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Euro 15.-
International Journal
for Nuclear Power
ISSN · 1431-5254
www.nucmag.com
7
| 2014
July
Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 2014:
Opening Address
Challenges for Education of Nuclear Engineers:
Beyond Nuclear Basics
The New Duty of Care for Nuclear Power Plant
Operators
Nuclear Power World Report 2013
atw © | 2014 | Author's Copy
7
Content
International Journal for
Nuclear Power
July 2014
Dr. Ralf Güldner, President DAtF at the Plenary
Session of the 45th Annual Meeting on Nuclear
Technology (Page 418)
Official organ of the Kerntechnische Gesellschaft e. V. (KTG)
Editorial
405
Viva España!
Viva España!
Nuclear Today
407
J. Shepherd
Time to Increase Momentum in Bridging
the Nuclear Skills Gap
Dringender Handlungsbedarf beim Erhalt
und Ausbau zukünftiger kerntechnischer
Kompetenzen
Spotlight on Nuclear Law
408
T. Leidinger
Nuclear Fuel Tax in Court
Kernbrennstoffsteuer vor Gericht
Content in brief
Overview of engineering tools applications and
their possible interfaces
(Page 427)
Cover: Power – motivation for using nuclear
energy. View of the substation of the Santa María
de Garoña nuclear power plant in Spain. The plant
temporarily stopped operation in 2012/2013 due
to uncertain fiscal and regulatory conditions. In
May 2014 the operator Nuclenor announced to
renew the operating license. If approved, the
station will be restarted and allowed to operate
until 2 March 2031 (Courtesy: Nuclenor).
410
412
Inside Nuclear with NucNet
416
L. Mitev
The Role of Nuclear in the US and in the
World – Interview with Donald Hoffman
Die Rolle der Kernenergie in den USA und
weltweit – Interview mit Donald Hoffman
R. Güldner
417
45th Annual Meeting on Nuclear
Technology: Opening Address
45. Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2014:
Eröffnungsrede
422
Impressions: 45th Annual Meeting on
Nuclear Technology
Impressionen der
45. Jahrestagung Kerntechnik
C. Schönfelder
424
Current Challenges for Education of
Nuclear Engineers:
Aktuelle Herausforderungen der
Ausbildung von Nuklearingenieuren:
Über nuklere Grundlagen hinaus
P. Pla
428
L. Ammirabile
G. Pascal
A. Annunziato
Preservation of Thermalhydraulic and
Severe Accident Experimental Data
Produced by the European Commission
Dokumentation und Erhalt von
experimentellen thermohydraulischen
Daten und Daten zu Schwerstörfallexperimenten aus Programmen der
Europäischen Kommission
>>> atw © | 2014 | Author's Copy <<<
atw Vol. 59 (2014) Issue 7 | July
Content
I. Erdebil
432
A. Omar
Regulatory Oversight – Approach to Life
Extension of Nuclear Research Reactors
Ein Überblick aus Sicht der Genehmigungsbehörde – Laufzeitverlängerungen
für Forschungsreaktoren
ENS High Scientific Council
436
Position Paper on Irradiated Fuel and
Waste Management: The Achille’s Heel of
the Nuclear Industry?
Positionspapier zum Umgang mit
bestrahltem Kernbrennstoff und radioaktiven Abfällen: die Achillesferse der
kerntechnischen Industrie?
H. Posser
438
The New Duty of Care for Nuclear Power
Plant Operators in Sec. 9a subpara. 2a AtG
Zur neuen Sorgepflicht der Kraftwerksbetreiber gem. § 9a Abs. 2a AtG
G. Brückner
441
B. Schmitt
M. Micklinghoff
External Laundry Service – a Tool for
Fleet Management and Flexible
Decommissioning
Externer Wäscheservice – ein Werkzeug
der zentralen Steuerung und der
flexiblen Rückbauplanung
The Editor
445
Kernenergie Weltreport 2013
Imprint
451
News
451
Market Data
460
Publications
462
JRC STRESA-SARNET portal
(http://stresa.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sarnet/)
(Page 429)
Future challenges for decommissioning of
nuclear power plants in Germany
(Page 444)
Slovak Republic 4|2
Czech Republic 6
Hungary 4
Finland 4|1
Slovenia 1
Sweden 10
Belarus -|1
Netherlands 1
Canada 19
Russia 33|10
United Kingdom 16
Belgium 7
Rep. Korea 23|5
Germany 9
USA 100|5
Calendar
463
KTG-Mitteilungen
465
Mexico 2
Switzerland 5
France 58|1
Armenia 1
Spain 7
Iran 1
Bulgaria 2
Ukraine 15
UAE -|2
Romania 2
Pakistan 3|2
India 21|6
South Africa 2
Nuclear power plant units in operation: 435, location with units ( first number)
Nuclear power plant units under construction: 70, location with units ( second number)
Insert: Publication from AINT,
46. Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology – Call for Papers
Japan 49|2
Taiwan 6|2
Brazil 2|1
Argentina 2|1
China 20|29
>>> atw © | 2014 | Author's Copy <<<
As of: 31.12.2013
atw - atomwirtschaft, 6/2014
World map nuclear power plants. Number of
nuclear power plant units in operation (first
number) and number of nuclear power plant units
under construction (second number) (Page 446)
411
Content in Brief
Time to Increase Momentum in
Bridging the Nuclear Skills Gap
(Page 407)
J. Shepherd
A international conference hosted by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in
May 2014 highlighted the difficult balancing
act that countries have in making sure that a
pool of talent continues to be available to the
nuclear sector into the future.
The International Conference on Human
Resource Development for Nuclear Power
Programmes noted the huge task of maintaining a skilled workforce with the ability to
cover nuclear in its widest sense: everything
from fuel manufacturing, nuclear power
plant operations, decommissioning, waste
management and of course nurturing those
who may become future regulators or captains of industry.
The conference also correctly identified the different requirements of countries depending on their individual circumstances.
There can certainly be no delay in this
task. Even if no new nuclear power plants
were to be built again – which is certainly not
the case – highly-skilled individuals would
still be required to manage existing plants,
work in decommissioning, waste management and so on.
The nuclear industry should continue and
expand its support for academies, training establishments and other such institutions with
the goal of training the next generation of nuclear professionals. At the same time, knowledge transfer programmes should be stepped
up, so that professionals who are approaching retirement can pass on their invaluable
expertise to those who will follow them.
Nuclear Fuel Tax in Court
(Page 408)
T. Leidinger
Besides the “Nuclear Energy Moratorium”
(temporary shutdown of eight nuclear power
plants after the Fukushima incident) and the
legally decreed “Nuclear Energy Phase-Out”
(by the 13th AtG-amendment), also the legality of the nuclear fuel tax is being challenged
in court. After receiving urgent legal proposals from 5 nuclear power plant operators, the
Hamburg fiscal court ( 4V 154/13) temporarily obliged on 14 April 2014 respective main
customs offices through 27 decisions to reimburse 2.2 b. Euro nuclear fuel tax to the operating companies. In all respects a remarkable
process.
It is not in favour of cleverness to impose a
political target even accepting immense constitutional and union law risks. Taxation “at
any price” is neither a statement of state sovereignty nor one for a sound fiscal policy. Early and serious warnings of constitutional experts and specialists in the field of tax law
with regard to the nuclear fuel tax were not
lacking.
412
The Role of Nuclear in the US and in
the World – Interview with
Donald Hoffman
(Page 416)
L. Mitev
Donald Hoffman, outgoing president of
the American Nuclear Society (ANS), talks to
NucNet about the economics of nuclear energy in the US, the role of SMRs and the need
for “fair and appropriate” 123 Agreements
(Section 123 of the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954, titled “Cooperation With
Other Nations”, establishes an agreement for
cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear
deals between the US and any other nation.
Such agreements are called “123 Agreements”).
45th Annual Meeting on Nuclear
Techno-logy: Opening address
(Page 417)
R. Güldner
The operators of Germany’s nuclear power
plants continue to make their contribution
to the security of supply with the safe and
reliable operation of their plants, thus ensuring the success of the energy transition. Despite increased load following operation
due to a further increase in feed-in especially of volatile renewable energies, three
German nuclear power plants were in the
Top Ten global producers of electricity from
nuclear energy in 2013. In spite of not producing an equivalent of seven full-load
days due to load following operation, the
Isar 2 nuclear power plant once again
bears the proud title of “world champion producer”.
This balance is also an impressive performance record for nuclear power made in Germany. Despite the accelerated nuclear phaseout, German plants with German operators,
and suppliers and service providers based
mainly in Germany, are in the top category
worldwide once more.
Since the end of last year Germany has a
new Federal Government as a new version of
the grand coalition of 2005 to 2009. The government has set new priorities in the energy
sector. However, on many questions concerning nuclear energy, particularly the complex
topics of decommissioning and waste management, we are still seeing far too little
movement at present.
Main topics are:
• New site selection process for final repository for high active waste
• Alternative interim storage – just not Gorleben
• Decommissioning, dismantling and administrative bottlenecks
• Lack of predictability for low and medium
active waste
• Nuclear fuel tax, electricity market and security of supply
• Electricity market, security of supply and
regulation
>>> atw © | 2014 | Author's Copy <<<
Current Challenges for Education of
Nuclear Engineers: Beyond Nuclear
Basics
(Page 424)
C. Schönfelder
In past decades, curricula for the education of
nuclear engineers (either as a major or minor
subject) have been well established all over the
world. However, from the point of view of a
nuclear supplier, recent experiences in large
and complex new build as well as modernization projects have shown that important competences required in these projects were not
addressed during the education of young graduates. Consequently, in the past nuclear industry has been obliged to either accept long periods for job familiarization, or to develop and
implement various dedicated internal training
measures.
Although the topics normally addressed in
nuclear engineering education (like neutron
and reactor physics, nuclear materials or thermohydraulics and the associated calculation
methods) build up important competences, this
paper shows that the current status of nuclear
applications requires adaptations of educational curricula.
As a conclusion, when academic nuclear engineering curricula start taking into account
current competence needs in nuclear industry,
it will be for the benefit of the current and future generation of nuclear engineers. They will
be better prepared for their future job positions
and career perspectives, especially on an international level.
The recommendations presented should not
only be of importance for the nuclear fission
field, but also for the fusion community. Here,
the Horizon 2020 Roadmap to Fusion as published in 2012 now is focusing on ITER and on a
longer-term development of fusion technology
for a future demonstration reactor DEMO. The
very challenging work program is leading to a
strong need for exactly those skills that are described in this article.
Preservation of Thermalhydraulic and
Severe Accident Experimental Data
Produced by the European
Commission
(Page 428)
P. Pla, L. Ammirabile, G. Pascal and
A. Annunziato
The experimental data recorded in Integral Effect Test Facilities (ITFs) are traditionally used
in order to validate Best Estimate (BE) system
codes and to investigate the behaviour of Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) under accident scenarios. In the same way, facilities dedicated to
specific thermalhydraulic (TH) Severe Accident (SA) phenomena are used for the development and improvement of specific analytical
models and codes used in the SA analysis for
Light Water Reactors (LWR).
The extent to which the existing reactor
safety experimental databases are preserved
was well known and frequently debated and
questioned in the nuclear community. The
Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European
Commission (EC) has been deeply involved in
Content in Brief
several projects for experimental data production and experimental data preservation.
The paper is presenting these large EC initiatives on the production of experimental data
and its storage in the JRC STRESA node. The
objective of the paper is to further disseminate
and promote the usage of the database containing these experimental data and to demonstrate long-term importance of well maintained
experimental databases.
At present time the Nuclear Reactor Safety
Assessment Unit (NRSA) of the JRC Institute of
Energy and Transport in Petten is engaged in
the development of a new STRESA tool to secure EU storage for SA experimental data and
calculations. The target is to keep the main features of the existing STRESA structure but using
the new informatics technologies that are nowadays available and providing new capabilities.
The development of this new STRESA tool
should be completed by the end of 2014.
Regulatory Oversight – Approach to
Life Extension of Nuclear Research
Reactors
(Page 432)
I. Erdebil and A. Omar
As nuclear power plants and large research and
isotope production facilities age, licensees are
applying for permission to extend the operation
of such nuclear installations beyond their assumed design life. It is the current practice in
such cases for the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) to request the licensee to conduct an Integrated Safety Review (ISR). This is to
collect sufficient and necessary information to
allow CNSC staff to make determinations and
recommendations to support regulatory decisions on granting a licence for safe and reliable
continued operation of such facilities.
The ISR (a process equivalent to a one-time
Periodic Safety Review (PSR)) is a systematic
and comprehensive assessment to determine
the extent to which the plant conforms to modern codes, standards and practices; the licensing bases remains valid over the proposed extended operation period; arrangements are in
place to maintain continued plant safety; and to
ensure improvements are implemented to resolve identified issues.
This paper presents the Canadian regulatory
oversight experience, challenges, and lessons
learned from the assessment of the results of an
ISR that was conducted by a licensee to extend
the operating licence of the National Research
Universal (NRU) reactor in Canada.
Position Paper on Irradiated Fuel and
Waste Management: The Achille’s
Heel of the Nuclear Industry?
(Page 436)
ENS
The management and final disposal of irradiated fuel and nuclear waste is often presented by
the media and perceived by the public as being
an unsolved problem that restricts the future of
nuclear energy. However, the nuclear industry
focused on this problem very early on and has
developed proven technical solutions.
Nuclear energy will continue developing
worldwide, in spite of the Fukushima accident.
Even in those European countries that have decided to phase-out nuclear energy there is a
legacy of nuclear waste that must be dealt with.
The scientific and technical expertise needed
for waste management already exists. Management decisions must be taken. Now is the time
for political courage.
The New Duty of Care for Nuclear
Power Plant Operators in Sec. 9a
subpara. 2a AtG
(Page 438)
H. Posser
The new stipulation in Sec. 9a subpara. 2a AtG
– pursuant to which operators of nuclear power
plants are no longer entitled to use the interim
storage facility in Gorleben for radioactive waste
stemming from the reprocessing plants in Sellafield and La Hague, but have to establish further
capacities in their own facilities for spent nuclear fuels at the site of the power plants – is illegal
under constitutional law. It imposes an unproportional burden on the plant operators as well
as on GNS, and infringes property rights without pursuing a legitimate purpose.
External Laundry Service – a Tool for
Fleet Management and Flexible
Decommissioning
(Page 441)
G. Brückner, B. Schmitt and M. Micklinghoff
While it is common in other countries such as
the USA or Sweden to send out contaminated
garments to an external laundering facility, this
is not the case in Germany, where the preferred
tendency in the nuclear industry is to remain independent from an external service provider.
After the US based company “UniTech” built a
laundering facility for controlled area garment
in Coevorden, Netherlands, in 1996, German
operators began testing this service for decommissioning work.
At the time, their justification for this choice
was based on the following:
• In case of a disrupted delivery the consequences would not be as severe for a nuclear
power plant in the process of decommissioning.
• Additional investments (evaporators) would
have been necessary to install in the laundries of the individual nuclear power plants.
• The existing on-site laundries and waste
treatment equipment were often not suited
to deal with nuclides, specific to decommissioning.
It quickly became evident that a specialized service provider could conduct the necessary tasks
more effectively, more flexibly, and with higher
quality than an ancillary on-site facility.
In addition, it became evident that central
fleet management tasks are facilitated by contracting an external service provider. Business
and technical processes, and requirements
agreed upon in a framework agreement, supported the introduction of unified standards.
The road map for future decommissioning
projects in Germany is impacted by many uncertainties. Therefore, planning requires a great
deal of flexibility. Here, as with other related
>>> atw © | 2014 | Author's Copy <<<
operations, it is critical that enough protective
garments are in the right place at the right time.
If this does not happen, delays, additional costs
and changes to process planning result. For
these reasons, an external laundering and garment management service is the most reliable
solution. Industry experience shows that even
very short-term requests for large quantities of
protective garments can be fulfilled. Also, no
costs are incurred when there is no decommissioning activity over extended periods of time.
(Page 445)
The Editor
At the end of 2013, 435 nuclear power plants
were available for energy supply in 31 countries
of the world. This means that the number decreased by 2 units compared to the previous
year’s number on 31 December 2012. The aggregate gross power of the plants amounted to
approx. 398,861 MWe, the aggregate net power, to 378,070 MWe (gross: 392,793 MWe, net:
372,572 MWe, new data base as of 2013: nameplate capacities).
Four units were commissioned in 2014;
three units in China and one in India.
Eight units were shut down permanently in
2013; 2 units in Japan, and four units in the
USA. Two units in Canada were declared permanently shut-down after a long-term shutdown.
70 nuclear generating units – 2 more than at
the end of 2012 – were under construction in
late 2013 in 15 countries with an aggregate
gross power of approx. 73,814 MWe and net
power of approx. 69,279 MWe. Six new projects
have been started in 2013 in four countries (Belarus, China, the Republic of Korea, and the
United Arab Emirates). Worldwide, some 125
new nuclear power plants are in the concrete
project design, planning, and licensing phases;
in some of these cases license applications have
been submitted or contracts have already been
signed. Some 100 further projects are planned.
Net electricity generation in nuclear power
plants worldwide in 2013 achieved a level of approx. 2,364.15 billion (109) kWh (2012: approx.
2,350.80 billion kWh). Since the first generation of electricity in a nuclear power plant in the
EBR-I fast breeder (USA) on December 20,
1951, cumulated net production has reached
approx. 70,310 billion kWh, and operating experience has grown to some 15,400 reactor

years.
atw Vol. 59 (2014) No. 7
»atw - International Journal for Nuclear
Power« is published monthly by INFORUM
Verlags- und Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH
Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
phone +49 30 498555-10
fax +49 30 498555-19
Publisher:
e-mail: [email protected]
Editorial:
www.nucmag.com
413
Content in Brief (German)
Dringender Handlungsbedarf beim
Erhalt und Ausbau zukünftiger
kerntechnischer Kompetenzen
(Seite 407)
J. Shepherd
Auf einer Konferenz der Internationalen Atomenergie-Organisation (IAEO) im Mai 2014 wurde
die aktuelle und absehbare schwierige Gratwanderung deutlich, die auf alle Länder mit kerntechnischen Aktivitäten zukommt, um zukünftig
auf ausreichend kompetentes Personal zurück
greifen zu können.
Klar umrissen wurde auf der International
Conference on Human Resource Development
for Nuclear Programmes die Aufgabe, ausreichend Personal für alle im weitesten Sinne kerntechnischen Aktivitäten auszubilden und zu qualifizieren: von der Kernbrennstoffherstellung
über den Kernkraftwerksbetrieb, die Entsorgung
aber auch die Aufgaben der Aufsichtsbehörden
sowie das Führungspersonal.
Es wurde auch betont, dass auf die einzelnen
Länder unterschiedliche Aufgaben zukommen,
die abhängig von den jeweiligen kerntechnischen Aktivitäten sind aber für alle Länder gleichermaßen Herausforderungen darstellen.
Betont wurde, dass Lösungen für diese Aufgabe nicht hinausgeschoben werden dürfen. Unabhängig von möglichen Kernkraftwerksneubauten – diese kommen bzw. werden kommen –
ist hoch qualifiziertes Personal für alle Bereiche
der Kerntechnik erforderlich.
Die kerntechnische Industrie sollte daher ihr
Engagement fortsetzen und erweitern und unter
anderem Akademien, Bildungseinrichtungen
und andere Institutionen unterstützen mit dem
Ziel, die Ausbildung der nächsten Generation
von „Kerntechnikern“ zu fördern. Gleichzeitig
sollten Programme zum Know-how-Erhalt und
zur Know-how-Sicherung für den Übergang von
heutigen zu zukünftigen Know-how-Trägern initiiert werden.
Kernbrennstoffsteuer vor Gericht
(Seite 408)
T. Leidinger
Neben dem „Kernkraftmoratorium“ (vorübergehende Abschaltung von 8 Kernkraftwerken nach
Fukushima) und dem gesetzlich verordneten
„Kernenergieausstieg“ (durch die 13. AtG-Novelle) wird auch über die Rechtmäßigkeit der Kernbrennstoffsteuer vor Gericht gestritten. Das Finanzgericht Hamburg (4 V 154/13) hat am 14.
April 2014 auf die Eilrechtsanträge von fünf
Kernkraftwerksbetreibern in 27 Beschlüssen die
zuständigen Hauptzollämter vorläufig verpflichtet, insgesamt über 2,2 Mrd. Euro Kernbrennstoffsteuer an die Betreiberunternehmen zu erstatten. Ein in jeder Hinsicht bemerkenswerter
Vorgang.
Es spricht nicht für Klugheit, ein politisches
Ziel auch unter Inkaufnahme immenser verfassungs- und unionsrechtlicher Risiken durchzusetzen. Eine Besteuerung „um jeden Preis“ ist
weder Ausweis staatlicher Souveränität noch
für solide Haushaltspolitik. An frühen und ernsten Warnungen namhafter Verfassungs- und
Steuerrechtsexperten hat es in Bezug auf die
Kernbrennstoffsteuer nicht gefehlt.
414
Die Rolle der Kernenergie in den USA
und weltweit – Interview mit
Donald Hoffman (Seite 416)
L. Mitev
Donald Hoffman, scheidender President der American Nuclear Society (ANS), stellte sich den Fragen
von NucNet zur wirtschaftlichen Situation der
Kernenergie in den USA, der Rolle von SMRs
(Small and medium sized reactors, Kernkraftwerken kleiner und mittlerer Leistung) und der Notwendigkeit von fairen und geeigneten „123 Vereinbarungen“ (diese regeln gemäß U.S. Atomic Energy Act von 1954) den Außenhandel zwischen den
USA und anderen Staaten.
45. Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2014:
Eröffnungsrede
(Seite 417)
R. Güldner
Die Betreiber der deutschen Kernkraftwerke leisten mit dem sicheren und verlässlichen Betrieb
Ihrer Anlagen weiterhin ihren Beitrag zur Versorgungssicherheit und damit zum Gelingen der Energiewende. Trotz des verstärkten Lastfolgebetriebs
aufgrund einer weiter gewachsenen Einspeisung
insbesondere volatiler erneuerbarer Energien, befinden sich 2013 drei deutsche Kernkraftwerke
unter den Top Ten der weltweiten Stromerzeugung
aus Kernenergie und das Kernkraftwerk Isar 2
kann sich trotz des Verlustes von insgesamt 7 Vollasttagen durch Lastfolgebetrieb erneut mit dem Titel „Produktionsweltmeister“ schmücken.
Diese Bilanz ist auch ein eindrucksvoller Leistungsnachweis für Kerntechnik made in Germany:
Trotz beschleunigtem Ausstiegs liegen deutsche
Anlagen mit deutschen Betreibern und überwiegend in Deutschland angesiedelten Zulieferern
und Dienstleistern weltweit wieder in der Spitzengruppe.
Seit Ende vergangenen Jahres ist eine neue
Bundesregierung als Neuauflage der großen Koalition von 2005 bis 2009 im Amt. Im Energiebereich
mit dem Reformentwurf zum EEG und bei anderen
Themen wie der Renten- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik
hat die Regierung neue Akzente gesetzt. In vielen
Fragen der Kernenergie insbesondere in dem Themenkomplex Stilllegung und Entsorgung sehen
wir aber derzeit noch viel zu wenig Bewegung.
Wichtige Themen für die Kernenergie in
Deutschland sind:
• Neues Standortauswahlverfahren für Endlager
hochradioaktiver Abfälle
• Alternative Zwischenlagerung – nur nicht Gorleben
• Stilllegung, Rückbau und administrative Engpässe
• Fehlende Planbarkeit bei schwach- und mittelaktiven Abfällen
• Kernbrennstoffsteuer, Strommarkt und Versorgungssicherheit
• Strommarkt, Versorgungssicherheit und Regulierung
Aktuelle Herausforderungen der Ausbildung von Nuklearingenieuren: Über
nuklere Grundlagen hinaus(Seite 424)
C. Schönfelder
In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten haben sich die Ingenieur-Studiengänge in der Kerntechnik – sowohl
>>> atw © | 2014 | Author's Copy <<<
im Haupt- als auch im Nebenfach – weltweit etabliert; sie wurden zum überwiegenden Teil vereinheitlicht. Aus der Sicht eines Kerntechnik-Anbieters haben jedoch Erfahrungen in aktuellen
großen Neubau- und Modernisierungsprojekten
gezeigt, dass wichtige, für diese Projekte erforderliche Kompetenzen nicht in diesen Studiengängen entwickelt werden. Konsequenterweise
war die Nuklearindustrie daher in der Vergangenheit gezwungen, entweder längere Einarbeitungszeiten zu akzeptieren oder spezielle jobspezifische interne Trainingskurse zu entwickeln
und durchzuführen.
Obwohl die Themen, die üblicherweise in Ingenieur-Studiengängen zur Kerntechnik behandelt werden (wie Neutronen- und Reaktorphysik, Materialtechnik oder Thermohydraulik sowie die zugehörigen Berechnungsprogramme),
wichtige Kompetenzen aufbauen, zeigt dieser
Artikel, dass wesentliche Anpassungen der Ingenieur-Studiengänge in der Kerntechnik erforderlich sind.
Wenn die aktuellen Kompetenzanforderungen seitens der Kerntechnik-Industrie bei diesen
Ingenieur-Studiengängen berücksichtigt werden, wird dies zum Nutzen der heutigen wie
auch der zukünftigen Ingenieur-Generation
sein: Sie wird besser auf ihre beruflichen Aufgaben und ihre berufliche Laufbahn vorbereitet
sein, insbesondere auch auf einem internationalen Niveau.
Die vorgestellten Empfehlungen sind nicht
nur für Arbeiten in der Kern(spaltungs)-Industrie von Bedeutung, sondern auch im Bereich der
Kernfusion. Entsprechend der im Jahr 2012 von
der Europäischen Kommission veröffentlichten
„Horizon 2020 Roadmap to Fusion“ wurde hier
der Schwerpunkt auf die Fertigstellung und den
Betrieb von ITER und auf die langfristige Entwicklung der Kernfusionstechnik für ein zukünftiges Demonstrations-Fusionskraftwerk DEMO
gelegt. Das außerordentlich herausfordernde
Arbeitsprogramm erfordert jedoch genau jene
Kompetenzen, die in diesem Artikel beschrieben
werden.
Dokumentation und Erhalt von
experimentellen thermohydraulischen
Daten und Daten zu Schwerstörfallexperimenten aus Programmen der
Europäischen Kommission
(Seite 428)
P. Pla, L. Ammirabile, G. Pascal und
A. Annunziato
Experimentelle Daten aus Versuchen von Integral
Effect Test Facilities (ITFs) werden eingesetzt,
um Best Estimate (BE) System Codes zu validieren und damit das Verhalten von Kernkraftwerken unter Schwerstörfallbedingungen zu untersuchen. Ebenso werden die Daten aus Einrichtungen zur Untersuchung der Thermohydraulik
und Schwerstörfallphänomenen in Modelle und
Codes für die Simulation von Vorgängen in
Leichtwasserreaktoren verwendet.
Frühzeitig haben die Beteiligten Wege für
den Erhalt dieser umfangreichen und wertvollen
Datenbasis diskutiert. Das Joint Research Centre
(JRC) der European Commission (EC) war in viele Experimente mit eingebunden, hat damit
Daten geliefert und sichert diese entsprechend.
Vorgestellt werden Aktivitäten der EC zur
langfristigen Sicherung der genannten Daten im
Rahmen des JRC STRESA Knotens. Die Daten
Content in Brief (German)
werden damit für zukünftige Forschung und
Entwicklung zugänglich gemacht und verdeutlichen zudem die Bedeutung der experimentellen
Quellen.
Derzeit arbeitet die Nuclear Reactor Safety Assessment Unit (NRSA) des JRC Institute of Energy
and Transport in Petten an der Entwicklung eines
neuen STRESA-Tools, um die Daten für zukünftige Schwerstörfallexperimente und -berechnungen noch optimaler verfügbar zu machen. Ziel
ist die Weiterführung der bisherigen STRESAStruktur unter Berücksichtigung von neuen
Möglichkeiten der Informationstechnologie. Das
neue STRESA-Tool soll Ende 2014 zur Verfügung
stehen.
Ein Überblick aus Sicht der Genehmigungsbehörde - Laufzeitverlängerungen für Forschungsreaktoren
(Seite 432)
I. Erdebil und A. Omar
Betreiber von Kernkraftwerken sowie kerntechnischen Einrichtungen für die Forschung und Isotopenproduktion stellen zunehmend Anträge für
Laufzeitverlängerungen über die ursprünglich vorgesehenen Betriebszeiten hinaus. Für die Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) ist es gängige Praxis, in solchen Fällen einen Integrated Safety
Review (ISR) durchzuführen. Diese Überprüfung
liefert der CNSC ausreichende und notwendige Informationen, um eine qualifizierte Entscheidung
über den Antrag auf Verlängerung der Betriebslizenz treffen zu können.
Der ISR (ein Verfahren ähnlich einem einmaligen Periodic Safety Review (PSR)) ist ein systematischer Ansatz mit Bewertung, um festzustellen, inwieweit eine Anlage aktuellen Anforderungen,
Standards und Practices genügt.
Vorgestellt werden Erfahrungen, Herausforderungen und Folgerungen aus dem ISR im Rahmen
der Lizenzverlängerung für den Forschungsreaktor
National Research Universal (NRU) in Kanada.
Positionspapier zum Umgang mit
bestrahltem Kernbrennstoff und
radioaktiven Abfällen: die Achillesferse der kerntechnischen Industrie?
(Seite 436)
ENS
Der Umgang und die Endlagerung von bestrahltem
Kernbrennstoff und radioaktiven Abfällen wird
häufig in den Medien thematisiert und wird von
der Öffentlichkeit als unlösbares und damit die
Kernenergie begrenzendes Problem angesehen.
Allerdings hat die kerntechnische Industrie diese
Themen schon frühzeitig aufgenommen und inzwischen verlässliche technische Lösungen zu Umgang und sicherer Lagerung entwickelt.
Die Kernenergie wird sich weltweit weiter entwickeln ohne langfristige Einschränkungen beim
Neu- und Zubau durch die Ereignisse in Fukushima. Selbst Länder, die nach Fukushima einen Ausstieg aus der Kernenergie beschlossen haben, müssen sicher mit den Abfällen umgehen. Wissenschaftliche und technische Expertise wird dafür
benötigt und sichere Lösungen zum Abfallmanagement sind verfügbar. Jetzt ist es Aufgabe der Politik, die technischen Lösungen umzusetzen und
notwendige Entscheidungen zu fällen.
Zur neuen Sorgepflicht der Kraftwerksbetreiber gem. § 9a Abs. 2a AtG
(Seite 438)
H. Posser
Der neue § 9a Abs. 2a AtG – wonach Kernkraftwerksbetreiber Wiederaufarbeitungsabfälle aus
Sellafield und La Hague nicht mehr (wie bisher) in
das Transportbehälterlager Gorleben verbringen
dürfen, sondern Kapazitäten in den standortnahen Zwischenlagern zu schaffen haben – ist in
mehrfacher Hinsicht verfassungswidrig. Die Neuregelung verstößt gegen die Berufsausübungsfreiheit des Art. 12 Abs. 1 GG, weil sie – ohne einen legitimen Zweck zu verfolgen – eine unverhältnismäßige Belastung der Kraftwerksbetreiber bewirkt. Sie verstößt zudem gegen die Eigentumsgarantie des Art. 14 Abs. 1 GG, weil sie Investitionen
in das TBL-Gorleben frustriert und durch die Notwendigkeit von Änderungsgenehmigungen Eigentumspositionen erneut zur Disposition stellt.
Neben den Kraftwerksbetreibern ist auch die GNS
betroffen, da ihre Erwerbsbedingungen zielgerichtet und nachteilig verändert werden.
Externer Wäscheservice - ein
Werkzeug der zentralen Steuerung
und der flexiblen Rückbauplanung
(Seite 441)
G. Brückner, B. Schmitt und M. Micklinghoff
Während in anderen Länder wie in den USA oder
auch in Schweden die meisten Kraftwerke das
Waschen von Kontrollbereichswäsche weitgehend an einen externen Dienstleister abgegeben
haben, ist man in Deutschland eher zögerlich, da
man beim Leistungsbetrieb unabhängig bleiben
will. Nachdem die Fa. Unitech im Jahr 1996 eine
Wäscherei für Kontrollbereichskleidung im niederländischen Coevorden errichtet hatte, haben
die deutschen Betreiber diesen Service dann zunächst für Rückbauanlagen getestet.
Dafür sprachen u. a. folgende Gründe:
• Bei einer Anlage im Rückbau wären die Folgen
einer evtl. gestörten Wäschelieferung nicht so
gravierend.
• Generell wären weitere Investitionen (Verdampfer) für die kraftwerkseigene Wäscherei
erforderlich gewesen.
• Oft lag ein rückbauspezifisches Nuklidspektrum vor, das zur Folge hatte, dass das Konzept
der Abfallbehandlung einschließlich der Wäscherei neu überdacht werden musste.
Es zeigte sich schnell, dass ein spezialisiertes
Unternehmen die gestellten Aufgaben qualitativ
hochwertiger, effektiver und flexibler bewältigen
kann als ein Nebenbetrieb in der Anlage vor Ort.
Darüber hinaus ergab sich, dass eine zentrale
Flottensteuerung durch die Beauftragung eines
externen Dienstleister gefördert wird. Die in
einem Rahmenvertrag geregelten kaufmännischen Abläufe, technischen Prozesse und Anforderungen unterstützen die Einführung von einheitlichen Standards.
Für die zukünftig anstehenden Rückbauprojekte in Deutschland ist der zeitliche Verlauf mit
großen Unsicherheiten verbunden. Daher muss
die Planung einen hohen Grad von Flexibilität
beinhalten. Hier kommt es wie beim Restbetrieb
entscheidend darauf an, dass genügend Schutzbekleidung zum richtigen Zeitpunkt am richtigen
Ort ist. Ist dies nicht gegeben, sind Verzögerun-
>>> atw © | 2014 | Author's Copy <<<
gen, Mehrkosten und Änderungen der Ablaufplanung die Folge. Ein externer Wasch- & Mietservice ist diesbezüglich die zuverlässigste Lösung.
Die Erfahrungen zeigen, dass auch sehr kurzfristig größere Mengen an Schutzkleidung bereitgestellt werden können. Umgekehrt fallen auch keine Kosten an, wenn möglicherweise über einen
längeren Zeitraum keine größeren Rückbauaktivitäten stattfinden.
Kernenergie Weltreport 2013
(Seite 445)
Redaktion
Zum Jahresende 2013 standen weltweit in 31 Ländern 435 Kernkraftwerke zur Energieversorgung
zur Verfügung. Im Vorjahresvergleich hat sich damit die Anzahl der Anlagen um 2 vermindert.
Die Gesamt-Bruttoleistung der Reaktorblöcke
betrug rund 398.861 MWe bzw. die Gesamt-Nettoleistung 378.070 MWe und nahm somit etwas
zu (Vorjahr: brutto: 392.793 MWe, netto:
372.572 MWe, ab 2013 neu auf Basis der Nennleistungen).
Neu in Betrieb genommen wurden im Jahr
2013 vier Anlagen; drei in China und eine in Indien.
Den Betrieb endgültig eingestellt haben in 2013
weltweit insgesamt 8 Anlagen; 2 in Japan, 4 in den
USA, 2 Anlagen in Kanada stellten nach einem
Langzeitstillstand den Betrieb endgültig ein.
70 Kernkraftwerksblöcke mit einer GesamtBruttoleistung von rund 73.814 MWe bzw. Gesamt-Nettoleistung von 69.279 MWe waren in 15
Ländern in Bau. Damit hat sich die Zahl der in
Bau befindlichen Anlagen im Vorjahresvergleich
um 2 erhöht. Insgesamt 6 Bauprojekte in den 4
Ländern Belarus, China, der Republik Korea und
Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten wurden neu
aufgenommen.
Weltweit befinden sich rund weitere 125 Kernkraftwerksneubauten in der konkreten Projektierungs-, Planungs- bzw. Genehmigungsphase,
zum Teil schon mit gestelltem Genehmigungsantrag oder erfolgter Auftragsvergabe. Etwa 100 zusätzliche Kernkraftwerksprojekte werden darüber hinaus mit unterschiedlichem Planungsstand
genannt.
Die Nettostromerzeugung in Kernkraftwerken erreichte in 2013 weltweit mit rund 2.364,15 Mrd.
kWh ein etwas besseres Ergebnis als im Vorjahr
mit 2.350,80 Mrd. kWh. Seit der ersten Stromerzeugung in einem Kernkraftwerk am 20. Dezember 1951 im Natrium gekühlten Schnellen
Brutreaktor EBR-I (USA) sind damit kumuliert
netto rd. 70.310 Mrd. kWh erzeugt worden und
die Betriebserfahrungen sind auf rund 15.400 Reaktorbetriebsjahre angewachsen.

atw Vol. 59 (2014) No. 7
»atw - International Journal for Nuclear
Power« is published monthly by INFORUM
Verlags- und Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH
Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
phone +49 30 498555-10
fax +49 30 498555-19
Publisher:
Editorial:
www.nucmag.com
415
Education and Competence
Current Challenges for
Education of Nuclear
Engineers:
1
Christian Schönfelder, Offenbach/Germany
1. A need for change?
As an original equipment manufacturer,
AREVA provides comprehensive solutions
for new build of nuclear power plants
(NPP), as well as modernization, life time
extension or power upgrade of operating
NPPs and supply of safety important products for NPPs, such as digital safety related
Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems.
In the past years the growing number of
related projects increased the demand for
soon to be recruited personnel. However,
due to the stagnation of the nuclear market in the 1990s, in general and in almost
all countries with a considerably share of
nuclear in electrical energy production,
nuclear education had been kept at a level
that only allowed for replacement of people leaving the nuclear sector.
Consequently, nuclear industry (e.g.
nuclear operators or nuclear system suppliers such as AREVA) had to design, develop and implement appropriate training
curricula to prepare newly recruited staff
(both young graduates and people with a
professional career) for their future job positions. Here, the focus was laid on engineers to be engaged in NPP design, construction, commissioning, operation,
maintenance, or management of related
projects. These engineers often had no nuclear background or experience at all.
However, even in the most desirable
case of a well grounded nuclear education,
experiences in nuclear projects have
Address of the Author:
Christian Schönfelder
Training Center, AREVA GmbH
Kaiserleistr. 29
63067 Offenbach/Germany
424
shown that some important competences
were missing. Often this resulted in reduced team or even project performance,
and consequently a need to design, develop and implement appropriate training
measures on the spot to avoid long periods
of job familiarization. Analyzing these experiences, and considering the current status of nuclear education curricula, it may
be concluded that these should be revised
to adopt currently missing key competencies. Thereby one would address important human resources development challenges, described e.g. in [1], and contribute significantly on the long term to the
success of nuclear projects.
Furthermore, one should also consider
the extent to which people employed in
the nuclear field will have to be educated
on nuclear engineering topics. Following
the approach as proposed by NEA (OECD
Nuclear Energy Agency), see [2], one has to
distinguish between the following groups:
first, “nuclear” people with a specialized
formal education in nuclear subjects (e.g.
nuclear engineering, radiochemistry, radiological protection, etc.); next “nuclearized” people with formal education and
training in a relevant (non-nuclear) area
(e.g. mechanical, electrical, civil engineering, systems) but who need to acquire
knowledge of the nuclear environment in
which they have to apply their competencies; and finally “nuclear-aware” people requiring nuclear awareness to work in the
industry (e.g. electricians, mechanics, and
other crafts and support personnel). As
demonstrated by NEA, but also by EHRO-N
(European Human Resources Observatory
for the Nuclear Energy Sector), see [3] and
[4], the expected headcount in the categories “nuclearized” and “nuclear-aware” is
much higher than for the “nuclear” category. As the considerations presented in this
paper refer to general, cross-cutting
themes that are not purely “nuclear”, the
resulting recommendations will be of im-
>>> atw © | 2014 | Author's Copy <<<
portance for a rather large population, i.e.
also for those students that study nuclear
only as a minor subject.
Next, the conclusions drawn in this paper and the resulting recommendations
should also be of particular interest for the
fusion community. According to the Horizon 2020 Roadmap to Fusion as published
in 2012 by the European Commission, the
fusion development is now entering into a
new phase. From a science-driven, laboratory based and non-nuclear technology it
is moving into an industry / technology
driven nuclear technology. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
(ITER2) is a first step in this triple transition, and itself already a highly demanding
project. Here as well as in the follow-up
project of design and then construction of
a future demonstration reactor DEMO,
managed and implemented by the EUROFusion consortium3, exactly those skills as
described in this paper will play a crucial
role for the success of these projects.
In the following we shall focus on those
competencies that are more closely related
to nuclear technology; other skills, related
e.g. to (nuclear) project management, contract management or communication, although desirable for current nuclear projects (see, e.g., [5]), will not be dealt with
further.
Various factors have contributed to the
current situation and the need for change
of nuclear education curricula, i.e. better
adaptation to new demands on the nuclear
market. Not only the societal demand for
enhanced levels of nuclear safety (reinforced by the recent Fukushima incident),
but also the demand for highly competitive
cost and schedule schemes for new build
as well as modernization projects. The latter has been further fuelled not only by reduced investment and financing possibilities as a consequence of the recent global
financial crisis, but also by the latest availability of other competitive energy resources (like shale gas). Considering also
the limited numbers of capable and competent vendors and the limited demand of
utilities, the nuclear market has now
evolved into an international market, with
a restricted number of international companies acting globally, i.e. with internationally distributed subsidiaries and project teams as well as an international supply chain. Hence the ability to act efficiently in an international environment with
___________
1
Revised version of a paper presented at
NESTet2013 (Nuclear Engineering Science
and Technology, Nuclear Education and
Training), Madrid, Spain, November 2013
2
See http://www.iter.org/
3
See http://www.efda.org/efda/horizon2020/
diverse national as well as business culture
is highly desirable.
2. Nuclear safety
A nuclear safety culture, as an enveloping
set of competencies and attitudes, should
already be established and fostered during
university education. Nuclear engineering
education curricula should address nuclear safety as a starting point for all further
measures. This means focusing on safety
culture, national and organizational culture, national and international regulatory
frameworks and their applications in regard to fostering safety culture, and how
the emphasis on safety of nuclear power
improves the quality of safety not only in
the energy sector, but in society as a whole.
In past decades, also as a response to industrial incidents, the importance of safety
culture and how to develop and foster it
has been the focus of several institutions or
organizations, like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO), or the
World Association of Nuclear Operators
(WANO). As numerous guidelines, standards and related recommendations for implementation as well as accompanying information or training resulted from these
activities, there is now an abundance of
material available to be further transferred
into educational curricula. Furthermore,
use should be made of the material developed or implemented within the NUSHARE
project4. The main objective of this project
established in 2013 is to develop and implement education, training and information programs strengthening competences
required for achieving excellence in nuclear safety culture.
Safety culture should be introduced into engineering curricula at least on a more
generalized level, not necessarily specific
to the nuclear field. In covering this in a
wider sense, the course could also be used
for engineering education outside nuclear.
Here, the nuclear application could serve
as an example for other technologies, the
application of which bear an inherent risk
for people and the environment (e.g. aviation, chemical, automotive, civil construction). The course should address those
topics already listed above, and case studies or examples from diverse technical applications as well as their impact on further development of the technology or of
related legal and regulatory framework
and associated codes and standards. As
such, the course could serve as an introduction to the field of codes and standards,
which is a successive topic also to be addressed in engineering curricula (see
chapter 3). Role games could supplement
course objectives and support a deeper
and thorough understanding as well as implementation of the principles of safety
culture.
Course implementation could be further enhanced by site visits to design, construction, manufacturing or operation /
maintenance facilities that are appropriate
for achieving the learning objectives of the
course. In particular, these site visits could
demonstrate examples for the implementation of safety culture in practice. Facilities will certainly be found close to any educational institute. Of course this will include contacts to other non-nuclear applications, if they are dealt with in the wider
sense as mentioned above.
3. Codes and standards
One important aspect of safety culture is
the strict adherence to codes and standards to be applied in the appropriate work
(i.e. engineering) environment. This implies that educational curricula should address various guidelines and standards
(e.g. from the IAEA5), regulatory codes
and standards (e.g. ASME code6, IEEE7,
RCC-E8 and RCC-M9, YVL guides10). Furthermore, how to apply the relevant codes
and standards in regular nuclear engineering activities should be dealt with, clarifying also the roles and responsibilities of
the different stakeholders.
As material is largely available on different aspects of these codes and standards, as well as different institutions already providing introductory or advanced
training on these codes and standards,
suitable education courses should be
developed that at least provide an overview on existing codes and standards, and
on their importance for licensing and respective design and operation of nuclear
facilities (also including, as example, nuclear fusion facilities like ITER11, in particular when becoming nuclear). Briefly
describing the history of codes and standards development from different national points of view, as well as the different
areas of application, will lead to a thorough understanding of their importance.
If possible, some examples for application
in nuclear engineering should be included, too.
In particular, the latter should deal with
the impact of safety classification on scope
and schedule of the licensing process that
must be followed in parallel to design, construction and commissioning activities.
Furthermore, the impact of safety classification on manufacturing, construction /
erection and commissioning activities of
companies within the supply chain must
be clearly demonstrated and understood
by the students. As presented in [6], the
capability of the supply chain companies to
>>> atw © | 2014 | Author's Copy <<<
comply with requirements of codes and
standards that have to be applied in a nuclear project is a rather critical success
factor.
In summary, the consideration of codes
and standards in nuclear engineering education will greatly enhance the students’
abilities to act not only in a national environment, but also to adapt to a global environment which will become more and
more harmonized in a global and very
competitive nuclear market 12. Furthermore, this will help employees in the future to boost their global as well as institutional mobility, e.g. between research institutions, operating organizations, industry and regulatory bodies.
4. Engineering workflow
Closely related to the application of codes
and standards is the engineering workflow
in the different phases of a nuclear project.
First of all, it will be important to develop a
good understanding of the role of engineering activities in a typical nuclear project, in particular during the design phase,
considering the impact of these activities
on further phases (see Figure 1) like construction, procurement, installation and
commissioning.
Starting with the design phase, 2 aspects have to be considered in detail.
At first, as different technical disciplines
need to work together on the upcoming
project respecting the engineering workflow, numerous interfaces need to be defined between the involved trades, requiring an awareness of involved engineers
on how to pass on information across
those interfaces. To illustrate this on an
overview level: the design of the power
___________
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
See www.nushare.eu
See http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/
American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
see http://www.asme.org/
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, see http://www.ieee.org/index.
html
Règles de Conception et de Construction
des matériels Electriques des îlots nucléaires, see e.g. http://www.afcen.org/V11/
index.php?menu=rcc_e_fr
Règles de Conception et de Construction
des matériels Mécaniques des îlots nucléaires REP, see e.g. http://www.afcen.org/
V11/index.php?menu=rcc_m_fr
Regulatory Guides on nuclear safety, see
http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut_maaraykset/
viranomaisohjeet/en_GB/yvl/
International Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor, see http://www.iter.org/
See, for example, the activities of the WNA
Cordel Working group, http://www.worldnuclear.org/WNA/About-WNA/WNA-Working-Groups/#cordel
425
Fig. 1.
Engineering (design) as part of nuclear project workflow.
plant process(es) will result in a structure
of plant systems with different components to be designed, and with supporting
electrical as well as instrumentation and
automation systems, and moreover with
further equipment like heating, ventilation
and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, all
to be placed in an appropriate building
with optimal layout and civil design. For illustration, see Figure 2. As a result, the input resp. requirements and the results of
each specific activity have to be well understood and correlated, often in an iterative way. Here, of utmost importance is the
competence to fully understand the technical interdependencies.
Secondly, the format in which input
resp. requirements and the results of each
specific activity have to be developed, and
in particular the information content will
strongly influence the performance of the
engineering workflow. Typically, the results will be published as system descriptions or functional requirements, normally
in different levels of design (conceptual /
basic / detailed /actual), using not only a
coherent structure, but also dedicated formal descriptions or symbols. In this case
the requirements of codes and standards
will play an important role, as well as the
intended use of the design results for further activities in NPP new build or modernization projects, like procurement, manufacturing, inspection, construction, erec-
Fig. 2.
426
tion, commissioning, operation or maintenance.
Providing students with a global overview about the technical interdependencies in the engineering workflow, and
about format, content and structure of typical engineering documentation will greatly enhance their ability to understand one
important aspect of current nuclear engineering activities. And they will be better
prepared for starting their engineering
work, e.g. specifying functional requirements and deriving specifications from
these requirements as well as applying numerical methods and codes for this purpose. Thereby they will better find their
place in the nuclear work force, and better
understand their roles and responsibilities
in the engineering workflow, and in related activities like project management, procurement, manufacturing, inspection, construction, erection, commissioning, operation or maintenance.
5. Engineering tools
Closely connected to an introduction to the
engineering workflow are the engineering
tools that are applied for this purpose.
Here, the focus is not on the application of
calculation methods for process or system
analysis as well as specification. In the
past, the rapid development of informa-
Engineering (design) workflow: interdependencies of different technical disciplines, examples
(color denotes related activities).
>>> atw © | 2014 | Author's Copy <<<
tion technology together with the application of numerical methods has provided
scientists as well as engineers with powerful tools e.g. for structure loads / thermal
hydraulics / reactor core, fuel calculations
or other simulation analysis. To some extent the basics of these codes have already
been introduced into nuclear engineering
education. Consequently students can already familiarize themselves with these
types of tools during their university curricula.
Instead, in this context information systems that support engineering activities
are of high importance. Here, the focus is
on the information stored and processed,
and their support of engineering workflow
as well as the roles and responsibilities of
different persons involved in these. The information systems / engineering tools can
be considered as comparable to those that
are offered by companies like Oracle or
SAP, and that support the workflow and related information in nearly all business related internal processes of enterprises.
One example of an information system is
presented in [6]. Cost, supply chain, design and quality management for engineered equipment is dealt with. 3D model
data may be imported or exported during
the project so that the information on the
engineered systems may be upgraded in
accordance with the project implementation phase.
Examples of these engineering tools include those that support document management, time scheduling, plant configuration management, and the resulting material management (including logistics and
spare parts), considering also the interfaces to layout design as well as other business information tools (e.g. finance and accounting), see Figure 3.
Of particular interest will be tools that
allow for the 3D modelling of processes,
components, systems, and complete
plants, and allow for the subsequent specification of systems and components, with
CAD models and P&ID13 schemes as output that may be used for further information processing. Here, several software
vendors are active on an international level, often with an extensive suite of appropriate products and related interfaces that
should allow for the seamless support of
an engineering workflow and the related
project activities, covering in principle all
phases of a plant lifecycle.
Students should be introduced to these
tools, to better understand how only the
application of these tools may currently facilitate an efficient and competitive engineering workflow. One good example, like
___________
13
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
As a matter of course this will also imply
a reduction of time spent on the subjects
that are covered by now by the current educational curricula. In this case, a close cooperation between academic institutions
and industry will be very beneficial for selecting the right balance.
8. References
Fig. 3.
Overview of engineering tools applications and their possible interfaces.
the other tools also in service in other technical applications outside nuclear, is document management. Here, a simple software system, to be used in a dedicated
course on the subject of engineering tools,
could easily show which type of information can be managed with it, and how this
will greatly enhance the efficiency of an
engineering workflow.
As the listed engineering tools are well
being used outside nuclear, a cross cutting
special course on engineering tools will be
for the benefit of other engineering disciplines outside nuclear, too, enabling a broad
application in engineering education.
6. Cooperation between academic
institutions and industry
As can be easily understood from the above
chapters, cooperation between academic
institutions and industry would optimally
support the extension and adaptation of
nuclear engineering education, thereby also enhancing the link to the nuclear professional environment in support of a better consideration of students’ future work
environment.
Examples could include handover of appropriate basic material for course development, visits of nuclear sites, common
workshops, or the provision of lectures by
industry experts. These lectures could provide examples, case studies and data from
industrial applications that are often not
available at academic institutions. Various
examples are presented and described in
detail in [7] and [8]. Another example refers to simulation codes (see above): in
this case, industry may provide opportunities for working with these simulation
codes (e.g. by demonstrations, workshops,
and internships), or even provide appropriate tools, like a full scope simulator as
described in [9].
7. Conclusions
The above-mentioned chapters have
shown a concise overview about the most
stringent competence needs in the current
nuclear field, valid not only for nuclear
suppliers such as AREVA, but also for nuclear operators, safety authorities, technical support organizations, and further service providers or other companies active in
the nuclear supply chain, in particular
when active on an international level.
When academic nuclear engineering
curricula start taking into account these
competence needs of nuclear industry, it
will be for the benefit of the current and
future generation of nuclear engineers.
They will be better prepared for their future job positions and career perspectives,
above all on an international level, in particular as regards mobility and for a lifelong professional development.
[1] Baltin, G.; Glaubrecht, S.; Schönfelder, C.:
Next Generation of Human Resources
for GEN (Generation) III+ New Build
Projects, in: ENC 2014 (European
Nuclear Conference), Marseille, France,
May 2014.
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