Different trees, different evolutionary theories?

Different trees, different evolutionary theories?

Different trees, different
evolutionary theories?
A philosophical approach
Nathalie Gontier & Ricardo S. Reis dos Santos
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Pag.1
Overview
Where did Darwin get his tree?
Christian idea of a tree of knowledge scala naturae alchemy
geology biology
Study of language (Adamic language) universal languages and
the origin of language the origin of man evolution
relation between linguistics and biology
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Pag.2
Cranah
Tree of knowledge,
1472
Fall of man
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Pag.3
Pre-Darwinian thinking
Genesis:
The world is created by God
Man and other animals are created by God
All men are descendents from Adam and are thus related: 1 people, 1 language
(until Babel)
Man has reason and intellect (received soul from God): Man is more than an
animal
Knowledge is of a linguistic nature
Man is a sinner
Nostalgia to Garden of Eden & Adamic language
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Pag.4
Great chain
of being
Scala naturae: ladder,
descending genealogy
Aristotle (universe is a perfect
sphere)
=>
Judea-Christian culture
=>
Renaissance
Rhetorica Christiana by Didacus
Valades, 1579.
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Pag.5
Kabbalistic tree of life
10 sefirot
(enumerations) that list
the attributes of God;
how God emanates
Dating: Kaballah: 1113th century,
But based on the
Hebrew Bilbe &
reinterpreted in later
centuries
Descending genealogy
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Pag.6
Ramon Llull
Liber de ascensu et descensu
intellectus, 1304.
illustration from a 1512, Valencian
edition
Ascending and decending
Scala naturae: chain of being
Scala scientiarum: encyclopedic
knowledge
Rigid and complete hierarchy
towards perfection
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Pag.7
Ramon Llull
Ars demonstrativa 1283
Ars magna, 1305
Circles made up of elements that
provide all possible
truth(combinations)
e.g. figure A: 16 attributes/
dignities of God: goodness,
greatness, eternity, power,
wisdom, will, virtue, truth, glory,
…
Called Ars combinatoria by
Leibniz
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Pag.8
Ramon Llull
Tree of logical relations
Logica Nova (edition of 1512)
Ascending tree
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Pag.9
Dante
La Divina Commedia, 1308-21
Paradiso
illustration by Michelangelo
Caetani, 1855
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Pag.10
Robert Fludd, Utriusque
cosmi maioris
scilicet et minoris
metaphysica, physica atque
technica histori.
Oppenheim, 1617
Occultism, paracelsian
physician
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Pag.11
Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 1735
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Pag.12
Charles Bonnet
Traité d’Insectologie, premier parte.
Durand, Paris.
1745
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Pag.13
Denis Diderot
Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné
des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers
(1751)
Top – down but also left-right directionality
that introduces the element of time
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Pag.14
F. G. Roth
Explication détaillée du systeme des
Connoissances Humaines tirée du
Discours Préliminaire du Tome I. de
l’Encyclopédie Publiée par Mr.
Diderot et Mr. d’Alembert à Paris pour
Servir à l’Usage de l’Arbre
Encyclopédique. Jena 1772. In:
Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire
Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et
des Métiers (1751).
(Sigrid Weigel)
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Pag.15
Augustin Augier
Essai d’une nouvelle
classification des
vegetaux. Lyon:
Bruyset Aine.
1801
Genealogical tree
instead of scale that
depicts relationships
between plants
Not evolutionary
But HISTORICAL
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Pag.16
Jean B Lamarck
Philosophié Zoologique
1809
Evolution within a species
(adaptation: use and
disuse), branching from
the original stock
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Pag.17
Charles Darwin
Notebook B, 1837
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Pag.18
Heinrich Bronn
Lethaea Geonostica, 1837-8
(older geological time scale)
1858, hypothetical tree:
continued branching
?Wallace/Darwin letters?
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Pag.19
Edward Hitchcock
Elementary Geology,
1840
Paleontological chart
Anti-transmutation
Different time-periods in the
origin of the earth and life
Connection between
species
Recognition of species
extinction (only «types of
the genera» survive)
Increase of the most
perfect forms
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Pag.20
Heinrich Auguste Pierer
Universal-Lexikon: Ancestral
table in the form of an
ascending family tree, 1840
(Sigrid Weigel)
Acending tree depicting
generations through time,
family relations as well as
the gender of the individual
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Pag.21
Frantisek Celakovský
Ctení o srovnavací mluvnici
slovanské na Universitě
pražskě, 1853, p. 3,
V komisí u F. Řivnáče (V
Praze)
Slavic language tree
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Pag.22
August Schleicher
Die ersten Spaltungen des
Indogermanischen Urvolkes.
Allgemeine Monatsschrift für
Wissenschaft und Literatur.
1853, p. 786-87.
stammbaumtheorie
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Pag.23
Charles Darwin, 1859, Origin
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Pag.24
Terminological cross-fertilization between
linguistics and biology
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Pag.25
August Schleicher
Compendium der vergleichenden
Grammatik der indogermanischen
Sprachen, Weimar, Böhlau (2 vollumes)
1861, p. 9
(6th edition, 1866)
Indo-European Language tree
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Pag.26
August Schleicher
Haeckel recommended Schleicher
to read Darwin’s book.
Schleicher responds in an open
letter entitled:
Die Darwinische Theorie und die
Sprachwissenschaft, 1863
Böhlan
Darwin the proces; Schleicher: the
actual history
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Pag.27
Ernst Haeckel
Generelle Morphologie der
Organismen: allgemeine
Grundzüge der organischen
Formen-Wissenschaft,
mechanisch begründet durch
die von Charles Darwin
reformirte DescendenzTheorie.
Berlin: Georg Reimer
1866
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Pag.28
Frederic William Farrar
Families of Speech, London: John Murray, 1870, p. 90
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Pag.29
Johannes Schmidt
Student of Schleicher
Wellentheorie (wave
theory)
Indo-European language
tree
Die
Verwantschaftverhältnisse
der indogermanischen
Sprachen, Weimar,
Böhlau, 1872
=> Early form of
diffusionism
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Pag.30
Ernst Haeckel
Antropogenie: Keimesund StammesGeschichte des
Menschen. Leipzig:
Engelmann, 1874
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Pag.31
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Pag.32
No gradual evolution
No linear evolution
Paraphyly: Many sister
branches that knew
independent evolution
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Pag.33
Constantin
Mereschkowsky
1909
Symbiogenesis:
lineage crossing
Multiple origins
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Pag.34
Alfred Kroeber, 1923
The organic versus the cultural tree
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Pag.35
Punctuated equilibrium
Niles Eldredge &
Stephen J. Gould
1972
Bottom-heaviness
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Pag.36
The latest tree
Peer Bork et al. 2006
European Molecular
Biology Laboratory in
Heidelberg, Germany
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Pag.37
Thanks for listening!
Ricardo & Nathalie
Centre for philosophy of science, Universidade de Lisboa
Fund for science and technology, Portugal
Nathalie
Centre for logic and philosophy of science,
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Pag.38