Kinch (2004) AquTrade-SolMarau

Transcription

Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI.
The Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands,
with Specific Notes on
Marau Sound, Guadalcanal.
Jeff Kinch1
February 2004
A Report prepared for the:
Marine Aquarium Council
and the
Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific-International
1
Regional Community Development Officer- Pacific
Sustainable Management of the Aquarium Reef Trade Program
PO Box s23-MH Superfresh
Suva FIJI
Ph: +679 337 1300
Fx: +679 337 1773
Email: [email protected]
1
Contents
Page
Introduction
The Solomon Islands Marine Aquarium Trade
Curio Coral and Solomon Sea Stones
Company Contact Details
Exports
Purchasing
Mortality
Aquaculture Activities in the Solomon Islands
Coral Gardens-Solomon Islands
Giant Clams
Government Management
The Fisheries Act 1998
The Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998
CITES
Provincial Governments
Biological Surveys
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4
5
5
6
8
9
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
The Marau Sound
The ‘Tension’
Paruru Aquaculture
Marau Fisheries
Marau Fishing and Community Association
Marau Leaders Council
Governance Issues
Tenureship
Economic Conditions
The Aquarium Fishery Today
Methods of Collecting
Management Strategies
Marine Resource Management Workshop – 26/01/2004
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
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15
15
16
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18
18
19
20
21
22
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25
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Appendix 1: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands Species List
Appendix 2: Solomon Islands Marine Exports Species List
Appendix 3: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands Buying and Selling List
Appendix 4: Marau Sound Workshop Attendees
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35
37
38
2
Acronymns
AASI
CAMP
CITES
CGSI
CMT
DFMR
DFEC
ECANSI
FSPI
GGG
ICLARM
IFM
MCA
MEF
MLC
MAC
MPA
SIDT
SIG
SILMMA
SIME
SSS
Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands
Collection Area Management Plan
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species
Coral Gardens Solomon Islands
Customary Marine Tenure
Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources
Department of Forestry, Environment and Conservation
Environmental Concerns Action Network of Solomon Islands
Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific International’s
Gardening Good Governance
International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources and Management
Isatabu Freedom Movement
Marau Communities Association
Marau Eagle Force
Marine Aquarium Council
Marine Protected Area
Solomon Islands Development Trust
Solomon Islands Government
Solomon Islands Locally Managed Marine Areas
Solomon Islands Marine Export
Solomon Sea Stones
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Introduction
The Solomon Islands has a tropical climate with a relatively high and stable temperature, high
humidity and abundant rainfall. There are six main islands and approximately 1,000 smaller ones
forming two chains of islands between latitudes 5° and 12° South and longitudes 154° and 162°
East (Kile, 2001). These ‘archipelagos’ extend over 1,700 km in length and cover a land area of
nearly 30,000 km2, a coastline of around 4,000 km and an EEZ of 1.34 million km2 (Eco-Consult
Pacific, 2003) and encompasses some of the largest lagoons and coral reefs systems in the world.
The majority of the country’s estimated 500,000 inhabitants - Melanesians constitute 95% of all
people with Polynesians, Micronesians (Gilbertese), Europeans, Chinese and others making up
the remainder - live in coastal or island communities. Approximately 85% of all land and marine
areas are held under ‘traditional’ or ‘customary’ tenure systems as villagers rely mainly on
fishing, trade and subsistence agriculture for their food security and livelihoods.
Population growth rate has been estimated at 3.4% annually, with approximately half the
population under the age of 20 (Eco-Consult Pacific, 2003). Presently, the problem of high or
increasing population density is primarily a local one affecting particular small islands. Changed
scales of development associated with the commercialisation of resources and market trends are
also increasing the pressure on natural resources as people strive to maintain or improve their
standard of living. There is also high rural to urban drift, particularly to Honiara, the capital
located on the main island of Guadalcanal.
Solomon Islanders have one of the highest per capita seafood consumption rates in the world with
over 80% of the population deriving their protein from marine resources. The annual production
from subsistence and artisanal fisheries has previously been estimated at SI$ 60 million (Kile,
2000) and the sale of marine resources provides the second highest foreign exchange earnings for
the nation.
Due to the recent ethnic ‘tension’ from 1998-2001 most commercial enterprises, private and
government infrastructure have closed or declined considerably in production and outputs. The
attack on the Twin Trade Towers in New York in September 2001 also affected businesses in the
Solomon Islands because of less flights and subsequently less freight availability. This combined
with increased security issues on imports to the USA added extra burdens. For example,
Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (AASI) lost approximately 50% access to its import companies
and could only supply 50% of aquarium organisms to those it retained.
The Solomon Islands Marine Aquarium Trade
The marine aquarium industry in the Solomon Islands involves the collection, selling/purchasing,
packing and exporting of commodities for aquaria (Lam, 2003). There are currently two
companies involved in the export of live aquarium organisms in the Solomon Islands. Both are
situated in the Ranadi industrial area of Honiara. The oldest is Solomon Islands Marine Export
(SIME), which is owned and managed by Paul Saelea. It was started with the assistance of an
expatriate consultant and investor, David Palmer in 1995. David Palmer later left SIME to form
AASI with Simon Gower in 1998.
SIME specializes in the coral ornamentals trade while AASI handles mostly aquarium fish.
SIME has a 900 m2 warehouse that is situated several hundred metres from the sea. They have 17
large fiberglass holding tanks covering an area of approximately 200 m2 and has a closed
seawater system and protein skimmers (Lam, 2003). Fresh seawater is delivered on a regular
basis.
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Facilities at Solomon Islands Marine Exports (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
AASI has a warehouse with an area of 1100 m2 and is situated near the seashore. They have five
self-contained holding systems. Blue tanks outside the main shed are used to hold and sort new
fish arrivals before entering the main system inside. Size and species determines which holding
tank system fish will be put into. The holding tanks are made of acrylic material and are arranged
in little cubicles to ensure segregation of fish.
Because of their proximity to the seashore, fresh seawater is pumped directly into facility when
needed (around 40% of seawater is exchanged weekly) and undergoes UV treatment and protein
skimming. AASI does not monitor the condition of the water beyond visual assessments. Copper
is regularly added to the system. When there has been a lot of fish through the system, tanks are
drained to a mimum level, cleaned and refilled. Twelve staff are currently under employ at
AASI.
Facilities at Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
Curio Coral and Solomon Sea Stones
Ian Gower (Simon’s father) first started the coral curio trade in the Solomon Islands in the 1980s
at his Paruru plantation in the Marau Sound. At this time, the main curio corals were Heliopora
corulea and Tubestrea spp. Live sand and clams were also purchased and exported. An
expatriate Legal Officer with the Guadalcanal Province later stopped the trade, and the company
moved to Honiara. Simon Gower later started Solomon Sea Stones (SSS) as a sideline business
to AASI and began buying from Ngella for SI$ 3/piece, and previously exported curio coral under
AASI but stopped in January 2003 to export independently. The last shipment of curio corals out
of the Solomon Islands was in November 2003 and SSS has now closed. Solomon Sea Stones
had a large temporary fenced off area on the seashore also at Ranadi.
Company Contact Details
Mr Paul Saelea
Solomon Islands Marine Export (SIME)
P.O. Box 1637
Honiara
Solomon Islands
Ph: + 677 30682
Fx: + 677 30682
Mr Willie Veitch
Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (AASI)
P.O. Box R2113
Honiara
Solomon Islands
Ph: + 677 38498
Fx: + 677 38499
5
Mr David Palmer
Aquarium Arts-USA (AAUS)
821 West Hyde Park Boulevarde
Inglewood
California 90302
USA
Ph: + 1 310 419 4120
Fx: + 1 310 419 4164
Mr Simon Gower
Aquarium Arts-Australia (AAA)
PO Box 1038
Indooroopilly
Brisbane
Queensland 4038
AUSTRALIA
Ph: + 61 41976 8102
Fx: + 61 7 9587 0099
Exports
Green and Shirley (1999) described the Solomon Islands before the ‘tension’ as an increasingly
important nation in the marine aquarium trade. During 1985-1997, the Solomon Islands exported
1% of all the corals recorded under the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES) in the global trade (Green and Shirley, 1999), with the majority of this being
wild collected. The Solomon Islands accounts for 4 % overall of the current international coral
trade (Wabnitz et al, 2003).
According to the Global Maraine Aqaurium Database, the Solomon Islands exported 416,212
specimens from 1997-2002, which accounted for 12% of all fish entering the international
market. The Solomon Islands is also a significant source country for invertebrates. During the
period, 1998-2003 exported 75,305 invertebrates accounting for 6% of the trade (Wabnitz et al,
2003).
Coral and fish exports from the Solomon Islands for years 1996-2003
Coral (includes cultured corals)
Year
Fish
Number
*1996
*1997
*1998
*1999
*2000
*2001
#2002
#2003
Value SI$
61,144
37,552
56,522
51,417
33,250
-
Number
94,672
289,870
422,473
244,645
201,588
126,728
260,039
438,093
Value SI$
71,621
8,299
58,188
93,886
131,624
70,824
-
177,509
80,696
174,098
400,264
288,518
214,153
246,574
338,703
Source: *Leqata, 2004 (from Solomon Island Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Statistics).
#Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands: Database
AASI exports about 250 different ornamental fish from 55 species whilst SIME exports around
70 different coral species and a few assorted invertebrates (see Appendices 1 and 2 for Species
Lists for AASI and SIME). AASI does all the exporting documentation for the two companies
and all marine aquarium products are air freighted under this company. This strategy has been
employed to ensure freight handling and shipment is more efficient for SIME.
A in-house stocklist is generated for SIME and AASI every Monday and then sent to AASI’s
sister facility in the USA. AAUS then produces orders for retailers within the USA for
distribution and everything in stock is usually taken. Aquarium products held at AASI are
exported in plastic bags of oxygenated seawater and packed in styro-foam boxes. Frozen bags of
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water are placed in the boxes for export to lower the overall temperature. This is done to add
comfort to the organisms being exported.
Companies and countries importing from the Solomon Islands for years 2002-2003
2002
2003
Company
Country
Amblard Overseas Trading
France
Aqua Fauna and Flora
South Africa
Aquarium Arts – USA
USA
Aquarius Imports
New Zealand
Beau Ideal
Hong Kong
Ben Air
UK
ComeYong International
South Korea
Fab Fish
Australia
Living Waters
New Zealand
Meadowcroft Fish Farm
New Zealand
Meerwasser Centre Menzel Germany
Merresaquaristik
Germany
Seacare Mariculture
Canada
TMC
UK
Walt Smith International
Fiji
Source: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands: Database
Company
Country
All Seas
Amblard Overseas Trading
Aqua Fauna and Flora
Aquarium Arts – Australia
Aquarium Arts – USA
Aquarius Imports
Beau Ideal
ComeYong International
Coralfarms Aqauristic
Fab Fish
Meadowcroft Fish Farm
Merresaquaristik
Paradiz Reef
Australia
France
South Africa
Australia
USA
New Zealand
Hong Kong
South Korea
Singapore
Australia
New Zealand
Germany
Singapore
The limitation in freight space on the airlines servicing the Solomon Islands is the main obstacle
to the expansion of the aquarium trade. Currently, approximately 120,000 kg (freight costs are
US$ 4.25/kg) of aquarium organisms are exported each year with half of this being fish. AASI
paid SI$ 1.4 million in freight costs last year to the Solomon Islands national carrier Solomon
Airlines and is their largest customer.
Volume by weight exported for years 2001-2003
Year
Weight (kg)
2001
2002
2003
145,649
100,699
120,361
Source: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands: Database
There are two routes for export out of the Solomon Islands. The first main route is via Port Vila,
Vanuatu and then to Nadi, Fiji. Once reaching Fiji, there are regular flights to Los Angeles, USA
because of the need to service Fiji’s tourism market. The second route is via Brisbane, Australia
and then on to Los Angeles. This second route has some problems, notably the delay in
connection times to Los Angeles, the allocation of freight space by Qantas, Australia’s
international carrier and the regulations enacted by the Australian Quarantine Services, which
restrict some species in transit. AASI has now opened a sister facility in Australia and is
increasingly supplying product to this market.
Flights used by AASI for Export
Day
Flight No
Tuesday
IE 700
Thursday
IE 706
Friday
IE 700
Destination
Honiara-Brisbane
Honiara-Port Vila
Port Vila-Nadi
Honiara-Brisbane
Time
16.00-18.00
15.00-17.00
18.00-20.30
02.00-04.00
Source: Solomon Airlines flight schedule.
7
Another problem associated with the export of marine aquarium organisms from the Solomon
Islands is that the flights available are in the latter part of the week, and there is often
apprehension by companies in the USA to accept product on a Friday afternoon (most likely
because of the reluctance to pay staff overtime). AASI has circumvented this to some degree by
exporting to its sister company in Los Angeles.
Purchasing
AASI and SIME both buy in SI$ and sell in US$. AASI makes on average, 6.6 times the buying
price on the selling price (range is between 5 and 14.2) on aquarium organisms (see Appendix 3
for Buying and Selling details). There are of course considerable costs involved in running an
aquarium export business, ranging from overheads, staff wages, freight, etc. Staff wages range
from SI$ 3.68/hr to SI$6.18 depending on responsibilities, capabilities and type of employment
(part-time or full-time).
AASI is not supposed to puchase corals under its investment portfolio, but occassionaly buys
cultured corals. This is mainly due to its previous role as a developer of cultured corals in the
Solomon Islands (see below). The main cultured corals purchased by SIME and AASI are
Lobophytium spp., Sinularia spp. and Rhodocatinia spp (SI$ 8.25/piece). Cultured corals are
usually lumped together and exported as Sinularia spp. The main suppliers at present are from
Ngella (SI$ 50/one way fare). Villagers bring corals in to SIME and AASI in open trays, water is
regularly changed on route. There is a current shortage of tools and materials (cement) for
expansion of this activity.
The main area of supply of wild harvested corals for SIME is also from local communities at
Ngella (SIME purchses corals from Ngella every Tuesday). Villagers at Ngella are also the main
suppliers of fish for AASI. AASI also receives fish from communities at Raramana, Munda and
Auki who ship them in oxygenated bags by air. Supply is not regular as an oxygen set costs
approximately SI$ 2,000 and is a considerable investment for communities. Freight charges are
reimbursed by AASI. Entrepeneural villagers also act as middlemen, particularly at Munda and
Ngella. These middlemen purchase off local villagers for a slightly lower price and then onward
sell to AASI.
AASI also has a vessel, the MV Rhinopias which goes on collecting rounds, particularly to Marau
Sound, which takes an average of 12 days round trip. Visits by the MV Rhinopias are based on
the functioning of the vessel and weather conditions. It is currently out of commission due to the
need of a new engine. The MV Rhinopias has 4 large eskies used as holding tanks (2 small, 2
large). These holding tanks have seawater pumped on a continuous cycle when in use.
MV Rhinopias and holding tank (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
8
To counter the high costs of fuel, which has risen by 23% over the last year, AASI introduced a
30% pro-rata payment system for fuel in October 2003. This means that if a villager brings in
over SI$ 1,000 worth of organisms they are then given SI$ 300 for fuel. If they bring in under
SI$ 1,000 they are given 30% of the total amount purchased extra. SIME does not offer this
added payment. In September 2003, AASI also increased across the board a 10% increase in
prices paid for all organisms.
Once fish are brought into the facility at AASI, they are counted as a whole, fish that are returned
to the sea are not counted and mortality records are only kept for fish that enter the system. Fish
that are held after 10 days are returned to the sea (referred to as ‘skinny’ fish). Fish are usually
held for 2-3 days before export (this allows them to purge waste). If fish are held longer they are
fed commercial feed pellets. Puffer fish take one week to purge. Clownfish are immersed in
fresh water for 3-5 minutes to remove disease like white-spot.
New fish arrivals being held and then sorted at Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
New fish being sorted, before entering the main system at Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
Fish being packed for export at Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
AASI has a very detailed database, which records individuals or boats, sales and species. This
database is a very important tool in AASI’s operation and will be very useful for gathering details
necessary for Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) Certfication.
Mortality
Unfortunately, not all the marine ornamental species brought into AASI or SIME make it to
export. This is one area that will need improvement and better recording of statistics for
compliance with MAC Certification.
9
Fish Purchases, Export and Mortalities for year 2001
Province
Place
Guadalcanal
Marau
Honiara
Ngella
Russels
Gizo
Munda
Auki
Central
Western
Malaita
Total
Number
Purchased
26,509
40
72,782
6,627
15,906
10,604
79
132,547
Number
Exported
21,389
37
68,141
6,003
12,989
8,991
71
117,621
Mortality
% of Total
Purchased
5,120
3
4,641
624
2,917
1,613
8
14,926
19
8
6
9
18
15
10
11
Source: Solomon Island Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Statistics
Other (Corals and Giant clams) Purchases, Export and Mortalities for year 2001
Province
Guadalcanal
Place
Marau
Number
Purchased
2230
Number
Exported
Mortality
2230
% of Total
Purchased
0
0
Source: Solomon Island Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Statistics
Aquaculture Activities in the Solomon Islands
The Solomon Islands government supports aquaculture farming and local participation and has
been actively involved in the culture of marine organisms since the 1980’s through the presence
of the International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources and Management (ICLARM - now
called the World Fish Centre). Species that have been successfully cultured are prawns, pearl
oysters, giant clams, trochus, green snail, corals and seaweed. ICLARM had a large hatchery at
Aruligo on the north coast of Guadalcanal and several grow-out facilities, notably Nuse Tupe in
Western Province and Marau Sound. A large proportion of ICLARM’s research in the Marau
Sound centred on giant clam and sea cucumbers. Marau Sound was also a supplier of cultured
corals (Scleractinia and Alcyonacea spp.) to the overseas aquarium trade.
The development of coral culturing in the Solomon Islands coincided with the growing concerns
in the early 1990s of sustainability of wild harvesting of corals. This saw several organizations
doing ad hoc exploration of coral culture as alterative income generation and coral reef
rehabilitation opportunities for coastal and island communities. Before the ‘tension’, there
appeared to be a demand for cultured corals and giant clams. The main issue however, for
expansion to pre-‘tension’ levels will to be reduce the cost per unit of produce and to
development marketing opportunities. This is one activity that the MAC should play an
important role in.
Coral Gardens-Solomon Islands
The Coral Gardens Solomon Islands (CGSI) project, is currently implemented by the
Environmental Concerns Action Network of Solomon Islands (ECANSI), the Solomon Islands
Development Trust (SIDT) and the Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources (DFMR).
Aims of this program are the promotion of poverty reduction in rural areas by building capacity
among communities to coral culture, along with capacity building in coral reef conservation and
habitat enhancement techniques, which improve food security and ecosystem health. Three sites
where coral farming has occurred in the past is the Marau Sound, Ngella and Langalanga Lagoon
in Malaita (Sulu, no date).
10
Giant Clams
Tridacna gigas, T. derasa, T. maxima, T. squamosa, T. crocea, and Hippopus hippopus have
previously been cultured in community-based farming operations and exported through AASI
(Bell et al, 1997; Foyle et al, 1997). Unfortunately, the largest hatchery at Aruligo was destroyed
during the ‘tension’. This has greatly reduce cultured clams available for village farming and
subsequent sale into the international market.
Post-larval Fish and Crustaceans
The World Fish Centre (WFC - formerly ICLARM) with the support of Australian Centre for
International Agricultural Research have investigated methods for the capture of post-larvae fish
and crustaceans at Nuse Tupe in Western Province (see Hair et al, 2002). A proposal is currently
under development by WFC for expansion of this activity as an alternative livelihood strategy for
villagers.
Government Management
The Solomon Islands is currently not a signatory to CITES, however it does have in place a
permitting process to regulate the export of wild harvested and cultured CITES organisms. The
Department of Forestry, Environment and Conservation (DFEC) oversee this. DFMR also has a
permit system in place as well. Export permits from both DFEC and DFMR cost SI$ 50. A
license to purchase aquarium organisms costs SI$ 5,000 from DFMR.
The Fisheries Act 1998
The Fisheries Act 1998 (No. 6 of 1998) sets out the objective of the DFMR management roles
and the development of fishery resources in the Solomon Islands so that these resources are
managed, developed and conserved, through proper conservation and management measures, so
that those resources are used at their optimum sustainable yield. The aim being to achieve
economic growth, human resource development, and employment creation, whilst also providing
a sound ecological balance. ‘Customary’ rights are also respected.
DFRM has recently banned all clam exports as of the 08th January 2004. This coincides with new
management regulation now in-place by DFEC (see below).
The Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998
The Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998 (No. 10 of 1998), was finally gazetted on the
01st September 2002. The purpose of this Act, which came into affect on the 01st September 2003
was to move the Solomon Islands forward with compliance with CITES.
Under this new Act, the Director shall not grant an export permit unless he is satisfied that:
• the applicant is an approved person equipped to provide for the suitable care of an
animal;
• the live animal is to be shipped in a manner to minimize the risk of injury and conditions
injurious to its health; and
• the live animal is healthy at the time of export (see Part III, Section 16, Sub-sections a
(i), (ii) and (iii); pp: 15-16).
11
Under Schedule I, Section 11, Category Fishes (pp: 27-28), all Amphipnon spp. will now be
prohibited exports.
Amphiprion spp. prohibited for export.
Scientific (Latin) Name
Amphiprion chrysopterus
Amphiprion clarkii
Amphiprion leucokranos
Amphiprion melanopus
Amphiprion percula
Amphiprion perideraion
Amphiprion polymnus
Amphiprion sandaracinos
Amphiprion biaculeatus
Common Name
Orange-fin anemone fish
Clarks anemone fish
White-bonnet anemone fish
Balck and white anemone fish
Clown anemone fish
Pink anemone fish
Saddleback anemone fish
Orange anemone fish
Spinecheek anemone fish
Source: Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998.
Also under Schedule II, Section 11, Category Molluscs (p: 30), the following molluscs, Tridacna
gigas, T. derasa, T. squamosa, T. crocea, T. maxima, Hippopus hippopus, Pinctada maxima and
P. margeritifera will be regulated and controlled species requiring permits for export.
DFEC has currently suspended the issuance of export permits pending the formulation of the
administrative procedures to implement the Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998
though permits obtained before the suspension date are valid (though they cannot be amended).
CITES
As noted above, the Solomon Islands is not yet a signatory to CITES. It does however have to
comply with importation rules of CITES member countries. The USA Fish and Wildlife Service
is now enforcing CITES Notification, No. 2003/20 (issued 04th April 2003) for coral imports.
AASI now has to identify corals to species in the CITES listed Schedule I or genus in Schedule
II.
Provincial Governments
Provincial governments also have a fundamental role in the management of the aquarium trade in
the Solomon Islands. The fisheries powers of Provincial governments include providing open
and closed seasons and the establishment of marine reserves, the prescribing of minimum species
sizes for all organisms caught, retained or collected and the prohibition of destructive fishing
methods or equipment.
Biological Surveys
The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network program based at Gizo will be called upon to do
biological assessments of reef conditions in areas that the aquarium fishery operates in. The areas
around Gizo and Munda have already been completed, with assessments at Tetepare, Ngella, the
Arnavons and the Marau Sound planned. An assessment of the Marau Sound will be necessary
for the compliance with the requirements of MAC Certification and the development of the
Collection Area Management Plan (CAMP).
The Nature Conservancy is also currently planning a Rapid Ecological Assessment as part of as
wider marine eco-regional conservation assessment for the Bismarck-Solomon Seas Eco-region,
which encompasses the Solomon Islands (The Nature Conservancy, 2004). This information may
be useful later on for managing the aquarium fishery.
12
The Marau Sound
The Marau Sound includes the outlying islands and a stretch of coastal lands extending
approximately 5 km inland at the far eastern tip of Guadalcanal. The landform is comprised of
both coral atoll islands and moderately high islands. The mainland comprises complex ridge
systems rising from sea level to a maximum of 600 m (Hansell and Wall, 1970). Marau Sound
has good tidal and current flow, clear waters with minimal terrestrial inputs, and good coral
diversity. It is however susceptible to earthquakes. In 1961, an earthquake raised reefs in the
Marau Sound by 0.6 m. Another large earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale
occurred on the 20th January 2003.
The Marau Sound
13
The Marau Sound is part of East Guadalcanal Constituency, which is further subdivided into
three wards. Marau Sound is in Birao Ward. The area is also divided into four sub-communities
determined by geographical location. These are Hatare and Temataho on the mainland and
Komukomu and Marauiapa encompassing the islands.
Source: Komukomu Community Maps (Workshop: 26/01/2004)
The people of the islands of Marau Sound are Malaitan emigrants and speak a dialect of Are’are
called Are’are Marau. According to the Spanish records, Mendana stopped at Marau Sound on
the 24th May 1568, which was then part of the Greater Are’are. The people that inhabit the
mainland of Marau Sound are speakers of Birao. Both languages are Austronesian in origin.
The current population of Marau Sound is about 1,800 people with approximately 400 of these
being of Birao ethnicity (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a). Though the Birao community is ethnically
different from Marau Are’are and follow a matrilineal system, the two groups have strong social
interaction forged through a history of inter-marriages and other cultural ties. Cultural ties also
exist with the neighbouring Moli and Longgu (Valasi) peoples. Villages are actually hamlets
centred around one extended family with approximately 5-10 houses in each.
14
The ‘Tension’
During the tension years, nearly 1,300 people or 250 households (Wairiu and Lam, 2003) in the
Marau Are’are community were displaced to safe havens at Marapa, Simeiruka and Marauiapa
Islands; others escaped to Honiara and other provinces. Some people from the Birao community
were also displaced (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a).
The Marau Eagle Force (MEF) was established on the 10th June 2000 to counter the activities of
the Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM) and the Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army (Solomon
Islands Government, 2001). Cessation of hostilities in August 2000 led to signing of the
Townsville Peace Agreement in October 2000, and the Marau Peace Agreement was signed on
the 07th February 2001 between the MEF, IFM, the Solomon Islands Government (SIG) and the
Guadalcanal Provincial Government for the cessation of hostilities and the restoration of peace
and ethnic harmony in the Marau Sound (Solomon Islands Government, 2001; Marau Leaders
Council, 2002).
Despite these agreements, a rapidly deteriorating law and order situation prevailed and in mid2003, the SIG requested help from Australia and the South Pacific Forum. This resulted in the
deployment of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands on 24th July 2003, which has
improved the law and order situation. The Marau Sound is now at peace and looking at avenues
for re-development.
Paruru Aquaculture.
The first connection with the aquarium trade in the Marau Sound was with the development of
Paruru Aquaculture on plantation land owned by the Gower family. The owner, Ian Gower had
previously exported curio coral and sand to the USA (see above). In 1997, David Palmer visited
Marau (who was a consultant and investor in SIME at the time and buying clams from
ICLARM’s Aruligo facility). After this meeting Paruru Aquaculture was established and
ICLARM later built a small hatchery there with financial assistance from New Zealand, and two
Peace Corps volunteers were brought into manage it. Paruru had four clam ponds and four (56000 gallon) tanks for holding aquarium fish. Fish and corals were sent to Honiara using flights
from Marau on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. They also used regular shipping services
provided by the MV Oceanview, which came twice a week and the MV Miringi which came once
a week. AASI is now solely dependent on its own vessel, the MV Rhinopias.
Giant clam hatchery ponds at Paruru (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
ICLARM facilitated the grow-out of giant clams in the Marau Sound, whereby clams were given
out to villagers and then retrieved SI$ 0.70/piece when they were sold back in 3-4 months. These
were then shipped to Honiara for export by AASI.
15
In 1997, coral farming training for the marine aquarium trade was conducted for women in the
Marau Sound at Niu Island, follow-up training was also conducted in 1998 and again in 1999.
Paruru Aquaculture financed the women and the corals were exported by AASI. Approximately
40 species were under cultivation with an additional 35 under consideration (Paletta, 1998).
During 1998, twenty-five women were producing cultured corals for sale. Of these 25, only 5-6
ladies were continual producers, producing a minimum of 300 pieces on a regular basis (a tressel
held 6 nets to a tressel and 72 corals per net). The initial price offered for the corals was SI$
0.50/piece, raising to SI$ 2/piece in 1998 and finally reaching SI$ 3/piece in 2000. According to
Bowden-kerby (2003), tens of thousands of farmed corals were exported from Marau Sound to
the USA from 1998-2001. This is probably an over-estimation because in 2000, only 1,299
cultured corals were exported and in 2001, only 766 cultured corals made it to the international
market. Since the tension, there have been only minor purchases from the Marau Sound.
Paruru Aquaculture could have been a profitable stand alone operation except for the ‘tension’.
Paruru closed in late 1999 when care-taking staff were assaulted by the MEF.
Marau Fisheries
The Marau Fisheries Centre came into operation under Phase 1 of the European Union’s Rural
Fisheries Enterprise Project, which developed facilities at Tatamba on Isabel, Yandina in the
Russell Islands and Marau Sound. The station at Marau Sound was the worst performer until
Paxton Wellington a Canadian master-fisherman from South Pacific Commision (now called the
Secretariat of Pacific Communities) arrived and found good catches of the short and long tail
snappers, Etelis carbunculus, Etelis coruscans and Pristomoides spp. in fishing grounds
approximately 10-15 km to the southeast of Marau. This fish was exported to Hawaii and
Australia.
In 1998, there were 23 dinghies servicing the centre, six were project dinghies assigned to
different areas on a rotational basis and 17 were owned by local villagers. Earnings from the
catches sold to the Marau Fisheries Centre averaged around SI$ 80,000/year for the two years of
its operation (Veitch, no date). Island Seafood's eventually leased the building from the
Guadalcanal Province.
There was some problems over ownership of the project dinghies and incidences where ‘chiefs’
in the Marau Sound tried to manipulate the project. For example, the ‘chief’ at Hatare threatened
to cut the water off to the center if he was not given a dinghy. Similiarly, the ‘chief’ at Nui also
threatened to close access to the fishing ground if he was not given one as well (see below for
governance issues).
Remnants of the Marau Fisheries Centre and surrounds (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
16
Remnants of the Marau Fisheries Centre and surrounds (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
In 1999, all facilities and wharves at the Marau Fisheries Centre and its surrounds were
destroyed, this also included the copra buying facility, schools, homes, a clinic, wharfs, the police
station and the Manikaraku sub-station infrastructure.
Marau Fishing and Community Association
The Marau Fishing and Community Association (MFCA) was formed in 1993 and was formally
recognized by governments and donor agencies (Veitch, no date). In 1994, the Guadalcanal
Province leased the Marau Fisheries Centre to Island Seafoods Ltd and the MFCA received
royalty payments for quality and volume of fish supplied. This income was used to diversify
income opportunities, such as equipment to produce coconut oil. The MFCA is essentially
defunct.
The Marau Communities Association (MCA) was formed on the 18th August 2001 as a way to
bring Marau leaders and people together in the name of rehabilitation, reconciliation, peace
building and development (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a). It originally included Marau Are’are
communities only, but now includes the Bairo community from the mainland.
Each of the four ‘communities’ in the Marau Sound have an elected committee comprised of 12
members including chiefs, village elders, women, youth, church clergy and community
development agents. These committees are deliberately large to enable broad representation and
participation in decision-making about development strategies and to avoid future intracommunity conflict through proactive intervention.
The executive arm of the MCA is the Marau Leaders Council (MLC) where three representatives
from each zone committees are appointed to serve on the MLC. The MLC works in partnership
with neighboring communities, the Guadalanal provincial government, the SIG, Non-government
Organisations (NGOs) and other developmental agencies. Members of the National and
Provincial governments are also members of the MLC (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a).
The MLC is made up of the following representatives:
• Claudio Sarai – Chairman and Komukomu Community Representative
• John Houakau and Nestore - Secretariats
• Francis Kame - Hatare Community Representative
• Johnstone Aorau - Marauiapa Community Representative
• Adrian Anesuia - Temataho Community Representative (Wairiu and Fidali, 2003).
17
The MLC has also been instrumental in running programmes on natural resource management,
inviting experts from the SIG, NGOs and regional organizations to provide training and
workshops (see below).
Governance Issues
In the Marau Sound, the chiefs maintain a relatively high degree of authority and prestige, though
there some problems with equity distribution, which leads to community conflict and destroys the
essence of ‘traditional’ governance (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a, and above). It has also been
reported that there is also a lack of trust towards the MLC and insufficient information exchange
and co-ordination from the MLC to villagers (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003b).
Chiefs along with the MLC are however, getting more organised to take a greater role in
governing their communities. This is particularly importance as some communities have set up
their own Marine Protected Areas (MPAs, see below) and there will need to be effective
regulation and compliance of the CAMP. The CAMP is a necessary component towards MAC
Certification.
Tenureship
Tenure and ownership are particularly important with respect to coral reefs in Solomon Islands
with most reefs coming under ‘customary’ marine tenure (CMT). CMT is recognised under the
Solomon Islands Constitution.
People of the Marau Sound have fishing rights to the whole area known as the Marau Sound –
from Tavanihau in the northwest to Waimea/Kolotabu in the south (Wairiu and Lam, 2003).
Coral reefs and adjacent coastal areas are owned under a clan or ‘tribe’, known as Iora (meaning
‘canoe’ in Marau Are’are language).
There are nine Iora within Marau Sound, which have associated totems linked to marine
resources. These include paewa (sharks), piawai (giant clams), u’a (sea crabs), urahu (grouper)
(Wairiu and Lam, 2003). The Iora that have primary responsibility for the reef systems that the
aquarium trade is carried out include the Hanuasuasu, Tarakau, Apuiramoa and Airapa Iora on
Tawahi Island, Hanuasuasu Iora on Marapa Island and Varahane Iora on Siemeruka Island.
Outlying islands also belong to certain Iora. Hanoa, Tavarao, Taaru and Marairaoro Islands
belong to Hanuasuasu; Rauhi Island belongs to Pakearivu who live on the mainland and Paipai
and Kosu belong to Tarakau.
18
Each Iora has a chief, warriors and ‘customary’ priests that all have some responsibility, both
primary and secondary for community wellbeing and the use of resources.
Names of community members
Status
Chief
Warriors
Priest
People
Marau Are’are
Arehaha
Ramo
Hanasu’u
Aporoa
Bairo
Nonoe
Malaghai
Arena Beata
Vousa
Source: Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a.
Economic Conditions
Before the tension the economy of the Marau Sound was quite lively, having a regular flight (a
fare was SI$ 170/one way) and shipping service, a Rural Traing Centre, other government
infrastruscture and both private and government fishery centres.
Mackay (1988) reports that during the 1980s about 35% of households were engaged in food crop
marketing, 28% were earning an income from sale of fish and 13% from the sale of shellfish.
Another 15% of households were engaged in marketing of copra and cocoa. The village
economy was also diverse in that 23% of households engaged in some form of business
enterprises, 18% were members of marketing cooperatives and 8% had a skilled trade or
profession.
19
At present, the main economic activity is centred around the harvesting of marine resources.
Approximately, 8-10 eskies of fresh fish is transported to Honiara by outboard dinghy for sale at
the main market or at the Fishing Village. Dinghy journeys take between 4-6 hours depending on
out board size and use around 15 gallons of fuel (SI$ 3/gl) for a one way trip. Boats that are
currently servicing the Marau Sound include, MV Miringi, MV Atebimo, MV Adenlis from Marau
and the MV Arrow Endeavour, which services the Rennel Isalnds but passes through the the
Marau Sound. Boat journeys take approximately 12-16 hours with a fare price of SI$ 75/one
way.
There is currently only one trade store in Marau Sound is at Naohanua Village on Tawahi Island
servicing the Marau Sound. A list of commodities and prices is given below.
Prices list at Naohanua store (22/01/04)
Commodity
Rice (1 kg)
Rice (20kg)
Sugar (500 gr)
Tin fish (small)
Tin meant (small)
Noodles
Biscuits
Twist tobacco (1 stick)
Battery (D size)
Soap (1 cake)
Cooking oil
Soy sauce
Curry powder
Kerosene (300 ml)
Bleach (750 ml)
Price SI$
7.00
135.00
5.00
6.00
10.00
2.50
1.50-2.00
10.00
3.50
1.30
7.50
5.00
10.00
2.00
12.00
The Aquarium Fishery Today
When Paruru Aquaculture was operational, most villages in the Marau Sound were participating
in the aquarium trade, either fish collecting or coral culturing. The main villages at this time
involved in coral culturing were Niu Island, Tasupa and Naohanua on Tawahi Island, Tavanipupu
and Suhairato on Simerula Island.
Today, only seven communities are actively collecting fish. All these communities are related to
the captain of the MV Rhinopias who is from Marauiapa Island in the north of the Marau Sound.
People at Tawahi Island who are related by marriage to the captain are also collecting.
Communities that are currently collecting are Komuta’a, Suhu and Nuumarere villages on
Marauiapa Island, Pahinui on Marapa Island, and Sihonakera, Alite and Ravena on Tawahi.
There is naturally some concern from other villagers in the south of Marau Sound over equity and
fairness as they do not have a chance to participate and collectors from the north are diving on
their ‘traditional’ fishing grounds. This will provide several problems for MAC Certification of
collectors and collection areas, and MAC will need to consider alternative strategies.
20
Methods of Collecting
Fish collection in the Marau Sound is done through the use of free diving and the use of barrier
and hand nets. Most fish are collected in the shallows reef areas. Seine nets used in deeper water
are for the collecting of angel fish, anthias and wrasses. The net is used to encircle an area and
the fish are chased into net and then collected with scoop nets. Once caught, the fish are placed
in small plastic containers with holes punctured into the sides. These containers are left freefloating in the sea and attached to the canoe by a line. Women and children mainly collect
triggers and gobies. They use a thin wire, which is poked down the hole which the goby inhabits.
It is scared to the surface and collected in scoop nets.
There is very little equipment, masks, containers, etc for satisfactory partcipation in the aquarium
fishery in the Marau Sound. Previously, Paruru supplied equipment which was repaid at sale.
Most nets are made from mosquito netting. Transportation to shore-based holding facilities is
also a problem, as collectors use dugout canoes, which they have to paddle. Catches are exposed
to sunlight and rain, and handling is poor (Uikaria, no date).
Destructive methods have been noticed when communities collect fish, particularly in the use of
crowbars to break corals to get at blue tangs, Paracanthurus hepatus (Uikaria, no date). The
method of collecting entails scaring the fish into the coral (by slapping a paddle on the surface of
the water) and then removing the coral to the canoe, where it is broken up and the fish removed.
Villagers are now noticing that blue tangs are harder to find because of the destruction of habitat.
There is also recognition of over-harvesting for other high-volume species.
An example of a catch was recorded, where a husband and wife team went out for approximately
eight hours (includes paddling time of approximately 2 and one half hours) and caught the
following: 166 Blue tang, 10 bicolor angels, 3 pair percular clown, 3 single percular clowns 2
dogface puffers, 2 black half angels, 2 gobies, and 3 pair maroon fish.
On return to the village, the catch is placed into holding pens made of wire or buckets. In some
instances they are fed on algae, whilst awaiting the return of the MV Rhinopias. Species are
separated at capture. There are severe problems with holding due to the lack of suitable
containers. Several fish or one large fish will be placed in a bottle with little room to move
resulting in damage to the fish.
Harvesting utensils and holding pens (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
There is currently very little coral collecting. When corals are harvested, people use pliers and
bush knifes to remove them from the reef substrate. After the corals are harvested they are placed
in coconut baskets back to the village. As noted above, most of the coral farms in the Marau
Sound were destroyed during the ‘tension’. People have ‘salvaged’ the metal rods that the culture
tressels were made of to make other household items such as digging sticks and spears.
21
Management Strategies
During the last three decades, traditional authority over marine resource had been in decline due
to the introduction of new fishing techniques and technologies such as fishing nets, torches and
spear guns. Linked to this is the growing commercialization of marine resources and little or no
respect for Iora boundaries (Wairiu and Fidali, 2003).
Since the ‘tension’, some communities like Hanuasuasu and Tarakau have implemented
management practices over their reef systems. These ‘tribes’ are within the Komukomu
community. Management practices include temporal reef closures (from 6 months to up to 2
years) for the harvest of commercially valuable invertebrates and a ban on destructive or efficient
fishing methods (see Wairiu and Fidali, 2003). Current temporal closed areas are at Honoa,
Tavarao, Taaru and Marairaoro Islands.
Existing MPAs have been set up around Tavanipupu (meaning ‘bay of trigger fish’) where a
resort is based and along the south and east coast of Marapa Island. The MPA established at
Tavanipupi is two years old, whilst the one at Marapa was implemented in the middle of 2003.
There are several other MPAs under consideration. These include Paipai, Simuruka, Peura,
Vainapuneo-Vantotona, Tavanahata-Vaimparu. Some communities are even considering
declaring certain areas permanent MPAs.
There are also a number of ‘tabu’ areas, which are ritual/spiritual sites and burial grounds. These
sites are mostly restricted to women. These include Rauhi (half of it), Tavarao, Taaru and
Marairaro. Indirectly, though not set up for that purpose, they also assist in conserving marine
resources.
22
Communities in the Marau Sound are seeking solutions to the problems affecting their marine
resources. This is partly due to the influence of awareness raising meetings by CGSI and
Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific International’s (FSPI) Gardening Good
Governance (GGG) projects. Nevertheless, communities still need an understanding of how
MPAs fit into the communities overall resources management plans (see Ramofafia, 2003), and
of course the needs and reasons behind MAC Certification.
List of workshops dealing with marine resource management
Date
Activity
1997
1998
1999
11/2002
12-14/12/2002
11-16/01/2003
01/02/2003
11-12/04/2003
01-02/05/2003
03-20/05/2003
06/2003
07/2003
17-19/11/2003
Coral farming training by AASI (and/or Dr Bowden-kerby)
MLC awareness workshop on development and resource management
• Introduction of CGSI and GGG, and appointment of VDWs
Marau Communties Association PLA workshop
• Produced community profiles
Marau Community Fishing Association Training Workshop
• Marine Protected Area awareness and coral gardening
MLC executive meeting
• Address concerns of depleting coastal marine resources
Review visit site by Drs Bowden-Kerby and Ramofafia
• Marine resource management awareness and coral gardening
Workshop on MPA establishment under Coral Gardens Project
Gardening Good Governance awareness and village development consultation
Community workshops on community governance
Chiefs leadership workshop
Chiefs and Marau Communities Association workshop
Source: Wairiu and Fidali, 2003.
Marine Resource Management Workshop – 26/01/2004
A Coastal Resource Management and Training Workshop was conducted at Katou Village on
Tawahi Island on the 26th January 2004. The aim of the workshop was to provide information to
the Komukomu Community and strengthen their capacity for management of marine resources.
The workshop was also used as a training venue by FSPI for Village Demonstration Workers
from ECANSI, the SIDT and the Solomon Islands Locally Managed Marine Areas (SILMMA)
program. It also fostered involvement of DFMR and allowed MAC an opportunity to generate
awareness on MAC Certification and gather information towards this.
Participants from the surrounding villages were divided into 3 groups (about 30 people altogether,
see Appendix 4 for a list of Attendees) based on ‘tribal’ and island affiliation and were asked to
identify marine areas, resources, uses and problems. Environmental information was presented,
demonstrated by posters and explained by facilitators. An action plan was drawn up, though
incomplete as the community requested to take the maps and have more time to discuss with
other members of community before submitting results to the facilitators.
23
Komukomu marine resources awareness and mangement workshop (photos: Kinch, J. 2004).
Results from the workshop showed an increasing concern with declining resources, efficient
technologies and natural hazards. Insights into governance and community interaction were also
observed which will assist in the development the CAMP for the Marau Sound. MAC and FSPI
are planning further workshops.
Conclusion
People in the Marau Sound know how to fish and where, but lack the capital and equipment to
properly develop a profitable artisanal aquarium or other fishery. There is considerable
investment needed to re-establish coral culturing and clam farming. There is also a need to
educate people on the potential long-term ecological implications of over-harvesting reef species
for cash and bypassing ‘traditional’ systems for conserving marine resources. Continued
awareness, education and capacity building is therefore necessary.
The viability of the aquarium trade including culturing will be dependent on having a reliable and
cost efficient transportation system, both land, air and sea to keep mortality down and to allow for
a regular supply of aquarium organisms from the collection area to the warehouse and then onto
the international markets (see Down to Earth Consultancy, 2003). MAC has a primary
responsibility in achieving this particularly in linking villagers with markets.
The DFMR, is supportive of MAC Certification (Marine Aquarium Council, 2001). AASI and
SIME want to be MAC Certified, and initial community engagement with has begun. Hopefully,
in the near future we will see best practices across the board, from ‘Reef to Retail’ in the
Solomon Islands.
24
Recommendations
•
MAC Community Development Officer be relocated to the Solomons to effectively
facilitate the MAC Certification process because community work is very time
consuming and needs a lot of support. Also this will allow for further collaboration and
development of other proposals and programs.
•
MAC along with AASI to conduct best practices training for collecting and handling
•
MAC along with FSPI’s Good Governance and Coral Gardens programs to conduct
continued awareness on marine resource management and the stablishment of
MPAs/CAMPs
•
AASI to begin recording all discards and mortalities that do not enter the system, and
initiate corrective action to lessen mortality at all steps in the purchasing and exporting
process
•
AASI to consider paying for communities to be certified thus ensuring a regular supply of
MAC Certified product
•
AASI to adequately support communities participating in the aquarium fishery with
containers, nets and other diving equipment to ensure good quality product
•
AASI to ensure a regular shipping service and payment system
•
AASI to ensure appropriate purchasing mechanism for some organisms (eg: clown fish
should be paid same price as for singles so as to avoid ‘false’ pairs)
•
AASI, along with MAC and FSPI’s Coral Gardens programs to investigate the possibility
of re-introducing community culturing of giant clams and corals, and possibly other
organisms like certain reef fish and clown fish. This could be done in conjunction with
programs under development by WFC
•
DFEC and MFMR to determine the viability of giant clam exports (either wild harvest or
cultured) and enforce suitable regulations
•
DFEC and MFMR to deliberate on the use of SCUBA in the aquarium trade and enforce
suitable regulations
25
References
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Clam, Tridacna gigas for the Aquarium Market: Initial Trials in the Solomon Islands.
Aquaculture Research. 28: 121-128.
Bowden-kirby, A. 2003. Coral Gardens Iniative: Solomon Islands. Report produced for the
Environement Concerns Action Network Solomon Islands, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 13.
Down to Earth Consultancy. 2003. Market Study Report. Honiara: Coral Gardens – Solomon
Islands. Pp: 17.
Eco-Consult Pacific. 2003. Regional Assessment of the Commercial Viability for Marine
Ornamental Aquaculture within the Pacific Islands (Giant Clams, Hard and Soft Corals, Finfish,
Live Rock and Marine Shrimp). Report prepared for the Secretariat of the Pacific Community,
Noumea, New Caledonia.
Fidali, K. 2002. Brief Overview of the Marine Ornamentals Industry. Report prepared for the
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Foyle, T.; Bell, J.; Gervis, M. and Lane, I. 1997. Survival and Growth of Juvenile Fluted Giant
Clams, Tridacna squamosa, in Large-scale Village grow-out Trials in the Solomon Islands.
Aquaculture. 148: 85-104.
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Marine Aquaculture. Pp: 327-353. New York: CAB International.
Hansell, J. and Wall, J. 1970. Land resources of Solomon Islands, Vol. 2 Guadalcanal and
Florida Islands. Land Resources Study 18. Surry: Land Resources Division.
Kile, N. 2000. Solomon Islands Marine Resources Overview. Pacific Economic Bulletin. 15 (1):
143-147.
Lam, M. 2003. Solomon Islands Marine Aquarium Industry Profile. Report prepared for the
Marine Aquarium Council, Suva, Fiji. Pp: 7.
Leqata, J. 2004. Solomon Islands Country Report. Paper prepared for the Seminar on Fisheries
Development and Environment, 6/01-21/02, Yokohama City, Japan.
Mackey, E.C. 1988. Socio-Economic Survey of Smallholder Farming Systems in Solomon
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Lands.
Marau Leaders Council. 2002. Marau Communities Reconciliation Meeting, Makina Catholic
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Marine Aquarium Council. 2001. Marine Ornamentals Trade National Stakeholders Workshop,
19 November 2001, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Report produced for the Marine Aquarium
Council, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 9.
Paletta, M. 1998. Coral Farming. Seascope. Spring Volume: 1-2.
Ramofafia, C. 2003. Evaluation of the Coral Gardens Solomon Islands. Report produced
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10.
Solomon Islands Government. 2001. The Marau Peace Agreement. Legal document prepared for
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Guadalcanal Provincial Government, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 29.
Sulu, R. no date. Corals for the Aquarium Trade: The Plight of Corals and Coral Transplantation
as Sustainable Mitigating Alternative. Report prepared for the Department of Fisheries and
Marine Resources, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 3.
The Nature Conservancy. 2004. A Rapid Ecological Assessment of the Marine Ecosystems of the
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Pp: 13.
Vietch, W. no date. Rehabilitation of Marau Fisheries. Proposal prepared on behalf of the Marau
Fishing and Community Association to the European Union’s Rural Fisheries Enterprises
Development Program, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 24.
Wabnitz, C.; Taylor, M.; Green, E. and Razak, T. 2003. From Ocean to Aquaria: The Global
Trade in Ornamental Species. Cambridge: UNEP/WCMC. Pp: 65.
Wairiu, M. and Fidali, K. 2003. Coral Garden Solomon Islands (CGSI), Activity 1: Desk-based
Site Description and Information Gathering. Report produced for the Environment Concerns
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Reconstruction and Resuscitation of Biodiversity for a Vulnerable Society. Paper Presented at the
1st Regional Session of the Global Biodiversity Forum for the Pacific, 4-5th July 2002, Rarotonga,
Cook Islands. Pp: 9.
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27
Appendix 1: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands Species List
?? spp.
Abalone spp.
Acanthurus lineatus
Acanthurus pyroferus
Acanthurus spp.
Acropora spp.
Acropora spp.
Actinaria spp.
Alpheus spp.
Amblygobius decussatus
Amblygobius phalaena
Amblygobius rainfordi
Ambyeleotris spp.
Ambyeleotris spp.
Amphiprion chrysopterus
Amphiprion clarkii
Amphiprion melanopus
Amphiprion percula
Amphiprion perideraion
Amphiprion polymnus
Amphiprion sandaracinos
Amphiprion spp.
Amphotistius spp..
Amplexidiscus
Anampses neoguinaicus
Anapses spp.
Anomalops katoptron
Antennarius maculatus
Antennarius spp.
Anthiasserranocirrhitus latus
Apolemichthys spp.
Archaster typicus
Arothron mappa
Arothron nigropunctatus
Arothron spp.
Atacephalopholis miniata
Atrosalarias fuscus
Balistoides conspicillum
Balistoides spp.
Balistoides undulatus
Balistoides viridescent
Bodianus mesothorax
Bodianus spp.
Bohadschia argus
Bothus pantherinus
AASI Trade Name
Assorted Trumpet fish
Tropical abalone
Clown tang
Mimic tang (black, lemon peel, yellow)
Brown tang
Staghorn fragment
Coral – acropora (cultured)
Carpet anemone
Watchman shrimp
Orange square goby
Dragon goby
Rainford goby
Banded watchman goby
Blue dot watchman goby
Blue stripe clown fish
Clown fish - clarkii
Cap/bonnet clown fish
Clown fish - melanopus
Orange clown fish - percula
Pink skunk clown fish
Saddle clown fish
Orange skunk clown fish
Assorted clown fish
Assorted rays
Giant cup mushroom
Pearl (china) wrasse
Guinea fowl wrasse
Flashlight fish
Wartskin angler fish
Angler fish
Fathead
Flagfin angel fish
Sand shifting star
Map puffer fish
Dogface puffer fish
Dalmation dogface puffer fish
Fancy dogface puffer fish
Mini grouper
Black blenny
Clown trigger fish
Assorted trigger fish
Undulate trigger fish
Inkspot trigger fish
Coral hog
Diana hog
Sand eating cucumber
Tropical flounder
28
Canthigaster amboinensis
Canthigaster spp.
Canthigaster valentini
Carchachinus spp.
Carcharhinus spp.
Catalaphyllia jardinei
Caulestrea furcata
Centropyge aurantius
Centropyge bi-colour
Centropyge bispinosus
Centropyge colini
Centropyge fisheri
Centropyge flavissimus
Centropyge loriculus
Centropyge nox
Centropyge spp.
Centropyge vroliki
Cephalopholis spp.
Cephalopholis urodelus
Cetoscarus bi-colour
Cetoscarus spp.
Chaetodon auriga
Chaetodon citrinellus
Chaetodon ephippium
Chaetodon kleinii
Chaetodon lunula
Chaetodon melannotus
Chaetodon mertensii
Chaetodon octofacsiatus
Chaetodon rafflesi
Chaetodon semeion
Chaetodon spp.
Chaetodon spp.
Chaetodon toplus
Chaetodon ulietensis
Chaetodon unimaculatus
Chaetodon vagabundus
Cheilinus spp.
Cheilinus spp.
Cheilinus spp.
Chromis bi-colour
Chromis retrofasciata
Chromis virdis
Chrysiptera cyanea
Chrysiptera cyanea
Chrysiptera springeri
Chrysiptera starki
Chrysitera talboti
Cirrhilabrus exquisitus
Cirrhilabrus spp.
Cirrhitichthys spp..
Trade Name
Blue dot puffer fish
Long nose puffer fish
Saddle puffer fish
Black tip shark
White tip shark
Elegance coral
Green buton coral
Golden angel fish
Bi-colour angel fish
Coral beauty angel fish
Colini angel fish
Pygmy yellow tail angel fish
Lemon peel angel fish
Flame angel fish
Black (nox) angel fish
Banded angel fish
Half black angel fish
Assorted groupers
Red flag tail grouper
Bi-colour parrot fish
Assorted parrot fish
Butterfly fish - auriga
Lemon butterfly fish
Saddle butterfly fish
Blue head butterfly fish
Racoon butterfly fish
Black back butterfly fish
Butterfly fish - mertensii
Golden butterfly fish
Latticed butterfly fish
Butterfly fish - semeion
Dot-dash butterfly fish
Assorted butterfly fish
Singapore angel fish
Pacific saddle butterfly fish
Teardrop butterfly fish
Vagabond butterfly fish
Leaf wrasse
Red leaf wrasse
Red breast wrasse
Bi-colour chromis
Black bar damsel fish
Green chromis
Blue damsel fish
Orange tail damsel fish
Solomon blue damsel fish
Starki damsel fish
Talbots damsel fish
Fairy wrasse (fancy)
Fairy wrasse (purple, red, deepwater)
Spotted hawk
29
Cirripectes stigmaticus
Clavularia spp.
Clavularia viridis
Clibanarius seurati
Coradion altevelis
Coriocella nigra
Coris gaimard
Cowry spp.
Cryptocentrus
Cryptocentrus cinctus
Ctenochaetus tominiensis
Curlyactinaria spp..
Dactinaria spp.
Dactyloptena orientalis
Dardanus megistos
Dardanus spp.
Dardanus spp.
Dardanus spp.
Dardanus spp.
Dascyllus aruanus
Dascyllus melanurus
Dascyllus spp.
Dascyllus trimaculatus
Dendrochirus biocellatus
Dendrochirus zebra
Dendronophytha spp.
Diademichthys lineatus
Diodon holacanthus
Diploprion bifasciatus
Diproctacanthus
Doryrhamphus spp.
Doryrhamphus spp.
Echidna nebulosa
Echidna polyzona
Echinaster spp.
Echinothrix spp.
Ecsenius bi-colour
Ecsenius spp.
Edaluterus scriptus
Ennatapterois antennata
Enoplometopus spp.
Eparacirrhites arcatus
Eparacirrhites forsteri
Euphyllia ancora
Euphyllia glabrescens
Euphyllia paradivisa
Euxiphipops spp.
Euxiphipops navarchus
Euxiphipops sexstriatus
Exallias brevis
Trade Name
Ember blenny
Green palm tree
Green star polyp
White leg hermit crab
Hifin coradion butterfly fish
Black sea slug
Red coris wrasse
Assorted cowries
Spotted watchman goby
Yellow watchman goby
Orange fin tang
Sebae anemone
Carpet anemone
Flying gurnad
Red hairy hermit crab
Red leg hermit crab
White claw hermit crab
Hermit crab (regular)
Hermit with anemone
Stripe damsel fish
Stripe damsel fish
Assorted damsel fish
Domino damsel fish
Fu-man-chu lion fish
Dwarf lion fish
Orange carnation coral
Yellow stripe cling fish
Porcupine puffer fish
Yellow emperor/snapper
Yellow tail wrasse
Banded pipe fish
Dragon face pipe fish
Snowflake moray eel
Banded moray eel
Assorted fancy star fish
Fancy sea urchin
Bi-colour blenny
Assorted blennies
Scrawl file fish
Ant lion fish
Purple reef lobster
Arc eye hawk
Blackstrip hawk
Hammer coral
Torch coral
Frog spawn coral
Blue face angel fish
Majestic angel fish
Six bar angel fish
Red sailfin blenny
30
Favia veroni
Favites russelli
Forcipiger flavissimus
Fromia spp.
Fungia fungites
Galaxea fascicularis
Gencanthus lamarck
Genicanthus melanospilus
Gobiodon citrinus
Gobiodon spp.
Gobiodon spp.
Gobiodon spp.
Gomphosus varius
Goniopora frutecosa
Goniopora frutecosa
Gymnothorax fimbriatus
Halichoeres chrysus
Halichoeres hortulanus
Halichoeres melanurus
Halichoeres melanurus
Halichoeres richmondi
Halichoeres spp.
Halichoeres spp.
Hapalochlaena maculatus
Heliofungia actiniformis
Heliopora coerulea
Hemigymnus melapterus
Hemitaurichthys polylepis
Hinecanthus aculeatus
Hinecanthus spp.
Hippocampus hippocampus
Hippocampus reidi
Hippopus hippopus
Histrio histrio
Holothuria leucospilota
Hoploatilus marcosi
Hoploatilus purpureus
Hydnophora rigida
Hymigymnus fasciatus
Inegocia guttata
Inimicus filamentosus
Jawhoploatilus starcki
Labroides bi-colour
Labroides dimidiatus
Labroides pectoralis
Lactoria cornuta
Laticauda colubrina
Leptoseris foliosa
Lo vulpinus
Lobolobophyllia hemprichii
Lobophyllia hemprichii
Trade Name
Brain coral - favia
Brain coral (candy) - favites
Longnose butterfly fish
Red star fish
Plate coral - fungia
Pineapple coral (green)
Lamarck angel fish
Japanese swallow
Citron goby
Assorted clown gobies
Black coral goby
Dragon goby
Bird wrasse (brown, green)
Flower pot coral
Green coral - goniopora
Yellow head moray eel
Yellow coris wrasse
Halico wrasse
Green wrasse
Wardley wrasse
Richmond wrasse
Christmas wrasse
Assorted fancy wrasse
Blue ring octopus
Plate coral - heliofungia
Blue ridge coral
Banner wrasse(half-half)
Yellow pyramid butterfly fish
Picasso humur/trigger fish
Rectangle humur/trigger fish
Black seahorse
Yellow seahorse
Hippopus hippopus
Sargassum angler fish
Black sea cucumber
Skunk tilefish/goby
Purple tilefish/goby
Horn coral (green)
Banded wrasse
Crocodile fish
Popeye sea goblin scorpion fish
Blue tilefish/goby
Bi-colour cleaner wrasse
Ordinary cleaner wrasse
Yellow cleaner wrasse
Longhorn cowfish/trunkfish
Banded sea krait
Wrinkle coral - leptoseris
Foxface rabbitfish
Brain coral (colored)
Red brain coral - lobophyllia
31
Lobophytum spp.
Lotchrysiptera cyanea
Lutjanus sebae
Macropharyngodon spp.
Macropharyngodon spp.
Malegenicanthus melanospilus
Meiacanthus atrodorsalis
Meiacanthus grammistes
Melichthys vidua
Merulinamerulina ampliata
Mirolabrichthys dispar
Mirolabrichthys tuka
Money cowries
Montipora digitata
Montipora spp.
Morayechidna nebulosa
Moraygymnothorax spp.
Mycedium elephantotus
Myrichthys colubrinus
Myripristis spp.
Naso brevirostris
Naso lituratus
Naso vlamingii
Nemateleotris decora
Nemateleotris magnifica
Neocirrhitus armatus
Neopetrolisthes ohshimai
Nigermacolor niger
Novaculichthys spp.
Nudibranch spp.
Octopus vitiensis
Odontodactylus
Odonus niger
Ophiarachnella spp.
Ostracion cubicus
Ostracion meleagris
Oxcirrhitus typus
Oxymonacanthus spp.
Oxypora lacera
Pachyseris rugosa
Panulirus versicolor
Paracanthurus hepatus
Paracheilinus spp.
Paracheilinus spp.
Paraglyphidodon spp.
Paraluterus prionurus
Parapercis snyderi
Parupeneus cyclostomus
Parupeneus spp.
Pectiniapectinia paeonia
Periclimenes spp.
Trade Name
Devils hand leather coral
Box-orange tail damsel fish
Red emperor/snapper
Black leopard wrasse
Leopard wrasse
Zebra angel fish
Oriental forktail blenny
Zebra blenny
Pinktail trigger fish
Ruffled coral
Dispar anthias
Purple queen anthias
Money cowries
Cup coral - montipora
Coral frament - montipora
Snowflake eel
Assorted eels
Flat coral - mycedium
Banded snake eel
Black bar squirrel/soldier fish
Tang - naso b.
Tang - naso
Tang - naso v.
Purple filefish/goby
Filefish/goby
Flame hawk
Anemone crab
Grunt - macolor
Dragon wrasse
Sea slug
Reef octopus
Rainbow mantis shrimp
Red tooth trigger fish
Brittle star fish
Yellow boxfish/trunkfish
Blue boxfish/trunkfish
Longnose hawk
Orange spot filefish
Flat coral - oxypora
Rugose coral - pachyseris
Blue lobster
Blue tang
Fairy wrasse (filament)
Fairy wrasse (flagfin)
Blue fin damsel fish
Saddle filefish/puffer fish
Lizard fish
Yellow goatfish
Assorted goatfish
Cup coral (spiny )
Anemone shrimp
32
Pervagor melanocephalus
Pervagor spp.
Pholidichthys leucotaenia
Physogyra lichetensteini
Plagiotremus spp.
Platax orbicularis
Platax pinnatus
Platax tiera
Platygyra sinensis
Plectorhinchus spp.
Plectorhinchus spp.
Plectorhinchus lineatus
Plesiops cephalotaenia
Pleurogyra sinuosa
Plotosis spp.
Polyphyllia talpinia
Pomacanthus spp.
Pomacanthus imperator
Pomacentrus bankanensis
Ppseudanthias squamipinis
Premnas biaculeatus
Protoreaster nodosus
Pseudanthias hutchi
Pseudanthias spp.
Pseudanthias squamipinis
Pseudobalistes fuscus
Pseudocheilinus hexataeni
Pseudocheilinus spp.
Pseudochromis spp.
Pseudochromis spp.
Pseudojuloides spp.
Ptereleotris evides
Ptereleotris microlepis
Ptereleotris zebra
Pterois radiata
Pterois volitan
Pterosynchiropus spp.
Pygoplites diacanthus
Redvariola louti
Rhinecanthus verrucosus
Rhinomuraena quaesita
Rhinomuraena quaesita
Rhizophora spp.
Rhodactinia spp.
Rimacanthurus spp.
Salarias fasciatus
Sarcophyton spp.
Sargocentron spp.
Saron spp.
Trade Name
Red tail filefish
Assorted filefish
Engineer goby
Bubble coral (short polyp)
Worm blenny
Orbic batfish
Batfish - Pinnatus
Fin batfish
Brain coral - platygyra
Clown grunt/sweetlips
Striped grunt/sweetlips
Oriental grunt/sweetlips
Grouper (betta type)
Bubble coral (regular)
Coral catfish
Tongue coral (green)
Koran angel fish
Emperor angel fish
Red top damsel fish
Blue eye anthias
Maroon clown fish
Chocolate chip star fish
Hutchi anthias
Square block anthias
Red lyretail anthias
Blue line trigger fish
Six line wrasse
Red pajama wrasse
Bi-colour pseudochromis
Assorted pseudochromis
Pencil wrasse
Scissortail goby
Torpedo goby
Bar goby
Lion fish - radiata
Lion fish - volitan
Mandarin goby (green)
Regal angel fish
Cherry grouper
Bursa trigger fish
Ghost ribbon eel
Ribbon eel (blue, black)
Mangrove shoot
Mushroom on rock
Gold tang
Rock/algae blenny
Yellow mushroom leather coral
Assorted squirrel/soldier fish
Assorted shrimps
33
Scleractinia spp.
Scleractinia spp.
Scleractinia spp.
Scolopsisscolopsis frenatus
Scolymia viteinsis
Sebastapistes spp.
Sepia latimanus
Siganus chrysospilos
Siganus spp.
Signigobious biocellatus
Sinularia spp.
Sinularia spp.
Sinularia spp.
Squillidae zebra
Stenopus hispidus
Stethojulis bandanensis
Sufflamen bursa
Sufflamen chrysopterus
Synanceia verrucosa
Synchiropus spp.
Taenianotus triacanthus
Taeniura lyma
Thalasoma lunare
Thalasoma spp.
Thalassoma hardwickii
Thalassoma jansenii
Thalassoma purpureum
Thalassoma spp.
Thelenota ananas
Toxopneustes pileolus
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi
Tridacna crocea
Tridacna derasa
Tridacna gigas
Tridacna maxima
Tridacna squamosa
Trochus maculatus
Tubipora musica
Valencienna longipinnis
Valencienna sexguttata
Valencienna spp.
Valencienna strigata
Zanculus cornutus
Zebrasoma scopas
Zebrasoma veliferum
Zooanthid on scleractinia
Zoophyllia turbida
Trade Name
Maidens hair rock
Algae on rock
Live rock
Purple
Brain coral - scolymia
Yellow spot scorpion fish
Cuttle fish
Orange spot rabbitfish
Assorted rabbitfish
Signal goby
Cultured soft coral
Green finger leather coral
Green hairy leather coral
Zebra mantis shrimp
Coral banded shrimp
Blue line wrasse
White line trigger
Blue belly trigger
Scorpion/stone fish
Scooter blenny
Scorpion/leaf fish
Blue dot ray
Wrasse - lunare
Assorted wrasse
Wrasse - hardwickii
Wrasse - jansensii
Purple stripe surgeon wrasse
Paddle fin wrasse
Spiny/pineapple sea cucumber
Flower sea urchin
Sand brain
Tridacna crocea
Tridacna derasa
Tridacna gigas
Tridacna maxima
Tridacna squamosa
Pond raised algae snail
Pipe organ coral
Tiger goby/sleeper
White goby/sleeper
Orange stripe goby
Goldhead goby/sleeper
Moorish idol
Tang - scopas
Sailfin tang
Zooanthid on coral
Fox coral
34
Appendix 2: Solomon Islands Marine Exports Species List
Acropora florida
Acropora spp.
Acropora spp.
Acropora spp.
Actinaria spp.
Actinaria spp.
Actinaria spp.
Actinaria spp.
Actinaria spp.
Alveopora catalai
Alveopora catalai
Amplexidiscus
Archaster typicus
Australogyra zelli
Catalaphyllia jardinei
Caulestrea furcata
Choriaster granulatus
Clavularia spp.
Clavularia viridis
Cowry spp.
Culcita novaguineae
Cynarina lacrymalis
Diplostrea heliopora
Echinaster spp.
Euphyllia ancora
Euphyllia glabrescens
Euphyllia paradivisa
Favia veroni
Favites russelli
Fungia fungites
Galaxea fascicularis
Goniopora frutecosa
Goniopora fruticosa
Goniopora stokesi
Gorgonia spp.
Heliofungia actiniformis
Heliopora coerulea
Hydnophora exesa
Hydnophora rigida
Hydnophora spp.
Leptoseris foliosa
Linkia spp.
Lobophyllia hemprichii
Lobophyllia spp.
Lobophytum spp.
Merulina ampliata
Montipora capricornis
Montipora digitata
Montipora spp.
Montipora spp.
Trade Name
Branch coral
Coral – acropora (cultured)
Staghorn coral and fragments
Table coral
Bulb anemone
Carpet anemone
Anemone - sebae
Purple anemone - sebae
Rose bulb anemone
Branch coral - alveopora
Plate coral - goniopora
Giant cup mushroom
Sand shifting star
Branch coral - favites
Elegance coral
Green button polyp
Kenya star fish
Green palm tree
Green star polyp
Cowry shell
Pillow star fish
Button coral - cynarina
Brain coral - diplostrea
Assorted fancy star fish
Hammer coral
Torch coral (green, yellow)
Frog spawn coral
Brain coral - favia
Candy coral
Colored plate fungia
Green pineapple coral
Flower pot coral (green, purple)
Branch coral - goniopora
Budding coral
Sea fan (colored)
Plate coral - heliofungia
Blue ridge coral
Horn coral
Horn coral (branch)
Horn coral (cultured)
Wrinkle coral
Star fish (blue, orange, red, yellow, black)
Brain coral (carpet)
Colored brain coral - lobophyllia
Devils hand coral
Ruffled coral - merulina
Cup coral (rough)
Branch coral (blue, green, pink, purple, yellow)
Rough coral (colored)
Coral - montipora (cultured)
35
Mycedium elephantotus
Nudibranch spp.
Ophiarachnella spp.
Oxypora spp.
Pachyseris rugosa
Pavona cactus
Pavona spp.
Pectinia lactuca
Pectinia paeonia
Physogyra lichetensteini
Platygyra spp.
Pleurogyra sinuosa
Pocillopora eydouxi
Pocillopora spp.
Pocillopora spp.
Pocillopora spp.
Polycarpa aurata
Polyphyllia talpinia
Porites spp.
Porites spp.
Porites spp.
Protoreaster nodosus
Rhodactinia spp.
Sarcophyton ehrenbergi
Sarcophyton spp.
Scleractinia spp.
Scleractinia spp.
Scolymia spp.
Seriatopora histrix
Seriatopora spp.
Sinularia spp.
Sinularia spp.
Siphonogorgia spp.
Stylopora spp.
Stylopora spp.
Symphyllia spp.
Trachypyhllia geoffroyi
Tridacna crocea
Tubestraea micrantha
Tubestraea spp.
Tubipora musica
Tubipora spp.
Turbinaria spp.
Xenia spp.
Zooanthid
Zoophyllia turbida
Trade Name
Flat - mycedium
Giant yellow slug
Brittle star fish
Flat - oxypora
Rugose coral
Cactus coral
Lettuce coral
Cup coral (ruffled)
Cup coral (spiny)
Bubble coral (short polyp)
Brain coral (worm)
Bubble coral (regular)
Cauliflower coral
Stem coral (brown, pink, green)
Lace coral
Brown stem coral (cultured)
Sea squirt (tunicate)
Tongue coral (green)
Christmas tree rock
Yellow coral - porites
Coral – porites (cultured)
Chocolate chip star
Mushroom/Elephant ear on rock
Green polyp (mushroom)
Mushroom leather coral
Assorted soft corals
Live rock
Brain coral (flat, red) - scolymia
Bird nest coral
Bird nest coral (cultured)
Green leather coral (hairy, finger)
Leather coral (hairy, finger)
Sea fan (thick stem)
Elkhorn coral
Elkhorn coral (cultured)
Brain coral
Sand brain
Tridacna crocea
Black tube coral
Orange tube coral
Pipe organ coral
Pipe organ coral (green polyp)
Cup coral (regular, yellow)
Assorted xenia (pumping, on rock)
Zooanthid on branch coral - scleractinia
Fox coral
36
Appendix 3: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands Buying and Selling List (Examples)
AASI Trade Name
Amphiprion clarkii
Amphiprion percula
Antennarius maculatus
Balistoides conspicillum
Carchachinus spp.
Centropyge bicolor
Centropyge flavissimus
Chaetodon auriga
Chaetodon citrinellus
Chaetodon lunula
Chromis bicolor
Chrysiptera springeri
Chrysiptera starki
Dardanus spp.
Dendrochirus zebra
Ecsenius bicolor
Euxiphipops spp.
Halichoeres spp.
*Hippopus hippopus
*Hippopus hippopus
Histrio histrio
Hoploatilus purpureus
Hymigymnus fasciatus
Neocirrhitus armatus
Novaculichthys spp.
Ophiarachnella spp.
Paracanthurus hepatus
Paracirrhites forsteri
Periclimenes spp.
Pholidichthys leucotaenia
Pseudanthias squamipinis
Pseudobalistes fuscus
Ptereleotris evides
Pterois radiata
Serranocirrhitus latus
Signigobious biocellatus
*Tridacna crocea
*Tridacna crocea
*Tridacna derasa
*Tridacna derasa
*Tridacna gigas
*Tridacna gigas
Zanculus cornutus
Zebrasoma scopas
Clarkii clown fish
Cap/bonnet clown fish
Percula clown fish
Wartskin angler fish
Dogface puffer fish
Dalmation dogface pufferfish
Clown trigger fish
Black tip shark
Bicolor angel fish
Lemon peel angel fish
Auriga butterfly fish
Lemon butterfly fish
Racoon butterfly fish
Bicolor chromis
Solomon blue damsel fish
Starki damsel fish
Red leg hermit crab
Dwarf lion fish
Bicolor blenny fish
Blue face angel fish
Christmas wrasse
Hippopus clam (1 inch)
Hippopus clam (6 inch)
Sargassum angler fish
Purple goby/tilefish
Banded wrasse
Flame hawk
Dragon wrasse
Brittle star fish
Blue tang (medium)
Blackstripe hawk
Anemone shrimp
Engineer goby
Blue eye anthias
Blue line trigger fish
Scissortail goby
Radiata lion fish
Fathead anthias
Signal goby
Crocea (1.5 inch super grade)
Crocea (5 inch super grade)
Derasa clam (1 inch)
Derasa clam(9 inch)
Gigas clam (2 inch)
Gigas clam (6 inch)
Moorish idol
Scopas tang
Note:
Buying
Price SI$
1.10
11.00
2.75
16.50
2.75
7.70
27.50
55.00
2.50
6.60
1.10
1.10
1.65
0.55
1.00
2.75
0.30
1.65
1.65
33.00
2.20
1.67
4.76
2.20
8.80
2.75
8.25
2.75
0.55
7.70
1.10
1.65
0.15
1.65
5.50
1.10
6.60
11.00
2.20
5.00
10.00
1.67
7.86
3.57
8.00
1.65
2.20
Equivalent
US$
0.15
1.55
0.40
2.30
0.40
1.00
3.85
7.70
0.35
0.90
0.15
0.15
0.25
0.10
0.15
0.40
0.05
0.25
0.25
4.60
0.30
0.25
0.65
0.30
1.25
0.40
1.15
0.40
0.10
1.10
0.15
0.25
0.05
0.25
0.75
0.15
0.90
1.55
0.30
0.70
1.40
0.25
1.10
0.50
1.10
0.25
0.30
Selling
Price
US$
1.00
10.00
2.00
15.00
2.50
7.50
25.00
50.00
1.50
5.00
1.50
1.00
2.00
0.50
0.75
2.50
0.50
1.50
1.50
25.00
2.00
1.25
6.25
2.00
8.00
2.50
7.00
2.00
0.50
5.50
1.00
2.00
0.25
1.50
7.50
1.00
6.00
7.50
2.00
3.00
20.00
1.25
10.00
3.50
13.00
1.50
2.00
Times
Difference
6.6
6.4
5.0
6.5
6.2
7.5
6.4
6.4
4.2
5.5
10.0
6.6
8.0
5.0
5.0
6.2
10.0
6.0
6.0
5.4
6.6
5.0
9.6
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.6
8.0
5.0
5.0
10.0
6.6
6.6
4.8
6.6
4.2
14.2
5.0
9.0
7.0
11.8
6.0
6.6
*Buying and selling prices for giant clam species are based on previous ICLARM prices.
1 SI$ = 0.13570 US$; 1 US$ = 7.36920 SI$ (12/02/2004 - http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic)
37
Appendix 4: Marau Sound Workshop Attendees
Group
1
2
3
Name
Sawiela Talasi
Nestore Sale
Susan Toutohu
Ezikiel Honikira
Martin Ramo
Leotina Ramo
Moffet Mauropa
Rose David
Ileen Kiniapu
John Holis
Neilsen Poiriau
Francois Mamou
Anna Malipauro
Siria Maesian
Francis Mare
John Houakau
Jennifer Solo
Paul Mamaraai
Nenita Mamaraai
Patrick Haukare
Rose Kaia
Stella Taerahio
Kalisto Mane
Claudius Sarai
Lawrence Marai
Bernedette Teo
Silvia Kulisiva
Village
Piapia
Piapia
Naohanua
Naohanua
Naohanua
Naohanua
Naohanua
Naohanua
Naohanua
Katou
Katou
Kakaru
Taspa
Simeruka
Simeruka
Simeruka
Simeruka
Simeruka
Simeruka
Marapa
Nui
Niu
Nui
Taspa
Taspa
Tavunipupu
Marapa
MLC Zone/Community
Temataho
Temataho
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
Komukomu
38

Kinch (2004) AquTrade-SolMarau

Transcription

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