YOUTH VIOLENCE AND THE CHALLENGES IN THE AGE OF

YOUTH VIOLENCE AND THE CHALLENGES IN THE AGE OF

EVANGELISCHE AKADEMIE
LOCCUM
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NIGERIA:
YOUTH VIOLENCE AND THE
CHALLENGES IN THE AGE OF
GLOBALIZATION
Nick Idoko
THE CONTEXT
• 140,000,000 people (2006 census)
- One of the highest growth & fertility rates in the
world
• Accounts for most of the world’s total population
by 2050
• 1 out of 4 Africans is a Nigerian
• 9th most populated country in the world
• 20% of world’s black population live in Nigeria
- 42.3% of population between 0-14 years old
- 54.6% of population between 15-65 years old
• Nigeria, a country of young people!
• 1914 - colonial creation through amalgamation of north
and south protectorates by the British
- 1914 – 1960 colonial rule
- Brought together at least 250 ethnic groups
- 1966 – 1999 military rule (1967-1970 civil war; 19791983)
• A Nation Predisposed to Violence?
- Inbuilt structures of violence- colonialism/militarism
- Ethnicity & Religion
- Struggle over resources
- Macro problem-political violence (electoral fraud,
thuggery, rigging)
- Poverty (unemployment, economic misery)
THE POVERTY TYPOLOGY
• Dysfunctional structural divide and
discrimination at the level of state and society
• Promotion of violence as economic opportunity
• Institutional pressure on public agencies (police
and others)
• Staggering level of youth unemployment (“youth
bulge” and “youth cohorts”)
- Domestic and cultural violence
- Clash between traditional institutions and
forces of modernism
- High incidence of state failure
DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF YOUTH
• UN – anyone aged 18 and below is a child
- Anyone aged 15-24 is a youth
• UNFPA- those aged 10-24 young people
- People aged 10-18 children
• In Africa youth is an age group, 15-39 yrs
- ability to work
- marriage
- economic independence
YOUTH INVOLVEMENT IN VIOLENCE
• 90-95% of violent conflicts in Nigeria!
• Role of area boys, almajiris, ethnic militias (opc,
bakassi boys, apc, egbesu boys)
• A demographic threat?
- UN World Dev. Reports 2003,2005, 2007
- Youth bulge – Samuel Huntington, Gunnar
Heinsohn, Juha Eskelinen
- youth in politics
- youth in armed conflict; cult, ethnic militias,
armed robbery, war
• Youth in rural areas
- 67% Africans live in rural areas
- socio-cultural changes
- job migration
• Youth and Urbanization
- 2007 world urban population to exceed its rural
population (first time in history)
- rapid growth of urban areas (4-5 times faster in
developing countries)-UN Habitat
- 1.3 billion young people (most ever in historyWDR 2007)
• Urbanization and Rise of Violence
- combination of rapid urbanization and youth
bulge, youth cohorts
- disintegration of family and schools
- loss of control by the church
- incidence of crime
- youth perpetrator and victim of violence
- 200,000 youth murders in 2000 (WHO)
- bloody incidents in Lagos, Port Harcourt,
Kaduna, Kano, Jos in Nigeria
- Mathare one of biggest African slum in Nairobi,
Kenya
YOUTH AND GLOBALIZATION
• Value change and social transformation
- change in the socio-cultural situation of youth
- new lifestyles, consumerism; pervasive
subliminal advertisement, e.g. mobile phones,
Coca Cola
- media penetration of world networks and
Hollywood movies; cultural invasion, cultural
dilution, cultural imperialism
- products of American mass media are 75% of
broadcast & cable TV revenues worldwide
- opening of economies; small arms production
and transfer across borders
• Gender
- proportion of female to male perpetrators
- victimhood
• Special situation of African Youth
- political and economic crisis; frustrated,
hopeless and disillusioned youth
- exclusion from decision making process
-governance
marginalization in traditional system of local
POSSIBLE RESPONSES TO THE
CHALLENGES
• Policies to tackle youth crime
- role of institutions of socialization (family,
school, church) in curbing delinquency
- social rather than judicial approaches – UN
Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration
of Juvenile Justice 1995, Guidelines for the
Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency 1990
- strategic prevention more effective & costbeneficial not suppression and deterrent
- impact of punitive strategies – tension, fears of
stigmatization
- role of state; imprisonment, torture, execution
WAY FORWARD
• Transform our perception of youth
• Give voice to the voiceless; youth representation and
participation in community and government
• Youth strategies and mainstreaming youth policies as
key to long-term sustainable development
• Inclusion of youth issues in development planning of
NGOs and Church organizations
• Promotion of youth rights and youth empowerment
• Partnership and networking
• Special focus on multi-track youth capacity-building
interlinking human capacity investment, employment,
skills acquisition, peace and conflict education and
training
THANK YOU
Nick Idoko, PhD
Centre for Peace in Africa, Lagos, Nigeria
Tel: +234 1 8177255; +234 803 537 5975
Mail to: [email protected]
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