base. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 13 of 37 1.1.7.2 Volcanic Activity Written by D. Peterson Volcanoes have both a historical and a contemporary influence on forest management in Mexico. They are an important part of culture and influence Figure 5: View of the Colima Volcano from Sierra del Tigre
vegetation types and land formation processes throughout the region (Robin et al, 1991). In the late Pleistocene era, the eruptions produced by the Colima Volcano scattered debris some 120km around Jalisco, and as far as the coast. This area became known as the Trans‐Volcanic Belt. The volcano continues to be an active fixture on the landscape of Jalisco (Robin et al, 1991). There are approximately 300,000 people living within the 40km area of influence around the crater. Frequent evacuations have occurred throughout the last decade, with one of the largest eruptions in decades occurring on June 8, 2005. There are still many risks associated with this volcano and it is still an important part of the landscape (Robin et al, 1991). The volcanic activity that has historically dominated the Jalisco region of Mexico has resulted in fluvial soil formation processes. These processes result in soils very capable of holding water and act as a source to replenish aquifers which are highly utilized as water supplies for the nearby communities (Valero et al, 2001). University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 14 of 37 1.1.7.3 Fire Written by D. Peterson The forests in Jalisco are generally characterized by dry and open pine‐oak mixed wood forests. Although fires have not been an important historical part of these forest ecosystems, human influence has played a significant role in the increased fire risk that has been evident over recent years. Fires started by human caused actions account for upwards of 99% of forest fires within the state (H. Valdovinos Gutierrez, personal communication, February 14, 2010). As populations continue to grow and recreational activity in these forest ecosystems increases, there comes an increased risk of wild land fires. Fire suppression is an integral part of forest management practices as these types of disturbances are unnatural in the system and also pose a significant risk to human populations, both in damages and health risks associated with smoke. Fire suppression practices are a fairly new idea for the state of Jalisco; as a result there is a strong focus on implementation of effective management strategies (Government of Alberta, 2009) Alberta has been working together with the state of Jalisco in many areas of forest management including fire suppression: this has been happening since 1999 when Alberta and Jalisco signed a sister state agreement (Government of Alberta, 2009). This agreement has resulted in exchanges of both information and personnel in the areas of forest protection. Jalisco has been able to reach international standards in fire fighter training programs. The success that has resulted from this agreement has been significant, and there is still room for growth in these areas in the near future. There is also information being exchanged in regards to forest health: Alberta has had some success in management for the pine‐tree bark stripper, while Jalisco is showing some success in managing pine bark beetle (Government of Alberta, 2009). Detailed discussion of ongoing research in Jalisco can be found in Section 2.0 of this report. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 15 of 37 1.2
1.1.7.4 Deforestation Written by Kelsey Jansen The percent of forest cover change in Mexico between 2000 and 2005 was ‐0.4% indicating that deforestation in still occurring, although this number has decreased since 1990 and is consistent with global trends of decreased deforestation (FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment, 2005). Due to land clearing and deforestation, forests currently cover about 84 million hectares or 44% of the area of Mexico, which has decreased from approximately 90 million hectares or 46% of the total land base in 1990 (FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment, 2005). As water scarcity and deforestation are issues of significant concern in Mexico, governments have recently explored compensation models that aim at encouraging landowners to conserve forested lands to maintain aquifer recharge and overall water quality in areas where industrial forestry is not prevalent (FAO State of the World’s Forests, 2009). Social and Economic Conditions The examination of social and economic influences within a region may help us to understand observed land and resource management practices. Cultural influences, local economic structure, and historical reference can provide a context within which we may comprehend current practices and challenges within communities. 1.2.1 Historical Influences Written by C. Braconnier and K. Jansen Colonial beginnings and the struggle for power with the Spanish in the 16th century resulted in an inherent distrust of authority and government among the Mexican people (E. Inda‐ Comacho, personal communication, University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 16 of 37 February 14, 2010). This historical distrust directly affects modern attempts to implement new land management practices. Colonial history, in combination with many other historical factors, contributes to the unique land management system that is observed in Mexico today. The current land management system in Mexico is complex and partly stems from public dissatisfaction with the elitist polices initially set out by Spain and later by Mexican President, Porfirio Diaz. Diaz had a vision of a commonwealth that resulted in significant impacts to forestry in Mexico (Davis, 1967). A significant mandate of Diaz’s political initiative was to secure economic stability and was based heavily on foreign investment. At the time the Mexican government held a significant debt and lacked cash flow so Diaz believed that foreign investment would lift Mexico out of hard times and promote modernisation. He encouraged investment in mines, forestry, and other resource‐based industries by providing tax breaks on foreign investment. This resulted in a significant loss of land for the Mexican people, especially indigenous communities. Figure 6: Senor Juan Miguel explains the history of Ejido Rodeo at Sierra del Tigre This loss of land was not well received and prompted the Mexican Revolution. The Mexican Revolution eventually resulted in the creation of ejidos, a term used to describe the community‐based land management University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 17 of 37 system that is used extensively throughout Mexico today. In 1917 The Mexican Constitution proclaimed that all land in Mexico would be owned by Mexican nationals or managed by ejidos. Ejidos are common lands, which were distributed to villages across Mexico, whereby community members are responsible for the management of all land‐based activities (Daniel, 2001). Ejidos are managed by community members for specific goals and objectives that are important to the local community. According to Barbara Kishchuk of the Canadian Forest Service, management approaches vary between localities (personal communication, January 12, 2010). Some communities have chosen to harvest timber and manufacture products to sell in market, while others have chosen to maintain forested areas in an attempt to sustain soil stability and water quality as well as to promote recreation and ecotourism. 1.2.2 Cultural Factors Written by K. Jansen The Mexican culture is vibrant, diverse and contributes significantly to many of the resource management approaches within the country. Guadalajara native, Emilio Inda‐ Comacho, identified some key cultural issues that affect the overall effectiveness of forest management initiatives. Within government agencies, there is a lack of continuity in management programs as the human resource base often changes when new governments are elected (E. Inda‐ Comacho, personal communication, February 13, 2010). The disconnection in management that results from these changes in staff can contribute to fundamental difficulties in implementing effective conservation strategies. Discussion with Don Harrison of SEDER also identified some key cultural issues affecting resource management in Jalisco. The distrust that results from Mexico’s colonial history and past political unrest requires the establishment of trusting relationships between government staff and local community members when moving forward with management programs. The ejido management systems rely heavily upon community University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 18 of 37 decision‐making and consensus building, which may contribute to an increase in the amount of time required to conduct meetings and implement management strategies. Finally, there are significant non‐
timber values placed on the forests in Mexico that stem from cultural and traditional uses including the harvesting of traditional medicinal herbs used in homeopathic treatments; consideration of these values must be incorporated into forest management programs. 1.2.3 Economic Drivers Although Mexico has the 12th largest economy in the world, it is still considered a developing country by the World Bank and is classified as upper middle‐income. Mexico’s Gross Net Income (GNI) was $9,980 US in 2008, compared with Canada’s GNI of $41,730 US (World Bank, 2008). Poverty is an issue of concern within rural Mexico as 35% of the population is estimated to be below the poverty line (FAO State of the World’s Forests, 2009). 1.2.3.1 Economic Contribution of Forests Written by K. Jansen Mexico has steadily remained a net importer of wood products since 1990, excluding the export of wood furniture to the United States (FAO State of the World’s Forests, 2009). Cultural associations with the permanence of stone as a construction material have resulted in very few homes being constructed of wood. It is estimated that the volume of wood extracted for fuel purposes may be as much as four times higher than that of industrial extraction, although urbanization seems to be reducing the overall non‐timber values placed on the forests in general (FAO State of the World’s Forests, 2009). The recent global economic downturn may affect the viability of Mexico’s forest industry to some degree. Communities may face challenges related to market demand for timber and job losses University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 19 of 37 may increase the prevalence of illegal logging (FAO State of the World’s Forests, 2009). Overall, the forest sector contributed approximately 0.9% of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Mexico in 2006, while Canada’s forest sector contributed 2.7% here at home (FAO, 2010). Much of the economic value contained in Mexico’s forest comes from non‐timber values including medicinal plant harvesting, recreation and tourism. 2.0
FIELD VISITS 2.1
Sierra de Quila Written by K. Jansen and M. Penzes Sierra de Quila was the first field location visited by University of Alberta students. The forest is protected under the Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas (CNANP), while day to day operations are overseen by the Comite Regional de la Sierra de Quila A.C. (CRSQAC) and SEDER. This protected area was created in 1982 and is located approximately 107 kilometres south west of Guadalajara, just north of the town of Tecolotlan where the CRQAC office is located. The Figure 7: P. michoacana (Michoacán pine) predominant vegetation is a pine‐oak mixed wood forest and the entire area covers over 15,000 ha. Pinus michoacana (Michoacán pine) and P. leiophylla (sad pine) were two of the pine species observed in addition to oak species of the Quercus genera that are common to the area. As mentioned above in Section 1.1.6, Watersheds, Sierra de Quila was initially created to ensure adequate management of water that sources the communities located downstream. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 20 of 37 2.1.1 Current Research Prior to visiting field locations, students were given a few brief presentations to provide some background on current research being undertaken in Sierra de Quila. Dr. Raymonde Garde of the Universidad de Guadalajara gave students an overview of current work aimed at developing systems that will use remote sensing data to classify and monitor the forest in Sierra de Quila and other parts of Mexico. Gloria Iñiguez Herrara from FIPRODEFO provided an overview of research that she is conducting in collaboration with the University of Alberta to examine effects of climate change on pine bark beetles. This project is in the very beginning stages, with only one year of data collected. Ilario Lopez, a local community member with affiliations to Mexicans abroad spoke briefly about the importance of the forest to the local community. Much of the research in Sierra de Quila is still in the resource inventory stages with initiatives to determine Figure 8: Gloria Iñiguez Herrara describes trap overall forest health as a long‐
system to students at Sierra de Quila term goal. Issues concerning the insurance of adequate research often stem from site access and resource availability issues. Many areas are inaccessible by road and helicopter use may be outside of budget allowances. Researchers work with the resources available at present to ensure that the data collected is as accurate as possible. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 21 of 37 After the presentations on background information were complete the group travelled to one of the nine data collection locations for the pine bark beetle project. A weather monitoring station as well as several traps were at the site and Gloria Iñiguez Herrara explained the use of pheromones to attract the pine bark beetles into these traps. The data collected will be used to determine whether or not there is a link between temperature and humidity and the prevalence of pine bark beetle within Sierra de Quila. Figure 9: Group photo at the Arbol de la Lira, Sierra de Quila
Site visits also included the Cascada Tecolotlan waterfall and the Arbol de la Lira, a tree that serves as the symbol for the Sierra de Quila. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 22 of 37 2.1.2 Management Issues There are several challenges in the management of Sierra de Quila. Some of the main concerns are associated with erosion, waste management, subsistence timber harvesting and safety issues. Guides commented that there are many alcohol related car accidents on the access roads to the area. Concerns about the safety of local people who are visiting the area are considered by managers, although we are unaware of any specific initiatives to address the problem at this time. Students were shown areas that have been subject to high rates of natural erosion. Rocky outcrops on the landscape that do not support vegetation have become highly eroded in some areas. Although this occurrence is natural, concerns about water quality and further erosion have prompted managers to implement erosion management initiatives. See Figure 4 as an example of a project to promote the establishment of vegetation and reduce flows during high precipitation events. Many of the planted pine trees have not survived due to sun scalding in the open, unprotected outcrops, although some natural regeneration has occurred. One additional problem associated with afforestation initiatives is that the seed bank is under the jurisdiction of the Department of National Defence. This often results in non‐local seeds being used in afforestation projects which may contribute to poor survival. Another important concern for managers is the need to increase economic revenues in the area. Current initiatives are underway that aim at promoting recreation and tourism. The focus at this time is to attract outdoor enthusiasts to rappel the many waterfalls in the area. There is some concern however, that increasing visitor use in ecologically sensitive areas may compromise the integrity of these micro‐sites. In the interim, managers intend to promote increased recreation as a means to increase revenue streams that can then be redirected to the development of comprehensive management plans for the area. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 23 of 37 2.2
Bosque de la Primavera Written by M. Penzes Bosque de la Primavera was the second site visited by University of Alberta students. This site is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserve, located west of the city of Guadalajara, in central Jalisco. The entire protected area covers approximately 30,500 ha and includes the municipalities of Tala, Tlajomulco de Zuniga, El Arenal and Zapopan. 2.2.1 Importance of Biodiversity The proximity to Guadalajara is considered to be essential and the areas is sometimes referred to as the “lungs” of Guadalajara. It is estimated that air temperature is reduced within the city by 2°C as well as reducing air pollution. Rainfall is absorbed in the area, approximately 240 million m3 of water is stored there, with 44 million m3 being held in the largest of eight reservoirs. Within the protected area there are several types of flora including: 11 Figure 10: Heidi Keillor holds a stick bug, species unknown. Bosque de la Primavera
species of oak (Quercus), 5 pines, 748 plants, 45 algae, and 255 fungi. The fauna in the protected area includes 21 species of reptiles, 38 mammals, 6 fish, and 136 birds. Within the protected area there are other land uses and a combination of land tenures, 15% of land is state owned, 35% is managed at the community level, and 65% is private lands. Current research includes studies of bats and carbon capture. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 24 of 37 2.2.2 Tour and Management Issues The students were welcomed to the area by Jose Luis Gomez Valdiria, (Executive Director of the Bosque de la Primavera}, who provided an overview of recreation for the state of Jalisco. Figure 10: Group information session prior to tour of Bosque de la Primavera
Currently management is focusing on outdoor recreation activities such as hiking and mountain‐biking as well as finding solutions for issues faced in the protected area. Several issues stem from heavy visitor use such as fire, hunting, four‐wheel drive vehicles, drug and alcohol abuse, graffiti, vandalism, poaching of wood and abandonment of domestic pets. Other issues are caused by the adjacent land uses including some agricultural practices; for example, sugar cane burning which contributes to localized pollution. Additionally, with 65% of land owned privately, there are challenges in achieving comprehensive planning for recreation and tourism for the entire area. 2.2.3 Fire and Fire Management The biggest challenge to overcome in the area is human caused fires and fire management. We were told that on average there are about 110 fires per year and in 2005 there Figure 11: Burn site from 2005 fire in Bosque de la Primavera
University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 25 of 37 was one large fire that burned an estimated 10,000 ha. There is a large fire every five to seven years, although this is not the historical frequency. Fires not only cause problems within the area but also result in smoke pollution within the city of Guadalajara and neighbouring communities. Response times for fires in the protected area are less than 32 minutes with an average of 22 minutes. To address the need for increased and comprehensive fire management the Agua Brava Training Centre was formed. 2.2.4 Agua Brava Training Centre The Agua Brava Training Centre was created in 2006; Hector Valdovinos Gutierrez of SEDER continues to be one of the instrumental staff members in the management of the centre. The objective is to develop a trained fire crew that can work in Central and South America and the Caribbean. The centre trains about 50 fire fighters annually and 20‐40 Mexican fire‐fighters go to Alberta each year to assist with fires and further their training as part of the Jalisco‐Alberta sister state agreement. One of the Mexican crew members now holds Alberta certification and information and equipment continue to be exchanged to further facilitate capacity building in the area of fire management within the country. The centre is also home to a wildlife rehabilitation centre that currently houses a number of deer that were domesticated and subsequently abandoned in the area. Hector Valdovinos Gutierrez and Don Harrison also discussed other initiatives being undertaken at the Agua Brava Centre. A more broad Figure 12: Male deer currently housed at the Agua Brava Wildlife Rehabilitation view of forest management that includes other environmental issues such as waste management, water quality and public awareness about fire are being developed to address some of the management issues currently being faced within the Bosque de la Primavera. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 26 of 37 2.3
Macheros Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary Written by S. Hannem Figure 13: Group Photo as the base of the Macheros Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary The Macheros Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary is one of several Monarch sanctuaries in central Mexico and is less visited by tourists when compared to some of its larger counterparts. Located near the town of Zitácuaro in the state of Michoacán, Macheros is one access point to a reserve of over 50,000 ha of land where millions of migrating monarch butterflies come to winter every year. These protected areas were set aside after the first discovery of overwintering colonies of monarch butterfly in Mexico in 1976. In 1986, a decree by the Mexican government designated 16, 110 ha of land as the “Monarch Butterfly Special Biosphere Reserve.” This number was increased to 56,259 ha of protected land in November 2000 (Ramirez et al. 2003). Our group arrived at the entrance point of Macheros around 9 a.m. – eager to complete our hike to the butterfly site before the temperature had risen too much, allowing us to watch the entire process of the butterflies warming up and flying from the trees. From the main gates it was just over an hour climb to the grove of trees where the butterflies were located. The trek was steep but our guides and a group of local villagers offered horseback rides for a small fee, and many of us gladly continued the journey on horseback. Near the top, the horses University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 27 of 37 were stopped and the last leg of our trek was completed on foot. At this stage we started to see butterflies in the trees near the trail and many fallen butterflies littering the ground. We then reached our site, a grove of trees that were absolutely covered – thousands of monarchs were resting on each tree, weighing down the branches until they drooped down almost vertically. As sunbeams slowly reached the trees, the conglomerations of butterflies began to shiver to generate warmth and the trees gradually started to turn orange as butterflies opened their wings, creating more surface area for the sun’s warmth. As they became warm enough, the butterflies began to take flight and soon the air was filled with huge swarms of fluttering Monarchs – truly a breathtaking sight. 2.3.1 Monarch Life History Adding to this astounding visual experience is the fact that this process of monarch migration still remains largely mysterious to the scientific community. Although a typical Monarch lifespan averages approximately 4 weeks, those born at the end of August live up to 8 months – allowing them to complete the arduous journey from their home in Canada or the United States across thousands of kilometres and all ranges of climatic conditions to the mountain ranges of central Mexico where they overwinter and reproduce (John Spence, personal communication February 16, 2010). 100‐
500 million monarchs make this journey of up to 4000 kilometres every year (Ramirez et al. 2003). These butterflies form around 20 colonies and together occupy a total of approximately Figure 14: Monarchs as they begin to warm up and fly 25 hectares of land, away. Macheros Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary almost all of which lies within protected areas set aside for these monarch overwintering grounds. Monarchs can be found on oyamel firs, pines and oak trees and University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 28 of 37 require a very specific set of microclimatic conditions only found in these small patches of mountain forest in central Mexico. These dense patches of forest reduce daily temperature variations and provide a more stable and moderate climate where the monarchs find refuge from harsh winter storms (Ramirez et al. 2003). At the end of the winter season, the same journey back north is travelled in 4 legs as it takes 4 generations of Monarchs to complete (John Spence, personal communication, February 16, 2010). This year, Michoacán has experienced highly unseasonal rains during the month before our arrival (part of Mexico’s dry season), which had caused mudslides and limited access to some sanctuaries. The degree of damage to the butterflies was unknown, and although many butterflies die on the journey and during the winter every year, our guide approximated that the death toll was at least one‐third higher than previous years as a result of the harsh rains. 2.3.2 Ejido Management Many of these protected areas are also home to a number of small rural communities, or ejidos. In the Angangueo mountain range of the Monarch Butterfly Special Biosphere Reserve, an area bordering the states of Michoacán and Jalisco, where Macheros is located, there are a total of 100 rural communities (Ramirez et al. 2003). Traditionally, subsistence farming and timber extraction are the two primary forms of economic activity for these communities, and most communities persist in poverty (Ramirez et al. 2003). Unfortunately, these activities cause deforestation, and are in direct conflict with aims to preserve these forests for the protection of the Monarch butterflies. This issue has created tensions between ejidos and government since the creation of the reserve in 1986 – agreements on land uses and reserve management have been a constant struggle. According to Ramirez et al. (2003), “despite the legal efforts to curb monarch butterfly habitat destruction, deforestation and disturbance have continued within the protected area. It has in fact been well documented that in the south‐eastern part of the study area, the 1986 decree exacerbated these processes.” Despite this trend, our tour of Macheros gave us an opportunity to see a community that was adapting to these new forest management strategies, and University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 29 of 37 beginning to embrace the new opportunities that ecotourism endeavours provide for ejidos in these areas. It was a positive sight, and we remain hopeful this new trend will spread throughout the rest of the reserve in years to come. 2.4
Sierra del Tigre Written by S. Hannem Sierra del Tigre is a protected forested comprised largely of pine and oak species and is located approximately 90 kilometres southeast of Guadalajara near the town of Mazamitla. Here, we were introduced to one of the problems faced in some of Mexico’s forests – defoliation of trees by insect species. Sierra del Tigre is one area that has been significantly affected by defoliation caused by a sawfly outbreak that has been damaging several species of pine trees in the region, including Pinus tenuifolia and Pinus leiophila. Following six years of dry weather in this area creating perfect conditions for an outbreak, the sawfly has destroyed approximately 5,800 hectares of forest in the last five years. This problem of dry weather suggests the potential for outbreaks to worsen with climate change. In 2008 alone, 4 million trees were lost. The larvae of the sawfly feed on the photosynthetic material of the trees, leaving the tree with little means of generating food and energy for its survival. Trees are generally able to live for only three years after defoliation. 2.4.1 Sawfly Outbreak and Management The first site visited in Sierra del Tigre was a pine stand that was affected by sawflies in their larval stage. Gloria Iñiguez Herrara gave us a brief presentation on the life history of the sawfly. One lifecycle takes approximately one year and includes egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. The larval stage of this particular species has five instars. Adult sawflies lay their eggs in the pine needles, the eggs hatch into larvae and feed on the leaves of the trees for five months. The larvae then fall to the forest floor where they pupate and remain in the soil for up to seven months. Many generations of sawfly may overlap at any given time, this can result University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 30 of 37 increased populations of the defoliating larvae and create increased management challenges. Research in the area has explored the potential of using biological control methods to control the sawfly outbreak, including fungi and other insects as potential predators. Unfortunately, despite significant time and financial commitments, this strategy has not been successful. The area is also affected by the pine bark beetle, which has a cumulative effect on the health of the forest. The most recent management strategy for this outbreak has Figure 15: Sawfly larvae‐ Sierra del Tigre been the implementation of a prescribed burn program. Fire is generally viewed as an unnatural and negative disturbance to forest ecosystems throughout Mexico, therefore it is common practice to suppress fire whenever possible throughout Mexico’s forests. At Sierra del Tigre, however, prescribed burns have been used with success to manage the sawfly outbreak. Fires are used in areas where the sawfly is in its pupal stage and small surface fires are able to destroy the pupae in the soil and ground vegetation. Sawfly pupa can burrow between 5‐8 cm into the soil and in areas with a thick organic layer, they are sometimes located at a depth where fire cannot reach them, and in these cases this strategy becomes ineffective. The fire management team utilizes three models in order to assess and classify fires based on their intensity and the quantity of natural fuel available. The effectiveness of a prescribed burn depends largely on the amount of fuel available – high fuel availability leads to high pupal mortality. Prescribed burns are started by hand using drip torches and University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 31 of 37 are allowed to burn down gradient until the slope levels out. Scratch lines are created around the area to contain the fires. Pupae are counted in one metre square plots before and after each prescribed burn to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. Sierra del Tigre has a well‐developed fire protection team. One of our stops in Sierra del Tigre was a visit to a fire watch station equipped with a tower. From the top of the watch tower we could see an amazing Figure 16: Fire Watch Tower in Sierra del panoramic view of Sierra del Tigre. Tigre Don Harrison of SEDER explained to the group that fire management training and safety had been lax in the past, but had improved greatly over recent years. 2.4.2 Ejido Management Ownership of Sierra del Tigre is divided with 40% of the land controlled communally by ejidos and 60% in possession of private landowners. The area includes 27 municipalities. On our tour we were shown an area where private landowners had converted forest to avocado fields by manually setting the forests on fire. This practice can have severely damaging effects on site productivity; however there are few management strategies available to influence private landowners and avocado farmers that provide them with an economic incentive to change the current land use. We also had the opportunity to meet Senor Juan Miguel, the president of Ejido Rodeo, a local ejido that has been in existence since 1935. This ejido manages 1580 hectares of land and has 59 members. Ejido Rodeo is particularly concerned with the maintenance of forest health and places emphasis on controlling fires. They are also actively replanting these University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 32 of 37 forested areas following fire management, and have achieved a 95% survival rate of planted trees. The community also has their own sawmill and grazes between 300 and 400 cattle on their lands. 3.0
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS Written by H. Keillor and A. Wiebe This trip has provided University of Alberta students in natural resource management programs a chance to experience the varied approaches to forest conservation and management, as well as to experience the culture and traditions that have shaped resource development in Mexico. Experiencing first‐hand the difficulties in the establishment and organisation of conservation and forestry initiatives in a developing country was a unique experience that gave students the opportunity to reconcile abstract concepts discussed in university with actuality. The realities of limited knowledge, resources and cooperation in Mexican forestry and conservation result in different approaches than those in Canada. The challenges faced by resource managers in Mexico are many and great, resulting in a unique system that attempts to reconcile ecological values such as watershed function and biodiversity, with traditional forest use by communities as a source of food, medicine and timber. Students gained a better understanding of the obstacles faced, and came to appreciate that one of the greatest challenges faced by land managers is a lack of public awareness and cooperation. Limited resources, funding, political cooperation, and at times limited knowledge, all increased the difficulties in establishing effective management plans at every scale‐ local, state‐wide and national. The local nature and organisation of forestry and conservation in Mexico is a product of the traditional live‐in landscape. Contrary to Canada’s protected areas, people are established everywhere and cannot simply be moved out for conservation. This means that local people need to be involved in the process to provide economic and value‐
based incentives for them to protect the land and maintain the ecological integrity of the forests. The establishment of multiple land‐use areas for recreation and ecotourism to generate funds and establish local value were a clear example of this. The difficulties faced in creating such a system reinforce the need for realistic goals and management plans. University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 33 of 37 4.0
The contrast with Canadian forestry and conservation programs was clearly visible, reinforcing the fact that Mexico struggles with funding and human resource issues at a much greater scale than we do. We were able to see the role of Canadian forestry workers and the University of Alberta in the establishment and organisation of resource and conservation initiatives in Jalisco. It became apparent that the sharing of knowledge, research and applied technologies have become paramount in a globalised industry, and that Alberta has the capability to assist Jalisco resource managers in the development and implementation of effective management programs through capacity building. As students, we all experienced a side of forestry and conservation that we had no prior practical knowledge of. Our trip to Mexico engendered recognition of what issues are important to natural resource managers today and have inspired many of us to consider further education and career goals that include an environmental communication and awareness component. We were given the chance to establish a network of contacts, both within Mexico, and with other students, that will be invaluable in our future endeavours, especially for those now interested in work and volunteer opportunities in Mexico. Lastly, our trip to Mexico gave us the opportunity to apply lecture material within a practical setting and a chance to reaffirm our interest in, and the relevance of, our areas of study in today’s world. ACKNOWLEDMENTS We would like to thank all of our hosts whose efforts made this trip an invaluable educational and cultural experience. These include: Claudia Pineda, Victor Rascon Perez, Hector Valdovinos Gutierrez, Jorge Valencia Rodriguez and Don Harrison from SEDER, Gloria Iñiguez Herrara from FIPRODEFO; our interpreters (Emilio Inda‐Comacho and Enrique Oca Torre), who made communication possible and allowed our experience to include a comprehensive understanding of the many issues facing the resources managers in Jalisco ; Dr. Raymundo F. Villavicencio Garcia from the Universidad de Guadalajara for his presentation on ongoing research in the Sierra de Quila; representatives from CONAFOR; Barbara Kischuk of the Canadian Forest Service for providing invaluable background information of forestry in Mexico; and all of the others who assisted in various ways with our visit. We are also grateful to the Alberta Government’s Department of Sustainable Resource Development, the Faculty of University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 34 of 37 Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, and the Scotiabank Mexican Corporate Responsibility Fund whose support made this trip possible. . The students would also like to say a special thank you to all the University of Alberta faculty members whose expertise and hard work made this trip an unforgettable experience: Dr. John Spence, Dr. Phil Comeau and Alex Drummond, as well as all the administrative faculty members whose hard work ensured that we arrived at our destinations safe and worry‐free.
University of Alberta International Forestry Summary Report for 2010 Trip to Jalisco, Mexico Page 35 of 37 5.0
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