2008 Annual Research and Technology Report

Transcription

2008
Annual Research and
Technology Report
Defence Research for the German Armed Forces on Operations
08
2008
Annual Research and
Technology Report
Defence Research for the German Armed Forces on Operations
08
Foreword
6
7
Ministerialdirigent
Dipl.-Ing. Erwin Bernhard
Unterabteilungsleiter Rü IV
und Forschungsbeauftragter
Bundesministerium der
Verteidigung
[email protected]
Defence Research for the German
Armed Forces on Operations
The factor of technology has been central to
These new security challenges pay no heed to the
The parties interested in settling conflicts are more
want to be capable of meeting the international
warfare for many centuries – in particular when
borders of nation-states with respect to either
likely to have highly advanced land-, air-, sea- and
obligations Germany has assumed, of participating
an outnumbered adversary was able to make up
their origins or their possible impacts. The classic
space-based standoff weapon systems that are
in stability operations and of conducting rescue and
for this disadvantage or even turn it into an
distinction between external and internal security
employed by forces such as highly specialised task
evacuation operations as a national responsibility.
advantage by procuring better equipment. In the
is therefore being increasingly replaced by a
groups in order to deprive the actors in interstate
So the mission of the Bundeswehr extends from
vast majority of cases, technological developments
comprehensive concept of security, as the two
wars and the new violent actors in “small wars”
waging war to conducting peace stability and
evolved slowly and steadily, and the associated
areas are linked and interdependent and ultimately
of the capability to wage war.
disaster relief operations. The range will be covered
introduction of new equipment took place at an
merge in a “globalisation of security aspects“. This
appropriate later date. Today, the development
marks out the strategic framework for security and
Access to new technologies is becoming increasingly
capabilities. Not all the forces have to be able to do
of technology is progressing at a distinctly faster
defence research and technology.
easy in our globalised world with its networking
everything. This is the reason why three categories
and interdependencies, especially against the back-
of forces, Response Forces, Stabilization Forces and
pace and revolutionary leaps in development are
by forces that differ in terms of readiness and
more and more frequent. Moreover, the range
Looking at the overall strategic situation, it appears
ground of the increase in the rate of innovation in
Support Forces have been created and now have
of operational scenarios for armed forces has
that our armed forces are rather unlikely to be
science and technology. This applies in particular
to be fitted out with dedicated equipment designed
widened and now goes from high-intensity
deployed in national or alliance defence operations
to the new violent actors. What this means for our
to enable them to accomplish their respective tasks.
conflicts to regional low-intensity conflicts,
within NATO territory in the short and medium terms.
armed forces is that their defence materiel must
counter-terrorism as well as stability and nation-
Bundeswehr forces are mostly deployed in conflict
be modernized and adapted to match new and
Operational readiness is the product of personnel,
building operations in an entirely transformed
prevention and crisis management operations as
different tasks and risks at increasingly shorter
equipment and training. These components are
worldwide security environment. In addition, the
part of international coalitions. New concepts such
intervals in order to be superior to the new actors
connected with each other by concepts, methods
number of points of common interest in internal
as Military Operations Other Than War have been
and so be capable of achieving their objectives.
and the organizational structure. They make up the
and external security has increased substantially
drafted. The operational environment in which our
in just the last decade.
armed forces are deployed has therefore changed
Due to the changes in the security environment
cess. In the field of activity of materiel/equipment,
fundamentally.
mentioned and to the reality of operations, a
research and technology is a key element for
National Level of Ambition has been formulated for
guaranteeing the operational readiness of the
armed forces.
The ongoing process of globalisation does not
six fields of activity within the transformation pro-
stop at threats to state security either. Threats to
The future operational scenarios are key for
what the Bundeswehr needs to be able to do in the
a state can today arise in far-away places. This
targeted research and technology activities. Wars
future. The political will expressed in the National
new range of threats to the inclusive societies of
and operations will no longer be waged by mass
Level of Ambition and the approach adopted to
The purpose of research and technology is to
democratic states has led to the development of
armies with the objective of making territorial
achieve this objective are defined in the Bundeswehr
provide the required scientific and technological
a broadened, comprehensive concept of security.
gains.
Concept. The Bundeswehr Concept states that we
know-how and skills in all the relevant fields of
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technology so that the decisions made on the
life. However, scientific and technical leaps in
Summing up, it can be said that the equipment
The 2007 Annual Report on Research & Technology
equipment the armed forces must have are appro-
development are not normally predictable.
soldiers should have has traditionally been at the
used examples to provide an insight into the wide
priate, intelligent and economic and indicate the
Nevertheless, the research, technology and
centre of strategic considerations. State-of-the-art
spectrum of topics within defence research. The
way ahead. The results are meant to secure the
development of today determine the technological
research is the basis for developing up-to-date
2008 Annual Report on Research & Technology
assessment and advisory capabilities needed to make
capabilities, products and systems of tomorrow.
equipment that is tailored to the likely mission.
addresses the significance of defence research
decisions on equipment, enhance the preventive
These evolutionary development trends can be
Research intensity is currently steadily increasing
for the Bundeswehr forces on operations. For
security measures of all the ministries, enable new
clearly described. The current overall trend in
– not only in the field of technology – due to
this purpose, it contains information on current
technologies to be identified for establishing the
science and technology can be described by an
ever-new technological possibilities. It has caused
research projects from the fields of defence and
capabilities the Bundeswehr needs and new solutions
increase in research intensity – not only in the tech-
the development dynamics in the high-tech sector
geo-scientific research, military medical research,
for developing them to be offered, and to promote
nology sector – on the basis of steadily increasing
to spread from the military to the civil R&T land-
military history and socio-scientific research that
emerging technologies in due time until production
technical possibilities. At the same time, there is
scape. The changed strategic security environment
are of immediate operational relevance.
is close to starting. That means that research and
an increase in efficiency and diversification in all
in which our country finds itself is rightly causing
technology is the core element at the beginning
areas of research. Due to the extremely dynamic
civil security research and military defence research
of a value added chain at the end of which the
development in the field of research and tech-
to integrate more closely. This process is being
Bundeswehr forces on operations have the best
nology, the dominance of civil R&T over military
accompanied by an increase in the internationali-
equipment possible for doing their jobs. So it is
programmes is tending to rise. Military technology
zation of defence and security research. The
essential for account to be taken of the latest
is benefiting from civil technology in many fields.
continued extremely high dynamics of research
technological developments when the Bundeswehr’s
However, from the technological point of view,
and technology is piling on the pressure for changes
materiel and equipment plans are adjusted to meet
Customizing and Add-on are becoming more and
to be made in all – civil and military – fields of
future requirements.
more demanding, costly and research-intensive.
application. Anything not serving the improvement
This means that when objectives are adjusted to
of operational readiness must thus be regarded
The world is currently in the midst of a global
match new technological developments, more
as secondary. Against the background of the
technological revolution. For three decades, progress
flexibility as well as a sustained stable, in-depth
increasingly complex demands on personnel and
has been made at an increasing pace in the sectors
and ad hoc ability to judge how technology can
materiel on operations, this also means that there
of biotechnology, nanotechnology, information
be turned into operational capabilities are required
are a growing number of points of common interest
technology and materials engineering in particular.
– in both civil security research and military defence
and interdependences in the various subject areas
The coming decades will have the potential for
research.
of military science.
making radical changes in all the dimensions of
Erwin Bernhard
Contents
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11
08
Foreword
6
Defence Research for the
38
See It with Neutrons
German Armed Forces on Operations
40
Gated Viewing with Super-resolution Depth Mapping
42
Integrated Protection against C-Weapons based on Detection
and Decontamination using Novel Molecule Structures .
Part 1
15
Defence Research
16
Microwave Radiometry in Security Applications
18
High-resolution Microwave Radar Signature Acquisition
20
Laser Test Range
22
Supporting the Operator in the Classification of Surface Ships
using Electro-optical Data
24
Prediction of Infrared Visibility for the UH TIGER
26
Automatic Image Analysis for Ship-based Panoramic Surveillance
44
Manned-unmanned Teaming – UAV as Remote Sensor Platforms for Helicopters
46
3D Worlds for the Bundeswehr
48
Underwater Sensor Platform for Rapid Assessment of Hydrodynamic Signatures
and Turbulent Processes in Oceans
50
Immunology-based Microchip Array Immunodetector for the Rapid Detection
of Toxins in the Field
52
Vector-protective Finish for Clothing – Helping to Protect Service Personnel
from Infectious Diseases during Deployments Abroad
54
and Target Recognition
Off-grid Power for Defence Applications – Portable and
Mobile Fuel Cell Systems in the Low-to-medium Power Range
28
Modelling of Woven Fabrics
56
Mobile Lightweight Bridges
30
Analysis of the Fragmentation of Ballistic Ceramics using
58
Development of Passive Protection Measures for the Storage of
the Laser Lightsheet Illumination Technique
Military Ammunition during Missions
32
Novel Radar-supported Landing Aid System for Helicopters
60
Long-term Experimental Setup for Asymmetric Warfare (LEXXWAR)
34
Fast-Deployable Barriers as Non-Lethal Weapons
62
Digital Map and Situation Table: Future Workbench for Analysis and
36
Interoperable Sharing of Reconnaissance Information with
the Coalition Shared Database (CSD)
Sensor Management in Imaging Reconnaissance
64
Validation of Explosive Fume Dynamics in Rooms
Contents
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Part 2
67
Military Medical Research
68
Demonstration of the Effectiveness of a Hearing Protection Device against
Part 3
85
Military History and Social Science Research
86
Orientational Knowledge for Operations Abroad: The ”Wegweiser zur Geschichte”
Impulse Noise caused by Hand Weapons
70
(Guide to History) Series of the Military History Research Institute
Development, Validation and Clinical Evaluation of Multiplex Assays for the
88
Socio-scientific Monitoring of Missions Abroad – The Bundeswehr Mission in Afghanistan
91
Appendix
Detection Method for Sulphur Mustard
92
Adresses and Contacts
76
RTQ-PCR-based Biodosimetry of Lymphocyte Subsets
96
Editorial Details
78
Development of an Experimental Design for Anti-G Suits in a Human Centrifuge
80
Diving Ergospirometry – Development of a Device for Exercise Physiology under
Rapid Diagnosis of Rare Infectious Diseases
72
Molecular Typing of the Causative Agent of Anthrax: A Contribution to
Forensic Microbiology
74
Development and Validation of an On-site Immunochromatographic Rapid
Near-realistic Diving Conditions
82
Part 4
Cooling the Human Body when wearing Protective Clothing: A New Approach
using a ”Physiological” Mechanism
Defence Research
1
Research Activities 2008
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Dr. Markus Peichl
Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Institut für
Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, Oberpfaffenhofen
Prof. Dr. Helmut Süß
[email protected]
[email protected]
Microwave Radiometry
in Security Applications
17
Passive microwave remote sensing permits daytime-
Electronic scanners
independent, non-destructive observation and examination
Fully electronic scanning is being researched for the
of objects of interest under nearly any weather conditions
purpose of high-speed real-time imaging, an area in which
without exposing persons or areas to artificial radiation.
mechanical scanners have major limitations. Being tested
A millimetre-wave (MMW) radiometer is a potential
in this connection are the imaging techniques of aperture
candidate for the construction of high-resolution and
synthesis, frequency scanning, focal plane arrays, and
sufficiently sensitive detectors which are both reliable
digital beam forming. First prototypes such as the VESAS
and convenient to use. The developments of passive sensors
system are currently under development, combining for
at the DLR include fully mechanical and fully electronic
instance aperture synthesis and frequency scanning for
scanning devices, as well as hybrids of both. The main
two-dimensional imaging.
objective is a high imaging performance capability that
The security of persons and critical infrastructures is
International terrorism has reached a level where adequate
of increasing importance. Passive microwave remote
countermeasures to protect the population have to be
sensing allows daytime-independent, non-destructive
provided by the authorities. Increased attention is, in similar
Mechanical scanners
observation and examination of objects of interest
measure, being given to the improved surveillance and
The ABOSCA, a ground-based imager, has been developed
without any exposure to artificial radiation, under
protection of critical infrastructures. Germany’s armed
with the capability to image a full hemisphere, and offers
nearly any weather conditions. The penetration
forces, in particular, are becoming involved more and more
high flexibility where modifications are concerned. A
capability of microwaves makes it possible to detect
in international peacekeeping operations. The protection
rotating parabolic mirror provides an image line, and the
concealed objects. A great variety of imaging and
of servicemen and women, vehicles and camps is hence of
simultaneous azimuth movement of the unit as a whole
profiling systems have been developed at the German
potential interest. The checking of individuals with respect
delivers the second image dimension. It is therefore
Aerospace Center (DLR) for a multitude of applications,
to weapons and explosives and the surveillance of large
possible to monitor very large scenarios, as required during
using nearly the whole spectrum between 1 GHz and
areas around camps or along patrol routes are becoming
the reconnaissance and surveillance of critical infra-
150 GHz.
an indispensable means of countering terrorist attacks.
structures. Another system, the LPAS, offers the possibility
At the present time, no suitable remote sensing devices
to record images of persons at close distances of a few
exist which allow round-the-clock and almost weather-
metres, yielding a spatial resolution of a few centimetres,
independent operation.
for the purpose of detecting concealed objects. It includes
incurs little cost and effort.
a fixed Cassegrain antenna optimised for near-field use
Microwaves are able to penetrate clothing as well as a
to receive the radiation via a rotating metallic deflection
multitude of other materials, allowing the detection of
plate. The vertical linear movement of the unit as a whole
concealed objects through dielectric anomaly identification.
delivers the second image dimension.
90 GHz
Fig. 1: Photographs of the ABOSCA system used for the experimental imaging of large scenarios (left), and the LPAS system tested for
detecting concealed objects under persons’ clothing (right)
Fig. 2: Radiometric image from the ABOSCA system
at 90 GHz (top) and photograph (bottom) of a
complex scenario
37 GHz
Fig. 3: Radiometric ABOSCA image taken
at 37 GHz and photograph of an optically
opaque radome, inside which is a person
with outstretched arms
90 GHz
90 GHz
Fig. 4: Images of persons with concealed handguns (indicated in
red) in a bag (left-hand images) and under clothing (right-hand
images). The left-hand image was recorded outdoors and the
right-hand image inside a closed room
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Dipl.-Ing. Timo Kempf
Prof. Dr. Helmut Süß
Visual object recognition is generally difficult despite the
turntable) position. The initial results of such experiments
high resolution. A tool for automatic target recognition
are visible in Fig. 4. Three views of the generated 3D
suited to the special radar phenomena is thus needed. An
image – a front view, a side view and a top view - are
[email protected]
[email protected]
artificial object can, where radar wavelengths and mono-
presented.
static illumination are concerned, be represented physically
High-resolution Microwave Radar
Signature Acquisition
by dominant backscattering structures comprising ideal
Three-dimensional images allow a change in perspective
or almost ideal corner elements. A detailed radar image
regarding the scanned object, thus greatly facilitating
is then dominated by the high intensities of several object
visual image interpretation. Individual scattering centres
elements, while the weak, noisy scattering signals from
can be related unequivocally to specific parts of the test
the object surface are negligible.
object. As the perspective in Fig. 5 illustrates, 3D radar
imaging permits direct comparison with an optical
Reliable global reconnaissance by means of remote
Inverse SAR (ISAR) makes it possible to collect very
For these reasons the extraction of persistent scattering
sensing techniques requires the weather- and time-
precise high-resolution radar signatures from objects. The
centres in highly resolved radar images appears to be a
independent capability to detect, recognise and identify
imaging geometry for a spaceborne radar system is similar
suitable approach for identifying military vehicles. This
objects of interest. A spaceborne, high-resolution
and differs only through geometrical transformation and
technique is relatively robust with respect to moderate
synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system operating in
rotation, as shown in Fig. 1. When using the ISAR tech-
modifications made to the target, such as turret orientation,
spotlight mode is an appropriate instrument for this
nique, a high spatial resolution is achieved in the decimetre
hatch position or add-on equipment, and retains a high
purpose. When designing such missions, the availability
range by rotating an object on a turntable in relation to a
sensitivity vis-à-vis the aspect angle.
of representative radar data from ground measurements
spatially fixed broadband radar system, and by recording a
is important. It serves, for example, to analyse, under-
sequence of relevant radar range echoes within a specific
Even with current technology, the effort involved in
stand and simulate complex target signatures and to
azimuth angle area.
building up a data base, both by measurement and by
simulation, is still tremendous. By identifying the scattering
provide reference signatures for simulation or for
automatic target recognition. The Department for
The utilised tower-type turntable facility, as shown in
centres it is possible to determine the parts of a target that
Reconnaissance and Security at the Microwaves and
Fig. 2, permits measurements at a distance of 60 m in line
are worthy of greater simulation effort. Other parts of the
Radar Institute of the German Aerospace Center (DLR)
of sight. Typical incidence angles range from 24° to 50°,
target can then be neglected and the overall amount of
has conducted inverse SAR measurements on a tower-
equivalent to the incidence angles for a spaceborne radar.
effort confined. A three-dimensional radar signature is
turntable facility to acquire two- and three-dimensional
The tiltable turntable is usually covered with soil and grass
needed to be able to conduct the identification. On the
signatures.
to provide a natural background. Fig. 3 shows resulting
tower-type turntable the 3D radar datasets are generated
radar images of a military vehicle for four azimuth
by spanning a synthetic aperture both in azimuth (by
positions.
rotation of the turntable) and elevation (by tilting of the
Fig. 2: Tower-type turntable
Fig. 3: Radar images of a vehicle
for different azimuth positions
Spotlight SAR
image.
Inverse SAR
Fig. 1: Geometry of spotlight SAR and inverse SAR
Fig. 4: Front, side and top view
of a 3D radar image
Fig. 5: Video image and corresponding perspective of the 3D radar
image
20
Dr. Jürgen Handke
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und
Raumfahrt, Institut für Technische
Physik, Stuttgart
[email protected]
21
offers a high deterrent potential. Once successfully developed
caused by transmission through the turbulent atmosphere.
and tested, laser weapons will increasingly replace conven-
Both methods can be tested and evaluated with regard to
tional weapon systems in a selected range of applications.
their capabilities only under the realistic conditions offered
by a laser transmission test range.
The laser transmission test range is designed to collect
Laser Test Range
measurement data concerning the propagation characteristics
Another field that is equally important in terms of defence
of laser radiation through the atmosphere as well as
technology and security research is the detection of harmful
regarding the interaction with a wide variety of materials
and hazardous chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear
and target structures under greatly varying weather and
and explosive substances over great distances. Laser-based
environmental conditions for an assortment of laser
remote diagnostics methods for the stand-off detection of
sources. It provides the possibility to continue and advance,
hazardous chemical, biological and explosive substances
A laser transmission test range that allows research into
The rapid progress taking place in the field of laser
under realistic ambient conditions, the fundamental work
are under development at the ITP, and the laser transmission
optical propagation and laser impact at large distances
technology gives rise to the expectation of promising
conducted in the laboratory.
test range constitutes an ideal environment for optimising
has been installed at the Institute of Technical Physics
new technological developments in future for combating
(ITP) of the German Aerospace Center. The outcome of
airborne and ground-based targets and for realising
The results of the research will serve to develop and design
the research will be of fundamental importance for the
anti-satellite capabilities. So-called medium-energy
future laser effectors for extended air defence applications
design of laser sources suitable for extended air defence,
lasers are envisaged mainly for engaging sensors, and
and for counter-RAM (rocket, artillery and mortar) systems
camp protection, high-precision laser tracking and the
high-energy lasers for destroying structures.
for camp protection. At present, the laser transmission test
and, later, qualifying these new measurement techniques.
range is equipped with a high-energy chemical oxygen iodine
remote detection of hazardous substances.
Laser weapons enhance the combat potential of armed
laser and is already able to integrate solid-state lasers
forces mainly because of their high agility and rate of fire
(latest generation of high-power lasers), whose development
(saturation attacks). In addition to greater mission
is being pushed ahead at the Institute of Technical Physics
effectiveness, a considerable reduction in operating costs
at Stuttgart.
(ammunition, missiles) can be expected. The focusability
of the laser radiation allows a spatially limited and
Further fields of research include so-called “laser tracking”
precision effect on the target, thus promising a significant
and “compensated imaging”. Both are closely connected
reduction of collateral damage. This enables them to
with the propagation of high-power laser radiation and are
be used very effectively and controllably in the fight
indispensable for laser weapon systems. While “laser tra-
against international terrorism.
cking” has to do with tracking and determining a target’s
position with high, unprecedented accuracy, “compensated
The instantaneous impact of laser weapons (speed of light)
imaging” denotes the enhanced imaging of a distant target
additionally opens up new mission scenarios and therefore
by compensating for the unavoidable image distortions
Switched off
Switched on
[µrad]
[µrad]
30
30
0
0
-30
-30
-60
-60
-60
Fig. 1: Laser transmission test range
Fig. 2: Rotating aluminium cylinder irradiated with high-energy
laser radiation
Fig. 3: Reflector telescope with
tracking system implemented
for beam direction stabilisation
-30
0
30 [µrad]
-60
-30
0
30 [µrad]
Fig. 4: Stabilisation of the beam propagation direction with
implemented tracking system switched off (left) and on (right)
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Dipl.-Inform. Andreas Thun
FGAN-Forschungsinstitut für
Kommunikation, Informationsverarbeitung und Ergonomie,
Wachtberg
Dipl.-Ing. Bjoern Keck
Helmut-Schmidt-Universität –
Universität der Bundeswehr
Hamburg,
Fakultät für Elektrotechnik
Dr. Morten Grandt
Kommunikation, Informationsverarbeitung und Ergonomie,
Wachtberg
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Udo Zölzer
Hamburg,
Fakultät für Elektrotechnik
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Supporting the Operator in the Classification of Surface
Ships using Electro-optical Data
KEOD supports the overall process of surface contact
in the sensor image with reference images of the classes of
classification, identification and data acquisition on the
vessels recognised by KEOD enables the operator to verify
basis of electro-optical data and thus lightens the work
the proposed classification.
burden of operators onboard German Navy vessels. This
novel tool is fully operational and replaces the previously
KEOD has been designed in intensive cooperation with
used, mostly paper-based ship registers.
users and empirically assured by testing under actual
Electro-optical sensors are finding increasing use on
The Department of Signal Processing and Communication
sea- and airborne platforms for the reconnaissance of
under Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Udo Zölzer at the Helmut-
surface ships because such passive sensors help to avoid
Schmidt-University (the Bundeswehr University in Hamburg,
The KEOD system is divided into three main components,
UNIFIL Maritime Task Force Operation). It has been
escalation. Using these systems efficiently and easily
or HSU − UniBwHH) has been working on the topic of
namely user interfaces (FGAN-FKIE), classification
demonstrated that KEOD supports operators to evaluate
requires the design of a user interface geared to user
ship recognition since as early as the nineteen-eighties. The
algorithms (HSU−UniBwHH), and databases (KdoMFüSys).
images easily, swiftly and reliably. Furthermore, only
and mission needs, as realised in the KEOD support
results of the work have been incorporated into the ReuSe
The main features of the KEOD user interfaces are a display
marginal training effort is necessary because of the
system.
(German acronym for “computer-aided ship recognition”)
and operating concept adapted to the work process, including
software ergonomical design. The system is already being
demonstrator, which has been implemented in collaboration
user- and task-oriented interfaces, and functions geared to
used successfully on various platforms of the German
with Bundeswehr Technical Centre WTD 71 in Eckernförde,
the relevant system status. It allows the operator to monitor
Navy, such as fast patrol boats, submarines, frigates or
Germany, and has particularly demonstrated the effectiveness
and manage sensor images or image sequences. With the
combat support ships. It is currently being upgraded so
of its classification algorithms. This work has been advanced
aid of the classification algorithms the operator can now
as to also use KEOD in connection with airborne sensor
in recent years through cooperation between WTD 71,
classify ships on the basis of their silhouette or the position
platforms in future.
the Research Institute for Communication, Information
of distinct points (bow, stern, bridge, hot and cold spots, etc.)
Processing and Ergonomics of the Research Establishment
and also intervene in the classification process at any time.
operating conditions (for instance, in the context of the
for Applied Science (FGAN-FKIE), the German Naval C2
Systems Command (KdoMFüSys) and the Helmut-Schmidt-
The information entered by the user is compared with
University, and has ultimately led to the KEOD (German
the database contents, consisting of 3D models and other
acronym for “classification using electro-optical data”)
meta-information, and the results are displayed in a hit list
system, which is unique throughout the world.
arranged according to the degree of correlation with the
reference data. A visual comparison of the vessel displayed
Fig. 1: Frigate SACHSEN at sea
Fig. 2: Soldiers of the naval
protection forces during the
UNIFIL mission
Fig. 3: In the ”Contour” system state the
operator manually draws a contour around
the vessel in the sensor image. This is then
compared with reference contours from
the data base
Fig. 4: Prominent features such as the
position of masts and weapon systems can
be marked in the “Characteristics” system
state and compared with reference data
Fig. 5: The outcome of the classification is
displayed in a hit list. It is possible to verify
the proposed classification by making a
visual comparison with reference images of
vessel classes recognised by KEOD
24
25
Dr. Robert Weiß
Optronik und Mustererkennung,
Ettlingen
Dr. Peter Großmann
Ettlingen
Dr. Gunnar Ritt
Ettlingen
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Prediction of Infrared Visibility for the UH TIGER
Knowledge of these parameters then allows the use of the
Using the Mission Equipment Carrier of Bundeswehr
heat transfer equation to predict the temperature (Fig. 2).
Technical Centre WTD 61, numerous approaches toward
a sample of object/background pairs were performed to
Once the temperature difference of an object/background
determine recognition ranges under realistic conditions.
pair has been predicted with the aid of the thermal models,
The flight tests took place at different day and night times
and in all four seasons.
The UH TIGER helicopter is equipped with a thermal
The use of imaging sensors for flight control can be
a perception model can be used to calculate the recognition
imager for the pilot. Using it for flight control and
authorised only if the sensors are ensured to provide the
range for the object in front of that background. The
obstacle warning necessitates a certified procedure for
pilots with all the information that is needed. Flying with
perception model comprises the atmospheric transmission
A first version of the prediction procedure, developed by
predicting thermal infrared recognition ranges. Existing
them is otherwise just as impermissible as flying by sight
of the infrared radiation, its processing by the thermal imager,
the Bundeswehr Geoinformation Office (AGeoBw), has
range performance models cannot be readily adopted
in fog. To predict thermal infrared recognition ranges for
and the pilot’s perception of the presented information.
been introduced within the German Bundeswehr and is
for this purpose. The FGAN Research Institute for
flight applications, it is necessary to have thermal models
Recognition ranges for a large variety of possible thermal
currently undergoing testing. An improvement of the range
Optronics and Pattern Recognition (FGAN-FOM) has
for the objects and backgrounds that are relevant for flight
scenarios are needed for the development of representative
prediction is planned for the future. One particular aim,
been working on a suitable range prediction procedure.
control and obstacle warning. These obstacles include,
perception models. Extensive observer experiments involving
besides predicting the mean temperature of objects and
for example, masts and poles made of different materials,
the observer station of the FGAN-FOM have therefore been
backgrounds, is to forecast their temperature variability
power lines, trees and buildings, as well as backgrounds
performed together with the German Army Aviation School
(clutter).
such as meadows, fields, forests, snow or the sky. Thermal
(Fig. 3) to gather sufficient statistical data for the creation
models allow the prediction of object temperature on the
of the perception models. The pilots, by making simulated
basis of weather forecasts. To create the thermal models,
approach sequences toward various objects, assessed the
long-term measurements have been performed in which,
recognition ranges for those objects. The presented image
with the aid of an environmental station, both the
data reflected the view of a thermal scenario in the way it
temperature of the objects and backgrounds in question
would be seen with the thermal imager of the UH TIGER
and the physical environmental parameters crucial for
(Fig. 4). Special attention was paid to borderline situations
the temperature dynamics have been recorded in parallel
where objects had low recognisability.
(Fig. 1). By adapting the measurement data to a heat
The use of synthetic image material to create perception
material parameters for the object and background.
models requires validation of the results by real flight tests.
Temperature in °C
transfer equation it is possible to derive the characteristic
Fig. 1: Measuring set-up at WTD 91 for conducting long-term
temperature measurements to develop thermal models. Seen at
the left edge of the photo is the environmental measurement
station
Fig. 2: Temperature forecast for a metal mast. The red measurement
values were used to create the thermal model. The temperature
prediction made by the model is represented by the grey band
(mean temperature + standard deviation). The blue measurement
values serve to validate the prediction
Fig. 3: Pilots of the German Army Aviation School during an
observer experiment
Fig. 4:Simulated approach toward a concrete mast in front of a field
(500 mK temperature difference between object and background;
temperature variability of 250 mK in object and background,
respectively). The mast is located at the centre of the image and was
identified by 50 percent of the pilots
26
Dipl.-Ing. Richard Gabler
Ettlingen
27
WTD 71 has put together and procured the LEXXWAR
response to the wide variety of possible target types, ranges,
(Long-Term Experimental Setup for Asymmetric Warfare)
backgrounds and climate zones.
system as a means of experimentally analysing the entire
[email protected]
Automatic Image Analysis for Ship-based Panoramic
Surveillance and Target Recognition
functional chain. The SIMONE system from Diehl BGT
The FGAN-FOM’s algorithms designed initially for the
Defence is being used for panoramic surveillance and
detection of airborne targets have been adapted and up-
includes multiple onboard IR sensors to achieve 360°
graded in line with the new challenges. This has required the
horizontal coverage. Potential targets detected by SIMONE
advancement of all the sub-processes (image enhancement,
are sighted by the high-resolution IR camera as part of a
image stabilisation, motion-compensating frame stacking,
multi-sensor platform (MSP 500 or MSP 600) from Rhein-
object detection, tracking, and classification). Several
metall Defence and then analysed by a target recognition
sub-processes specific to a certain subset of targets are
system provided by EADS and ATLAS Elektronik. The
being used in parallel, such as objects of a certain pixel
When on operations, the vessels of the German Navy
The change in the mission spectrum of the German Navy
targets are ultimately acquired by an IR sensor installed
size or objects moving at a certain speed. The intermediate
are confronted with multiple dangers from the air, sea
means that, in addition to the classic threats mainly from
on an OTO Melara gun, tracked and, after operator
results achieved in this connection are then merged.
and land. An optronic addition to radar intelligence is
anti-ship missiles, very different forms of asymmetric
confirmation, engaged.
essential, especially in case of asymmetric threats such
warfare have to be faced. Attacks from short and close-in
as speedboats and swimmers. Coordinated sensors and
range now have to be expected, frequently from the
The FGAN Research Institute for Optronics and Pattern
affordably against asymmetric threats, it will be
image analysis methods would facilitate automatic
supposed safety of a civilian environment. Terrorist attacks
Recognition (FGAN-FOM) conducts basic research and
advantageous as well as conducive to enhance optronic
panoramic surveillance and target recognition.
generally do not involve vehicles and weapon systems
makes the findings available to government agencies and
sensors and the evaluation of the sensor data for new fields
recognised as weapons of war, but inflatable and other
authorised companies. The research ranges from the
of use, including as yet unconsidered scenarios.
small boats, for instance. Currently operational vessels,
acquisition of image data, to the design and implementation
however, do not have adequate capabilities to detect and
of algorithms, to hardware solutions for verifying real-time
combat such threats.
capability. Up to the year 2000, the FGAN-FOM’s work for
To defend vessels of the German Navy efficiently and
the German Navy was focused on the automatic detection
New optronic systems are needed to permit better defence
of airborne targets at greatest possible distances. These
against asymmetric threats. The Federal Office of Defence
image processing methods realised at that time have been
Technology and Procurement (BWB) and the Bundeswehr
evaluated extensively and are generally able to detect
Technical Centre for Ships and Naval Weapons (WTD 71),
airborne targets in IR image sequences better than a human
in particular business areas 220 (Surface Functional Chains)
eye observing a monitor screen.
and 560 (Optronics, IR Technology), are examining new
optronic components for Germany’s F-125 frigate and other
The detection of asymmetric threats is additionally under
types of vessel.
consideration, given the new mission spectrum of the
German Navy. Broader image analysis is being used in
Fig. 1: The future F-125 frigate is to be equipped with new
optronic sensors and dedicated automatic image processing for
better protection against asymmetric threats
Fig. 2: SIMONE system (DIEHL
BGT Defence) for panoramic
surveillance. Shown here is a
model with five IR cameras
Fig. 3: Multi-Sensor Platform
MSP 500 (Rheinmetall Defence)
with a high-resolution IR sensor
Fig. 4: Block diagram of the FGAN-FOM algorithms for automatic
panoramic surveillance and target recognition
Fig. 5: Approaching boat at various distances (three frames from
an IR sequence). Detected objects are automatically tracked, and
conclusions about potential threats are drawn by analysing the
motion behaviour
28
Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Boljen
Fraunhofer-Institut
für Kurzzeitdynamik,
Ernst-Mach-Institut,
Freiburg
[email protected]
29
resolution structural models. While the former approach
model took place in special characterisation tests, which
can quickly produce numerical data that require critical
made it possible to determine material parameters required
interpretation (due to lack of allowance for the fabric’s
to customise the model configuration for various fabric
important mesostructure), the modelling and computational
materials.
effort involved with the latter approach is so high that
Modelling of Woven Fabrics
processing of the accumulated amount of data is no longer
Numerical studies are therefore able to effectively support
justifiable.
the design process for body armour and other lightweight
protective woven structures beforehand and help reduce
The aim of developing a representative and efficient
the need for costly and time-consuming experiments
material model at the Fraunhofer EMI has hence been to
(Fig. 4). Integrating the weave-specific mesostructure into
take account of the yarn interactions at the mesostructural
a continuum-mechanical material model bypasses the
A model for woven material fabrics has been developed
Ballistic vests are designed to protect wearers from lethal
level solely through the approach of a representative
problem of very small elements and, consequently, of small
at the Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics,
injuries caused by small arms projectiles, shell splinters,
volume technique used extensively in material modelling
time steps and very long computational run times. Also, the
Ernst-Mach-Institut (EMI) that can be used to analyse
and stabbing, slashing and thrusting weapons. The core of
literature (Fig. 2), and to directly derive the stresses acting
typical yarn interactions crucial for understanding woven
the interactions between projectiles from small arms
such protective armour is made of high-strength polymer
at a macroscopic level from the mesoscopic-scale loads.
fabric material behaviour are directly accessed and can be
and ballistic vests. The behaviour of the woven material
fibre materials, which are sewn into the body of the
By thus integrating a micromechanical kinematic model
modelled on a physical basis.
structure is taken into account by means of a represen-
ballistic vest in the form of a liner comprising several
into a continuum-mechanical formulation, it is still possible
tative volume cell ‘coupled’ to the macroscopic deforma-
dozen individual woven layers (Fig. 1). The protection
to easily create, and very efficiently use, computational
tion of the woven material.
level afforded by this soft armour can be enhanced by
models of complex three-dimensional structures. What is
adding protective inserts or ceramic plates at the front and
new, however, is the possibility to take account of the real
back to stop small arms, rifle or machine gun fire.
woven yarn configuration at the mesostructural level within
the representative unit cell, thereby providing access to
Until today, knowledge about the mechanical behaviour and
the configuration of the nonlinear material properties and
manufacture of woven fabrics and how to achieve the best
greatly facilitating parameter studies of virtual woven fabric
ballistic results has been of an empirical nature. New
setups and fibre material properties.
developments are dominated by extensive experimental
testing that is as costly as it is time-consuming. Numerical
The actually three-dimensional woven structure is modelled
tools have not, so far, been able to provide a thorough
by superposing two arbitrarily oriented, transversely isotropic
insight into the deformation of woven fabrics under impact
layers representing the warp and weft yarn systems (Fig. 3).
conditions. This has been due, firstly, to material models
All the stress tensor components are determined by means
oversimplifying and being phenomenologically based and,
of the integrated kinematic model and are derived from
secondly, to exceedingly high computational costs of high-
nonlinear constitutive equations. The validation of the
Representative
volume cell
Weft yarn system
Tensor transformation
Local element
coordinate system
Effective
thickness
Dissipative yarn
rotation
Warp yarn system
Yarn span
Weft thread yarn
Fig. 1: The core of flexible body armour comprises
many individual woven layers of high-strength,
high-tenacity fibre material. Three different fabric
types made for ballistic protection purposes have
been tested at the Fraunhofer EMI
Warp thread yarn
Fig. 2: The displayed representative volume cell is the smallest
repetitive unit of a woven structure. Taking account of the yarn
interactions at the mesoscopic level is crucial for deriving the
macroscopic material response
Tensor transformation
Fig. 3: The approach used by the developed material model consists
in depicting the interwoven yarn families as transversely isotropic,
homogeneous layers and in expressing the stress tensors derived
from the kinematic model shown in Fig. 2 in a common coordinate
system
Fig. 4: The material model can be used to simulate the impact of
any kinds of projectile as a means of analysing the behaviour of the
woven fabric. It takes account of woven-fabric-specific deformation
modes as well as the strain-rate dependency of polymeric highperformance fibre materials such as aramid or polyethylene
30
31
Dipl.-Ing. Martin Hunzinger
Fraunhofer-Institut für
Kurzzeitdynamik,
Ernst-Mach-Institut,
Freiburg
interaction with the projectile. The ceramic fragments are
which the particles are illuminated during the experiment.
extracted from the target chamber through a succession
Fig. 3 shows the assembly set up in the laboratory for
of sieves and separated into size classes. Fig. 1 shows a
demonstration purposes. Using an artificial fog, both the
[email protected]
comparison of the fragment masses in the different size
lightsheet (green) and the line of fire (red) are visualised
classes for three Al2O3 3 ceramics with average grain sizes
in the open target box. Given the performance potential
ranging between 0.5 µm and 10 µm.
of the employed CMOS camera with regard to the frame
Analysis of the Fragmentation of Ballistic Ceramics
using the Laser Lightsheet Illumination Technique
rate and image resolution, it is necessary to restrict the
Methods previously used to visualise the process of impact
measured area (shown in yellow in Fig. 2) to one that is
have the disadvantage that it is not possible, or possible
small but representative. The measurement plane above
only to a limited extent, to observe single fragments from
the line of fire has been defined and configured as an
the impact area or the ejection of particles over a prolonged
elongated rectangle, assuming a (statistically) balanced
At the Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics,
It is well known that the ballistic resistance of ceramics
period from a defined area. The diagram embedded in
fragment distribution within the fragment cone. It has
Ernst-Mach-Institute (EMI), a method for analysing
is influenced by hardness, Young’s modulus, compressive
Fig. 4 illustrates this, showing the fragments ejected from
thus been possible to detect all the particles above the
the fragmentation of ballistic ceramics upon projectile
strength and fracture behaviour. An analysis of the
a crater upon impact of a 7.62 mm armour-piercing bullet.
line of fire and in the measurement plane and still track
impact and penetration has been developed. Before
multifarious ballistic data relating to ceramics in different
the projectile penetrates, the shock waves generated
projectile/target configurations indicates that the different
In order to establish an instantaneous time-resolved
velocities of more than 300 m/s and, with the aid of special
upon impact and the brittleness of the ceramic always
parameters influencing ballistic resistance do not act to
correlation between the ejected fragments and the penetration
tracking software, carry out a size and velocity analysis.
result in damage to the material, with the type of
equal effect, but that there is a hierarchic ranking. In order
process, the lightsheet technique has been employed,
fragmentation playing an important role in the ballistic
to study these correlations systematically, an experimental
representing a novel approach. It involves the use of a laser
Fig. 4 shows a sequence of three images from a high-speed
resistance.
set-up has been developed to analyse the fragmentation
and is a non-invasive method for visualising single particles
video recorded at a rate of 100,000 frames per second.
behaviour of ceramics upon impact. The main objectives
in a defined measuring plane with a high time resolution
Several particles of differing size can be seen flying by
of the experiments are not only the complete recovery of
rate and for determining the velocity, direction and size of
(from left to right) in the sequence.
all ceramic particles generated through the interaction
single particles. The drawing of the experimental set-up
with the projectile, but also the observation and velocity
shown in Fig. 2 illustrates the functional principle of this
The analysis method is being applied to transparent
measurement of the particles immediately after their
method.
MgO-Al2O3 3 spinel material and to opaque Al2O3
them within two consecutive images even at high initial
formation with the aid of optical methods.
ceramics which have been developed by Fraunhofer IKTS
The punctiform laser beam is conducted into a special
(Institute for Ceramic Technology and Systems) and whose
As a first step, a target configuration was designed to assure
lightsheet optical system, where it is formed into a linear
properties, such as hardness and Young’s Modulus, have been
that only those ceramic fragments which had interacted
divergent beam. A diverting mirror conducts this fan of
selectively adjusted by way of the microstructure. The
with the projectile would be ejected from the crater. The
light downward into the target box in front of the ceramic
expectation is that the results of the fragmentation behavio-
target is installed in a target chamber, allowing complete
target. The lightsheet aligned orthogonally in relation to
ur analyses will yield vital information for designing future
recovery and analysis of the ceramic fragments from the
the ceramic’s surface defines the measurement plane in
ceramics with enhanced ballistic resistance.
Periscope
Sintered corundum 1
Light-Sheet
optics
Sintered corundum 2
Fragmentmass [g]
Sintered corundum 3
Laserhead
Targetbox
Measuring Cone of
fragments
plane
Target
Line of fire
Direction of Motion
of the Fragments
Lightsheet
2.18 ms 2.20 ms 2.22 ms
Mesh Size [mm]
Fig. 1: Fragment mass distribution of three Al2O3 ceramics of
different grain sizes
Fig. 2: Schematic diagram of the LASER-light-sheet-illuminationtechnique
Fig. 3: Visualization of the LASER-light-sheet with artificial fog
Line of Fire
Fig. 4: Sequence with an image resolution of 832 x 64 Pixel,
framerate: 100,000 frames per second, time interval: 20 µs, duration
of exposure: 1 µs, picture size: approx. 3.7 mm x 50 mm, particle
speed approx. 22 m/s; right: cone of fragments
32
Dr.-Ing. Axel Hülsmann
Angewandte Festkörperphysik,
Freiburg
Dipl.-Ing. Manfred Hägelen
Hochfrequenzphysik und
Radartechnik, Wachtberg
[email protected]
[email protected]
Novel Radar-supported Landing Aid
System for Helicopters
33
accurate. A radar system operating at 94 GHz, however,
The complex digital signal processing, oscillator linearisation
is able to “see” through dust particles. The atmosphere’s
and calibration activities are carried out using software from
attenuation at 94 GHz presents a transmission window, and
the FGAN-FHR. System integration in the helicopter and
it is possible to achieve a large signal bandwidth, which
information monitoring are done by ESG, who also conduct
is the determining factor for the radar range resolution at
the ongoing evaluation flights to optimise the system and
this frequency. A helicopter landing aid system comprising
provide feedback for possible sensor improvements. Fig. 4
several redundant compact radar sensors is then able to
shows the mission equipment test helicopter operated
achieve the required high resolution.
by the Bundeswehr Technical Centre for Information
Technology and Electronics (WTD 81). The next generation
Thanks to continual funding from the German Ministry
of radar sensors is already under development, and impro-
of Defence (BMVg), the Fraunhofer IAF and FGAN-FHR
vements regarding phase noise, thermal drift and signal
To aid helicopter pilots when landing under difficult
Brigadier Richard Bolz, Chief of the German Army Aviation
have many years of R&D experience with III-V semicon-
strength are on the agenda. Helicopter landing aids represent
conditions, the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid
Corps and commanding officer of the Army Aviation School,
ductors and millimetre wave systems for defence applications.
a good example of how defence-related R&D is helping to
State Physics (IAF) and the FGAN Research Institute
finds that, due to foreign assignments, the environmental
The IAF with its sophisticated technology is unique in
improve mission conditions in the field.
for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques
conditions for aircraft missions have changed significantly.
Europe. Its strategic importance for defence-related industry
(FGAN-FHR) are jointly developing a novel, compact
When helicopters are operated near to the ground in
is growing, as required components are often not available
94 GHz radar system. A vertical resolution of 2 cm
climatically very dry regions, and also under snow
on the European commercial market. Fig. 2 shows an
and a helicopter drift of less than 1 m per minute are
conditions, loose particles such as snow, sand or similar
integrated FMCW radar circuit. Because of the inherently
measurable up to a height of 30 m. Both research
are swirled up and obstruct the pilot’s vision. The horizon
high ESD (electro-static discharge) sensitivity, the radar
institutes support the defence industry with state-of-the-
and all other reference points can become lost, and
chip is operated using a sophisticated protection circuit.
art, strategic electronic components that are otherwise
obstacles become unrecognisable. Landing in particular
The chip-to-waveguide connections have been optimised
unavailable.
represents a critical flying manoeuvre during the day and
with the aid of numerical field simulation. Fig. 3 shows a
at night, as well as in formation, and is a key qualification
compact 94 GHz FMCW radar sensor with a flanged-on
for ensuring the successful conduct of missions. The
horn antenna. These compact radar sensors are used in both
helicopters currently in use do not have a dust-penetrating
the height and drift radar sub-systems from the FGAN-FHR.
capability to determine drift, height, obstacles or clearance.
The prototype of the helicopter landing aid comprises
A technical solution to assist pilots is urgently needed so
nine radar sensors. The left-hand side of Fig. 4 shows the
as to assure safe landings under brown-out conditions.
drift module containing a total of four radar sensors, and
the right-hand side one of the five height modules. These
Fig. 1 shows a typical landing situation. Optically guided
modules form the prototype system from ESG Elektronik-
helicopter landing aids, including infra-red devices, fail to
system- und Logistik-GmbH.
penetrate dust, and conventional radars are insufficiently
Fig. 1: Bundeswehr helicopter CH-53 landing near a river bed under
brown-out conditions
Fig. 2: Fully integrated single-chip frequency-modulated continuous
wave (FMCW) radar developed by the Fraunhofer IAF
Fig. 3: Compact FMCW radar sensor with flanged-on horn antenna
from the Fraunhofer IAF
Fig. 4: Mission equipment test helicopter operated by the
Bundeswehr Technical Centre for Information Technology and
Electronics (WTD 81). The left-hand side shows the drift module
comprising a total of four radar sensors, and the right-hand side
one of the five height modules
34
35
Dipl.-Ing. Jochen Neutz
Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische
Technologie, Pfinztal
the variable configurability of the bag shape and the small
the vehicle to bring the vehicle to a relatively soft halt.
packaging volume in the original state. Suitable configuration
The damage to the vehicle is thereby kept within limits
[email protected]
of the bag geometry and use of highly resistant fabrics
in contrast to conventional barriers (concrete blocks, steel
provide the possibility to realise non-lethal barrier systems
posts).
to deal with single persons / groups of persons, as well as
to protect entrances to buildings or parts of buildings.
Fast-Deployable Barriers as
Non-Lethal Weapons
The tactical operational scenarios imaginable for the individual technical designs are presented briefly in the following.
Personnel barriers can be designed as fence-like structures
(Fig. 1) and as foot traps (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). Both can be
The deployment of the Bundeswehr on peacekeeping
The deployment of the Bundeswehr as part of peacekeeping
placed in the ground in camouflaged state and be actuated
missions requires additions to existing equipment to
missions requires a rethink both of mission tactics and of
by dedicated sensors / hand, as applicable. Airbag-type
provide field units with an adequate and de-escalating
the equipment in use. Non-lethal weapons take on a special
fences can serve to segregate groups of persons or to keep
response to current threat situations. Fast-deployable
significance within the framework of these missions as
them at bay. Both barriers are suitable within the scope of
barriers based on modified airbag systems can help in
their attributes enable the deployed forces to respond
the Armed Forces' broader task spectrum for use during
this regard to secure camps or sensitive areas.
suitably to the intensity of escalation. On such missions
peacekeeping missions to secure camps and protect against
non-lethal barriers are of particular interest for the
large crowds consisting of combatants / non-combatants.
protection of infrastructures, the guidance or segregation
The effectiveness of the barriers can be greatly enhanced
of crowds, and use at check points. The barriers can be
through combination with other non-lethal means, such as
deployed against single persons, crowds and light vehicles.
pepper spray. The foot trap barrier comprises multiple
airbags concealed in the ground about the terrain that needs
The barriers currently available are generally based on
safeguarding and thus constitutes an area obstacle.
modified fence or wall structures and can therefore be used
Fig. 1: Airbag barrier as a fence
only for the static protection of infrastructures or for events
Barriers designed for use against light vehicles (Fig. 4) can
with long lead times. A promising possibility for realising
be employed in setting up check points. The pyrotechnic
mobile and fast-deployable barriers is the use of modified
propellant cartridge serves as an actuator to trigger the
airbags. The working principle is based on the fast generation
barrier disguised as a “speed bump” and can be activated
of gas by means of pyrotechnic propellants, which inflate a
by securing forces to stop suspicious vehicles from breaking
bag structure especially designed for the application. Airbag
through. The barrier system forms an obstacle, blocking the
systems have deployment times ranging from 11 ms to
front axle of the vehicle and using the friction caused
35 ms. Advantages when used as a mobile barrier include
between the ground and the barrier by the dead weight of
Fig. 2: Airbag barrier as a foot trap
Fig. 3: Airbag
with a volume
of 60 dm³ in fully
inflated state
Fig. 4: Concept for stopping light vehicles on the basis of a
pyrotechnic actuator
36
Barbara Essendorfer, M.A.
Informations- und
Datenverarbeitung, Karlsruhe
Dipl.-Inform. Wilmuth Müller
NATO Consultation,
Command and Control Agency,
Den Haag
barbara.essendorfer@
iitb.fraunhofer.de
[email protected]
37
evaluation results can now be stored and combined in
The benefit of sharing information through the CSD,
the CSD. The enhancements have been submitted to the
demonstrated during NATO TRIAL QUEST 2007 and the
STANAG 4559 Custodian Support Team for adoption in
Bundeswehr experiment COMMON SHIELD 2008, has
the STANAG and will be (partially) introduced with
led to the planned adoption of the CSD by the Bundeswehr
Edition 3 of STANAG 4559.
und NATO. Current research is focusing on embedding
the CSD in a SOA (Service Oriented Architecture). There
Interoperable Sharing of Reconnaissance Information
via the Coalition Shared Database (CSD)
The products stored in the CSD are described and combined
is also the intention to support other types of information
with one another by means of metadata, i.e. information
gathering, such as HUMINT (Human Intelligence).
about the stored products. As an example: in response to
information requirements, a C2 system generates task data
that – in combination with metadata (creator, time, status,
The Coalition Shared Database (CSD) concept has
During recent conflicts in which the Bundeswehr and allied
etc.) – are stored in the CSD. As a next step, using a CSD
been developed within the multinational MAJIIC
forces were engaged, it was not possible to share and analyse
client, a sensor system retrieves the relevant task data either
(Multi-Sensor Aero-Ground Joint ISR Interoperability
ISTAR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and
automatically (by subscription) or via a search (query) in
Coalition) project and tested both in NATO exercises
Reconnaissance) data in time among the forces involved
the meta-database. The sensor system plans its mission, and
and in CD&E projects of the Bundeswehr. The CSD
because of technical and operational difficulties, resulting
data are generated and stored in the CSD and combined
makes the interoperable exchange of ISR data possible
in the loss of human life and material.
with the task data, so that the task/sensor product relationship
is reconstructed. An evaluation system receives a task,
through a data model for information requirements
and task messages, through the sensor data and
The multinational MAJIIC project has been set up to avoid
searches for specific (sensor) products and analyses them.
evaluation results thereby generated, as well as through
this in future. The aim is to maximise the military benefit
As a result, reports are generated, stored in the CSD and
standardised data access.
from ISTAR systems by establishing technical, procedural
combined with the relevant task and sensor data.
and operational interoperability. A key element in this
connection is standardised data dissemination.
It is thus possible to retrace the entire reconnaissance cycle,
and evaluated data can be contextualised in a later analysis.
The CSD concept has been developed with this in mind.
Sensor products from different sensor types (GMTI, images
The CSD is based on STANAG 4559, which defines
and videos) can be reviewed, combined and thoroughly
programming interfaces and a data model to facilitate the
analysed. To make information available no matter where and
storage and dissemination of reconnaissance products. The
when it is needed, the CSD concept facilitates automatic
complexity of today’s coalition operations calls for an
synchronisation of the metadata between the different servers.
enhancement of the STANAG data model. A wide variety
When a product is of interest, it can then be retrieved.
of sensor data (Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI),
images, videos, tracks), as well as tasking information and
Fig. 1: Data generation, retrieval and synchronisation via CSD
Fig. 2: Geo coordinate-based query using a
CSD Client
Fig. 3: Query results
38
Dr. Theo Köble
NaturwissenschaftlichTechnische Trendanalysen,
Euskirchen
Dr. Wolfgang Rosenstock
NaturwissenschaftlichTechnische Trendanalysen,
Euskirchen
[email protected]
wolfgang.rosenstock@
int.fraunhofer.de
See It with Neutrons
39
consumption, as well as an easy, robust and efficient high-
Future research is to be focused, for the time being, on
resolution detection system.
increasing the neutron detection efficiency, enhancing the
spatial resolution and optimising the set-up of the neutron
The research has shown that good imaging of structured
objects is readily possible when using a good neutron source
such as a research reactor, where the neutron flux and
The long-term aim is rapid high-resolution imaging of the
parallelism of the beam are high (see Fig. 1). The recorded
inner structures of an object in-situ.
image shows a plexiglass block with small embedded tubes
made of different metals, which are additionally covered by
a lead plate. A hydrogen-containing converter with scintillator
was used here as a detector that generates light from the
The Fraunhofer Institute for Technological Trend
In recent years, terrorist threats of “dirty bombs” or
neutrons, which then produces an image on a CCD camera.
Analysis (INT) is conducting research into how neutron
“improvised nuclear devices” (INDs) have been extensively
As an alternative, an indium metal foil can also be used as
imaging methods can be put to mobile and in-situ use,
discussed. The Bundeswehr is also at risk from such threats
a detector which, once activated by the neutrons, is then
for which purpose a small, mobile neutron generator
when on deployments abroad. To be able to adequately
autoradiographed on an image plate and read out in an image
is employed. Mobile neutron radiography can serve to
counter such a threat situation, it is imperative to detect the
plate reading device.
complement X-ray imaging for identifying unknown
explosive and radioactive/nuclear materials as fast and as
objects that might be “dirty bombs” or “improvised
accurately as possible. Once that information is available, it
The objective of the current research activities is to put
nuclear devices”.
is possible to make a correct estimate of the type and extent
the methods that already work at the research reactor to
of the hazard and to take appropriate defensive action.
mobile use in combination with a neutron generator. Only
then will it also be possible to use neutron radiography
Fig. 1: Neutron radiograph of a polyethylene test object
containing small tubes of different material concealed
behind lead (taken using the neutron beam of the FRM II
research reactor in Garching)
generator.
Standard X-ray imaging often does not generate evaluable
locally. Experiments involving a large neutron generator
images when objects are heavily shielded against radiation,
that supplies a high number of neutrons were conducted
because the X-rays are too greatly attenuated. Neutrons,
initially (see Fig. 2). The neutrons from the neutron generator
however, can very easily penetrate heavy materials. X-ray
are non-directional, in contrast to those from the reactor.
imaging of light materials, such as plastics or explosives, also
This necessitates placing the neutron generator and object
yields a low contrast, while neutrons are highly dispersed
close to one another. The small neutron generator (see Fig. 3)
on light materials and thus produce a particularly good
consists of only two components and a control laptop, and
image of them. Neutron radiography can hence be considered
weighs only 16 kg. This neutron generator is, therefore,
as complementary to X-ray radiography. Mobile neutron
readily mobile and can be easily placed next to an object.
radiography requires a small, light and sturdy neutron
Its neutron yield however is lower, currently making longer
generator with a high neutron intensity and low energy
irradiation periods necessary.
Fig. 2: Neutron radiographic measurements using the SAMES
neutron generator of Fraunhofer INT: neutrons are passed through
a plastic test object containing small glass tubes, and a Dysprosium
foil is activated. The foil is then autoradiographed on an image
plate. The image plate is read out by means of a special scanner
Fig. 3: Test measurement using the small, mobile GENIE16c
neutron generator: The neutron generator consists of a
metallic (silver) neutron tube and a control attaché case
(beneath the table). It is remote-controlled via a cable
connected with the laptop
40
41
Dr. Martin Laurenzis
Deutsch-Französisches
Forschungsinstitut, Saint-Louis
compact and portable prototypes with a maximum observa-
scene reflectance, the dynamic range of the grey scale, and
tion range from 3 km to 10 km. The institute also specialises
the image noise (CCD sensor and ambient light intensifier).
[email protected]
in solutions customised for different applications.
A depth accuracy better than 30 m/km for dark areas, and
better than 10 m/km for bright areas, has been achieved.
Gated Viewing with Super-resolution
Depth Mapping
A major topic in the field of gated viewing is the research
This depth resolution is 10 to 30 times better than the
and development of new methods for three-dimensional (3D)
resolution limit for laser tomography. The method is found
imaging. Usually the 3D information is obtained through
to be capable of super-resolution depth mapping at video
laser tomography analysis of the scene and variation of
rates and, hence, in real time.
the sensor delay. This method is based on analysing the
information present in each light slice, i.e. for each sensor
gate delay and each pixel of the distinct images. DepthFor precisely 50 years now the Franco-German Research
Gated active imaging is a direct visualisation technique
mapping a scene by this method typically requires dozens
Institute Saint-Louis (ISL) has been working in different
that uses an image sensor array and its own illumination
of gated viewing images. The actual number of images
defence domains as a bi-national institute on behalf of
source. In contrast to laser scanning techniques, an entire
depends on the depth of the scene, the system parameters
the French and German ministries of defence. The ISL
scene is illuminated by means of a laser pulse, and the
and the desired depth resolution.
has developed a new depth mapping method for night
active imaging signal is able to directly display a two-
vision applications that overcomes the classic resolution
dimensional image of the scene. The synchronisation of
The ISL has developed a new 3D imaging technique that can
limits. It is based on gated viewing, a prominent
the sensor gate and pulsed illumination allows so-called
reduce the number of required images and, consequently,
all-weather night vision technique in which a sensor
gated viewing, which provides the reflectivity for a scene
the number of utilised laser pulses. The technique employs
gate is synchronised with pulsed laser illumination.
at a certain range. Image distortion, such as atmospheric
a specific gated viewing effect and overcomes the classic
This method makes it possible to select the observation
backscattering or parasite light sources, is suppressed.
depth resolution limits. To determine the depth of a scene,
range and a precise depth measurement, with the scene
Shown in Fig. 1 are several examples of surveillance or
the recorded intensity of two images is analysed compara-
reflectance and depth information being recorded in a
security applications, e.g. vision through smoke or fog,
tively. This permits super-resolution depth mapping of
single image.
area surveillance, coast guarding, and helicopter-based
entire scenes from a limited number of images.
observation systems.
Two gated viewing images for calculating a super-resolution
Fig. 1: Application of gated viewing:
vision through smoke, area surveillance, coast guarding, and helicopterbased observation systems
Fig. 2: Gated viewing
systems based on laser
diode illumination (height
approx. 130 cm)
A number of experimental prototypes have been developed
depth-mapping image are shown in Fig. 3 as an example. The
which work in the ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared NIR
sensor gate, laser pulse width and delay have been chosen
(266 nm to 1.6 ␮m) wavelength range. Because of the
so as to reconstruct the depth in a range from 950 m to
availability of compact, high-brilliance laser diode arrays
1550 m. The 3D information can be depicted, for instance,
of around 810 nm, the work is being focused on that wave-
as a colour-coded depth map (Fig. 4) or as a virtual 3D
length range. As depicted in Fig. 2, the ISL is able to realise
representation (Fig. 5). The depth accuracy depends on the
Fig. 3: Two gated viewing images recorded for super-resolution
depth mapping
Fig. 4: Colour-coded depth map at a range
of 950 m to 1550 m and with a depth
accuracy better than 30 m/km, calculated
from two gated viewing images
Fig. 5: Virtual 3D representation of gated viewing data using
super-resolution depth mapping
42
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Niemeyer,
Hamburg,
Fakultät Maschinenbau
Dr. habil, Dr. rer. nat. Andre
Richardt
Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut
für Schutztechnologien –
ABC-Schutz, Munster
[email protected]
[email protected]
Integrated Protection against C-Weapons
based on Detection and Decontamination
using Novel Molecule Structures
43
different clusters). The spectrum of substances currently
High-throughput synthesis and evaluation geared to the
encompasses 150 different phosphororganic compounds
parallel experimental synthesis of these new molecules, and
(POC), including highly toxic warfare agents as well as
the determination of their effectiveness in the laboratory, take
chemically related substances. Fig. 1 shows the arrangement
place in apparatus comprising 192 parallel microreactors,
of 45 hazardous compounds according to their chemical
where important parameters (such as temperature, pressure,
properties. The distances between the clusters from left to
etc.) can be selectively adjusted and the reactivity analysed
right visualise the chemical similarity between the clusters.
spectrometrically through a colour reaction. This could permit
Clusters 1 and 2 are, for example, very similar and could
a faster and substantially more cost-effective catalyst and
be merged, while the difference between clusters 1, 5, and
sensor development with fewer ecological impacts.
6, is very pronounced. The experimental work to develop
detecting surfaces and catalysing surfaces for them has to
The first successes in regard to these molecules’ design
be carried out with different lead substances.
have been achieved in the laboratory. The molecules are
The danger posed to military personnel by the
The Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Techno-
asymmetric threat of NBC agents is omnipresent. There
logies and NBC Protection (WIS) and the Helmut-Schmidt-
is, consequently, an urgent need to reduce this danger
University – University of the Bundeswehr Hamburg
Molecular dynamic modelling and simulation (MD) for
qualities. Where the design of the sensor concept is
through early detection and swiftest possible decon-
(HSU − UniBwHH) are working together to develop specific
the computer-based preselection of suitable solid structures
concerned, strict attention has to be paid that information
tamination. Synthetic enzymes, or Artificial Enzyme
molecules for detecting and detoxifying chemical agents.
conductive to the adsorption of harmful substances, on the
obtained by the sensor systems is forwarded directly to
Mimics (AEM), are being developed in order to
To investigate new scientific ideas of NBC detection and
basis of which the chemical degradation and detection then
the decision makers. This scientific approach, which
facilitate detection and to chemically degrade such
decontamination for the future, they have taken the
take place. This method makes it possible to assess and newly
attempts to find new molecules to meet detection and
chemical substances. Iterative modification of the base
approach of
generate well known structures. Also, the computational
decontamination needs, could yield substantial benefits
compounds in computer simulations and their testing
>> embedding these molecules, for decontamination
work is considerably faster than laboratory experiments.
compared with the conventional separated methods.
currently being tested for their sensory and detoxifying
in the laboratory generate optimised catalyst and
purposes, in reactive layers, this applying both to filter
Fig. 2 presents a three-dimensional structure consisting of
detection modules for different, highly toxic substances.
layers in the protective clothing of military personnel
six units of glucose. The presented results are based on the
and to filters for collective protection;
use of alpha-cyclodextrine (CD) as a detection molecule. By
>> simultaneously using these molecules as potential novel
sensor material to detect highly toxic substances.
binding chemical groups to the yellow-marked “anchorage
places”, it is possible to selectively alter the properties for
adsorption or reaction. Fig. 3 shows the simulation results
The following methods are applied:
for the adsorption of a POC on differently modified CD
molecules. For reasons of clarity the individual substituents
Cluster analysis for detecting and merging chemically
bound to the yellow-marked anchor molecules are not
similar compounds (in clusters) in order to develop
indicated. The binding of VX to an unmodified CD (upper
specifically acting catalysts and minimise the number of
line) and to a CD molecule “closed” on the bottom side
experiments needed (selection of lead substances from
(lower graphs) is visualised in Fig. 4.
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
Cluster 4
Cluster 5
Cluster 6
Estimated free binding energy in kcal/mol
Fig. 1: Dendrogramme from a cluster analysis of 45 hazardous
substances. The smaller the distance between the clusters (indicated
by the right-hand connecting lines between relevant clusters), the
more similar the chemical properties of the elements in the relevant
clusters
Fig. 2: Three-dimensional structure of an alpha-cyclodextrin molecule
for visualising possible substitution places (yellow); colours of the
atoms: C = green, O = red; hydrogen atoms are not represented
Fig. 3: Summary of simulation results for the adsorption of a POC
on differently modified CD molecules. Circle: unmodified base
material. Colours: Modification of the CD molecule on the C atoms:
C2: red; C3: blue; C6: green
Fig. 4: Results of the simulations (using AutoDock4/AutoDockTools)
to dock an unmodified (top) and modified (bottom) CD detector
molecule to a POC
44
Dipl.-Inf. (FH) Johann Uhrmann
München, Institut für
Flugsysteme
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Schulte
München, Institut für
Flugsysteme
[email protected]
[email protected]
45
tasks to the team in the certainty that they understand the
task, if required. Secondly, this ACU uses its knowledge
tasks involved, will solve problems and do their utmost to
about the mission, the tasks involved and the operator to
make the mission a success.
identify any pending stress situations and then suitably
support the human operator. Thirdly, the system is designed
Manned-unmanned Teaming –
UAV as Remote Sensor Platforms for Helicopters
MUM-T shows ways of applying cognitive capabilities
to take over those operator tasks where it is more efficient
to unmanned systems. The cognitive system architecture
than a human at yielding results (e.g. computation of arrival
(COSA) developed at the Bundeswehr University in
times, flight path planning).
Munich (UniBwM) forms the basis for artificial cognitive
units (ACU), which are modelled on human cognition.
A combination of assistance system and UAV-ACU is under
These draw upon static knowledge relating to cue models,
development as part of the MUM-T project at the Institute
requirements, alternative courses of action, process models
of Flight Systems, UniBwM, with the aim of enabling a
UAV would be ideal support in collecting real-time
For unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to collect reconnaissance
and problem-solving strategies. This static knowledge enables
single UAV operator to guide multiple UAV from a manned
reconnaissance information on military helicopter
information, they have to be guided from a helicopter
the ACU to derive relevant cues from the sensor inputs, to
helicopter.
missions. Current systems however do not offer the
taking part in the mission. The UAV operator is located
perform concept matching and determine goals, and to
possibility for multiple UAV guidance in highly dynamic
in the cockpit of a manned helicopter to permit efficient
generate and execute plans to achieve those goals. This
scenarios. The “Manned-unmanned Teaming”
relaying of the information, his task being to guide multiple
knowledge is combined by the ACU to accomplish the
(MUM-T) research project demonstrates how to tap
UAV so that the information they collect helps bring about
tasks in the context of the mission objective. Having an
into the potential of UAV by using artificial cognition.
the success of the mission. Current UAV guidance systems
ACU onboard enables a UAV to execute high-level tasks
require the operator to plan and manage several UAV flight
and even to work together in teams. This, in turn, leads
routes independently of one another, to operate more than
to a virtual reduction of the leadership workload, since
one sensor platform, and to evaluate their accumulated sets
an operator can now issue tasks to a team of UAV.
of readings at the same time. One individual is unable to
handle and supervise so many systems.
Although the introduction of such an ACU offers the
operator the possibility of task-based team leadership, it
Fig. 1: The helicopter simulator at the Institute of Flight Systems,
including the workstation of the UAV operator (left, with camera
image of UAV) and pilot (right), is being used to develop, integrate
and test artificial cognitive units in simulator missions
The situation changes when manned air vehicles are involved
involves a highly complex automation system which he/she
in a mission in addition to UAV. It then becomes possible
has to understand, operate and supervise. This, expectedly,
for the reconnaissance mission leader to use the support
can lead to a demanding workload and to operator errors.
of his/her colleagues. The question can be asked why it is
A virtual teammate is designed to preclude such problems.
easier to handle manned systems than UAV. The answer
An assistance ACU located at the operator workstation is
is the human capability for teaming. The reconnaissance
provided with the following attributes for this purpose.
mission leader does not have to micro-manage every tech-
Firstly, it has to be able to identify the most important
nical detail for his team members. Instead, he allocates
task at hand so as to draw the operator’s attention to that
Fig. 2: Rotary-wing UAV as a demonstrator and evaluation platform
for the application of artificial cognitive units in flight guidance
systems
Fig. 3: The fixed-wing UAV of the Institute of Flight Systems at
the Bundeswehr University in Munich is equipped with a mission
management system which provides the environment and hardware platform for the airborne artificial cognitive unit
Fig. 4: The mobile ground control station accommodates the
operator workstation during field tests. It contains the operator
console, an uninterruptible power supply for the on-board
systems, computer platforms for the virtual assistant, GPS and
data link systems, as well as transport capacity for the UAV
46
47
Dipl.-Ing. Berthold Winck
Amt für Geoinformationswesen
der Bundeswehr, Euskirchen
is used to generate the DSM. It makes use of a high image
und laptops with high-end graphic cards. This requires
redundancy, where each point on the ground can be identified
special visualisation software. Three different results are
[email protected]
on about 12 different photos. The resultant interim products
produced: 3D worlds with façades like curtains (see Fig. 2
are DSM and TOM with a ground pixel size equivalent to
and Fig. 3), 3D worlds with façades from pseudo oblique
the resolution of the digital aerial photos.
images, and 3D worlds with façades from terrestrial images
(see Fig. 4). 3D worlds with this level of resolution give a
3D Worlds for the Bundeswehr
Image data with a ground pixel size of 15 cm were generated
very realistic impression. The first users of this technology,
using a standard digital air cartographic camera (Vexcel
particularly those working in operational simulation, have
Ultracam). The overlap was 80% in flight direction and 80%
already discovered how valuable such data are.
perpendicular to the flight direction. Theoretically, every
point on the ground in the area concerned is displayed in
The better the military are informed about their area of
One objective of the “3D Worlds” project has been to fully
12 images (see Fig. 1). Nearly 4300 images (ground pixel
operations, the quicker they are able to make decisions.
exploit the automated processing of 3D reconstruction as
size of 15 cm) were taken over a military training area in
The standard medium for providing information about
well as the extremely high resolution of digital aerial
Germany, covering a region of 16 km by 24 km. A highly
terrain and urban areas is a map. This requires a skilled
cartographic photos. The distinctive feature of this process
precise aerial triangulation was then performed on the basis
user who is able to translate the formal map symbols
is that every pixel of digital aerial photos is used to first
of these images.
mentally into a picture of the terrain. This process is
of all obtain a digital surface model (DSM). This DSM, in
made much easier if it is possible to visualise the terrain
turn, forms the basis for creating a True Orthophoto Mosaic
The triangulated images for the 3D reconstruction of the
directly as a virtual 3D world on a computer monitor.
(TOM). A TOM is a map-like portrayal of the Earth’s surface
photographed area were processed by automated means.
Thanks to the great developmental progress made in
in which all the influences of height differences in the area
The computation process was conducted on 64 workstations
this field over the last few years, the military are now
concerned are corrected for the cartographic representation
in a cluster, taking 17 days (24h computing time a day)
increasingly able to make use of this form of visualisation
on a reference plane. Combination of the TOM and DSM
to obtain the results, namely a DSM, a TOM, and pseudo
using relatively simple technology.
by means of visualisation software then produces the 3D
oblique images of the building façades. The pixel spacing
worlds.
for these interim results is 15 cm. To explain this more
clearly, in case of a ground resolution of 15 cm, the pixels
Photogrammetry is a special geodetic procedure for measuring
generated per square metre amount to 6.7 x 6.7 = 42.
the three-dimensional shape of objects, or of the Earth’s
In a parallel project involving a ground resolution of
surface, on the basis of their photographs. High-quality
5 cm, the pixels generated per square metre amounted to
digital matrix air cartographic cameras are used in aerial
20 x 20 = 400.
photogrammetry. Generating a DSM from the digital photos
Fig. 1: The footprints of the aerial photos
illustrate that the centre of the Bonnland
urban combat facility is displayed by means
of 12 different photos
is very work-intensive and often done manually. In the
Interactive visualisations of 3D worlds based on such large
project described here, automatic 3D reconstruction software
data sets are possible by means of COTS workstations, PC
Fig. 2: View in the direction of Hammelburg
into the 3D world with curtain façades
Fig. 3: View into a limestone quarry;
3D world with curtain façades/steep faces
Fig. 4: Comparison of 3D world with terrestrial image
48
Dr. Heinz-Volker Fiekas
Forschungsanstalt der
Bundeswehr für Wasserschall
und Geophysik, Kiel
[email protected]
49
operating submarines displace water like surface ships and
Measurement data from a test cruise during which the
enduringly disrupt the oceanic stratification by means of
towing behaviour was examined under real operational and
their turbulent wake.
ambient conditions show that turbulence measurements
with the aid of this towed system are possible with the
Underwater Sensor Platform for Rapid
Assessment of Hydrodynamic Signatures
and Turbulent Processes in Oceans
To have reliable information on the spatial coherence of the
required accuracy despite disturbing vibrations caused by
stratification’s variability and on the development of turbulent
vortex shedding on the hull, protection guard and towing
wakes, it is necessary to do a rapid, high-resolution survey
cable. In combination with a vertically profiling turbulence
of the ambient conditions over major distances, down to the
probe deployed simultaneously from the same ship, the
smallest scales, before any noteworthy changes occur along
new system will in future allow the measurement of
the surveyed route. For this purpose an underwater vehicle is
oceanic turbulence and microstructures down to a depth
currently being developed by ISW Wassermesstechnik (ISW)
of 200 m with a high vertical and horizontal resolution.
For some years now, micro-scale oceanic turbulence
Oceanic sound propagation is influenced essentially by the
on behalf of, and in consultation with, the Bundeswehr
has increasingly been the focus of military scientific
spatial and temporal variability of the thermal and saline
Institute for Underwater Sound and Geophysical Research
research concerning hydrodynamically induced signatu-
stratification in the ocean. The development of new,
(FWG) as a platform for a microstructure profiler within
res of submerged submarines, as well as underwater
sophisticated methods of detection and communication under
the scope of a German R&T contract. Only a handful of
communication. Within the framework of an R&T
water calls for enhanced knowledge of the environmental
such vehicles exist worldwide. They are one-off solutions,
project, a towed underwater vehicle is being developed
parameters affecting sound propagation conditions in the
developed by individual research institutes, that are not
as a platform for a microstructure profiler as a rapid,
ocean. The small-scale variability of sound velocity, which
usually available on the market.
high-resolution means of measuring such turbulence.
is describable only statistically and depends on temperature,
salinity and pressure, has an influence on sound scattering,
The TIMOS (Towed Instrument for Microstructure Ocean
especially for high acoustical frequencies. The turbulent
Soundings) prototype is the product of close cooperation
oceanic processes and their spatial and temporal distribution
between ISW and the FWG. Equipped with high-resolution
are responsible for this statistical component of the sound
microstructure and turbulence sensors, standard sensors
velocity variations.
forming a classic temperature / salinity probe, as well as
sensors needed to control alignment, stability and vibrations,
Knowledge of ocean turbulence is essential, not only for
the system is designed to be towed from a moving vessel.
understanding sound propagation, but also with regard to
Unlike established free-falling turbulence probes which
the non-acoustic signatures of hydrodynamically generated
measure vertical profiles of the turbulence and thermal
wake phenomena. Wakes of surface ships are visible traces
microstructure on the way down, TIMOS yields horizontal
that nowadays can be detected on the ocean surface without
turbulence profiles and spectra from selected depths along
any problem over a prolonged period by means of modern,
the towing track.
satellite-borne remote sensing techniques. Submerged
Fig. 1: Recovery of the TIMOS experimental towed body. The
turbulence sensors are installed at the front in the bow (on the
right-hand side), an acoustical current profiler is installed behind
the sail, and an altimeter as well as an electromagnetic current
meter are accommodated in the keel
Fig. 2: Deployment of a freefalling, vertically profiling
turbulence probe on station
Fig. 3: Microstructure and turbulence
sensor configuration, protected by a guard.
Equipment is similar to that of a freefalling
turbulence probe
Fig. 4: Parallel deployment of TIMOS and a freefalling turbulence
probe from a moving vessel during an experiment involving a
submerged submarine
50
51
Dipl.-Ing. Corinna Schache
Geschäftsfeld B-Detektion
für Schutztechnologien – ABCSchutz, Munster
Dr. Klaus A. Feller
Geschäftsfeld B-Detektion
für Schutztechnologien – ABCSchutz, Munster
they however indicated a positive potential for development.
offered with it as a ready-to-use product (so-called “chip
Improved prototypes were delivered to the WIS for further
stick”) for field applications (Fig. 5). After several years in
experimental evaluation in June and December 2005. The
which the array chips had suffered from problems affecting
[email protected]
[email protected]
chip technology was subsequently optimised several times
the production technology and spotting process, it was
over through an intensive exchange of scientific and technical
possible for the first time in 2007 to present array chips
information. The current version of the automatic electrical
in a quality that fulfilled the requirements formulated by
microchip array immunodetector (Fig. 1), measuring 15 x
the WIS regarding military use of the ePaTOX detector.
33 x 21 cm and weighing 3 kg, operates with gold-printed
Following diverse laboratory evaluations, the acquisition
silicon array chips, whose 16 measurement positions can
of two ePaTOX detectors including suitable equipment
be coated with antibodies for identifying and binding
and consumables for the Special Reaction Forces of the
bioweapons agents (Fig. 2). The analysis data are evaluated
Bundeswehr NBC Defence Corps was initiated in August
Immunology-based Microchip Array Immunodetector
for the Rapid Detection of Toxins in the Field
Microchip technology combined with immunology-based
To rapidly detect and identify biological warfare agents
and presented graphically on an external PC using special
2008. It is currently being examined whether there is any
analyte recognition offers a good basis for detecting
(bacteria, viruses, toxins) in the field, military NBC
software (Figs. 3 and 4).
demand for the ePaTOX in other areas of the Bundeswehr,
biological warfare agents. From the initial R&T activities
protection units urgently require automated technologies
at the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective
that have the highest possible sensitivity and yield reliable
Using this detector and antibody-coated microchips from
Technologies and NBC Protection (WIS) in Munster,
results within minutes. As bioweapons agents constitute a
eBS, diverse assays have been designed, tested and optimised
through to its adoption by the Special Reaction Forces
significant terrorist threat potential, civil institutions of the
to rapidly detect toxins that are of prime relevance militarily
of the German Bundeswehr, a portable technology
homeland security services (such as police, civil protection,
as well as from the viewpoint of bioterrorists. These efforts
for rapidly detecting bioweapon toxins in the field is
fire services, etc.) are in need of such rapid detectors as
have meanwhile led to the development of a so-called
described in the following.
well. Despite scientific and technical efforts worldwide,
“multiplex toxin assay” for the parallel detection of five
no technology that suitably fulfils the above-mentioned
toxins in one sample. The lower limit of detection in aqueous
requirements for a fieldable, rapid toxin detector has been
samples is approximately equivalent to that of established
available – until recently.
laboratory techniques. The time currently required to finish
such as the German Navy.
the multiplex toxin assay is 23 minutes. As has been
In 2003, a laboratory prototype of an electrical microchip
established in experiments so far, the presence of certain
array immunodetector developed by the Fraunhofer Institute
interfering matrix constituents in the sample apparently has
for Silicon Technology (ISIT) in Itzehoe, Germany, was made
only a minor inhibiting influence on the detection process.
available free of charge to the WIS for initial laboratory
Fig. 1: Preparing a measurement run involving the ePaTOX
testing and evaluation by a consortium comprising Diehl
The electrical microchip array immunodetector has
BGT Defence, Fraunhofer ISIT and its associated company
meanwhile been commercialised by AJ eBiochip under
eBiochip Systems (eBS). Although those tests showed that
the trade name ePaTOX. The multi-toxin chip realised
version of the rapid toxin detector to be not yet fieldable,
with the financial and scientific support of the WIS is also
Fig. 2: Silicon array chip
Fig. 3: Data presentation (curves)
Fig. 4: Data presentation (slope values)
Fig. 5: Ready-to-use chip stick
52
53
Staatl. gepr. Lebensmittelchemikerin Waltraud Uedelhoven
für Werk- und Betriebsstoffe,
Erding
Prof. Dr. Michael Faulde
Zentrales Institut des
Sanitätsdienstes der Bundeswehr
Laborgruppe Medizinische
Entomologie/Zoologie, Koblenz
Oberfeldarzt Jeannot Andreas
Zimmer
Institut für den Medizinischen
Arbeits- und Umweltschutz
der Bundeswehr, Berlin
[email protected]
[email protected]
andreas2zimmer@
bundeswehr.org
Vector-protective Finish for Clothing – Helping to
Protect Military Personnel from Infectious Diseases
during Deployments Abroad
Oberstarzt Dr. Klaus Mross
Sanitätskommando II, Diez
klausgerhardmross@
bundeswehr.org
(Department of Medical Entomology / Zoology), Koblenz
The exposure of the military personnel to permethrin in
(ZInstSanBw KOB), has compared different impregnation
connection with vector-protective impregnation also has
techniques with regard to applied permethrin concentration,
to be taken into account, therefore. To be able to make
its washproof properties and bioactivity. The cross-
a sound assessment of any potential health risks, the
contamination of originally permethrin-free fabrics by
dermal absorption of permethrin when wearing suitably
The deployment of the Bundeswehr worldwide as part
Because of the Bundeswehr new range of responsibilities,
impregnated garments during laundering and storage and the
impregnated clothing was determined (biomonitoring)
of its new mission spectrum makes it necessary to
missions are taking place increasingly in subtropical and
contamination of storage rooms have also been examined.
nationally and in-theatre by the Senior Medical Officer
protect its servicemen and women against vector-borne
tropical regions where military personnel come into contact
Found to be the best solution concerning all the considered
for Occupational Health, Bundeswehr Regional Medical
infectious diseases. As a means of personal protection,
with a completely new mix of pathogenic organisms.
parameters is a special impregnation of the fabric, factory-
Command II, in collaboration with the Johannes Gutenberg
a new and standardised technique for impregnating
Many of the infectious diseases occurring in these regions
applied during production. It is effective against vectors
University in Mainz.
clothing with permethrin has been optimised, evaluated
are transmitted by organisms such as mosquitoes, sandflies
throughout the life of the clothing, thus rendering further
and scientifically supported by biomonitoring.
and ticks, generally referred to as vectors. Some of the
impregnations unnecessary. This has not only been tested in
Based on the results obtained, the Federal Institute for Risk
vector-borne diseases can considerably compromise
the laboratory by quantification of the permethrin concen-
Assessment conducted a final risk estimate and concluded
operational readiness and even lead to death.
tration and bioactivity after 100 standardised launderings, but
that there is no indication of any damage to health caused by
also confirmed by examinations of clothing exhaustively
vector-protective Bundeswehr clothing when used properly.
worn in the field during deployment.
For reasons of occupational safety, however, use of per-
There is no precautional drug treatment or vaccination
methrin must be limited to cases in which there is increased
to counter many of the disease-causing agents, so that
alternative preventive measures are required. Besides
Permethrin, according to the European ordinance on
risk of vector-borne infectious diseases. To validate the data
applying repellents to exposed skin, wearing long-sleeved
hazardous substances, is hazardous. Through its mode of
concerning permethrin uptake from wearing impregnated
shirts and long trousers and using impregnated mosquito
action effects occur primarily on skin (sensitising) and
clothing, the Bundeswehr Institute of Medical Occupational
nets, there is the option of wearing permethrin-impregnated
respiratory system. It has a low human toxicity and, only
and Environmental Safety (IMAUS) is conducting a sup-
clothing as additional protection against vector attacks.
if used improperly, causes adverse health effects on people.
porting human biomonitoring assessment in Afghanistan
There are, however, people who exhibit high sensitivity to
relating to different work areas.
The Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials, Explosives,
permethrin and may therefore react particularly sensitively
Fuels and Lubricants (WIWEB), in collaboration with the
when exposed to it.
Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service
Fig. 1: Quantification of the permethrin concentration before
and after up to 100 launderings; comparison between the
manufacturer’s special impregnation (blue) and two immersion
processes (black), specified content: 200 mg/m² (red)
Fig. 2: Stages of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus: from left to right:
larva (twice), nymph, adult male, adult female
Fig. 3: Determination of the time required for 100% knockdown
against yellow fever mosquitoes on tissue impregnated with
permethrin in the manufacturer’s special process (blue) and the
two immersion processes (black), before and after up to 100 launderings; the required minimum bioactivity is 71.5 ± 12 min (red)
Fig. 4: Test subjects in the camp filling out a questionnaire
54
55
TRAR Peter Helbig
Wehrtechnische Dienststelle für
Kraftfahrzeuge und Panzer, Trier
Previously, soldiers have had to carry up to 15 kg of battery
soldiers in the field recharging batteries for their mobile
weight in order to operate their electronic devices. The
devices, or for equipment in the field that has to operate
[email protected]
use of a Jenny fuel cell from Smart Fuel Cell AG (SFC)
remotely, undetectably and without operator intervention,
dramatically reduces this weight by up to 80%. A power
or for electrical devices on board military vehicles.
consumption of 25 watts during a 72-hour mission adds
Military generators, the usual solution in such scenarios,
up to a total power requirement of 1800 Wh. Eight primary
are relatively easy to detect, thermally and acoustically.
military batteries such as the BA5590 have been required
The FC 250 fuel cell system from SFC tested for these
in the past to provide that energy. As each battery weighs
applications operates silently and reliably and is user-
1.2 kg, a soldier would have to carry 9.6 kg to satisfy such
friendly. Mil-Standard 810 conformity is currently being
power needs. A Jenny fuel cell, in comparison, weighs 1.7 kg,
verified. If positive, scenarios featuring the use of this
plus 1.8 kg for 5 fuel cartridges weighing 360 g each, which
type of fuel cell as a power source for battery charging or
integration in vehicles will become realisable.
Off-grid Power for Defence Applications –
Portable and Mobile Fuel Cell Systems
in the Low-to-medium Power Range
Supplying electrical power to military personnel and
The number of electrical devices carried by soldiers and, in
adds up to a total of just 3.5 kg. This is equivalent to a weight
unmanned or vehicle-based devices in the field is a
consequence, the need for an independent electrical energy
saving of 64%. Rechargeable batteries have even less
major technical challenge. The Bundeswehr is testing
supply with minimal additional volume and weight has
energy density, thus weighing more, and making the fuel
direct methanol fuel cells as a silent, weather- and
been growing steadily in the course of military equipment
cell even more attractive.
climate-independent power source for operational
modernisation. Fuel cells are power converters, meaning
scenarios. They are logistically easy to handle and
that all they need is a continuous supply of fuel, which
Reliable availability of power on board vehicles is of central
offer an extremely high energy density.
presents major advantages over batteries, especially on
importance for military personnel in the field. The power
lengthy missions. The fuel cells tested by the Bundeswehr
source has to be independent of the engine as well as
Technical Centre for Automotive and Armoured Vehicles
noiseless, ensure operation of the electrical equipment on
(WTD 41) supply a continuous nominal power ranging
board the vehicle, and serve as an off-grid field charger
from 25 to 250 W as a direct power source for electrical
when required. Independence from vehicle engines is more
consumers or for recharging secondary batteries.
important, as there are many instances when a vehicle engine
cannot be used for battery charging, as the noise signature
All the power solutions presented here hybridise the fuel
might reveal a unit’s position. The Emily 65 W fuel cell
cell, fuel cartridge and rechargeable battery. This offers
system from SFC has been tested for this application. Its
decisive logistical advantages. When solely using batteries, a
use significantly increases the mission time in silent watch
soldier would have to regularly interrupt his or her mission
mode, as the vehicle batteries are continuously recharged
in order to recharge or replace them. Having a fuel cell that
from the fuel cell.
provides uninterrupted battery power makes it possible to
carry on without interruption.
During military missions it is often necessary to supply
electrical power at the most unlikely places, be it for
Fuel Cell + Battery
EFOY Fuel Cartridge EFOY Pro Series
Fig. 1: Jenny fuel cell in hybrid operation
with fuel cartridge and battery as an offgrid power source for a Toughbook®
Fig. 2: Emily before integration into the
‘Mungo’
Fig. 3: Emily integrated in the ‘Mungo’
Fig. 4: 250 W fuel cell system connected to a charger for “Infantryman of the Future” system batteries
Battery
Consumer
Fig. 5: Functional principle of hybrid operation. The depicted fuel
cell is an EFOY Pro (i.e. industrial, not military version)
56
BOR Georg Schulz
Pionier- und Truppengerät,
Koblenz
[email protected]
Mobile Lightweight Bridges
57
Studies being undertaken by the Bundeswehr Technical
sonic impedance) for conventional ultrasound systems,
Centre for Engineer and General Field Equipment (WTD 51)
showing up as strong clutter. The phased array method
at present are focused primarily on bridges of fibre composite
provides a pictorial image of the material’s internal
design. The aim is to make use particularly of the high
structure. The strong correlation of echoes from closely
specific strength levels of these aviation-type materials as
localised, topologically cohesive regions yields a much
well as of new mobile bridge design concepts for the forces
greater accumulation of information. This method appears
on operations. WTD 51 has tested two prototypes for this
suitable for testing CFRP. But the theoretical wave motion
purpose, a bridge made of CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced
models from recent years show that complex wave conver-
Plastic) for MLC 12 (STANAG 2021), and a bridge in
sions and various dispersion effects can lead to unusual
GFRP (Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic) design for MLC 35.
images of the material interior. This needs to be remedied
There is still an amount of basic research to be done in this
through further research.
To use lightweight military bridges in far-off countries,
The deployment of the Bundeswehr in remote theatres of
field before this new technology can be adopted. Because
it is necessary for them to be easy to handle without
operations where threats and topography are different in
of the failure behaviour, difficult non-destructive testing
Adapted FE modelling has to precede any use of FRP so
any sophisticated tools, to be deployable within the
comparison with Europe is leading to new military bridging
and problematic repair, reservations exist regarding the
that the feared progressive failure of sandwich laminates can
shortest possible time, and to have structural elements
requirements, the most important of them being the dead
application of FRP in heavily loaded supporting structures.
be precluded through design-related measures as early as
with the highest possible specific strength level. These
weight of the bridges. The bridging equipment has to be
mission-relevant criteria are validated and assured at
transportable by aerial vehicle, in some cases perhaps also
It has been possible to test critical points of hitherto used
have been extended for this purpose at WTD 51. Failure
the Bundeswehr Technical Centre for Engineer and
as an underslung load. In cooperation with the Bundeswehr
assault bridges, such as the folding dry-gap bridge or folding
modes of sandwich materials can be determined realistically
General Field Equipment (WTD 51) in Koblenz for
Technical and Airworthiness Centre for Aircraft (WTD 61),
float bridge, with the aid of dye penetrant, magnetic particle
using the ABAQUS™ simulation tool. Well-known failure
every bridge in use, drawing upon the latest scientific
three mobile lightweight bridges for MLC 12 were lifted
or also conservative ultrasonic methods, and thereby
and damage criteria are used for behaviour prediction
knowledge. There, new design concepts for lightweight
as underslung loads by a CH-53 helicopter and set down
determine and verify a certain maximum flaw size for the
and are corrected (calibrated) on the basis of real data in
bridges constructible from fibre composite materials
on a tract of terrain with a view to studying bridge trans-
fracture-mechanical concept of the structures. Conventional
the course of the tests. The FE tool provides the unique
are being tested for their military suitability, and
portability. Such a manoeuvre places extreme demands
metals, such as steel or wrought aluminium alloys, generally
possibility to combine, in one step, rigid body motion
simulation models calibrated on the basis of the latest
on the aeroelasticity of the helicopter and on the abilities
exhibit very homogenous and isotropic mechanical behaviour
(kinematics) and quasi-static deformation during a crossing,
experimental data.
of the pilot. To achieve a minimum target signature, it is
with an additional “inherent safeguard”, that of plastic
for which it uses the Lagrange multiplier method as an
necessary to minimise the length of the lifting gear. During
strengthening. GFRP and CFRP, however, behave mainly
integral part of ABAQUS™.
the experiments this also led to a chaotic, multi-body
viscoelastically.
the planning phase. The know–how and the software base
motion due to the ‘down-wash’ effect of the helicopter in
combination with the swivel-mounted lifting gear. The
An ultrasonic phased array (US-PA) method has been used
main outcome of the study is that transporting bridges as
to see whether it is a reliable and suitable means for testing
underslung loads can be considered a realistic possibility.
CFRP non-destructively. Every fibre embedded in the resin
matrix constitutes an inhomogeneity (in fact, a jump in
Fig. 1: CFRP bridge for MLC 12
Fig. 2: Insertion of decking plates into the girder of the GFRP bridge
for MLC 35
Fig. 3: Bridge as an underslung load
Fig. 4: Model of the GFRP bridge with displacement and 40t load iaw STANAG 2021
58
TROI Michael Steyerer
Schutz- und Sondertechnik,
Oberjettenberg
[email protected]
Development of Passive Protection Measures
for the Storage of Military Ammunition during
Missions
59
shell fragments and debris from the storage facility itself,
expertly implement the construction work needed in-theatre.
making very large safety distances necessary. These are
The Field Type Ammunition Magazine (FTAM), its newly
crucial parameters when specifying safety distances on the
developed door system and its design variants are, of
basis of hazard and risk analyses. Integrated verification with
course, explicitly described in the Handbook. Based on it,
regard to safety and operational requirements is assured
eight FTAM have already been erected by the German
by means of numerical virtual simulation and model- and
Bundeswehr in Kunduz, Afghanistan, as well as six
full-scale tests in cooperation with other agencies, technical
FTAM in the Feyzabad camp, and eight in Mazar-e-Sharif.
centres and institutes.
It demonstrates that the optimised and thoroughly tested
storage solutions from WTD 52 are well-accepted by
As an example of the integrated verification process,
military requesting agencies in the field.
WTD 52 recently developed and certified a special door
A key task of the Bundeswehr Technical Centre for
Nowadays, military activities and installations of the
system to be used with the established Field Type
WTD 52 will continue in future to push ahead with R&T
Protective and Special Technologies (WTD 52) in
Bundeswehr are no longer confined to the Federal Republic
Ammunition Magazine (FTAM). The door system is
activities as well as test and realise safety-optimised, opera-
Oberjettenberg is to ensure safe, state-of-the-art storage
of Germany. The Bundeswehr is committed to numerous
designed to provide effective blast venting in case of
tionally streamlined and economical solutions, so as to
of military ammunition in camps during Bundeswehr
international peacekeeping missions, such as in Kosovo
accidental detonations inside ammunition magazines.
ensure high, flexible and effective protection for personnel
missions abroad. While ammunition storage within
or Afghanistan. These diverse missions are placing new
The aim was to prevent any failure of the door even if
and infrastructure.
Germany is subject to detailed safety regulations and
demands on the military personnel, their hardware and
there are multiple subsequent detonations. The final
requirements, a risk-based approach for determining
the infrastructure used by them. It has had far-reaching
experimental certification of the developed door system
and evaluating storage scenarios is generally applied
consequences for WTD 52, which has been concentrating
was conducted under ‘worst case’ conditions by means
to deployments outside Germany.
its expertise on providing suitable, effective and economical
of full-scale tests in cooperation with the Bundeswehr
protection for camps and ammunition storage sites for more
Technical Centre for Weapons and Ammunition (WTD 91),
than a decade. Protecting soldiers in the field during a wide
Meppen.
variety of foreign missions continues to be the principal
priority of WTD 52’s research and experimental verification
WTD 52 has also issued a comprehensive handbook on
efforts. Temporary, modular protection concepts, in particular,
passive protection measures for the storage of ammunition
are being developed and tested.
during missions. The handbook lists and thoroughly
describes all the tested and certified ammunition storage
Fig. 1: Conceptual work of WTD 52: Field
Type Ammunition Magazine (FTAM) with
gabion systems, door system and earth
cover
Given the extreme hazard potential posed by stored
solutions to be used by German troops in the field and is
ammunition, there is a special focus on developing suitable,
intended to help planners and decision makers adopt the
state-of-the-art ammunition storage facilities for use in the
best possible individual storage solution for a particular
field. Ammunition detonating accidentally produces a
scenario. Detailed design and construction plans and
rapidly expanding blast wave as well as highly hazardous
material requirements enable the user to correctly and
Fig. 2: Numerical simulation by WTD 52 –
Field Type Ammunition Magazine (FTAM),
built from steel-reinforced concrete,
verification of structural integrity after
detonation
Fig. 3: 1:5 model-scale detonation test at
the Hirschwiese mountain test range of
WTD 52 – Field Type Ammunition Magazine
(FTAM) built of steel-reinforced concrete
Fig. 4 + 5: Full-scale detonation test at WTD 91. Left: High-speed photo sequence.
Right: extent of damage to door system after 104 single detonations
Fig. 6: Practical implementation of the FTAM
in Afghanistan (Mazar-e-Sharif camp)
60
Dipl.-Ing. Josef Traxl
Schiffe und Marinewaffen,
Maritime Technologie und
Forschung, Eckernförde
[email protected]
Long-term Experimental Setup
for Asymmetric Warfare (LEXXWAR)
61
Approaches to resolve this problem have to be comprehensive
offered by such an heterogeneous network and operating
and across-the-board technologically, taking into account all
system environment can hardly be overestimated. The
aspects at the system level. The main points of focus in this
cumulative processing power can therefore be made available
regard are multisensor data fusion, the coupling of real-time
to the relevant processes, as necessary, and operating
and non-real-time elements, and the scalability of standard
system boundaries also overcome more easily than in
solutions for outfitting / retrofitting the fleet. One other
other architectures. It is possible, for instance, to link
distinctive feature in need of intensified consideration is the
already existing, efficiently performing software, such as
24/7 threat situation, meaning that the required defensive
a geographical information system, directly to data from
system must be able to carry out the processes of detection,
an R&D activity, perhaps a new database model or an
classification and defence largely autonomously as controlled
innovative 3D presentation, to create a new, even better-
escalation. But particularly where defensive action is
performing application. This provides great flexibility as
The threat posed to the German Navy has changed
The new menace becomes manifest particularly in harbour
concerned, the decisions have to be made by humans, sup-
an R&D tool for research institutions, industry and, last
and grown significantly compared with the ‘classic’
approaches, during pilotage, and when at anchor or moored
ported by machines, and not be machine-made decisions.
but not least, the various Bundeswehr technical centres.
Cold War scenarios from the 1980s. Expeditionary
in harbours, in a way that forces the Navy to depart from
This also calls for new approaches in the design of man-
warfare and the emphasis on littoral operations mean
traditional behavioural patterns. What was hitherto a safe
machine interfaces.
that its ships and boats are exposed increasingly to a
harbour is now, potentially, no longer a safe haven, making
multidimensional threat of asymmetric/terrorist
it necessary to take protective measures at all levels and in
In order to carry out the R&D efficiently in the relevant
attacks. LEXXWAR has been created as a tool to
different forms (a port call for a warship actually makes
areas, the Bundeswehr Technical Centre for Ships and Naval
develop new capabilities needed to counter these
sense only if the crew can recuperate and make any needed
Weapons, Maritime Technology and Research (WTD 71)
threats.
repairs undisturbed). Asymmetric threats denote attacks from
has, with the support of the Federal Office of Defence
the air, from above and below the water’s surface, as well as
Technology and Procurement (BWB S1.1), created the
from land using practically any imaginable means, thus
LEXXWAR demonstrator as a 'system of systems' which
necessitating the capability to ‘fight right up to the vessel’s
allows the testing of new sensors, weapons, technologies,
side’ and, hence, very short response times. They also take
procedures and methods around the world. A seaworthy
place within peace mission scenarios, often using civilian
double container accommodates three consoles and two
surroundings for cover and making target classification a
19-inch-standard cabinets housing the electronic gear for
central problem, with innocent victims possibly ensuing as
the extensive array of sensors mounted on the container
the final consequence. This very complex and problematical
roof as well as the weapons. An additional IT infrastructure
situation gives rise to the need to retrofit the Navy in various
which is to be run in parallel with the existing rudimentary
areas, with particular emphasis on command, control,
command and control system is in the pipeline. This will
information, and weapons control system capabilities, and
essentially be based on virtual machines running on the
therefore to a large need for R&D.
existing computer hardware. The capabilities and potential
Fig. 2: The system was installed for HPT 08 on board one of
WTD 71’s multi-purpose vessels to demonstrate the role as a
harbour protection boat
Fig. 3: This photo of the container’s interior clearly shows the
importance of imaging sensors and a man-machine interface in
the context of asymmetric warfare. Situational awareness is
generally the key to success
Consoles (30“ TFT and computer)
SMG .50
WLAN wireless
modem
Ethernet, TCP/IP
Infrared panorama
180O segment
MSP 500
Diver detection
sonar
X-band radar
Fig. 1: LEXXWAR system overview delineating the main components
that can be complemented, as required, for special R&D purposes.
During the NATO HARBOUR PROTECTION TRIALS 2008 (HPT08), an
anti-air radar was networked ad-hoc
Fig. 4: Above-water sensor suite, panoramic infrared device for
surveillance, multi-sensor platform including laser range finder
for verification, and radar to provide classic all-weather backup
capability
62
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Fabian Eisenberger
Informationstechnologie und
Elektronik, Greding
Dipl.-Geophys. Ralf Eck
Informations- und
Datenverarbeitung, Karlsruhe
[email protected]
[email protected]
Digital Map and Situation Table: Future Workbench
for Analysis and Sensor Management in Imaging
Reconnaissance
63
display attached vertically behind it. The special feature
the NATO CD&E exercise COMMON SHIELD in
of this multidisplay approach is a third type of display, the
August 2008. WTD 81 was in charge of the national
so-called Fovea-Tablett® patented by the Fraunhofer IITB,
“Support Systems” sub-working group for that Technical
which is a tablet PC in the size of a writing pad. It is
Demonstration and contributed, among other things,
positioned on the large table display, where it functions as a
expertise from the fields of reconnaissance technology
“magic lens” and provides a direct view onto the underlying
and network centric operations. As part of the
image, but with a much higher resolution (pixel density)
“Experimental Platform for Reconnaissance Picture
than is possible with commercially available and affordable
Interpretation” project, a DigLT has been set up at the
large-screen displays. The Fovea-Tablett® can be moved
Strategic Reconnaissance Command in Gelsdorf, where
freely over the table. It is localised relatively to the table
it is being used for operationally related experiments
display in real time and receives, online, the section of the
under the supervision of WTD 81.
The Digital Map and Situation Table with Fovea-Tablett®
In future, image analysts working in imaging reconnaissance
image covered by the tablet on the table display. Using a
is an innovative display workstation concept developed
will increasingly become managers of multi-sensor systems
touch pen the operator can interact with the display software
by the Fraunhofer Institute for Information and Data
that deliver real-time data via an information network of
and, for example, choose a different visualisation mode to
Processing (IITB) for collaborative work using large
different air- and space-borne platforms. Image analysts will
the overview display selected on the table.
computer displays. It has been developed for imaging
have to select the most appropriate sensors, check their
reconnaissance applications mainly, on behalf of the
availability, perhaps also adjust their orientation and, finally,
The advantage of using the DigLT system in imaging
Bundeswehr Technical Centre for Information Technolo-
analyse the data. Integrating all the functions necessary for
reconnaissance is that a team of image analysts are shown
gy and Electronics (WTD 81) as part of a research and
this on a simple monitor screen would lead to a very dense
the map of the terrain in question with a low but completely
technology project designated “Experimental Platform
and confusing user interface, even when arranging several
sufficient pixel density, and that the image analysts can,
for Reconnaissance Image Interpretation” and featured
screens side by side.
together or individually, analyse the main areas of interest
based on high-resolution images with the aid of the Fovea-
during the NATO CD&E exercise COMMON SHIELD
in 2008.
WTD 81, while searching for a suitable workstation concept
Tablett®. Information which is required but not to be
for future networked imaging reconnaissance, took up the
displayed in the overview map for ergonomic reasons can
idea of the “Digital Map and Situation Table” (DigLT) a
be visualised in the vertical panel display via the Fovea-
multi-display workspace developed at the Fraunhofer IITB
Tablett®. This can include tables, texts and also video
in Karlsruhe and commissioned its advancement as part of
images from oblique-vision cameras that are not to be
the research and technology project designated “Experimental
projected into the map because of the resulting image
Platform for Reconnaissance Image Interpretation”. This
distortions.
concept, developed on the Fraunhofer Institute’s own
Fig. 1: Resolution gain through the Fovea-Tablett® and interaction
via touch pen
initiative for civilian disaster management, is based on the
The performance and functionality of the DigLT was verified
combination of a large horizontal table display and a panel
experimentally as part of a Technical Demonstration during
Fig. 2: Use of the DigLT during COMMON SHIELD at the Ops Centre
for Camp Protection
Fig. 3: Setup of the Digital Map and Situation Table with horizontal
and vertical display and two Fovea-Tabletts®
Fig. 4: Coded markers placed on the backplane for tracking the
Fovea-Tablett®
64
Klaus Schilling
Waffen und Munition, Meppen
65
Dr. Winfried Kalz
Hans-Jürgen Fahl
Dr. Michael Bertschik
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Validation of Explosive Fume Dynamics
in Rooms
Ammunition (WTD 91) in Meppen is to numerically
To validate these fume dynamics, a test room equipped with
simulate the effect of SIBEX explosives for different
different measuring sensors has been set up. High-speed
mission scenarios in future. A new approach to clarifying
heat flow sensors have also been used in the test room for the
the SIBEX phenomena has been selected, and roughly the
first time, in cooperation with the Franco-German Research
first 10 ms after a detonation found to be of crucial
Institute Saint-Louis (ISL).
On missions abroad, soldiers often face threats and
Flexible response charges containing special explosive
importance. Open-air detonation tests show the pressure
attacks in urban environments. Their response to such
mixtures are seen as a possibility for soldiers to respond
curves of classic, SIBEX and thermobaric explosives to
Further basic experiments in the urban module will
threats and attacks needs to be proportionate. Neither
proportionately to threats and attacks. These are SIBEX
behave similarly during this time window.
subsequently focus on determining the beginning of the
the Russian-type bombs from 2007 nor the American
explosives (Shock Insensitive Blast Enhanced Explosives).
type from 2003, which are based essentially on the old
SIBEX consists of plastic-bonded conventional explosive
The unusual quality of the fumes dynamics after detonations
explosives and on the influence of turbulence effects in
principle of the Zippermayr bomb from the Second
including metal particles (such as aluminium, boron, silicon,
in closed rooms has been discovered for the first time within
rooms with different atmospheres (air and argon).
World War, are suitable for that purpose however. There
titanium, tungsten, zircon). They differ from thermobaric
the framework of extensive numerical simulations involving
is rather a need for proportionable, switchable and
charges in that they contain no liquid components of any
the well-known explosive TNT (trinitrotoluene). The fume
Initial theoretical approaches to the SIBEX effects reveal
directed charges so as to minimise undesirable effects.
kind (which are more like Fuel Air Explosives (FAE) in
dynamics are based essentially on the primarily generated
that, during detonations in rooms, there are complex inter-
Data from numerical simulations are playing a major
their reaction). The influence of metal components,
shock wave being reflected in rooms by walls, floor and
actions of different factors characterising the shock wave
role in understanding the basic mechanisms of such
particularly aluminium, in underwater explosives has been
ceiling and interacting again with the slower propagation
physics and fumes physics which can be properly replicated
flexible response charges in rooms.
known since as long ago as 1899 thanks to Escales. A kind
process of the explosive fumes. The fumes are even “pressed”
only on the relevant original scale. This means that
of post-reaction of the metalliferous explosive fumes, also
or “centred” toward the middle of the room regardless of their
explosions of SIBEX explosives in the open air cannot, in
referred to as “afterburn effect”, takes place with the
place of origin, i.e. the fumes are initially in the middle of
principle, be compared to SIBEX explosions in rooms, nor
atmospheric oxygen. Until today, though, there has not
the room after roughly the first 10 ms even after detonations
SIBEX explosions on a laboratory scale be extrapolated on
been any complete mathematical description and numerical
in front of open doors and windows in the room. This
the original scale. The TNT equivalency estimated for SIBEX
simulation of the physical and chemical processes that occur
discovery is of very fundamental importance for further
explosives would not then have any clear representative
during the detonation of SIBEX explosives.
understanding the afterburn effects occurring with SIBEX
value, either, because substance-independent values such as
explosives.
ambient geometry have an influence on the development of
afterburn reaction for aluminium-containing SIBEX
the explosive effect.
The objective of the SIBEX research and technology project at the Bundeswehr Technical Centre for Weapons and
Shock wave
generation
p(t)
Detonation of
explosive(s)
Fume generation (with
“afterburn“ effect)
Geometry of
surroundings /
reflections
Fig. 1: Pressure und fume propagation from a 3 kg TNT sphere in
a room corner (room is 4.8 m long, 3.84 m wide, 3.9 m high, with
a volume of approx. 72 m³)
Fig. 2: Basic reaction schematic for SIBEX explosives including feedback of pressure reflections as a variable influencing the afterburn
process of explosive fumes
Fig. 3: Transparent 3D representation of the new urban module in
Meppen. Windows and doors facing the outside are marked in red
Fig. 4: Setup of the pressure, temperature and high-speed heat flow
gauges in the test room of the urban module in Meppen to validate
the TNT fumes dynamic
Military Medical Research
2
68
Oberfeldarzt
Dr. Michael Schmitz-Rode
Institut für den Medizinischen
Arbeits- und Umweltschutz
der Bundeswehr, Berlin
Oberstarzt
Wolfgang Hanschke
Kommando 4. Luftwaffendivision,
Aurich
wolfgang1hanschke@
bundeswehr.org
michaelschmitzrode@
bundeswehr.org
Demonstration of the Effectiveness of a
Hearing Protection Device against Impulse Noise
caused by Hand Weapons
69
Normal to moderately loud sound events, such as speech or
performed directly on the firing range using the mobile
the approach of people, pass through this filter, which is
audiometry measuring bus of Bundeswehr Technical Centre
usually open, and reach the tympanic membrane and can
91, Meppen (Fig. 2).
thus be perceived. When the acoustic pressure increases,
e.g. during the firing of a shot or the detonation of a mine,
It was possible to show in the tests that the Ear ISAF earplug
the filter closes due to the pressure wave accompanying the
with integrated ISL impulse noise filter can reduce the risk
sound event, thereby preventing any damage to the sensory
of bang trauma caused by weapon noise just as effectively
cells in the inner ear.
as the Ear Classic earplug used in the Bundeswehr up to now.
None of the examined test persons suffered any hearing
The impulse noise hearing protection device has not been
damage during the firing tests, and the pure-tone audiometry
fielded with the Bundeswehr as yet because a CE marking
readings did not show any significant changes in the hearing
Because of the change in the Bundeswehr’s mission
Hearing protection is needed for military personnel on
is still to be assigned for this product, such that certified
curves prior to or after firing (Fig. 3). The two tested ear-
spectrum it is constantly necessary to adapt the service-
missions abroad that not only effectively safeguards against
proof of effectiveness as required by German standards is
plugs, however, behave much differently with regard to speech
men’s and women’s materiel and equipment to the new
impulse noise but also enables personnel to detect ambient
pending.
comprehension. The novel earplug with impulse noise filter
challenges. This also includes the need to improve their
sounds and comprehensibly communicate with one another.
protection against hearing damage caused by weapon
The Ear Classic II and Bilsom 303 earplugs, which are
In the present study commissioned as a special research
comprehension of military personnel using the Ear ISAF
and explosion noise. Described below is a novel hearing
currently in use with the Bundeswehr and were originally
project by the Central Medical Service Staff, FMOD, the
impulse noise hearing protection device was already more
protection device that has been tested and validated for
developed to protect against continuous noise exposure,
effectiveness of the impulse noise filter was examined in
than 90 % for a speech level of only 60 dB, whereas in the
its fitness for use with the Bundeswehr.
do not meet these requirements since the linear attenuation
firing tests using, as personal weapons, the P 8 pistol, G 36
control group using the previously introduced Ear Classic
of 28 and 33 dB, respectively, largely prevents acoustic
rifle and MG 3 machine gun. The question to be answered in
it was only 55 % (Fig. 4).
perception of ambient sounds. Because of this capability
this connection was whether the use of the impulse noise filter
gap, many personnel in-theatre do not wear any hearing
can reliably reduce the risk of the inner ear being damaged
The present study has thus been able to demonstrate that
protection at all so as to thus avoid dangers to life and limb,
by bang trauma. The aim was also to demonstrate that it
ambient sounds can be detected immediately and military
and thereby risk permanent hearing damage as serious as
allows better ambient sound detection and communication
personnel can communicate effectively among one another
deafness due to unexpected weapon or explosion noise.
than the devices so far used to protect hearing against
while also being protected against weapon and explosion
continuous noise.
noise. The novel hearing protection has been accepted on
is clearly superior to the previously used earplugs. Speech
The introduction of a so-called impulse noise hearing pro-
the basis of the study findings as an interim solution for
The firing tests involved a total of 60 test persons. Pure-tone
use on the mission abroad in Afghanistan. Additional tests
gap for military personnel deployed on operations. The
audiometry to determine individual hearing curves and speech
to establish the maximum numbers of fired rounds allowed
Franco-German Research Institute Saint Louis (ISL) has
audiometry to check speech perception were conducted on
during training are on-going.
developed an impulse noise filter for this purpose which
each test day prior to the start of firing, directly after, and
has been incorporated into various earplugs (Fig. 1).
24 hours after firing. The audiometric examinations were
Mean values from the pure-tone audiometry
Mean values from speech perception
(n = 132 per group)
Frequency [kHz]
(n = 132 per group)
Ear ISAF prior to firing
Ear Classic prior to firing
Speech perception [%]
Hearing threshold [dB]
tection device in the Bundeswehr can close this capability
with Ear Classic
with Ear ISAF
without ear plugs
Ear ISAF after firing
Ear Classic after firing
Volume [dB]
Fig. 1: Ear ISAF earplugs with ISL impulse noise filter
Fig. 2: Audiometry measuring bus of Bundeswehr Technical
Centre 91
Fig. 3: Comparison of the mean values from the pure-tone audiometry prior to or after firing
Fig. 4: Comparison of speech comprehension without hearing
protection, and with Ear Classic and Ear ISAF
70
Oberfeldarzt Dr. Wolf Splettstößer
Institut für Mikrobiologie der
Bundeswehr, München
wolfsplettstoesser@
bundeswehr.org
71
clinically evaluate such assays (5, 6, 7), it is a time-
differential diagnosis. It should, additionally, facilitate the
consuming and expensive process. Assays are available for
later introduction of further, simplified and standardised
other agents (Q fever, brucellosis), but they are based on
assays based on this analysis method (14).
different formats (fluorescence assays, agglutination assays,
Development, Validation and Clinical Evaluation
of Multiplex Assays for the Rapid Diagnosis of
Rare Infectious Diseases
ELISA, immunoblots), cannot be standardised and are often
For the Brucella ssp., Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis
inadequately evaluated clinically such that, for logistical
and Yersinia pestis bacteria the assays have yielded the
reasons, they are unsuitable for use in a field laboratory.
required values of over 90 % for sensitivity and specificity,
respectively. This method is therefore suitable for routine
As an alternative to developing classic immunoassays for
diagnostics. The changeover to this method has not been
every single agent, the Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology
successful for the Coxiella burnetii pathogen, however. It
is engaged in establishing flow cytometry assays, which,
has not been possible to reproducibly couple the chemically
The objective of the described R&D project has been
The reorganisation of the German Bundeswehr, combined
by using microparticles as a solid phase, are superior to
undefined antigen (cell lysate) to the microspheres (beads).
to establish a diagnostic multiplex immunoassay for the
with a growing number of missions abroad, as well as a
conventional immunoassays in respect of sensitivity,
It has been possible, though, to demonstrate the basic fitness
detection of human antibodies, in serum or plasma,
growing risk of biological agents being used in military
specificity and performance time (8). One very essential and
of the multi-analyte method for the Orthopox, measles,
against the highly virulent pathogens that cause
conflicts or terroristic acts make it necessary to develop
unique advantage of this combined method, however, lies in
mumps, Varizella zoster and Hantavirus viral pathogens. A
anthrax, brucellosis, Q fever, tularemia, the plague and
and validate fast infection diagnosis methods that are also
the possibility to determine several parameters from one
clinical evaluation of the latter parameters is still pending.
hantavirus infection. The multiplex assay is based on
suitable for field use. Unlike technical biological protection
sample in one analysis step (“multiplexing”) (9, 10). The
In collaboration with an industrial partner the new multiplex
the simultaneous detection of antibodies for specific
it is mandatory, in the field of medical biological defence,
progress achieved in electronic data processing and the
assay is now being translated into a commercial diagnostic
antigens of as many as seven different biological agents
to provide assays for the serological detection of specific
introduction of uniform colour-coded microparticles have
kit that can then also be used in compliance with the in-vitro
from one single sample in a joint analysis step.
antibodies. While even today the diagnosis of many infectious
made it theoretically possible nowadays to simultaneously
diagnostics directive of the EU and German legislation on
diseases relies almost exclusively on the detection of specific
run as many as 100 different antibody tests from one serum
medical products.
antibodies (1, 2), it is often only antibodies and no longer
sample, for instance (11, 12).
(Literature references 1-14 are available from the author on
pathogen-specific antigens that are detectable in late stages
request)
of an acute infection (3). Later exclusion of any exposure
The work carried out so far at the Bundeswehr Institute of
to a biological agent can likewise be done only by means of
Microbiology has been able to demonstrate that detecting
serology. A specific, quantitative antibody assay is similarly
specific antibodies for tularemia, melioidosis and the plague
necessary for verifying the success of any vaccination (4).
is possible on the basis of the described assay principle
(8, 13). By switching to a recently marketed system called
Serological assays are not commercially available for most
‘Luminex’, it is hoped that there will be extensive stan-
biologically relevant agents (anthrax, plague, tularemia,
dardisation and a further improvement in sensitivity and
glanders, melioidosis, smallpox, HF viruses). Although it
specificity when establishing new serological assays for
is, in principle, feasible to establish and, in particular,
B-relevant agents, as well as for pathogens important for
A
Fig. 1: The basic component of the multiplex assay is colour-encoded
microparticles (left: shown in original size on a human hair). The particles, which are identifiable on the basis of their intrinsic fluorescence
(fluorescence “barcode”), allow simultaneous analysis of up to one
hundred parameters in one single step
Fig. 2: The analyses are performed in a small, compact benchtop
instrument. The samples are prepared in microtiter format which,
besides controls and standards, allows the simultaneous analysis
of around 80 samples
B
C
D
Fig. 3: The fast, simultaneous analysis of antibody titers for different biological agents is a useful tool for rapidly confirming a clinical
diagnosis. A correct laboratory diagnosis can be rapidly performed also for patients showing unspecific signs of infection (cutaneous
phenomena: A. cutaneous anthrax; B. ulcero-glandular tualremia; C. plague pneumonia; D. mediastinitis after inhalation of anthrax spores)
72
73
Major Dr. Markus Antwerpen
Institut für Mikrobiologie der
Bundeswehr, München
countries where Bundeswehr forces are deployed, and
software. The thus calculated repeat codes are compared,
natural infection of Bundeswehr personnel cannot be ruled
with the aid of a database, with already known data relating
markusantwerpen@
bundeswehr.org
out. Forensic analysis at the molecular level as a means
to other B. anthracis strains. The database is continually
of differentiating from naturally occurring strains is
upgraded through an exchange of strains and data at national
indispensable, however, in order to identify any release
and international level. The establishment of this method
of B. anthracis as a bioterrorist or warfare agent.
enables the Bundeswehr Medical Service to provide a
Molecular Typing of the Causative Agent of Anthrax:
A Contribution to Forensic Microbiology
thorough and reliable forensic analysis in the event of any
The Institute’s “High-Security Lab and Special Diagnostics”
infection with Bacillus anthracis. The outcome of such
Division, in collaboration with scientists at national and
analyses can possibly have a major political impact, which
international level, has succeeded in developing such a
in turn will have repercussions for the assessment of
method and establishing it for routine application. The method
situations and the action taken in the Bundeswehr’s theatres
of operations.
A database-assisted method for differentiating between
Anthrax is caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus
is based on the methodological principles of paternity
Bacillus anthracis strains has been established in
(B.) anthracis. Inhalation of airborne spores leads to
testing: It involves determining the length of 31 selected
collaboration with national and international research
pulmonary anthrax, which, if left untreated, is fatal in more
genomic markers of B. anthracis which are composed of
partners. In the event of an anthrax infection, this
than 90 percent of all cases. This pathogen was brought to
repetitive and very short DNA sequence motifs, or so-
forensic method makes it possible to determine whether
the public’s awareness in 2001 when a series of mailed
called tandem repeats. The number of these repeats, and
the pathogen has been released intentionally or has
anthrax-contaminated letters (so-called “Anthrax Letters”)
thus the length of the each marker, differs from strain to
occurred naturally.
caused ten persons in the USA to contract pulmonary
strain. The analysis of the 31 markers generates a strain-
anthrax, four of whom died. The suitability of B. anthracis
specific repeat code. The less common a particular repeat
as a biological warfare agent was well-known even before
code is when comparing different strains, the more distant
this incident, however, and was produced in large quantities
is the relationship between the investigated strains.
as part of bioweapons programmes. In 1979, an accident at
a biological weapons plant in Svertlovsk, USSR, in which
This technically sophisticated procedure requires the
94 persons were infected with pulmonary anthrax and 64
desired gene segment of the bacterium to be labelled with
of them died, went largely unnoticed.
short fluorescent DNA fragments and to be amplified
simultaneously by polymerase chain reaction. The obtained
Fig. 1: Cultivation of Bacillus anthracis on a blood agar plate
The mission of the Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology,
products are separated by means of capillary gel
besides the fast and reliable identification of pathogens
electrophoresis, and their lengths are determined by
used potentially as biological warfare agents, is to verify
comparison with a known standard. Based on the determined
for intentional release. Infection with B. anthracis is not
lengths it is then possible to calculate the number of repeats
necessarily indicative of a terrorist act, because the
occurring within the gene segment under consideration. The
pathogen is endemic throughout the world, including those
analysis takes place semi-automatically using programmed
Fig. 2: Preparation of DNA
Fig. 3: Typing of the extracted DNA by length determination using
capillary gel electrophoresis
74
75
Oberstabsarzt
Dr. Dirk Steinritz
Institut für Pharmakologie und
Toxikologie der Bundeswehr,
München
Oberstabsapotheker
Dr. Frank Balszuweit
Toxikologie der Bundeswehr,
München
Until recently, on-site detection of sulphur mustard required
Although detection of airborne sulphur mustard is not the
fairly complex analytical methods and equipment which
primary purpose of the described detector, an additional
normally are available only to specialised (NBC defence)
test to document its sensitivity was conducted in which a
[email protected]
[email protected]
personnel. This equipment is, also, so sensitive that it
test strip was fixed to the outside of a soldier’s protective
cannot be deployed in the field. The intention has therefore
suit (Fig. 4) before the soldier reconnoitred an artificial
been to develop a simple-to-handle, yet highly sensitive
cave contaminated by SM vapours. Again, a positive test
field-usable test for the rapid detection of SM.
result was recorded.
SM, due to its chemical properties, reacts with nucleophile
The Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
structures including elements of DNA, in particular guanine.
has, in other words, a field-usable rapid detection method
This project has thus focused on a specific and highly
at its disposal that reliably detects the presence of sulphur
Development and Validation of an On-site
Immunochromatographic Rapid Detection Method
for Sulphur Mustard
Sulphur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent
Sulphur mustard was first synthesised in the 19th century
sensitive method for detecting the predominant DNA-SM
mustard. Further development work will be aimed at
used on repeated occasions in the 20th century. Clinical
and first used in July 1917 as a chemical warfare agent by
adduct. Initial laboratory trials involved immunofluorescent
optimising the handling of the test strip.
symptoms appear only after a latency period. The
German armed forces during WWI. Further uses followed in
staining of this adduct (Fig. 1). In a next step, conducted
Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
the course of the 20th century, up to the Iraq-Iran conflict
in cooperation with an enterprise called Securetec, an
has developed a test that is quick, specific and highly
from 1980 to 1988. There are suspicions that some countries
immunochromatographic test strip was developed (Fig. 2)
sensitive for detecting unbound SM on skin. Prototypes
still keep stockpiles of this agent among their weaponry.
which comprises a filter membrane spiked with nucleotides.
of a test strip have been intensively validated for
Risks are also posed by barrels of SM dumped at sea which
The test substance (analyte) that possibly contains SM is
functionality and usability and found to be compliant
are corroding with time and releasing largely undegraded
applied in a sampling window (at one end of the strip). The
with all the requirements.
agent. Additionally, there has been evidence of terrorist
strip also bears the reagents necessary for adduct detection.
organisations trying to obtain chemical warfare agents, of
A buffer solution carries the nucleotides toward the analyte
which sulphur mustard is one of easiest to synthesise.
and reagents. A coloured band becomes visible if SM is
present (Fig. 3).
Clinical symptoms indicative of SM exposure appear only
after latency period, which is dependent on the exposure
The functionality and handling of the strips were extensively
dose and may vary from hours to days. Rapid detection of
tested during a NATO exercise. In one instance the strip
any SM contamination is therefore of the utmost importance
was used to test SM-contaminated pig skin. The sampling
because, if the reaction is positive, it is possible to warn
was done by holding the strip near to the contaminated
medical personnel at an early stage and avoid further
skin, without touching it (so-called “no touch” technique),
exposure. Potentially exposed persons can be swiftly
to minimise matrix effects. A positive result was obtained.
decontaminated, monitored prior to the onset of symptoms,
and receive optimum treatment from the outset.
A
B
C
Unbound sulphur mustard
Buffer
solution
Nucleotides
Sulphur mustard
DNA SM adduct antibody
Secondary detection antibody
Fig. 1: A: Immunfluorescence staining of sulphur-mustard/DNA adduct B: Staining of cell nuclei C: Combined images A and B
Fig. 2: Schematic reaction principle of the
sulphur mustard test strip
Fig. 3: The coloured band indicates positive
detection of sulphur mustard
Fig. 4: Preparation for the cave reconnaissance scenario; sulphur mustard test strips
on the outside of NBC protective clothing
76
Oberstabsarzt
Dr. Armin Riecke
Institut für Radiobiologie der
Bundeswehr in Verbindung mit
der Universität Ulm, München
Oberstabsarzt Dr. Christian G. Ruf
Institut für Radiobiologie der
Bundeswehr in Verbindung mit
der Universität Ulm, München
christianguidoadolfruf@
bundeswehr.org
[email protected]
77
genes: GADD45, CDKN1A, DDB2, PCNA, BAX and
ATF3. 18S-rRNA served as an endogenous control. Dose
reconstruction was performed using a multiple, linear
regression model based on ∆CT values.
Results: The six investigated genes exhibit differing
RTQ-PCR-based Biodosimetry
of Lymphocyte Subsets
regulation in PMNC (peripheral mononuclear cells) and
CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes (Fig. 1). In four of the six
genes, induction was most pronounced in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Using a multiple linear regression model for
all 6 genes it was possible to show a linear dose response
Ionising radiation induces changes in the expression
Background: The triage of radiation victims represents a
curve between 0 Gy and 1 Gy for CD4+ T lymphocytes
of radiosensitive genes in lymphocyte subsets. By using
major challenge in the management of radiation accidents.
and PMNC (Fig. 2). Complete discrimination between the
quantitative RT-PCR (RTQ-PCR) to measure the
There is currently a lack of methods for quickly confirming
sham irradiated control and the samples irradiated with
transcripts from six genes involved in the radiation
exposure to ionising radiation, especially in a mass casualty
0.1 Gy was possible when using both the PMNC and the
response of human lymphocytes, it has been possible
situation. RTQ-PCR-based measurement of radiosensitive
CD4+ T lymphocytes (Fig. 3 and 4).
to demonstrate a linear dose response of up to 1 Gy.
genes is a method that well meets these requirements.
The gene expression data allow complete discrimination
Cellular response to ionising radiation differs between
Conclusion: RTQ-PCR qualifies for biodosimetric use
between samples irradiated with 0.1 Gy and non-
the individual lymphocyte subsets. The aim of the current
in an in vitro model system. Given the possibility of
irradiated control samples.
study has been to identify differences in the radiation
automation and suitability as a high-throughput analysis
response of lymphocyte subsets at the gene expression
method, it constitutes a promising option for biodosimetric
level and their impact on using RTQ-PCR for biodosimetric
applications in medical nuclear protection.
purposes.
Method: Peripheral blood was taken from healthy volunteers.
The lymphocytes were accumulated using immunodensity
separation (“lymphocyte enrichment cocktail”), then
exposed to ionising radiation (X-rays, 240 kV, 1 Gy/min,
0-1 Gy) and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing
10 % autologous serum. The lymphocyte subsets were
isolated after 24 and 48h. After RNA isolation and cDNA
synthesis, RTQ-PCR was carried out for the following
Gene
Fig. 1: Regulation of genes in the different lymphocyte subsets.
Results of the RTQ-PCR analysis of CD4+ (n=7), CD8+ (n=5) and
PMNC (n=5) for all six investigated genes. The bars represent
the mean value ± SE
Dose reconstruction CD4+T lymphocytes 24 h p.r.
Dose
Fig. 2: PMNC dose reconstruction. Dose reconstruction using a
multiple linear regression model for the ΔCT values of all six genes.
The dots represent the mean value ± SE (n=5)
Discrimination between different doses: CD4+ ans PMNC approach
Dose reconstruction
Dose reconstruction
PMNC dose reconstruction, 24 h p.r.
Dose reconstruction
Differential gene expression
Regulation of genes in different lymhocyte subtypes (1 Gy 24 h p.r.)
Dose [Gy]
Fig. 3: CD4+ dose reconstruction. Dose reconstruction using a
multiple linear regression model for the ΔCT values of all six genes.
The dots represent the mean value ± SE (n=7)
Dose [Gy]
Fig. 4: Capability for discrimination between the individual doses
in the low dose exposure range (0-0.4 Gy): CD4+ and PMNC. Dose
reconstruction using a multiple linear regression model for the
ΔCT values of all six genes. The dots represent the mean value
± Min/Max (CD4+ n=7; PMNC n=5)
78
Dr. Michael Stein
Flugmedizinisches Institut der
Luftwaffe, Abteilung Ergonomie,
Manching
[email protected]
Development of an Experimental Design
for Anti-G Suits in a Human Centrifuge
79
air chambers in the AEA are pressurised with air via a valve.
as dependent variables within the scope of standardised
This leads to a narrowing of the full-coverage anti-G trousers
expert interviews, and the ‘mental disposition’ and
and of the counter pressure vest cross-sections. The pilot is
‘motivation of the test subjects’ were also recorded using
simultaneously respirated with compressed air via his oxygen
standardised questionnaires. Test pilots from the combat
mask (Positive Pressure Breathing anti G-System, PBG).
aircraft project liaison team and the Bundeswehr Technical
Adequate + Gz-protection is ensured in combination with a
and Airworthiness Centre for Aircraft (WTD 61) were also
simultaneously performed anti-G straining manoeuvre.
involved in the method development process to integrate all
The LIBELLE anti-G suit functions autonomously of other
the relevant flight and ergonomic aspects into the interview
on-board systems on the basis of ‘fluid muscles’ integrated
guide (for conducting the expert interviews). The interview
in the suit and the shifting of the amount of water contained
guide was reviewed and revised in several iteration loops.
in those fluid muscles under + Gz-loads. When + Gz-forces
The “mental disposition” and “test person motivation”
The German Air Force is currently using two anti-G
Jet-propelled, 4th generation combat aircraft, or so-called
occur, the cross-section of the anti-G suit is narrowed which,
constructs were included as a means of monitoring possible
suits in parallel for Eurofighter flight operations: the
high-performance aircraft such as the Eurofighter weapon
in combination with an anti-G straining manoeuvre,
error variance. These constructs are crucial particularly for
Aircrew Equipment Assembly (AEA), and the so-called
system, are able to generate forces of up to +9 Gz through
provides + Gz-protection.
human centrifuge tests since the results achieved by the
LIBELLE. To provide a basis for deciding which system
their enormous engine power (static thrust at sea level using
should be used in future, a scientific reference study
afterburner = 95 kN per engine), the use of light carbon
In a comparative study, both anti-G suits were tested by
day of the tests and on their motivation on that day. The
has been conducted in a human centrifuge with the
fibre reinforced composite materials (weight reduction),
19 subjects (jet airplane pilots) in various human centrifuge
Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine worked closely
aim of evaluating all the relevant parameters.
and also their applied aerodynamics (combination of delta
runs as part of a ‘within subjects design’. Tested were:
together with the University of Wuppertal (Chair of General
and canard wings). It is particularly significant in this
>> several G-awareness profiles (the test person runs
Psychology) and other institutions on the preparation of
test subjects also depend on how the subjects feel on the
respect that +9 Gz can be reached within one second (high
the human centrifuge at + Gz-loads between +5-7 Gz
the questionnaires. Physiological correlates (heart rate,
onset rate). During the mentioned G-forces, a shift in blood
to acclimatise his body to the + Gz-forces),
ECG, pulmonary function, etc.) were additionally derived.
volume from the brain to the lower extremities can ensue,
>> a gradual onset run (linear + Gz-load increase of
leading to certain symptoms such as tunnel vision or also
+1 Gz /sec until the test person experiences restricted
The measurement data are currently being evaluated and
a so-called G-induced Loss of Consciousness (G-LOC)
vision and terminates the run),
will then be made available, along with the evaluation, to
and, in extreme cases, to loss of the aircraft and death of
the pilot.
>> two plateau runs (the test person himself accelerates
to the +6-9 Gz plateaus and stays there for a period
of 10 seconds each) and
Two anti-G suits for controlling + Gz-forces and minimising
+ Gz–loads are currently available within the German Air
>> four simulated aerial combat manoeuvres (the test
person simulates air combat in the centrifuge).
Force. One is the AEA and the other is the LIBELLE anti-G
Fig. 1: Aircrew
Equipment
Assembly including
flight helmet
Fig. 2: LIBELLE
anti-G suit
suit. The AEA is based on the pneumatic principle. When
The anti-G suit, the ‘feeling of safety using the anti-G suits’,
+ Gz-forces are encountered (e.g. during turning flight), the
‘comfort’ and ‘discomfort’, etc. were evaluated and analysed
Fig. 3: Cockpit of the human centrifuge at the German Air Force
Institute of Aviation Medicine (Flight Physiology Dept.) in Königsbrück
Fig. 4: Human centrifuge of the German Air Force Institute of
Aviation Medicine (Flight Physiology Dept.) in Königsbrück
the Chief of the German Air Force as a decision-making
aid.
80
Flottillenarzt
Dr. Andreas Koch
Schiffahrtmedizinisches Institut
der Marine, Kiel-Kronshagen
81
Dr. Wataru Kähler
Christian-Albrechts-Universität,
Kiel
for decompression sickness (DCS) because of N2 being
(1 kg lead = 8.95 N weight in water) gives the diver feedback
insufficiently eliminated during reascent. It is hitherto
to help him keep his position. With the aid of a full-face mask
[email protected]
unknown, though, to what extent the reduction of ventilation
and a computerised spirometric unit, complete exercise
under water, as well as at increasing diving depth, is a
testing under water is possible down to a diving depth of
process actively and consciously initiated by the diver,
50m (0.6 MPa) (Figs. 1-4).
[email protected]
or whether the reduced ventilation and subsequent CO2
Diving Ergospirometry – Development
of a Device for Exercise Physiology under
Near-realistic Diving Conditions
retention by the diver are largely unnoticed processes.
Several studies have already been successfully completed
This is of relevance against the background of inadequate
in the meantime with the aid of diving ergospirometry,
ventilation despite there being an adequate air supply, also
yielding some important insights into breathing air
during reascent, and the accompanying risk of avoidable
consumption and CO2 retention during underwater fin-
diving accidents due to inadequate elimination of N2 during
swimming.
Scuba diving with compressed air represents a special
There is an urgent need for research into the physical
challenge to navy swimmers, particularly on operations,
exertion caused during diving, particularly with respect to
and involves dramatic changes in physical environment,
air consumption under water. A significant factor in this
There are, additionally, numerous aspects of exercise
Medicine thus closes a diagnostic gap by evaluating the
placing high demands on individual body fitness. The
connection is that breathing compressed air through a
physiology relating to diving on which there has been scant
exercise physiology of active divers under largely realistic
aspects of exercise physiology under diving conditions
regulator at diving depth makes breathing work more
research to date such as, among others, how far individual
conditions and is helping to improve diving safety.
have received only little investigative attention up to now,
difficult, and that fin swimming under water needs to be
experience of diving and fin swimming influences air
due ultimately to the fact that it is difficult, technically,
seen as a discipline on its own, especially where exertion-
consumption under water.
to measure physiological parameters at depth under real
related oxygen intake and ventilation are concerned.
diving conditions. The improvement of diving safety
Since the air supply available to the diver to cope with
To answer such questions, a diving ergospirometric system
hence calls for a method to measure exercise physiology
the entailed exertion is extremely limited, an acute deficit
has been designed and actualised at the HYDRA 2000
under realistic diving conditions.
of breathing gas is not seldomly the cause of serious and,
hyperbaric centre of the Naval Institute of Maritime Medicine
when all said and done, avoidable diving accidents, ranging
that facilitates the study of exercise physiology aspects
from inadequate decompression to drowning.
under near-realistic diving conditions.
It is well known that experienced divers have a lower air
The measuring setup is based on “suspended-weights”
consumption than beginner divers, which generally has
ergometry, which has similarities to so-called “tethered
to do with an increase in individual CO2 tolerance, or
swimming” where the diver is pulled backward by a variable
so-called “CO2 retention”. Although the much reduced air
weight on a pulley block and swims against the pulling
consumption of an experienced diver is to be rated as
resistance. The roller-mounted carriage to which the pull-
positive in view of the air supply being limited, CO2
back device is attached has to be kept in equilibrium in
retention has however been identified as a risk factor
the process. An optical display of the weight settings
Fig. 2: Active testing during diving ergospirometry
Fig. 3: Spirometry setup including Douglas bag inside the diving
chamber
Fig. 1: Schematic drawing of diving ergospirometry
decompression.
Diving ergospirometry at the Naval Institute of Maritime
Fig. 4: Computerised spirometry device for analysing the expired
gas outside the diving chamber
82
Dr. Karl Jochen Glitz
Zentrales Institut des Sanitätsdienstes der Bundeswehr Koblenz,
Laborabteilung IV –
Wehrmedizinische Ergonomie und
Leistungsphysiologie
Oberstarzt Prof. Dr. Dr. Dieter Leyk
Zentrales Institut des Sanitätsdienstes der Bundeswehr Koblenz,
Laborabteilung IV –
Wehrmedizinische Ergonomie und
Leistungsphysiologie
[email protected]
[email protected]
83
From a physiological point of view, performance can be
They allow the body surface of volunteers in insulating
greatly prolonged only by supporting the body’s own
protective clothing to be circumcirculated with air at high
thermoregulation mechanisms. The fundamental knowledge
rates during exercise on a treadmill in the climatic chamber.
for such an effective microclimate cooling system using
The heart rate, energy expenditure, body core and mean
sweat evaporation is lacking, however. For example:
skin temperature, and microclimate within the clothing are
measured, and the sweat rate is ascertained, in order to
Cooling the Human Body when wearing Protective
Clothing: A New Approach using a “Physiological”
Mechanism
>> What is the optimal rate of ventilation for protective
analyse the thermal regulation. Psychological effects of
clothing, and how should the air be distributed
the heat stress are also taken into consideration, using
for adequate cooling? At 20 °C, dry air can absorb
practice-related test procedures to detect relevant changes
14.9 g H2O/kg air. If a person wearing protective
in cognitive capability.
clothing exudes 500 g sweat in one hour, 474 l/min
Increased levels of protection afforded by clothing entail
The thermal insulation provided by military functional
added thermal insulation. As a result, performance
clothing is especially great due to stringent protection
may be limited and the duration of use may have to be
requirements (Fig. 1, 2, 3). Its wearers are exposed to heat
infused in a protective suit for heat dissipation?
dissipation method that supports sweat evaporation as the
reduced so as to preclude heat-related illness on the part
stress, particularly in hot areas of operation, resulting in
The infusion of excessively cold air might not only
most important physiological cooling mechanism of
of the wearer. A novel cooling method that uses man’s
decreased physical performance and working time limitations
lead to negative effects on muscles (coordination,
working man, so as to improve performance capability in
most effective physiological cooling mechanism, sweat
in order to prevent heat illness.
tonus), but also restrict the transportation of heat
insulating protective clothing.
>> What is the optimum temperature range of the air
to the skin via blood flow by vasoconstriction
evaporation, is under development to permit prolonged
working in insulating protective clothing.
of dry air (20 °C) will be necessary.
Prolonged working requires effective body cooling. The
(constriction of peripheral vessels) and thereby
microclimate cooling systems used in civilian/industrial and
even hinder heat dissipation of the human body.
military applications do not have sufficient heat dissipating
capabilities, however. Active ventilation systems rely on a
The Military Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology Depart-
forced flow of ambient air into the protective clothing,
ment is conducting a special research project involving
providing a certain amount of relief only under favourable
volunteers in a climatic chamber in order to answer these
conditions. In unfavourable cases, additional heat stress is
questions (Fig. 4, 5).
caused by the intake of hot and humid air into the clothing.
Ice vests and liquid-cooled undergarments cool the skin and
A device to supply dry, temperature-controlled air, and a
dissipate heat by conduction. The “long term” effect of
special undergarment to distribute that air, have been
either method is limited, though, because they do not use
developed as technical prerequisites with the assistance of the
working man’s most important heat dissipation mechanism,
Bundeswehr Technical Centre for Engineer and General Field
the cold achieved from sweat evaporation.
Equipment (WTD 51) and the Bundeswehr Research Institute
for Materials, Explosives, Fuel and Lubricants (WIWEB).
Fig. 1: Lightweight fragmentation-protective suit for
explosive ordnance reconnaissance and disposal (EOD)
Fig. 2: NBC protective clothing
Fig. 3: Chemical protective suit
Fig. 4: Volunteer on the
treadmill in the climatic
chamber
Fig. 5: Volunteer during the
testing in the climatic chamber
The aim of the present research is to test the effectiveness
of the concept and to devise “specifications” for a heat
Military History and Social Science Research
3
86
87
Dr. Bernhard Chiari
Militärgeschichtliches
Forschungsamt, Potsdam
The titles of the series, which are also available for free down-
as a whole as well as, occasionally, imparting the knowledge
load at http://www.mgfa.de/html/einsatzunterstuetzung/,
contained in the “Wegweiser” as part of deployment training.
[email protected]
each comprise three sections: firstly, essays on the most
The contingents, lead units and training facilities use the
important historical developments; secondly, in-depth
MGFA as a point of contact for questions regarding the
articles on special aspects (“structures and lifeworlds”); and
history of the theatres of operations. The MGFA, through its
thirdly, an annex including recommendations for advanced
product, contributes to a network that includes Joint Support
reading both in print and on the web. A chronological table
Service agencies such as the Psychological Operations
as well as other additional information including a detailed
Centre, the Bundeswehr Geoinformation Office or also the
index are designed to facilitate its everyday use as a manual
Leadership Development and Civic Education Centre.
Orientational Knowledge for Operations Abroad:
The “Wegweiser zur Geschichte” (Guide to History)
Series of the Military History Research Institute
when working in-theatre. Its size, layout and form of
presentation are intended to make rapid orientation easier
In the context of operations abroad, intercultural skills
The “Wegweiser zur Geschichte” series provides orienta-
are becoming increasingly important to each and every
tional knowledge on the histories and cultures of the areas
serviceman and woman. They help them to quickly find
in which the Bundeswehr is deployed. Eight volumes with a
The “Wegweiser” combines academic expertise and historico-
their bearings in complex scenarios. The “Wegweiser
total circulation of some 180,000 copies have been published
political education methods. Written in a manner that is
zur Geschichte” (Guide to History) series developed
so far. The “Wegweiser” gives information on the history
readily understood, it helps the reader to comprehend complex
and issued by the Military History Research Institute
of, and current structures in, Afghanistan, Kosovo, Bosnia
overall systems characterised by a multitude of actors and
(MGFA) provides useful orientational knowledge
and Herzegovina, the Middle East, the Democratic Republic
mental and cultural rules that differ from the deployed
concerning causes and outcomes of conflicts as well as
of the Congo, the Horn of Africa, the Sudan and the
soldiers’ horizons of experience. It starts with traditional
current solution approaches.
Caucasus region. The paperback series is specially tailored
ways of decision-making in a tribal society and ends with
to the requirements of the Bundeswehr in an expeditionary
the role of religion and ideals of virility in everyday life.
role, but is also available as a book trade edition from the
By, for example, describing the system of give and take in
Ferdinand Schöningh publishing house.
the hinterland of Afghanistan, it also draws contingent
for the untrained reader.
personnel’s attention to factors that may change a current
The authors represent relevant specialised disciplines, some of
situation or destabilise a balance. Not least of all, the “Weg-
them as members of the MGFA staff, and others as external
weiser” fosters the ability to endure and accept otherness
contributors. Added to these are people who have themselves
and unfamiliarity as part of the reality of operations.
borne responsibility within military operational structures
Fig. 1: Conceptualising a “Wegweiser zur Geschichte”
(Guide to History)
or in governmental or non-governmental organisations. An
The MGFA, besides conceptualising and producing the
Academic Advisory Council on Operational Support provides
“Wegweiser”, is responsible, in close cooperation with the
the MGFA with advice on concepts, specialised technical
Armed Forces Office as central coordinator, for distributing
issues and the on-going process of quality control.
it to the operational contingents and within the Bundeswehr
Fig. 2: Academic research using new media
Fig. 3: Elaborate specialised editing
Fig. 4: “Wegweiser zur
Geschichte” (Guide to History)
88
89
Dr. Heiko Biehl
Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut
der Bundeswehr, Strausberg
WissAng Iris Menke
WissAng Jana Hennig
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Socio-scientific Monitoring of Missions Abroad –
The Bundeswehr Mission in Afghanistan
of support and information on the part of the Bundeswehr
in the pre-deployment training, the ongoing operations and
family support organisation or through improved scheduling
the post-mission seminars.
of the international deployments.
The current research project on “The Bundeswehr mission
An expert’s report on “EUFOR RD Congo” has revealed,
in Afghanistan” examines, among other things, the following
The Bundeswehr Institute of Social Sciences is a federal
politically as well as militarily within the Bundeswehr have
among other things, that soldiers participating in the
central questions:
departmental research institution which carries out
a special need for information. Sound data concerning the
Bundeswehr contingent of the Congo mission were as
>> How do servicemen and women evaluate the
socio-scientific research for the Bundeswehr on behalf
attitudes of, and strains on, Germany’s military personnel are
motivated to take part in further missions abroad as soldiers
preparation for deployment, including pastoral care
of the Federal Ministry of Defence. The Institute is
required to be able to realistically assess the Bundeswehr
of a previously interviewed SFOR contingent, despite the
and psychological support within the units?
tasked with drawing up and providing basic principles,
mission capability and sustainability.
extremely difficult field conditions. Similarities were also
identified with regard to soldiers’ perception of themselves.
information and decision-making guidance through
>> What is the motivation and self-perception of the
servicemen and women like?
>> What attitudes do they have towards the use of force
systematic socio-scientific research for relevant depart-
The ongoing project of the Bundeswehr Institute of Social
In either case, almost two-thirds of the respondents perceived
ments to adequately carry out their responsibilities.
Sciences, “The Bundeswehr mission in Afghanistan”, is a
themselves primarily as ‘experts in uniform’. Acting in a role
follow-up to previous studies of the missions in Bosnia,
as development workers received the least approval among
The Bundeswehr Institute of Social Sciences has been
Kosovo, Afghanistan and the Congo. The Institute thus
the SFOR and EUFOR RD contingents.
monitoring and accompanying the Bundeswehr on missions
stands for lasting, problem-related and practice-oriented
abroad for more than ten years. Both the situation of the
socio-scientific research and advice. Through national and
The studies of the Bundeswehr international deployments
military personnel in the country of deployment and that of
international academic dialogue suitable survey tools have
are always based on a broad set of complementary socio-
regard to serving in multinational units and interacting
their families and the supporting associations in Germany
been developed, the state of scientific knowledge has been
scientific methods. Surveys by written questionnaire
with the population in mission countries?
are reviewed from a socio-scientific point of view. The aim
furthered, and information concerning missions has been
generate a representative opinion pattern regarding the
of the research efforts is to provide academic findings as a
consolidated.
mission contingents. Guided as well as in-depth interviews
To answer these research questions, an ISAF mission
and discussions with focus groups yield important
contingent is to be accompanied from pre-deployment
information concerning motivation, stress and challenges.
training to post-mission ‘decompression’. The project is
decision-making tool for the Federal Ministry of Defence.
A research report on “Mission-related Separation”, for
and active combat missions?
>> What are the main stresses endured by servicemen
and women and their families and how can they be
reduced?
In view of the complex and highly political nature of the
instance, has illustrated on the basis of detailed interviews
Bundeswehr mission in Afghanistan and the particular
with spouses how the strains on families can be reduced
The researchers obtain an authentic impression of the
hazards facing the servicemen and women, those in charge
during missions through more differentiated availability
soldiers’ situation in situ when they themselves participate
Fig. 1: Symbol on German ISAF vehicles
Fig. 2: Preparations for a reconnaissance patrol at PRT Kunduz
Fig. 3: German ISAF soldier watching the terrain around a camp
>> How pronounced are intercultural skills, also with
scheduled to run for a period of two-and-a-half years.
Fig. 4: ISAF soldier with Afghan schoolchildren
Appendix
4
Adresses and Contacts
Bundesministerium
der Verteidigung
Postfach 13 28
53003 Bonn
www.bmvg.de
Hauptabteilung Rüstung – Rü IV 2
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 42 57
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 16 90
email: [email protected]
Abteilung Modernisierung – M II / IT 2
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 92 50
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 74 14
Führungsstab der Streitkräfte – Fü S I 3
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 97 10
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 14 85
Führungsstab der Streitkräfte – Fü S I 4
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 97 68
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 68 13
Führungsstab der Streitkräfte – Fü S II 6
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 90 30
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 63 64
Führungsstab der Streitkräfte –
Fü S / UniBw
phone: +49 (0) 30 / 20 04 - 24 46
fax: +49 (0) 30 / 20 04 - 23 27
Führungsstab der Luftwaffe – Fü L II 1
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 46 80
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 65 73
Führungsstab der Marine – Fü M II 2
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 47 39
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 50 03
Führungsstab des Sanitätsdienstes –
Fü San I 1
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 62 33
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 75 46
Abteilung Personal-, Sozial- und
Zentralangelegenheiten – PSZ III 6
(Referat Wehrpsychologie/Militärpsychologie)
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 74 05
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 99 24 - 13 35
92
93
Bundesamt für Informationsmanagement und Informationstechnik der Bundeswehr
(IT-AmtBw)
Postfach 30 01 53
56057 Koblenz
phone: +49 (0) 261 / 400 - 0
fax: +49 (0) 261 / 400 - 44 05
Wehrtechnische Dienststelle
für Kraftfahrzeuge und Panzer
(WTD 41)
Kolonnenweg
54296 Trier - Grüneberg
phone: +49 (0) 651 / 91 29 - 0
fax: +49 (0) 651 / 91 29 - 2600
www.bwb.org/wtd41
für Waffen und Munition
(WTD 91)
Am Schießplatz
49716 Meppen
phone: +49 (0) 59 31 / 43 - 0
fax: +49 (0) 59 31 / 20 - 91
www.bwb.org/wtd91
Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik
und Beschaffung (BWB) – T5.2
Postfach 30 01 65
56057 Koblenz
phone: +49 (0) 261 / 400 - 38 54
fax: +49 (0) 261 / 400 - 38 66
www.bwb.org
für Pionier- und Truppengerät
(WTD 51)
Universitätsstraße 5
56070 Koblenz
phone: +49 (0) 261 / 4 00 17 - 01
fax: +49 (0) 261 / 4 00 18 - 57
www.bwb.org/wtd51
Forschungsanstalt der
Bundeswehr für Wasserschall
und Geophysik (FWG)
Klausdorfer Weg 2-24
24148 Kiel
phone: +49 (0) 431 / 607 - 0
fax: +49 (0) 431 / 607 - 41 50
www.bwb.org/fwg
für Schutz- und Sondertechnik
(WTD 52)
Oberjettenberg
83458 Schneizlreuth
phone: +49 (0) 86 51 / 79 - 0
fax: +49 (0) 86 51 / 16 - 00
www.bwb.org/wtd52
für Schutztechnologien
– ABC-Schutz (WIS)
Postfach 11 42
29623 Munster
phone: +49 (0) 51 92 / 136 - 201
fax: +49 (0) 51 92 / 136 - 355
www.bwb.org/wis
für Luftfahrzeuge – Musterprüfwesen für Luftfahrtgerät
der Bundeswehr (WTD 61)
Flugplatz
85077 Manching
phone: +49 (0) 84 59 / 80 - 1
fax: +49 (0) 84 59 / 80 - 20 22
www.bwb.org/wtd61
Wehrwissenschaftliches
Institut für Werk- und Betriebsstoffe
(WIWEB)
Postfach 14 32
85424 Erding
phone: +49 (0) 81 22 / 95 90 - 0
fax: +49 (0) 81 22 / 95 90 - 39 02
www.bwb.org/wiweb
Helmut-Schmidt-Universität
Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg
Postfach 70 08 22
22008 Hamburg
phone: +49 (0) 40 / 65 41 - 1
fax: +49 (0) 40 / 65 41 - 28 69
www.hsu-hh.de
Universität der Bundeswehr München
Werner Heisenberg-Weg 39
85577 Neubiberg
phone: +49 (0) 89 / 60 04 - 0
fax: +49 (0) 89 / 60 04 - 35 60
www.unibw.de
für Schiffe und Marinewaffen,
Maritime Technologie und Forschung
(WTD 71)
Berliner Straße 115
24340 Eckernförde
phone: +49 (0) 43 51 / 467 - 0
fax: +49 (0) 43 51 / 467 - 15 0
www.bwb.org/wtd71
für Informationstechnologie
und Elektronik (WTD 81)
Kalvarienberg
91171 Greding
phone: +49 (0) 84 63 / 65 20
fax: +49 (0) 84 63 / 65 26 07 - 707
www.bwb.org/wtd81
94
Amt für Geoinformationswesen
der Bundeswehr
Kommerner Straße 188
53879 Euskirchen
phone: + 49 (0) 22 51 / 953 - 0
fax: + 49 (0) 22 51 / 953 - 50 55
email:
[email protected]
Militärgeschichtliches
Forschungsamt
Zeppelinstr. 127/128
14471 Potsdam
14471 Potsdam
phone: +49 (0) 331 / 97 14 - 501
fax: +49 (0) 331 / 97 14 - 507
www.mgfa.de
der Bundeswehr
Prötzeler Chaussee 20
15344 Strausberg
phone: +49 (0) 33 41 / 58 18 00
fax: +49 (0) 33 41 / 58 18 02
email:
[email protected]
www.sowi.bundeswehr.de
Sportmedizinisches Institut
der Bundeswehr
Dr. Rau Allee 32
48231 Warendorf
phone: +49 (0) 25 81 / 94 11 - 46 00
fax: +49 (0) 25 81 / 94 11 - 46 49
email:
SportmedizinischesInstitut@
bundeswehr.org
Institut für den Medizinischen Arbeitsund Umweltschutz der Bundeswehr
Scharnhorststr. 13
10115 Berlin
phone: +49 (0) 30 / 28 41 - 25 01
fax: +49 (0) 30 / 28 41 - 25 03
email:
[email protected]
Institut für Mikrobiologie
der Bundeswehr
Neuherbergstr. 11
80937 München
phone: + 49 (0) 89 / 31 68 - 23 12
fax: + 49 (0) 89 / 31 68 - 32 92
email:
InstitutfuerMikrobiologie@
bundeswehr.org
Toxikologie der Bundeswehr
Neuherbergstr.11
80937 München
phone: +49 (0) 89 / 31 68 - 29 25
fax: +49 (0) 89 / 31 68 - 23 33
email:
[email protected]
Institut für Radiobiologie
der Bundeswehr
in Verbindung mit der
Universität Ulm
Neuherbergstr. 11
80937 München
phone: + 49 (0) 89 / 31 68 - 27 49
fax: + 49 (0) 89 / 31 68 - 26 35
email:
InstitutfuerRadiobiologie@
bundeswehr.org
Flugmedizinisches Institut
der Luftwaffe
Postfach 1264 / KFL
82242 Fürstenfeldbruck
phone: + 49 (0) 81 41 / 53 60 - 20 00
fax: + 49 (0) 81 41 / 53 60 - 29 99
Schiffahrtmedizinsches Institut
der Marine
Kopperpahler Allee 120
24119 Kronshagen
phone: + 49 (0) 431 / 54 09 - 17 00
fax: + 49 (0) 431 / 54 09 - 17 78
www.marine.de
Zentrales Institut des Sanitätsdienstes
der Bundeswehr Koblenz
Laborabteilung IV – Wehrmedizinische
Ergonomie und Leistungsphysiologie –
Andernacher Straße 100
56070 Koblenz
phone: + 49 (0) 261 / 896 - 74 04
fax: + 49 (0) 261 / 896 - 74 09
95
Fraunhofer-Verbund
Verteidigungs- und
Sicherheitsforschung VVS
Eckerstraße 4
79104 Freiburg
phone: +49 (0) 761 / 27 14 - 351
fax: +49 (0) 761 / 27 14 - 400
email:
[email protected]
www.vvs.fraunhofer.de
Angewandte Festkörperphysik
IAF
Tullastraße 72
79108 Freiburg
phone: +49 (0) 761 / 51 59 - 458
fax: +49 (0) 761 / 51 59 - 111
www.iaf.fraunhofer.de
Chemische Technologie ICT
Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7
76327 Pfinztal
phone: +49 (0) 721 / 46 40 - 402
fax: +49 (0) 721 / 46 40 - 442
www.ict.fraunhofer.de
Informations- und Datenverarbeitung IITB
Fraunhoferstraße 1
76131 Karlsruhe
phone: +49 (0) 721 / 60 91 - 210
fax: +49 (0) 721 / 60 91 - 413
www.iitb.fraunhofer.de
Kurzzeitdynamik
Ernst-Mach-Institut EMI
Eckerstraße 4
79104 Freiburg
phone: +49 (0) 761 / 27 14 - 351
fax: +49 (0) 761 / 27 14 - 400
www.emi.fraunhofer.de
NaturwissenschaftlichTechnische Trendanalysen INT
Postfach 14 91
53864 Euskirchen
phone: +49 (0) 22 51 / 18 - 0
fax: +49 (0) 22 51 / 18 - 277
www.int.fraunhofer.de
Hochfrequenztechnik
und Radarsysteme DLR IHR
82234 Weßling
phone: +49 (0) 8153-28 2305
fax: +49 (0) 8152-28 1135
www.dlr.de/hr
Technische Physik DLR ITP
Pfaffenwaldring 38-40
70569 Stuttgart
phone: +49 (0) 771 / 68 62 - 302
fax: +49 (0) 771 / 68 62 - 788
www.dlr.de/tp
Forschungsinstitut Saint-Louis
5, rue du Général Cassagnou
F-68300 Saint-Louis
phone: +33 (0) 389 / 69 50 - 00
fax: +33 (0) 389 / 69 50 - 02
www.isl.eu
Forschungsinstitut Saint-Louis
Postfach 1260
79547 Weil am Rhein
FGAN-FHR
Forschungsinstitut für
Hochfrequenzphysik und
Radartechnik
Neuenahrer Str. 20
53343 Wachtberg
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 94 35 - 227
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 94 35 - 627
www.fhr.fgan.de
FGAN-FKIE
Kommunikation, Informationsverarbeitung und Ergonomie
Neuenahrer Str. 20
53343 Wachtberg
phone: +49 (0) 228 / 94 35 - 287
fax: +49 (0) 228 / 94 35 - 685
www.fgan.de/fkie
FGAN-FOM
Optronik und Mustererkennung
Gutleuthausstr. 1
76275 Ettlingen
phone: +49 (0) 72 43 / 992 - 131
fax: +49 (0) 72 43 / 992 - 298
www.fgan.de/fom
96
Editorial Details
PUBLISHED BY
Bundesministerium der Verteidigung
Unterabteilung Rü IV
Fontainengraben 150
53123 Bonn
EDITING, GRAPHIC DESIGN, LAYOUT
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Gratzfeld Werbeagentur GmbH, Wesseling
CONTENT SUPPORT
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PRINTED BY
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AS OF
Juni 2009
PHOTOS COURTESY OF
Amt für Geoinformationswesen der Bundeswehr, Euskirchen
ARGE F-125
Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, Bonn
Bundeswehr – Presse- und Informationszentrum Marine, Glücksburg
Bundeswehr – Presse- und Informationszentrum UNIFIL
Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel
Diehl BGT Defence GmbH & Co. KG, Überlingen
DLR, Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, Weßling
DLR, Institut für Technische Physik, Stuttgart/Lampoldshausen
FGAN-FHR, Wachtberg
FGAN-FKIE, Wachtberg
FGAN-FOM, Ettlingen
Flugmedizinisches Institut der Luftwaffe, Fürstenfeldbruck
Fraunhofer EMI, Freiburg i. Br.
Fraunhofer IAF, Freiburg i. Br.
Fraunhofer ICT, Pfinztal
Fraunhofer IITB, Karlsruhe
Fraunhofer INT, Euskirchen
FWG, Kiel
Helmut-Schmidt-Universität – Universität der Bundeswehr, Hamburg
Institut für den Med. Arbeits- und Umweltschutz der Bundeswehr, Berlin
Institut für Mikrobiologie der Bundeswehr, München
Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, München
Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr, München
ISL, Saint-Louis
Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam
NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency, Den Haag
Public Health Libary CDC, Atlanta, USA
Rheinmetall Defence, Düsseldorf
Schiffahrtmedizinisches Institut der Marine, Kronshagen
SKA – Mediendatenbank der Bundeswehr
Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut der Bundeswehr, Strausberg
Universität der Bundeswehr, Hamburg
Universität der Bundeswehr, München
WIS, Munster
WIWEB, Erding
WTD 41, Trier
WTD 51, Koblenz
WTD 52, Oberjettenberg
WTD 71, Eckernförde
WTD 81, Greding
WTD 91, Meppen
ZInstSanBw, Koblenz
17. DEU EinsKtgt ISAF

2008 Annual Research and Technology Report

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