a light fantastic

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LESEPROBE
speed record cheap microscope history of the laser
arithmeum
desktop stirling engines
tech clips
robot selection material handling pneumatics
history of the laser
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ZKZ 87779 // ISSN 2199-0581
a light fantastic
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Ihr
Matthias Meier // Chefredakteur
[email protected]
< cover: roy KaltSchmIdt/laWreNce berKeley NatIoNal laboratory >
INCHbyinch.de
1
contents
lady of the lake
speed record // Mit einem
„Akkuschrauber auf Rädern”, dem
stromlinienförmigen, elektrischen
Seitenwagen-Motorrad KillaJoule,
fuhr Eva Håkansson über 434
km/h schnell und wurde damit zur
schnellste Frau auf dem Motorrad.
Eine elektrische Liebesgeschichte.
6
12
62
A light fantastic
foldscope
history // Laserlicht ist das
ultimative Werkzeug. Seit seiner
Erfindung vor über 50 Jahren hat es
viele Branchen revolutioniert – von
der Kommunikation über Handel,
Industrie und Unterhaltung bis hin
zur Medizin. Dies ist die Geschichte
eines fantastischen Lichts.
lab report // 2000-fache
Vergrößerung für gerade mal
50 Cent? Das sind die Eckdaten
eines Papier-Mikroskops, das eine
Forschergruppe an der Stanford
University entwickelt hat.
22
29
< Photos: bonnevillestories.com, lawrence berkeley national lab, foldscope, m. meier >
2
INCHbyinch.de
Editorial 1
Tech Clips 4
toy story 12
museum stop 13
Impressum // Team 28
Two.Five Four 30
stirling engine
toy story // Was beim Böhm,
einem Hersteller von Präzisionsteilen, als Werbegag gedacht
war, macht heute die Hälfte des
Geschäfts aus: Modelle von Stirling
Motoren, die sogar auf dem
Schreibtisch betrieben werden
können.
12
leseprobe
ENGINEERING
Pictorial Dictionary Engineering Basics material handling
14
pneumatics
15
robot selection
16
make it work 27
arithmeum
museum stop // Heute mag es
unfassbar erscheinen, aber bis
in die 1970er waren alle Rechenmaschinen rein mechanisch.
Das Arithmeum in Bonn erzählt
ihre Geschichte und setzt diesen
feinmechanischen Wunderwerken
ein Denkmal.
LANGUAGE
Mixed Up 21
Feature Review 19
Word Combinations 18
Answers 20
13
features
speed record history lab report INCHbyinch.de
lady of the lake
6
a light fantastic
22
foldscope
29
3
tech clips
Hub-less umbrella
< Photo: SadaBike >
Animalistic Gears
What do you see on the picture above? A scanning electron
microscope image of a set of badly machined small gears?
Gears they are, except not machined but grown – by a small
insect called Issus. We usually think of gears as something
that we see only in human-designed machinery, but scientists from the University of Cambridge have discovered that
evolution developed interlocking cogs long before we did.
The juvenile Issus has hind-leg joints with curved coglike strips of opposing ‘teeth’ that intermesh, rotating like
mechanical gears to synchronise the animal’s legs when it
launches into a jump. The gears in the Issus hind-leg bear
remarkable engineering resemblance to those found on every
bicycle and inside every car gear-box. Each gear tooth has
a rounded corner at the point it connects to the gear strip;
a feature identical to man-made gears – essentially a shockabsorbing mechanism to stop teeth from shearing off.
www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/functioning-mechanical-gears-seen-innature-for-the-first-time
< Photo: University of Cambridg >
4
Hub-less wheels on a vehicle are certainly an eye-catcher. Ever since Franco Sbarro introduced his famous motorbike in 1989 the seemingly floating
wheels have stood for futuristic design
– and a lot of engineering problems.
The latest attempt to bring the hubless wheel to the masses is Gianluca
Sada’s folding bicycle. Here the rolling
rings are not just for show. Take them
out, and the rest of the full-grown city
bike folds down to a neat package the
size of an umbrella. That still leaves
the 26-inch wheels to deal with, but at
least they have no spokes and you can carry them over your
shoulder or, as Sada suggests, use them as a frame for a backpack. Despite the cool look, engineering such a beauty is still
tough: A heavy planetary gearing system in the crank has to
be used to produce sufficient speed for the back sprocket
and drive wheels. The fact that without its stabilizing spokes
the rim has to be strengthened adds even more weight.
www.sadabike.it
blend in, to
bolt, to
catchy
charge
cog
countermeasure // ˈkaʊntəmeʒə
crank
dashboard
gusty
harvest, to
hind-leg
hub-less
interlock, to
intermesh, to
joint
juvenile // ˈdʒuːvənaɪl
leave
machine, to
mere // mɪə
planetary gearing
pollution
rated
resemblance // rɪˈzembləns
rim
scanning electron microscope
shear, to (sheared, shorn) // ʃɪə
snail
spoke
sprocket
terrified
torque // tɔːk
umbrella
einfügen, integrieren
(ver-) schrauben
einprägsam
(Batterie-) Ladung
Zahn (eines Zahnrads)
Gegenmaßnahme
Kurbel
Armaturenbrett
böig, stürmisch
ernten, sammeln
Hinterbein
nabenlos
ineinandergreifen
verzahnen
Gelenk
jugendlich
Blatt
bearbeiten, spanen
nur, bloß
Planetengetriebe
(Umwelt-) Verschmutzung
hier: NennÄhnlichkeit
Felge
Elektronenmikroskop
scheren
Schnecke
Speiche
Zahnkranz
erschrocken, angsterfüllt
Drehmoment
Regenschirm
INCHbyinch.de
tech clips
The wind in the
trees
< Photo: NewWind R&D >
Pollution and climate change are killing trees, so why not plant new trees
as a countermeasure? Like the Wind
Trees from French manufacturer
New Wind. Each of the artificial trees
has 72 “leaves”: small Savonius rotors
each with its own sealed direct drive
generator. Specially designed for
small wind speeds starting at a mere
two meters per second and capable of
harvesting even turbulent and gusty
winds the whole tree has a rated peak
output of 3.1 kW.
While the power output may be a
bit optimistic, the Wind Tree is nonetheless a good way to raise awareness
of renewable power in general and
wind power in particular, especially
since the small wind power plant is
designed for urban areas and the tree
design blends in perfectly with real,
(still) growing trees. www.arbre-a-vent.fr
Born to be Electric
The move from petrol to electric engines allows for some radical new concepts in vehicles: Like building a mechanical snail
on two wheels which can carry its rider up to 200 kilometers
on a single charge. Gizmag called the Johammer J1 electric
motorbike a “terrified snail”, which is a
surprisingly accurate – and quite catchy
– description of its retro-style look.
But the J1 is anything but a snail
when it comes to performance: the
rear-wheel mounted electric motor
produces a torque of 220 Nm and
pushes the bike to a top speed of 120
kph. Designed from ground up with
electric power in mind, the J1 has some
unusual features – besides its look. A
solid, bolted frame carrying the custom-made battery supports the swing
arms – single sided for the rear wheel
and double sided for the front wheel.
Want to know how fast you are going?
Just look the beast in the eyes: The
dashboard instruments are located in
the snail’s eyes aka mirrors. www.johammer.com
INCHbyinch.de
< Photo: Johammer >
5
speed record
Eva Håkansson und ihr Mann Bill Dubé wollen beweisen, dass „Benzin ja sowas
von altmodisch ist“. Mit einem „Akkuschrauber auf Rädern”, einem stromlinienförmigen, elektrischen Seitenwagen-Motorrad, über 434 km/h schnell zu fahren,
ist dafür nicht nur ein überzeugendes Argument, sondern macht Eva Håkansson
auch zur schnellsten Frau auf dem Motorrad. Eine elektrische Liebesgeschichte.
Lady of the lake
Eva Håkansson and her husband Bill Dubé are on a mission to prove that “gasoline is so last century”.
Pushing 434 km/h in a “cordless drill on wheels”, a streamlined electric sidecar motorcycle, is a
pretty strong argument for that. It also makes Eva Håkansson the fastest woman on a motorcycle.
An electric love story.
“That’s probably the most boring action footage in history!” Eva Håkansson was slightly disappointed when she rewatched the clip from her helmet camera. The narrow view
through the window of the KillaJoule electric sidecar motorcycle was anything but spectacular: The white expanse of the
Bonneville Salt Flats, some mountains in the distance and
the occasional track marker whizzing by faster and faster …
and faster. Much more thrilling than all this action footage
was an inconspicuous slip from a matrix printer; the timing
ticket confirming a speed of 240.726 mph (387.328 km/h).
Despite her flop as a filmmaker, on the 28th August, 2014,
Eva Håkansson had nonetheless written history: fastest elec-
6
tric motorcycle in the world, fastest woman on a motorcycle
and fastest sidecar motorcycle in the world – including internal combustion engines. The last one is something Håkansson
is especially proud of. “It’s the first time in over 100 years that
an electric vehicle has taken an overall speed record for a vehicle type. The last time was in 1899 when the world’s fastest
car was electric,” says the woman who has “Gasoline?! That’s
so last century!” written all across her red streamliner.
Bikes and Batteries
Eva Håkansson was born in Sweden. Inspired by the boredom of the Swedish countryside and the enthusiasm of her
INCHbyinch.de/03
< Photo: bonnevillestories.com >
speed record
with Håkansson Dubé was well known for being the designer of the aptly named KillaCycle, a 500-horsepower
monster of an electric motorcycle that would catapult its
driver from zero to 60 mph (97 km/h) in less than a second.
Needless to say, Håkansson and Dubé had a lot to talk
about, which they did … and more. Just 18 months after
their first encounter they got married in style with the ElectroCat as a wedding vehicle and non-conductive ceramic
wedding rings.
With the wedding came a shift in focus from drag racing
to land speed records. “The first thing most people ask when
they see something like the KillaCycle is: How fast does it
go?” says Håkansson. “But drag racing isn’t about speed, it’s
about acceleration.” Slightly annoyed by such questions and
even more so by the highly competitive nature of drag racing,
the couple decided to spice up their relationship with a pinch
of salt. And they knew exactly where to find it: “If you want
to go fast, you go to the Bonneville Salt Flats,” grins Dubé.
a fast, electrifying hobby
All they needed was a new “giant cordless drill on wheels” –
one built specifically for speed. Not exactly an easy task, >>>
father Sven, a motorcycle racer and tinkerer, she became
interested in science, and environmental engineering in
particular, at an early age. After winning a junior scientist
prize, Eva started studying, not engineering but economics – much to the disappointment of her family. Nonetheless,
she teamed up with her father to build Sweden’s first streetlegal electric motorcycle, the ElectroCat. In 2007, Håkansson’s interest in electric vehicles took her to the United
States, where she met Bill Dubé at a conference. A ‘highly
charged’ encounter as it was to turn out.
Dubé may well be called an electric racing veteran. As
early as the eighties the mechanical engineer started building battery-powered vehicles and raced them against the
cars of likeminded enthusiasts to make it a bit more interesting. He had caught the speed bug and he helped found the
National Electric Drag Racing Association in 1996 – after
a lot of lobbying to remove the requirement of an internal
combustion engine for drag vehicles. At the time he met
INCHbyinch.de/03
acceleration
annoyed
aptly // ˈæptli
boredom
charge, to
competitive
conductive
confirm, to
cordless drill
disappointed
disappointment
encounter
environmental //
Beschleunigung
verärgert, gereizt
passend, treffend
Langeweile
laden, aufladen
wettbewerblich, konkurrierend
leitfähig, leitend
bestätigen, quittieren
Akkuschrauber
enttäuscht
Enttäuschung
Treffen, Begegnung
Umwelt-
expanse
footage
found, to
inconspicuous // ˌɪnkənˈspɪkjuəs
internal combustion engine
likeminded
pinch
requirement
slip
speed bug
spice up, to
streamlined
task
team up, to
thrilling
tinkerer
whizz, to
Weite, Fläche
Filmmaterial
gründen
unscheinbar
Verbrennungsmotor
gleichgesinnt
Prise
Voraussetzung, Anforderung
Zettel, Beleg
Geschwindigkeitsfieber
würzen
stromlinienförmig
Aufgabe
sich zusammentun, verbünden
fesselnd, packend
Tüftler, Bastler
sausen, flitzen
ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl
7
speed record
With flying colours: The KillaJoule electric sidecar motorcylce enters the measured mile at the Bonneville
Speedway at over 240 mph – that's thumbs up for Eva
Håkansson, the fastest woman on a motorcycle.
especially when racing and land speed records is ‘just’ a
hobby. Dubé works as an engineer and scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in his day
job and Håkansson is a PhD student in mechanical engineering at the University of Denver – which makes for a
clear distribution of roles: “I pay for 80 percent of the bills
and Eva does 80 percent of the work,” admits Dubé.
The easiest part of the design process was specifying
the maximum length of the KillaCycle: 5.8 meters – the
diagonal length of the double garage next to their home
in Denver, Colorado. The rest of the design wasn’t much
harder since the couple could draw on their great experience with fast electric vehicles – and the help of friends and
family. Trading skills for knowledge, Håkansson learned
how to properly weld a Chrome Moly tubular steel frame.
The bodywork was cut from pre-coated aluminium sheets
normally used for signposts. Håkansson’s father Sven, now
in his eighties, designed the suspension and a simple but
elegant lever steering. The DC motor was scavenged from
the KillaCycle and lots of donations in the form of parts,
discounts or simple elbow grease from friends and sponsors
made up for the rest.
In 2010, a sleek red cigar rolled from its trailer and
touched the salt for the first time. The Bonneville Salt Flats
in Utah are the mecca for everyone who wants to go fast.
Several times a year speed freaks from all over the world
gather in the blindingly white, hot and occasionally very
wet but perfectly flat salt pan that is the Bonneville Speedway to create a sort of Burning Man for motorheads – a
strange mixture of the Wild West and a highly regulated
event, where basically everyone can show up with a racer
on a trailer and try his or her luck to set a speed record.
sidecar solution
But no such luck for the KillaJoule team. At least they finished
their first season on the salt safely or “rubber side down and
shiny side up”, as Håkansson puts it. The two-wheeler was too
8
wobbly, the cockpit too small and the DC motor just not up
to the job: KillaJoule was in dire need of a serious re-design.
The most obvious change was the addition of a sidecar to
increase stability. Although there are people crazy enough to
cling to a small platform next to a motorcycle going 200 mph
or more, Håkansson thought it would be “highly un-aerodynamic”. Luckily, regulations allow for a 62-kilogram ballast in
lieu of a passenger. Such an extra weight would be a huge penalty in drag racing but it’s more than welcome in land speed
racing. “Exceeding the take-off speed of a 747 but not taking
off can be quite a challenge, and the weight helps,” explains
Håkansson. The third wheel also had the welcome advantage
that the KillaJoule, now a streamlined electric sidecar motorcycle, would literally be in a class of its own with no competitors. While working on the frame the couple also decided
to stretch it to the full length of the Denver garage allowing
faster egress in case of emergency – and drivers taller than the
petite Eva Håkansson.
The next big change was the switch to an AC motor.
Salt had been creeping into the commutators of the old DC
motor causing massive trouble. The new 500-horsepower
water-cooled AC motor is heavier than the old motor and
requires an additional inverter to turn the DC from the battery into AC, but then again, weight is good.
A mantra that is also reflected in the choice of batteries. The Lithium Nanophosphate batteries from A123 Systems with a voltage of 400 Volts and a power output of 10
kWh may have a smaller energy density than the Lithium
Ion batteries used in Smartphones or a Tesla car but they
are much more robust and they offer thousands of recharge
cycles as well as additional safety.
While weight was never a problem in the design of the
KillaJoule, Håkansson and Dubé were suddenly battling another factor: volume. “The real problem with a streamliner is
packing,” knows Håkansson. The faster you want to go the
more stuff you need: here a second brake chute, there an additional fire extinguisher system, although the latter is a bit
INCHbyinch.de/03
< Photos: Phil Hawkins >
speed record
unnecessary – just like the required fire retardant Nomex suit
for the driver – since the KillaJoule does not carry any fuel.
“But if you want to compete against internal combustion engines, you have to follow their rules,” sighs Håkansson.
to finish first
And what a competitor the KillaJoule became: 139 mph in
2011, 191 mph in 2012, and in 2013, the small KillaJoule
team closed the season with an official top speed of 212.172
mph (341.458 km/h). It seemed that their motto “to finish
first you must finish first” was paying off. “In land speed
racing you have to do your work at home,” stresses Håkansson, “if you are out on the salt and something breaks, you’re
done.”
On that 28th August, 2014, all the homework had been
done and the KillaJoule had passed the scrutiny of the safety
inspection the day before. Eva Håkansson got in line and
waited for her run, pushing aside her nervousness and the
thought that bad things can happen quickly out here. Then
came the green flag. Håkansson pointed her red streamliner
in the right direction and let the electrons go wild. A few
minutes, some slight rumbling and a bit of boring footage
later, the first ‘time’ came through: 241.852 mph, measured
by timing a ‘flying mile’. A record, no question, but not an
official one until they had repeated their run in the opposite direction within two hours – the regulations require the
participants to calculate the average of two runs.
While the two-hour time limit can be challenging for
some it was more than enough for team KillaJoule. Refilling
five kilograms of ice-water for the cooling of the AC motor
and swapping the battery set for a fully charged one doesn’t
take long. “The main job between runs is clearing off the
salt,” explains Håkansson, “it gets everywhere and turns to
concrete when it dries.” During a previous season Håkansson had a close call when one of the tires rubbed against
the hardened salt and almost blew. But this time everything
was OK and ready for the second run. >>>
INCHbyinch.de/03
advantage
average // ˈævərɪdʒ
bill
bodywork
brake (para)chute // ˈpærəʃuːt
cling, to
close call
compete, to
concrete // ˈkɒŋkriːt
creep, to
density
dire // ˈdaɪə
draw on, to (drew, drawn)
egress // ˈiːɡres
elbow grease
exceed, to
experience
fire extinguisher // ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃə
gather, to // ˈɡæðə
in lieu of // in luː
lever // ˈliːvə
motorhead
obvious
penalty
petite // pəˈtiːt
PhD student
previous
recharge, to
retardant // rɪˌtɑːdənt
rumbling
scavenge, to // ˈskævɪndʒ
scrutiny // ˈskruːtəni
sheet
signpost
skill
sleek
suspension
swap, to // swɒp
trade, to
tubular // ˈtjuːbjələ
voltage
weld, to
wobbly
Vorteil, Pluspunkt
Mittelwert, Durchschnitt
Rechnung
Karosserie
Bremsfallschirm
sich klammern, festhalten
etwa: Beinaheunfall
antreten, konkurrieren
Beton
kriechen, schleichen
Dichte
dringend, schlimm
zehren von, nutzen
Ausstieg
Muskelkraft
überschreiten
Erfahrung
Feuerlöscher
zusammenkommen
an Stelle, anstatt
Hebel
Autonarr
offensichtlich, deutlich
Nachteil, Handikap
zierlich, klein
Doktorand(in)
früher, vorausgegangen
wieder aufladen
hemmend
Rumpeln, Poltern
hier: plündern
Prüfung, Untersuchung
Blech, Platte
Schild, Wegweiser
Fähigkeit, Können
schnittig, elegant
Federung, Radaufhängung
tauschen, wechseln
tauschen, handeln
röhrenförmig, RohrSpannung
schweißen
wackelig, schwabbelig
Grammar bit
gerund
...see highlighted examples in text.
A gerund is the ____ing form of the verb when it functions as a noun. Among other things, it can be used as
the subject of the sentence.
Example:
Driving at 400 km/h requires a lot of skill.
Driving at 400 km/h is the subject of the verb requires.
//// Exercise on page 19 ////
9
< Photos: Håkansson/dubé >
speed record
From a distance it looked as unspectacular as the first one:
a red flash, a faint but very energetic sounding whirring noise
and then the white plume of the break parachute. No way to
judge the true speed until the volunteers in the timing booth
confirmed the second run at 239.600 mph – resulting in an
average of 240.726 mph (387.328 km/h). Record! In fact, several records. But still not official, at least not until the certificate had been signed by a timing association for a small fee of
$350. There’s really no money in land speed racing, just a little
fame and even that is temporary. “The nature of records is
that they’re never owned, only borrowed,” Dubé knows only
too well, “and they’re always meant to be broken.”
But then again, there’s no harm in putting a bit of distance
between you and the competition – which they did. A month
later, Eva Håkansson pushed the KillaJoule to a whopping
270.224 mph (434.9 km/h). Unfortunately, it was a private
Test-n-Tune with no official sanctioning body present, so no
official record, but the speed came as somewhat of a surprise,
especially for her husband Bill: “Our calculations pointed towards a theoretical top speed of 265 mph. In reality, it’s usually a bit slower but KillaJoule was actually faster!”
This changed everything. “KillaJoule went too fast.
Our initial goal was 260 mph and then we would have
been done,” admits Håkansson, “but now 300 mph is
within reach. It’s such a nice, round number and everyone expects us to go for it.” So now the couple, who just
love to “talk nerdy”, has a new favourite subject: aerodynamics. Replacing the signpost sheet metal body with
something more aerodynamically optimised should be
enough to ensure that next season Eva Håkansson will
still be the “lady of the lake”.
<<< Matthias Meier >>>
http://killacycleracing.com
Die Webseite des Team KillaJoule mit vielen Informationen, Bildern und Videos
über das Fahrzeug, die Rekorde und Eva und Bill.
Top: Dressed for speed – the KillaJoule electric streamliner.
Middle: Eva Håkansson and her husband Bill Dubé.
Bottom: It isn't called a salt lake for nothing – the Bonnevill Salt
Flats after a rainfall.
association
booth
borrow, to
faint
fee
goal
plume // pluːm
sanctioning body
volunteer
whirr, to // wɜː
whopping
10
Verband, Vereinigung
Kabine, Bude
leihen, borgen
schwach, leise
Gebühr, Entgeld
Ziel
Wolke, Fahne, Federbusch
etwa: offizielle Vereinigung
Freiwillige(r)
surren, schwirren
kolossal, stattlich
www.westword.com/2011-06-09/news/killacycle-cordless-drill-on-wheels
Sehr ausführlicher und lesenswerter Artikel von 2011 über Eva Håkansson
und Bill Dubé, ihr Hobby und wie sie sich kennengelernt haben.
www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/fo/salt_lake/recreation/bonneville_salt_flats.html
Offizielle Informationen zu den Bonneville Salt Flats vom Bureau of Land
Management.
www.scta-bni.org
www.saltflats.com
Zwei der Veranstalter, die den Bonneville Speedway für HochgeschwindigkeitsEvents nutzen.
www.a123systems.com
www.gkn.com
www.rinehartmotion.com
Die Hersteller der elektrischen Komponenten des KillaJoule.
Links, Vokabeln & mehr unter www.inchbyinch.de/inch03/killajoule
INCHbyinch.de/03
speed record
tech Extras
pictorial Killajoule
Bonnie. S. Flats
racing mascot
suspension
on-board fire
extinguisher
inverters to turn
DC into AC
Chrome-Moly
steel frame
land speed racing
tires with hardcompound rubber
battery pack of
375 V, 10 kWh
bodywork panels
made of pre-painted
sign aluminum
2 Kevlar ribbon
brake chutes
AC motor
suspension
how Lithium Nanophosphate
batteries work
mini Dictionary motorcycles
caliper
carburettor
chain
clutch lever
engine
fairing
fender
frame
front fork
gearshift lever
handlebars
headlight
main stand
motorbike
motorcycle
mudguard
muffler
saddle
shock absorber
silencer
spoke
swingarm
taillight
throttle
transmission
INCHbyinch.de/03
Bremssattel
Vergaser
Kette
Kupplungshebel
Motor
Verkleidung
Schutzblech (amerik.)
Rahmen
Frontgabel
(Fuß-) Schalthebel
Lenker
Scheinwerfer
Hauptständer
Motorrad (brit.)
Motorrad (amerik.)
Schutzblech (brit.)
Endschalldämpfer (amerik.)
Sitzbank
Stoßdämpfer
Endschalldämpfer (brit.)
Speiche
Schwinge
Rücklicht
Gasgriff
Getriebe
The lithium-ion batteries used today in smartphones and
some cars store energy via a reaction between lithium
ions and the cathode and anode material. The lithium
ions are inserted or removed in active materials through
a process called “intercalation.” The power output of the
battery is limited by the slow chemical reactions between
these materials. Therefore, traditional lithium-ion batteries have high energy, but low power.
The Nanophosphate material is an agglomeration of
primary and secondary Nanophosphate particles, which
increases the cathode surface area with the electrolyte.
This allows for faster lithium insertion and thus more
power. The nanoscale structure also increases abuse
tolerance and provides longer life and greater ability to
maintain consistent power over a wide range of state-ofcharge compared to other lithium-ion chemistries.
abuse // əˈbjuːs
agglomeration // əˌɡlɒməˈreɪʃn
insert, to
insertion
intercalation
maintain, to
state-of-charge
surface // ˈsɜːfɪs
Missbrauch, Misshandlung
Zusammenballung, Anhäufung
einfügen, einsetzen
Einfüge, Einsetzen
Einlagerung, Einschiebung
wahren, behalten
Ladezustand
Oberfläche
11
Desktop Stirling Engines
Toy story
< Photo: böhm >
Nicht alles Spielzeug kommt aus Fernost,
denn manchmal muss es eben genau sein.
Was beim Böhm, einem Hersteller von Präzisionsteilen, als Werbegag gedacht war,
macht heute die Hälfte des Geschäfts aus:
Modelle von Stirling Motoren, die ohne Gefahr für Leib, Leben und Akten sogar auf
dem Schreitisch betrieben werden können.
T
hey are the pride of every tech-museum shop and
even Manufactum lists them as one of their “good
things in life”: The miniature Stirling machines from
Böhm – shiny stationary engines, cars and locomotives
made from brass, aluminium and stainless steel powered by
nothing more than the heat of a small alcohol burner.
What today is a viable business for the small company in
Neustadt an der Aisch started out as a give-away. After Hermann Böhm had founded a company for precision parts in
1990, he thought about a Christmas present for his customers which could showcase the capabilities and precision of his
workshop. In a magazine for model building he came across
a blueprint for a small Stirling engine. The perfect give-away:
The different materials and the high-precision milling and
turning required would demonstrate the scope of his services
and the Stirling principle was clean and safe enough to operate the small engines even on an executive’s desk.
Invented in 1816 by Robert Stirling, a Scottish minister, the Stirling engine is a heat engine that works by cyclic
compression and expansion of a gas, usually air. The gas
is compressed in the colder portion of the engine and expanded in the hotter portion resulting in a net conversion
of heat into work. The Stirling engine can be powered by
any heat source and – with only gas as a working fluid – it
is much cleaner than a steam engine.
Unfortunately, it’s very hard to adjust Stirling engines to
changing loads and so it was steam that, ultimately, powered the industrial revolution and not hot air. But on a desk
and in an office a little hot air never did any harm.
And so Böhm’s Striling models became a success. What
had started as a crazy idea for a give-away became a regular
product range, which today accounts for about 50 per cent
of the company’s turnover.
The earliest and simplest of Böhm’s Stirling models is
the HB7, a classic horizontal inline runner. The addition of
overhead rocker arms gives models like the HB11 or HB10
a slightly Steampunk-like look. Unintentionally, stresses
12
Böhm, who designs all the models himself. It takes him
about a year from the first sketches, through CAD models and several prototypes before he can add a new model
to his range: like the Rocket L1 locomotive, the HB24, a
“flame eater” with its beautiful, fat sound, or the elegant HB6,
which only needs the heat from a coffee pot or a human
hand to run. Each of them is available fully assembled or as
a kit for those who don’t mind getting their hands dirty and
want to understand how things work – like us engineers.
<<< Matthias Meier >>>
www.boehm-stirling.com
Die ausgezeichnete Webseite von Böhm, wo die Stirling Modelle betrachtet,
bestellt und vor allem angehört werden können. Allein das Klicken durch die
Seite macht schon riesig Spaß.
account for, to
assemble, to
blueprint
brass
capability
executive // ɪɡˈzekjətɪv
found, to
give-away
harm
invent, to
kit
mill, to
minister
net
pride
range
rocker arm
scope
showcase, to
stainless steel
stress, to
success
turn, to
turnover
unintentionally // ˌʌnɪnˈtenʃənəli
viable // ˈvaɪəbl
ausmachen
zusammenbauen, montieren
technische Zeichnung
Messing
Fähigkeit, Leistungsfähigkeit
Führungskraft
gründen
hier: Werbegeschenk
Schaden, Leid
erfinden, ausdenken
Bausatz
fräsen
Priester
netto
Stolz
Palette, Sortiment
Kipphebel
Umfang, Rahmen
präsentieren, herausstellen
Edelstahl
betonen, hervorheben
Erfolg
drehen
Umsatz
unbeabsichtigt, unabsichtlich
rentabel, brauchbar
INCHbyinch.de/02
arithmeum
museum stop
T
he story the Arithmeum tells starts at the end: At
the entrance of the museum is a small bowl filled
with silicon chips, which in less than a decade made
everything else on display obsolete: all the handcrafted abacuses, the clever Napier rods, the handy slide rules and even
the most sophisticated mechanical calculators.
As a student, Prof Bernhard Korte, today director of the
Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics in Bonn, experienced this transition first hand. He realised that his trusty old
Brunsviga M and all the other mechanical calculators would
soon be obsolete and started collecting them. In 1999, he donated his entire collection, some 1000 pieces, to the university – under one condition: build a museum for them.
Today the light building at the University of Bonn
holds the most comprehensive collection of calculating devices in the World: 6000 exhibits, also including historic
arithmetic books, a Hollerith tabulating machine, an Enigma and a Zuse Z25.
The oldest exhibits are also the most mundane: little
stones from a time when most people counted “one, two,
many”, and had to use pebbles to keep account of their stock.
Although we now have much more sophisticated means to
keep a record of numbers, we still use the Latin word for
‘small stone’ for it: calculus.
Abacuses are next in the long history of calculating tools.
A modern combination of an abacus with an electronic calculator is proof that, despite the silicon revolution, in some parts
of the world sliding beads never lost their appeal.
From 1600 John Napier’s rods became popular among
mathematicians but turning them was tedious and error-prone.
And so the great German mathematician and philosopher
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz gave the problem a little thought
and came up with not one but two mechanical principles to
automate the process – the stepped drum and the pinwheel.
All the other mechanical calculators on display in the
Arithmeum, from the replica of Leibniz’s stepped-drum machine to Curt Herzstark’s small, cylindrical Curta and Korte’s first collector’s item, the Brunsviga M, are based on one
of these two principles.
INCHbyinch.de/02
< Photo: M. Meier >
Heute ist die Tastatur das einzige mechanische Teil an unseren Rechnern – und manchmal nicht einmal
mehr das. Doch bis in die 1970er waren alle Rechenmaschinen rein mechanisch. Das Arithmeum in Bonn
erzählt ihre Geschichte und setzt diesen feinmechanischen Wunderwerken ein Denkmal.
Even the motor-driven Hamann calculator from 1969 – a
machine so ‘sophisticated’ it needed constant maintenance
and repair and became a disaster for its manufacturer. On
display next to this dinosaur from a dying age is a Japanese
Busicom 141 PF from 1972 – the first commercial calculator with one of these opalescent shimmering chips visitors can
grab from a bowl at the entrance of the museum.
<<< Matthias Meier >>>
Arithmeum – rechnen einst und heute
Lennéstrasse 2
53113 Bonn www.arithmeum.uni-bonn.de
appeal
arithmetic book // əˈrɪθmətɪk bʊk
bead
bowl
collector’s item
comprehensive
donate, to
error-prone
exhibit // ɪɡˈzɪbɪt
experience, to
handcrafted
keep account, to
maintenance // ˈmeɪntənəns
mechanical calculator
mundane // mʌnˈdeɪn
obsolete // ˈɒbsəliːt
opalescent // ˌəʊpəˈlesnt
pebble
replica // ˈreplɪkə
rod
slide rule
slide, to
stepped-drum machine
stock
tabulating machine
tedious // ˈtiːdiəs
transition
trusty
Anziehungskraft, Reiz
Rechenbuch
Perle, Kügelchen
Schale, Schüssel
Sammlerstück
umfassend
stiften, schenken
fehlerbehaftet
Ausstellungsstück, Exponat
erleben, erfahren
handgefertigt
Buch führen
Wartung
Rechenmaschine
einfach, unscheinbar
veraltet, überholt
opalisierend
Kiesel
Nachbau
Stab
Rechenschieber
schieben
Staffelwalzenmaschine
Lager-, Viehbestand
Tabelliermaschine
mühsam, lästig
Übergang, Wechsel
zuverlässig, treu
13
pictorial
material handling
crane end
carriage
guard rails
deck/
platform
travelling
hoist/trolley
crane track
scissor
arm
crane girder
rope hoist
pendant with cable
hook block
hydraulic
cylinder
steering wheel
overhead travelling crane
scissor lift
top deckboard
tow bar
fork
pump unit
entry
stringer board
steering wheels
block
bottom
deckboard
load rollers
pallet
hand pallet truck
Weitere Pictorials und Newsletter unter www.inchbyinch.de/category/pictorial
14
INCHbyinch.de
dictionary
Pneumatics
actuation
adiabatic
aftercooler
air conditioning
air spring
air storage tank
auxiliary valve
ball valve
bistable valve
blanking plug
cartridge valve
cassette valve
check valve
coil
compact cylinder
compressed air motor
compressibility
compressor
condensation
connection port
counter-pressure valve
coupling
cushioning
cutting ring
cylinder bore
cylinder stroke
desiccant
diaphragm air dryer
double-acting
drop-off pressure
dryer
emergency-stop
exhaust air
exhaust regulation
filter
filter cartridge
fitting
flat piston
flow control valve
flow rate
gasket
gripper
guided cylinder
hand valve
hose
impact buffer
incremental shaft encoder
jerk-free
leakage
lubricator
manifold
master cylinder
needle valve
INCHbyinch.de
Betätigung
adiabatisch
Nachkühler
Luftaufbereitung
Luftfeder
Kessel
Hilfsventil
Kugelventil
Impulsventil
Blindstopfen
Blockeinbauventil
Kassettenventil
Rückschlagventil
Spule
Kompaktzylinder
Druckluftmotor
Kompressibilität
Kompressor
Kondensation
Anschluss
Gegenhalteventil
Kupplung
Dämpfung
Schneidring
Zylinderbohrung
Zylinderhub
Trocknungsmittel
Membrantrockner
doppelwirkend
Abfalldruck
Trockner
Not-Aus
Abluft
Abblasregelung
Filter
Filterpatrone
Verschraubung
Flachkolben
Drosselventil
Durchfluss
Dichtung
Greifer
Führungszylinder
Handventil
Schlauch
Aufprallpuffer
Winkelschrittgeber
ruckfrei
Leckage
Öler
Verteilerstück
Geberzylinder
Nadelventil
oil removal filter
on-off valve
parallel gripper
piston
piston rod
plunger
pneumatic
pneumatics
poppet valve
power valve
pressure amplifier
pressure gauge
pressure relief valve
profile cylinder barrel
profile rod
proportional valve
pulsation damper
push-in fitting
quick coupling
quick exhaust valve
refrigeration dryer
rodless
rotary cylinder
safety valve
sealing surface
servo valve
shaft seal
silencer
single-solenoid valve
slide unit
snubber
solenoid valve
sorption
stem actuated valve
stroke length
suction gripper
supply port
surge
switching pressure
swivel table
tee
valve manifold
valve return spring
valve terminal
vane motor
water separator
way valve
workshop compressor
Ölausscheider
Absperrventil
Parallelgreifer
Kolben
Kolbenstange
Stößel
pneumatisch
Pneumatik
Sitzventil
Arbeitsventil
Druckverstärker
Manometer
Überdruckventil
Profilzylinderrohr
Profilstange
Proportionalventil
Pulsationsdämpfer
Steckverschraubung
Schnellkupplung
Schnellentlüftungsventil
Kältetrockner
kolbenstangenlos
Drehzylinder
Sicherheitsventil
Dichtfläche
Regelventil
Simmerring
Schalldämpfer
monostabiles Ventil
Schlitteneinheit
Druckstoßminderer
Magnetventil
Sorption
Stößelventil
Hublänge
Sauggreifer
Luftversorgungsanschluss
Druckstoß
Ansteuerdruck
Schwenktisch
T-Stück
Ventilblock
Ventilfeder
Ventilinsel
Lamellenmotor
Wasserabscheider
Wegeventil
Handwerkerkompressor
Vokabeltrainer und Download unter www.inchbyinch.de/dictionary/pneumatics
15
engineering Basics
Robot Selection
C
artesian robots, sometimes
called gantry robots, are mechatronic devices that use motors and linear actuators to position a
tool. They make linear movements in
three axes. Physical scaffolding forms a
framework that anchors and supports
the axes and payload. Cartesian robot
movements stay within the framework’s
confines, but the framework can be
mounted horizontally or vertically, or
even overhead.
In contrast, SCARAs and six-axis
robots typically mount on a pedestal.
SCARAs move in the X, Y, and Z planes
like Cartesians, but incorporate a theta
axis to rotate the end-of-arm tooling.
This makes SCARAs good for vertical assembly operations. However, the
arm is essentially a lever, and that limits SCARAs’ reach: The joints are load
points that need robust bearings and
high-torque motors to handle the loads
when the arm extends.
Six-axis robots move forward and
back, up and down, and can yaw, pitch,
and roll to offer more directional control than SCARAs. This is suitable for
complex movements that simulate a
human arm. The additional range of
movement also lets six-axis robots service a larger volume than SCARAs can.
Six-axis robots often execute welding,
palletizing, and machine tending.
Picking a robot type
To pick a robot, first evaluate the application’s needs. That starts with profiling the job’s load, orientation, speed,
scara robot
16
six-axis robot
travel, precision, environment and
duty cycle, sometimes called LOSTPED parameters.
Load. A robot’s load capacity must
exceed the total weight of the payload,
including any tooling, at the end of the
robot arm. What limits SCARA and
six-axis robots is that they support
loads on extended arms. In contrast, a
typical Cartesian robot’s support frame
and bearings consistently support the
entire range of motion.
Orientation depends on how the robot is mounted and how it situates
parts or products being moved. The
goal is to match the robot’s footprint to
the work area. If a SCARA or six-axis
robot’s floor or line-mounted pedestal
creates an obstruction, then such robots may not be the best option. If the
application only needs movement in a
few axes, then small-frame Cartesian
robots can mount overhead and out of
the way.
Speed and travel. Along with load ratings, robot manufacturer catalogues
also list speed ratings. One key consideration when choosing robots for pickand-place applications is acceleration
times over significant distances. Cartesian robots can accelerate at 5 m/sec
or more, rivalling the performance of
SCARA and six-axis robots. Cartesian
robots also make sense when applications involve long spans.
Precision. SCARA and six-axis robots
have predefined accuracy ratings that
make it easy to determine their repeatability of movement. But these robots
lock designers into one level of accuracy at the time of purchase. End users
can upgrade Cartesian or gantry robots
to myriad levels of accuracy by changing the actuator with a ball screw.
Environment. Two factors that dictate
the best robot are the working envelope’s
ambient environment and hazards in
the space itself. Environmental factors
such as dust and dirt also affect robot
selection.
Duty cycle. This is the amount of time
it takes to complete one cycle of operation. Robots that run continuously
24/7 reach their end of life sooner than
those running only 8-hr days, five days
a week.
programs & controls
The most suitable robot for an application also depends on the requirements
for controls and programmability. All
robot controls interpolate point-topoint, linear, or circular movements
through path following and programmed speed, acceleration, and
deceleration parameters. The options
are entry-level and high-performance
controls.
Entry-level controls are generally
available only with Cartesian robots.
These operate with three degrees of
freedom, which require less computer
processing and programming sophistication than robots with more axes and
degrees of freedom.
High-performance controls process
more degrees of freedom and convert
machine-joint coordinates to the world
coordinates necessary, for complex rotary or circular movements. SCARA
and six-axis robots usually have expensive, proprietary controls capable of
INCHbyinch.de/01
Industrieroboter sind nicht nur in der Massenfertigung, sondern zunehmend auch
in kleineren Industriezweigen oder gar im Handwerk zu finden. Unser Vergleich von
kartesischen, Sechs-Achs- und SCARA-Robotern erleichtert die Auswahl.
circular interpolation and movement
sequences.
SCARA & six-axis robots
SCARA and six-axis robots:
• May come equipped to meet defined
speed and motion specifications – and
deliver higher performance right out
of the box.
• May cost more because they come
with expensive features such as proprietary controllers.
cartesian robot
< Photo: bosch-rexroth >
accelerate, to
acceleration
ambient // ˈæmbiənt
amplifier
anchor, to // ˈæŋkə
assembly
auxiliary // ɔːɡˈzɪliəri
ball screw
bearing // ˈbeərɪŋ
confine
consideration
deceleration
decrease, to
degree of freedom
delay
device
dispense, to
duty cycle
exceed, to
exhibit, to
gantry robot // ˈɡæntri ˈrəʊbɒt
goal
hazard
incorporate, to
injury
joint
legacy // ˈleɡəsi
INCHbyinch.de/01
• Execute complicated tasks and require
more programming for complex motion patterns.
• Take up less space and weigh less to fit
a predefined footprint while delivering a specified speed.
• Exhibit less rigid-arm extensions, because they are built to be as light as
possible to carry heavier payloads.
Cartesian robots
Cartesian robots’ total cost of ownership has decreased 25% over the last five
years, so now they are viable options for
small to midsize manufacturers looking
to automate storage-and-retrieval, pickand-place, liquid-dispensing, packaging,
and auxiliary machine-tool operations.
In addition, Cartesian robots:
• Consist of standardized components
that combine into robots that cost less
than purpose-built robots.
• Can be specified with online tools.
Online software takes some of the
beschleunigen
Beschleunigung
umgebend
Verstärker
verankern
Montage
HilfsKugelgewindetrieb
Lager
Grenze, Begrenzung
Überlegung, Betrachtung
Verzögerung
abnehmen, sinken
Freiheitsgrad
Verzögerung
Gerät, Apparat
dosieren
Arbeitszyklus
überschreiten, übersteigen
aufweisen, zeigen
Portalroboter
Ziel
Gefährdung, Risiko
umfassen, einbauen
Verletzung
Gelenk
hier: Alt-
confusion out of how to leverage the
mix-and-match modularity of Cartesian robots.
• Are safer. On legacy Cartesian robots,
safety circuits connect to controls that
introduce delays as they command
the motor’s drive amplifier. Newer
robots have intelligent servodrives
instead, with safety circuits that accelerate response. These circuits also let
Cartesian robots operate in reducedtorque mode. To prevent injuries, robots in this mode shut down if it contacts the trainer.
<<< Richard Vaughn >>>
Dieser Beitrag ist eine gekürzte Fassung eines
Artikels, der in Machine Design, Ausgabe Dezember
2013, erschienen ist. Die Veröffentlichung erfolgt
mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Autors.
http://machinedesign.com/motion-control/
difference-between-cartesian-six-axis-andscara-robots
www.boschrexroth.com
Bosch Rexroth, Anbieter von Antrieben und
Automatisierungslösungen, liefert für viele der im
Artikel beschriebenen Roboter Baugruppen.
lever // ˈliːvə
leverage, to
machine tending
myriad // ˈmɪriəd
obstruction
pattern
payload
pedestal // ˈpedɪstl
pitch, to
plane
proprietary // prəˈpraɪətri
purchase // ˈpɜːtʃəs
purpose-built // ˈpɜːpəs bɪlt
rating
response
rigid // ˈrɪdʒɪd
scaffolding // skæfəldɪŋ
sophistication // səˌfɪstɪˈkeɪʃn
storage-and-retrieval
support, to
tooling
torque // tɔːk
travel
viable // ˈvaɪəbl
weld, to
working envelope
yaw, to // jɔː
Hebel
wirksam einsetzen
Maschinenbeschickung
Unzahl, Vielzahl
Hindernis, Behinderung
Muster
Nutzlast
Sockel, Untergestell
nicken
Ebene, Fläche
firmeneigen, proprietär
Kauf, Anschaffung
speziell angefertigt
Nennwert, Klasse
Ansprechen, Reaktion
steif, starr
Gerüst
Feinheit, Ausgereiftheit
Regalbedienung
unterstützen, tragen
Werkzeug (-ausstattung)
Drehmoment
Hub, Verfahrweg
machbar, rentabel
schweißen
Arbeitsbereich, Arbeitsraum
gieren
17
word combinations
Some individual words in English are commonly combined with others to provide a variety of different
concepts. Find words in the boxes below to complete the word combinations which match the definitions.
//// Answers on page 20 ////
office
1
This is measured in m2.
office
2
Desk, chair, cupboards, filing cabinets, etc..
office
3
The time that the company/shop/service is open for business.
office
4
Real estate property used only for commercial purposes.
block
paperless
furniture
18
head
overheads
space
open-plan
desk
sales
public
hours
services
politics
job
back
home
The top of the company is located here.
5
office
You have this when you can do your work in your own house.
6
office
People here normally have no direct contact with customers.
7
office
There are no individual rooms in this place.
8
office
profit
1
If business has been bad and earnings are probably going to go down,
a company might issue this.
profit
2
A section of a company aimed at earning money.
profit
3
The selling price minus the cost price.
profit
4
Where everyone gets a portion of what is earned.
pre-tax
annual
record
net
gross
operating
margin
distribution
generation
forecast
maximization
warning
sharing
non-operating
retained
centre
Earnings which are left after tax and dividends are paid out.
5
profit
Earnings before the government gets its share.
6
profit
Earnings made from the normal day-to-day business of the company
(before interest and taxes).
7
profit
Revenue minus direct cost of production.
8
profit
INCHbyinch.de/03
feature review
gerund
>>> lady of the lake // 6
Use the verbs in the box either in the gerund or the infinitive form to fill in the spaces in the sentences below.
race
save
develop
set
provide
1
2
put
identify
study
change
not 
take 
off
design
do
tip
reconstruct
exceed
make
autonomous cargo vessels presents some very special challenges for research engineers.
problems and
methods and tools
autonomous systems is the aim of the MUNIN project.
3
the type of fuel is another idea
safe and cost-effective
costs.
4
audio from video requires that the frequency of the video samples is higher than the frequency
of the audio signal.
5
Nakatsu, who is also an engineer, realized that
into the future.
6
the flight of birds could bring his train, and us,
his trains faster was one of Nakatsu’s goals, but
that, he needed to make them quieter.
7
can be a delicate subject – especially on a business trip in a foreign country.
8
and
9
land speed records is ‘just’ a hobby for Eva Håkansson and Bill Dubé.
the take-off speed of a 747 but
helps to keep the bike on the ground.
10 Dubé thinks that
can be quite a challenge, and extra weight
a bit of distance between you and the competition is a good feeling.
//// Answers on page 20 ////
past perfect
>>> a light fantastic // 22
Underline the correct form of the highlighted verbs.
1 The man tripped // had tripped over a toolbox that someone left // had left in the corridor
and broke // had broken his leg.
2 My colleague already finished // had already finished the report when I got // had got to the office.
3 The Australian team arrived // had arrived at the site in 2014. They spent // had spent a lot of time assembling
the best equipment around so they were // had been keen to start immediately.
4 When he returned // had returned to the lab he realised // had realised that he left // had left the burner on.
5 When Jacques Cousteau was // had been ready to dive at the antique site SCUBA gear was // had been available
6
7
8
9
10
for several years.
Baxter did // had done a lot of research on the subject so his ideas were // had been important for the project.
The CEO, who discussed // had discussed the matter with the R&D people, suggested // had suggested
a change of material.
Physicists were working // had been working on a better solution for years. Then the breakthrough
came // had come all of a sudden.
The first shop opened // had opened in February in Manchester and by the end of the year another four opened
// had opened around the country.
It was // had been clear that the candidate prepared // had prepared very well for the interview.
INCHbyinch.de
19
answers
Feature Review >> gerund
1. Designing/developing autonomous cargo vessels presents some very special
challenges for research engineers.
2. Identifying problems and developing methods and tools to provide safe and costeffective autonomous systems is the aim of the MUNIN project.
3. Changing the type of fuel is another idea to save costs.
4. Reconstructing audio from video requires that the frequency of the video samples
is higher than the frequency of the audio signal.
5. Nakatsu, who is also an engineer, realized that studying the flight of birds could
bring his train, and us, into the future.
6. Making his trains faster was one of Nakatsu’s goals, but to do that, he needed to
make them quieter.
7. Tipping can be a delicate subject – especially on a business trip in a foreign country.
8. Racing and setting land speed records is ‘just’ a hobby for Eva Håkansson and her
husband Bill Dubé.
9. Exceeding the take-off speed of a 747 but not taking off can be quite a challenge,
and extra weight helps to keep the bike on the ground.
10.Dubé thinks that putting a bit of distance between you and the competition is a
good feeling.
20
Feature Review >> past perfect
word combinations
1. The man tripped over a toolbox that someone had left
in the corridor and broke his leg.
2. My colleague had already finished the report when I
got to the office.
3. The Australian team arrived in 2014. They had spent
a lot of time assembling the best equipment around so
they were keen to start immediately.
4. When he returned to the lab he realised that he had
left the burner on.
5. When Jacques Cousteau was ready to dive at the
antique site SCUBA gear had been available for several
years.
6. Baxter had done a lot of research on the subject so his
ideas were important for the project.
7. The CEO, who had discussed the matter with the R&D
people, suggested a change of material.
8. Physicists had been working on a better solution for
years. Then the breakthrough came all of a sudden.
9. The first shop opened in February in Manchester and
by the end of the year another four had opened around
the country.
10. It was clear that the candidate had prepared very well
for the interview.
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
office space
office furniture
office hours
office block
head office
home office
back office
open-plan office
B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
profit warning
profit centre
profit margin
profit sharing
retained profit
pre-tax profit
operating profit
gross profit
Make it work
Egbert lifts up the cheese cover, ...
d ... the mouse escapes and runs though a light barrier.
The light barrier cuts off the current operating a magnet,
a which then releases a weight.
b The weight falls onto a spring, ...
h ... bounces off the spring and pushes a lever, ...
e ... which sets a cable winch in motion.
g A parcel is litfed up on a pulley.
i The RFID label on the parcel is registered by a scanner ...
k ... and this switches on a linear drive ...
... whose carriage slides to the end and activates a hyc draulic valve.
The hydraulic cylinder aligns the two dish antennas of a
f radio remote control unit ...
j ... which then switches on a vibratory bowl feeder ...
... and this transports the food into the hamster’s cage.
INCHbyinch.de
mixed up
It’s easy to mix up one word with another. Some seem to be the same as words used in German but have
completely different meanings. Others are often simply used wrongly. With our help you won’t mix things up.
His comments are no longer creditable.
 Seine Äußerungen sind nicht mehr
His comments are no longer creditworthy.
 glaubwürdig.
His comments are no longer credible.
 The loan will not be increased this year. 
Der Lohn wird in diesem Jahr nicht
The wage will not be increased this year.  erhöht.
The lone will not be increased this year. 
The new prospectus is more attractive and more informative.
 Das neue Prospekt ist attraktiver und
The new prospect is more attractive and more informative.
 informativer.
The new brochure is more attractive and more informative.
 I left a note on your desk. 
Ich habe eine Notiz auf deinen
I left a notice on your desk.  Schreibtisch gelegt.
I left a notebook on your desk. 
It is very important to have a private rent these days.
 Heutzutage ist es sehr wichtig eine
It is very important to have a private pension these days.
 private Rente zu haben.
It is very important to have a private pensioner these days.
 The contracts are in the brown leather folder. 
Verträge sind in der braunen
The contracts are in the brown leather map.  Die
Ledermappe.
The contracts are in the brown leather file. 
//// Answers ////
His comments are no longer credible.
creditable = lobenswert >>>
Even though they lost, it was a creditable performance.
creditworthy = kreditwürdig >>>
The bank said he was not creditworthy so did not lend him the money.
The wage will not be increased this year.
loan = Darlehen >>>
The loan must be repaid within five years.
lone = einzeln, einsam >>>
Texas is called the Lone Star State as it has only one star on its flag.
The new brochure is more attractive and more informative.
prospectus = Emissionsprospekt (beim Börsengang), Vorlesungsverzeichnis
You need a good solid prospectus to show potential investors.
prospect = Aussicht >>>
The prospects for integration have not been improved after the election.
I left a note on your desk.
notice = Aushang, Anzeige >>>
I pinned a notice up on the notice board.
notebook = Notizblock/-buch, Heft >>>
I need to buy a new notebook; I have completely filled the old one.
It is very important to have a private pension these days.
rent = Miete >>>
My rent has increased by 50% in the last 5 years.
pensioners = Rentner >>>
Society has changed; there are more pensioners than ever before.
The contracts are in the brown leather folder.
map = Landkarte >>>
I don’t need a map, I have a navigation system.
file = (Akten-) Ordner >>>
The files on the top shelf can all be destroyed.
INCHbyinch.de/02
21
history
Laserlicht ist das ultimative Werkzeug. Seit seiner Erfindung vor
über 50 Jahren hat die „Licht-Verstärkung durch stimulierte Emission von Strahlung“ viele Branchen revolutioniert – von der Kommunikation über Handel, Industrie und Unterhaltung bis hin zur
Medizin. Dies ist die Geschichte eines fantastischen Lichts.
< Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory>
22
INCHbyinch.de/04
history
A light fantastic
Laser light is the ultimate tool. Since its invention some 50 years ago light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation has revolutionized fields as diverse as communication, commerce, industry,
entertainment and surgery. This is the story of the light fantastic.
A method for amplifying light had its origins in an idea
Einstein developed in 1916. Looking deeply into the new
theory of quantum physics, he predicted that rays could
stimulate atoms to emit more rays of the same wavelength.
But engineers had little notion of how to manipulate atoms, and for decades the idea seemed a theoretical curiosity of no practical interest.
The push came around 1950 from an unexpected direction. Short-wavelength radio waves, called microwaves,
could make a cluster of atoms vibrate in revealing ways.
Radar equipment left over from World War II was reworked to provide the radiation. Many of the world’s top
physicists were thinking about ways to study systems of
molecules by bathing them with radiation.
Charles Townes of Columbia University had studied
molecules as a physicist in the 1930s, and during the war
he had worked on radar as an electronics engineer. The
Office of Naval Research pressed him and other physicists
to put their heads together and invent a way to make powerful beams of radiation at ever shorter wavelengths. In
1951, he found a solution. Under the right conditions – say,
inside a resonating cavity like the ones used to generate
radar waves – the right kind of collection of molecules
might generate radiation all on its own. He was applying an engineer’s insights to a physicist’s atomic systems.
Townes gave the problem to Herbert Zeiger, a postdoctoral student, and James P. Gordon, a graduate student. By
1954 they had the device working. Townes called it a MASER, for "Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation".
Townes had predicted a remarkable and useful property for the radiation from the device: it would be at a single
frequency, as pure as a note from a tuning fork. And so it
was. The high degree of order in such radiation would give
the maser, and later the laser, important practical uses.
Townes was not alone in his line of thought. Joseph Weber of the University of Maryland expressed similar ideas
independently in 1952. And Robert H. Dicke of Princeton
worked toward the same goal along a different path. Neither tried to build a device. In Moscow, A.M. Prokhorov
and N.G. Basov were thinking in the same direction, and
they built a maser in 1955.
Physicists had been working for generations toward
controlling ever shorter wavelengths. After radio and >>>
INCHbyinch.de/04
amplification
amplify, to
cavity
cluster
device
goal // ɡəʊl
graduate student
invent, to
invention
notion // ˈnəʊʃn
physicist // ˈfɪzɪsɪst
predict, to
property
radiation
ray
revealing
solution
surgery // ˈsɜːdʒəri
tuning fork
Verstärkung
verstärken
Hohlraum, Kammer
Gruppe, Anhäufung
Gerät, Apparat
Ziel
Doktorand
erfinden
Erfindung
Vorstellung, Idee
Physiker
vorhersagen, prognostizieren
Eigenschaft, Vermögen
Strahlung
Strahl
aufschlussreich, aussagend
Lösung
Chirurgie
Stimmgabel
Grammar bit
past perfect
...see highlighted examples in text.
The Past Perfect generally indicates that something happened before something else in the past. There must be
some other reference point in the past (whether explicitly
mentioned or implicitly contained in the context). In this
history text, the majority of the context is in the past, e.g.
the laser story started in 1950. So, we use the past perfect
as follows:
Townes had studied molecules in the 1930s. (which was
before the 1950 reference point)
Masers had been modestly useful (the concept of ‘up to
that point’)
Gould, who had discussed the problem… (the concept of
‘already’)
…. people had bought flash lamps (within a few weeks of
the reference point, by a certain point after the reference
point)
Physicists had been working for generations (continuous
form, focuses on a duration)
//// Exercise on page 19 ////
23
history
< Photo: HRL Laboratories, Malibu CA >
The same arrangement meanwhile occurred to Gordon
Gould, a graduate student at Columbia University who had
discussed the problem with Townes. For his thesis research,
Gould had already been working with "pumping" atoms
to higher energy states so they would emit light. As Gould
elaborated his ideas and speculated about all the things you
could do with a concentrated beam of light, he realized that
he was onto something far beyond the much-discussed "infrared maser". In his notebook, he confidently named the
yet-to-be-invented device a LASER (for Light Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation).
Gould, Schawlow and Townes now understood how to
build a laser – in principle. To actually build one would require more ideas and a lot of work. Some of the ideas were
already in hand. Other physicists in several countries, aiming to build better masers, had worked out various ingenious schemes to pump energy into atoms and molecules in
gases and solid crystals. In a way, they too were inventors of
the laser. So were many others clear back to Einstein.
The Race to Build a Laser
Dr. Theodore H. Maiman realized that a flash lamp would be sufficient to 'pump' the ruby crystal that forms the 'heart' of a laser. On
May 16, 1960, he observed pulses of red light – the world’s first laser.
radar, the logical next step would be far-infrared waves. Masers had been modestly useful, more for scientific research
than for military or industrial applications. Only a few scientists thought an infrared maser might be important and
pondered how to make one. Infrared rays could not be manipulated like radar, and indeed were hard to manage at all.
From the maser to the laser
Townes thought about the problems intensively. One day
in 1957, studying the equations for amplifying radiation,
he realized that it would be easier to make it happen with
very short waves than with far-infrared waves. He could
leap across the far-infrared region to the long-familiar
techniques for manipulating ordinary light. Townes
talked it over with his colleague, friend and brother-inlaw Arthur Schawlow.
Schawlow found the key – put the atoms you wanted
to stimulate in a long, narrow cavity with mirrors at each
end. The rays would shuttle back and forth inside so that
there would be more chances for stimulating atoms to radiate. One of the mirrors would be only partly silvered so
that some of the rays could leak out. This arrangement,
the so-called Fabry-Pérot etalon, was familiar to generations of optics researchers.
24
The race was on! When Schawlow and Townes published
their ideas in 1958, physicists everywhere realized that an
"optical maser" could be built. Teams at half a dozen laboratories set out, each hoping to be the first to succeed.
Schawlow left it to Townes to make the first attempt.
Townes decided to start with potassium gas, since its properties were well understood. But one of these properties is
that it is corrosive. The gas attacked the seals on Townes’s
glass tubes and darkened the glass.
When Schawlow and Townes published their work,
Gould told his employers that he was working along the
same lines. They got funding for a project from the US Department of Defense. The project was classified "secret", and
Gould was barred from working on it because he had briefly
participated in a Marxist study group during the war.
Masers were being made not just from gas but from
crystals – synthetic ruby, for one. Perhaps a crystal might
be stimulated to emit visible light. Irwin Wieder and collaborators tried pumping energy into a ruby, using a tungsten
lamp. The system was hopelessly inefficient – they couldn’t
get nearly enough energy into the atoms to make a laser.
At IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Peter Sorokin realized that you didn’t need mirrors if you used a
crystal with the right properties. He had a calcium fluoride
crystal polished to have square sides. A ray striking an edge
at a 45-degree angle would be reflected towards the next
edge and continue to go round and round the inside. A
trace of uranium atoms sprinkled through the crystal could
act like a gas in a cavity. But they couldn't get laser action,
that is, amplification of light.
Bell Labs had a good supply of rubies for maser research,
and Schawlow decided to try that route. Meanwhile Ali Ja-
INCHbyinch.de/04
history
van, a former student of Townes, tried another route. Like
Townes, Javan preferred the simple medium of a gas, and he
settled on a combination of helium and neon in a long glass
tube. An electric discharge through the gas would energize
the helium, and collisions would transfer that energy to the
neon. They too couldn't get laser action.
Theodore Maiman made calculations and measurements that convinced him Wieder was wrong in saying it
was impossible to pump much energy into a ruby. Even so,
you would need an extraordinarily bright energy source.
One day Maiman realized the source did not have to shine
continuously, which was what Schawlow and others were
trying. A flash lamp would do. Scouring manufacturers’ catalogues, he found a very bright lamp with a helical shape.
achievement // əˈtʃiːvmənt
aid
aim, to
application
assemble, to
attempt
bar, to
collaborator // kəˈlæbəreɪtə
confidently
convince, to
Department of Defense
discharge // dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ
discovery
elaborate, to // ɪˈlæbərət
emit, to
employer
equation
etalon
flash lamp
funding
helical // ˈhiːlɪkl
ingenious // ɪnˈdʒiːniəs
inventor
leap, to
modestly
occur, to // əˈkɜː
participate, to
ponder, to
potassium gas
radiate, to
ruby
scour, to // ˈskaʊə
seal
shuttle, to
silver, to
sprinkle, to
succeed, to
thesis // ˈθiːsɪs
trace
tungsten lamp // ˈtʌŋstən læmp
yet-to-be-invented
INCHbyinch.de/04
Errungenschaft, Leistung
Hilfe, Unterstützung
beabsichtigen, nach etw. trachten
Anwendung, Verwendung
zusammenbauen, montieren
Versuch, Anlauf
aussperren, untersagen
Mitarbeiter, Mitstreiter
zuversichtlich
überzeugen
Verteidigungsministerium
Entladung
Entdeckung
ausarbeiten, verfeinern
ausstrahlen, abgeben
Arbeitgeber
Gleichung
Eichmaß, Lehre
Blitzlampe
Förderung, Unterstützung
spiralförmig
genial, raffiniert
Erfinder
springen
bescheiden, mäßig
hier: in den Sinn kommen
beteiligen, mitwirken
überlegen, nachdenken
gasförmiges Kalium
strahlen, abstrahlen
Rubin
hier: durchkämmen
Dichtung
pendeln
hier: verspiegeln
streuen, sprenkeln
Erfolg haben, erfolgreich sein
Dissertation
Spur, Hauch
Wolframfadenlampe
noch nicht erfunden
Just right, he thought, for fitting a ruby inside. He assembled the components with the aid of an assistant, Irnee
d’Haenens, and on May 16, 1960, they observed pulses of
red light. It was the world’s first laser.
Other teams moved quickly when they heard of
Maiman's work. Within a couple of weeks of the press
conference that announced the discovery in July, groups
at Bell Labs and TRG had bought flash lamps like the one
shown in Maiman's publicity photo, reproduced his device
and studied it in detail. Schawlow, who had joined the Bell
group with his technician George Devlin, made a laser out
of a different type of ruby crystal. Wieder with Lynn Sarles
independently got the same result.
When Sorokin heard of Maiman’s achievement, he realized
that he had been too pessimistic. He and Mirek Stevenson had
their calcium fluoride crystals recut into cylinders silvered at
their ends, and got laser action from them in November. The
input power required was less than 1% of that needed for the
ruby laser. Back at Bell Labs, Ali Javan with Donald Herriott
and William Bennett continued on their original path, and in
December produced a continuous beam of infrared rays – the
first gas laser. Altogether, by the end of 1960 three quite different types of laser had been demonstrated. >>>
Prof. Charles H. Townes was the inventor of the MASER and
one of the many fathers of the LASER. He died on 27th January
2015, aged 99.
< Photo: Elena Zhukova/UC Berkeley >
25
history
Over fifty years after the first laser, there are few people
in modern society who have not been affected by the invention – communications, commerce, industry, entertainment,
surgery and science. But over the long run, none of the uses of
lasers is likely to be more important than their help in making new discoveries, with unforeseeable uses of their own.
Dieser Artikel ist ein Auszug aus der Webdokumentation „Bright Idea. The
First Lasers“. Die Veröffentlichung erfolgt mit freundlicher Genehmigung
des American Institute of Physics. Die vollständige Dokumentation mit vielen
Bilder, Interviews mit den Akteuren und weiteren Links findet sich unter
www.aip.org/history/exhibits/laser/sections
affect, to
over the long run
beeinflussen, betreffen
auf Dauer, langfristig
http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2015/01/27/nobel-laureate-and-laserinventor-charles-townes-dies-at-99
www.planetary.org/blogs/mat-kaplan/0131-remembering-charlestownes.html
Charles Townes, einer der vielen Erfinder des Lasers, ist erst vor kurzem im
Alter von 99 Jahren verstorben. Zwei Nachrufe.
www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/284158_townes.html
www.jeffhecht.com/Pioneers.html
Zwei weitere Versuche, die turbulente Geschichte des Lasers nachzuerzählen.
www.laserfest.org
Webseite des Laserfests zum 50 jährigen Jubiläum des Lasers mit vielen
weiterführenden Informationen.
http://spie.org/x39914.xml
Lasergeschichte in Bildern.
www.optique-ingenieur.org/en/courses/OPI_ang_M01_C01/co/OPI_ang_
M01_C01_web_1.html
Ausführliche Erklärung der Laser-Grundlagen.
Links, Vokabeln & mehr unter www.inchbyinch.de/inch04/laser
tech Extras
mini Dictionary
laser processing
beam
beam guideway
beam source
beam telescope
CO2 laser
continuous wave operation
diode laser
excitation
focal length
labelling
laser cutting
laser forming
laser processing
laser welding
lens
mirror
optics
polarization
processing optics
pulsed operation
pumping
resonator
solid-state laser
surface treatment
wavelength
26
Strahl
Strahlführung
Strahlquelle
Strahlteleskop
CO2 Laser
Dauerstrichbetrieb
Diodenlaser
Anregung
Brennweite
Kennzeichnen
Laserschneiden
Laserformen
Laserbearbeitung
Laserschweißen
Linse
Spiegel
Optik
Polarisation
Bearbeitungsoptik
Pulsbetrieb
optisches Pumpen
Resonator
Festkörperlaser
Oberflächenbehandlung
Wellenlänge
http://youtu.be/ssg67GLfTtw
Ein Film von 1967 über den Laser mit dem Titel „A Light Fantastic“.
How laser tweezers work
Laser tweezers are probably the closest thing in real science to the tractor beams of Star Trek and Star Wars.
They use light to manipulate microscopic objects ranging from small metal particles to cells and molecules. Laser or optical tweezers are usually built by modifying a
standard optical microscope.
The basic principle behind them is the momentum
transfer associated with bending light. Light carries momentum that is proportional to its energy and in the direction of propagation. Any change in the direction of
light, by reflection or refraction, will result in a change of
the momentum of the light. If an object bends the light,
changing its momentum, conservation of momentum
requires that the object must undergo an equal and opposite momentum change. This gives rise to a force acting on the object. The fact that the central rays of a laser
beam have a higher intensity, i.e. momentum, than the
extreme rays is then used to trap objects or, depending
on their size, direct them in a certain direction.
>> see also: Inch 01 // Fusion – HOW A RUBY LASER WORKS
conservation
give rise to, to (gave, given)
momentum
propagation // ˌprɒpəˈɡeɪʃn
range, to
refraction
require, to
trap, to
tweezers // ˈtwiːzəz
Erhaltung
hervorrufen
Impuls
Ausbreitung
reichen, sich bewegen
Brechung
verlangen, erfordern
fangen, einfangen
Pinzette
INCHbyinch.de/04
make it work
Ing. Egbert has built another one of his crazy machines. Unfortunately,
his operating instructions have got a little mixed up. Connect the
instructions in the correct order and help Egbert to feed the hamster.
/// Answers on page 20 ///
Egbert lifts up the cheese cover, ...
A The light barrier cuts off the current operating a magnet, which then releases a weight.
B The weight falls onto a spring, ...
C ... whose carriage slides to the end and activates a hydraulic valve.
D ... the mouse escapes and runs though a light barrier.
E ... which sets a cable winch in motion.
F The hydraulic cylinder aligns the two dish antennas of a radio remote control unit ...
H ... bounces off the spring and pushes a lever, ...
G A parcel is lifted up on a pulley.
I The RFID label on the parcel is registered by a scanner ...
J ... which then switches on a vibratory bowl feeder ...
K ... and this switches on a linear drive ...
... and this, in turn, transports the food into the hamster’s cage.
Egbert lifts up the cheese cover, ...


.. and this, in turn, transports the food into the hamster’s cage.
bounce, to // baʊns
carriage
cheese cover
dish antenna
lever // ˈliːvə
light barrier
linear drive
INCHbyinch.de/03
abprallen, federn
Schlitten
Käseglocke
Parabolantenne
Hebel
Lichtschranke
Linearachse
parcel
pulley // ˈpʊli
radio remote control
valve // vælv
vibratory bowl feeder //
Packet
Flaschenzug, Seilzug
Funkfernsteuerung
Ventil
Wendelförderer
winch
Winde, Haspel
vaɪˈbreɪtəri bəʊl ˈfiːdə
27
team
Matthias Meier
Chefredakteur
IMPRESSUM
Matthias Meier ist Journalist und
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[email protected]
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David Mackie ist Freelance In-Company
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28
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INCHbyinch.de
Fold and watch
lab report
2000-fache Vergrößerung für gerade mal 50 Cent? Das sind die Eckdaten eines Mikroskops, das eine
Forschergruppe an der Stanford University entwickelt hat. Nun soll das Foldscope aus Papier massenhaft an Schulen und vor allem an Kliniken in der dritten Welt verteilt werden.
W
hen Manu Prakash, PhD, wants to impress lab
visitors with the durability of his Origami-based
paper microscope, he throws it off a three-story
balcony, stomps on it with his foot and dunks it into a waterfilled beaker. Miraculously, it still works.
Even more amazing is that this microscope – a bookmarksized piece of layered cardstock with a micro-lens – only costs
about 50 cents in materials to make. Prakash’s dream is that
this ultra-low-cost microscope will someday be distributed
widely to detect dangerous blood-borne diseases like malaria,
African sleeping sickness, schistosomiasis and Chagas.
“I wanted to make the best possible disease-detection
instrument that we could almost distribute for free,” said
Prakash. “What came out of this project is what we call useand-throw microscopy.”
The Foldscope can be assembled in minutes, includes no
mechanical moving parts, packs in a flat configuration, is
extremely rugged and can be incinerated after use to safely
dispose of infectious biological samples. With minor design
modifications, it can be used for bright-field, multi-fluorescence or projection microscopy.
One of the unique design features of the microscope is the
use of inexpensive spherical lenses rather than the precisionground curved glass lenses used in traditional microscopes.
These poppy-seed-sized lenses were originally mass produced
in various sizes as an abrasive grit that was thrown into industrial tumblers to knock the rough edges off metal parts. In the
simplest configuration of the Foldscope, one 17-cent lens is
press-fit into a small hole in the centre of the slide-mounting
platform. Some of his more sophisticated versions use multiple lenses and filters.
To use a Foldscope, a sample is mounted on a microscope
slide and wedged between the paper layers of the microscope.
With a thumb and forefinger grasping each end of the layered
paper strip, a user holds the micro-lens close enough to one
eye that eyebrows touch the paper. Focusing and locating a
INCHbyinch.de/02
target object are achieved by flexing and sliding the paper platform with the thumb and fingers.
Because of the unique optical physics of a spherical
lens held close to the eye, samples can be magnified up to
2,000 times.
The Foldscope can be customized for the detection of specific organisms by adding various combinations of coloured
LED lights powered by a watch battery, sample stains and fluorescent filters. It can also be configured to project images on
the wall of a dark room.
In addition, Prakash is passionate about mass-producing
the Foldscope for educational purposes, to inspire children –
our future scientists – to explore and learn from the microscopic world.
<<< Kris Newby >>>
Dieser Beitrag ist ursprünglich am 10.3.2014 in Scope, dem Blog von Stanford Medicine, erschienen. Die Veröffentlichung erfolgt mit freundlicher
Genehmigung der Redaktion. Der Originalbeitrag findet sich unter:
http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2014/03/10/stanford-bioengineer-developsa-50-cent-paper-microscope
www.foldscope.com
Offizielle Webseite des Foldscopes. Leider kann das günstige Mikrosop derzeit
noch nicht bestellt werden, die Entwickler arbeiten aber an einer Version für alle.
www.ted.com/talks/manu_prakash_a_50_cent_microscope_that_folds_
like_origami
TED Vortrag, in dem Manu Prakash das Foldscope vorstellt.
abrasive grit // əˈbreɪsɪv ɡrɪt
achieve, to // əˈtʃiːv
assemble, to
beaker
blood-borne
bright-field
cardstock
disease
dispose of, to
dunk, to // dʌŋk
durability
flex, to
grasp, to
incinerate, to // ɪnˈsɪnəreɪt
layered
passionate // ˈpæʃənət
poppy-seed
precision-ground
purpose // ˈpɜːpəs
rugged
sample stain
slide
slide, to
sophisticated
target // ˈtɑːɡɪt
tumbler // ˈtʌmblə
wedge, to // wedʒ
Schleifkörner
erreichen, erzielen
zusammenbauen, montieren
Messbecher
durch Blut übertragbar
Hellfeld
Kartonpapier
Krankheit, Erkrankung
wegwerfen, entsorgen
eintunken, eintauchen
Strapazierfähigkeit, Haltbarkeit
biegen, beugen
greifen, packen
einäschern, verbrennen
geschichtet, mehrlagig
leidenschaftlich
Mohnsamen
feinstgeschliffen
Zweck, Aufgabe
robust, stabil
hier: Färbemittel
Objektträger
schieben
technisch ausgereift, anspruchsvoll
Ziel
hier: Trommel
festklemmen, zwängen
29
two.five four
ODD WORDS
narcisstick // Another name for a selfie stick.
autofail // When the auto-correction inserts a wrong or
nonsensical word into a text.
voice jail system // A complicated voice mail system which
traps you with too many choices and no way to go back.
microvacation // A very short vacation or holiday.
black-hole resort // A resort where you pay extra for the
‘privilege’ to have no access to internet, television, telephones or cell phones.
Weitere seltsame, neue und ungewöhnliche englische Wörter unter
www.wordspy.com
access
available
compassion
declare, to
distraction
glance, to
jail // dʒeɪl
nonsensical // nɒnˈsensɪkl
pity
skill
suggestion // səˈdʒestʃən
threatening // ˈθretning
Zugang, Zugriff
vorhanden, verfügbar
Mitleid, Mitgefühl
erklären
Ablenkung
blicken, ansehen
Gefängnis
absurd, widersinnig
Mitleid
Fähigkeit, Können
Andeutung, Unterstellung
bedrohend, gefährdend
problems and engineers
Engineers like to solve problems. If there are no problems
readily available, they will create their own problems. Normal
people don't understand this concept; they believe that if it
ain't broke, don't fix it. Engineers believe that if it ain't broke,
it doesn't have enough features yet.
The fastest way to get an engineer to solve a problem is to declare that the problem is unsolvable. No engineer can walk
away from an unsolvable problem until it's solved. No illness
or distraction is sufficient to get the engineer off the case. Engineers will go without food and hygiene for days to solve a
problem. (Other times just because they forget.)
Nothing is more threatening to the engineer than the suggestion that somebody has more technical skill. When an engineer says that something can't be done (a code phrase that
means it's not fun to do), just glance at the engineer with a
look of compassion and pity and say something like: "I'll ask
Bob to figure it out. He knows how to solve difficult technical
problems." At that point it is a good idea not to stand between
the engineer and the problem.
Ing.
We introduced Origami engineering in our car production …
Engineers should look
more closely at the Japanese art of paper folding.
30
… and solved the parking
problem too.
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