Untitled

Author
Titel
Alberdi, Juan Bautista
Bases y untos de partida para la organizacion politica de Points of Observation "Buenos Aires"
la Republica Argentina
Suggested by
Amin, Ash / Thrift, Nigel
Cities. Reimagining the Urban
Ash Amin
Amin, Ash / Thrift, Nigel
Cities. Reimagining the Urban
Daniel D'Oca
Amin, Ash / Thrift, Nigel
Cities. Reimagining the Urban
Tim Rieniets
Appadurai, Arjun
Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization
Diego Barajas
Ballard, J.G.
Super-Cannes
Can Altay
Banham, Reyner
Brutalismus in der Architektur
Points of Observation "Bethnal Green"
Banham, Reyner / Day, Joe
Los Angeles. The Architecture of Four Ecologies
George Brugmans
Banham, Reyner / Day, Joe
Los Angeles. The Architecture of Four Ecologies
Kees Christiaanse
Banham, Reyner/ Day, Joe
Los Angeles. The Architecture of Four Ecologies
Stephen Cairns
Barthes, Roland
Die Lust am Text
Nina Brodowski
Barthes, Roland / Bischoff, Michael
Das Reich der Zeichen
Gesa Ziemer
Beauvoir, Simone de
The Mandarins
Martina Baum
Benevolo, Leonardo / Culverwell, Geoffrey
The History of the City
Jerry Frug
Benioff, David
City of Thieves: A Novel
Martina Baum
Benjamin, Walter
The Arcade Project
Points of Observation "Paris"
Benjamin, Walter / Demetz, Peter
Reflections. Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writing
Daniel D'Oca
Berthomi`ere, William / Chivallon, Christine
Les diasporas dans le monde contemporain. Un état des
lieux
Philippe Rekacewicz
Borden, Iain et al.
The Unknown City. Contesting Architecture and Social
Space: a strangely familiar Project
Points of Observation "New York"
Bourdieu, Pierre
Physischer, sozialer und angeeigneter physischer Raum. In: Nina Brodowski
Wentz, Martin (Hg.): Stadt-Räume
Boyer, M. Christine
The City of Collective Memory: Its Historical Imagery and Points of Observation "New York"
Architectural Entertainments
Burdett, Ricky
The Endless City
Ralf Pasel
Caldeira, Teresa Pires do Rio
City of Walls. Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São
Paulo
Jörg Stollmann
Canetti, Elias
The Voices of Marrakesh: A Record of a Visit
Martina Baum
Certeau, Michel de / Rendall, Steven
The Practice of Everyday Life
Daniel D'Oca
Certeau, Michel de / Rendall, Steven
The Practice of Everyday Life
Nina Brodowski
Chamoiseau, Patrick
Texaco
Robert Neuwirth
Chase, John Leighton / Crawford, Margaret / Kaliski,
John
Everyday Urbanism
Daniel D'Oca
Christiaanse, Kees / Boom, Irma
KCAP Architects and Planners. Situation
Kees Christiaanse
Cortazar, Julio
Around the Day in Eighty Worlds
Robert Neuwirth
Diener, Roger / Herzog, Jacques / Meili, Marcel
Die Schweiz - ein städtebauliches Portrait
Manuela Pfrunder
Dos Passos, John
Manhattan transfer
George Brugmans
Doßmann, Axel / Wenzel, Jan / Wenzel, Kai
metroZones 7, Architektur auf Zeit. Baracken, Pavillons,
Container
Points of Observation "Berlin"
Dünne, Jörg / Doetsch, Hermann
Raumtheorie. Grundlagentexte aus Philosophie und
Kulturwissenschaften
Manuela Pfrunder
Eisenman, Peter
From Golden Lane to Robin Hood Gardens. In: Hays,
Michael: Oppsitions Reader
Points of Observation "Bethnal Green"
Espada, Martin
Trumpets from the Islands of Their Eviction
Robert Neuwirth
Fezer, Jesko / Mathias Heyden (Hg.)
metroZones 3. Hier entsteht. Strategien partizipativer
Architektur und räumlicher Aneignung
Points of Observation "Berlin"
Fitzgerald, F. Scott
My Lost City', in Edmund Wilson (ed.), The Crack-Up :
With Other Uncollected Pieces, Note-Books and
Unpublished Letters
Alex Lehnerer
Friebe, Holm / Lobo, Sascha
Wir nennen es Arbeit. Die digitale Bohème oder
Intelligentes Leben jenseits der Festanstellung
Points of Observation "Berlin"
Friedmann, John
The Prospect of Cities
Stephen Cairns
Garreau, Joel
Edge City. Life on the New Frontier
Kees Christiaanse
Gelman, Juan
Unthinkable Tenderness
Robert Neuwirth
Girard, Greg / Lambot, Ian
City of Darkness. Life in Kowloon Walled City
George Brugmans
Girard, Greg / Lambot, Ian
City of Darkness. Life in Kowloon Walled City
Stephen Cairns
Goehler, Adrienne
Verflüssigungen. Wege und Umwege vom Sozialstaat zur
Kulturgesellschaft
Points of Observation "Berlin"
Goñi, Uki
Odessa: Die wahre Geschichte. Fluchthilfe für NSKriegsverbrecher
Points of Observation "Buenos Aires"
Gutnov, Alexei
The Ideal Communist City
Anna Bronovitskaya
Hajer, Maarten A. / Reijndorp, Arnold
In Search of New Public Domain. Analysis and Strategy
Nina Brodowski
Hall, Stuart
Kulturelle Identität und Globalisierung in: Hörning /
Winter (Hrsg.): Widerspenstige Kulturen
Points of Observation "Buenos Aires"
Hardin, Garrett
The Tragedy of the Commons, The Science 162
Alex Lehnerer
Harmon, Katharine A.
You are here. Personal Geographies and other Maps of the Manuela Pfrunder
Imagination
Hayden, Dolores
A Field Guide to Sprawl
Hayek, Friedrich August von
The Constitution of Liberty
Alex Lehnerer
Hensel, Jana
Zonenkinder
Points of Observation "Berlin"
Rients Dijkstra
Hermann, Judith
Sommerhaus, später
Christian Salewski
Ipsen, Detlev
The Socially Spatial Conditions of the Open City – a
Theoretical Sketch
Martina Baum
Jacobs, Jane
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Kees Christaanse
Jacobs, Jane
The Economy of Cities
Kees Christiaanse
Jacobs, Jane
The death and life of great American cities
Martina Baum
THE ARCHIVE OF THE OPEN CITY
Western urban history since the 19th century seems to suggest that the idea of
the open city has been continuously developing and has been manifesting itself at
various times in various places. Nevertheless the archive of the open city questions the possibility of a coherent history of the open city. Instead we suggest to interpret the historical associations as „points of observation“, which reflect moments
of openness or evoke images of openness that require further research.
THE ARCHIVE
The archive itself will put the six points of observations into perspective as a
discretionary choice of a small group of scholars. Being an aggregate of the lists
of references of all biennale contributors its content will be radically subjective:
all documents will carry the names of the persons who have suggested them
thus connecting the biennale exhibits and the archive.
In addition to that the documents will be included in the archive as often as
they have been mentioned. The archive should be understood as a means for
approaching and examining the topos of the open city much rather than as a
densification of the “points of observation” or an agent of education, knowledge
and contemplation. The elements of the archive will be auctioned during the
finissage of the biennale.
MANIFESTO
A manifesto of the everyday open city – a series of 10 theses developed in
close collaboration with our students – will uncover the normative fundament
of the open city.
POINTS OF OBSERVATION
The close examination of six „points of observation“ will deconstruct
popular understandings of openness by making explicit how these specific
urban states emerged. In addition we will explore their socioeconomic and
political preconditions at the time in question as well as the city’s further
transformations in the following decades.
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Source: skyscraperpage
:RRG\$OOHQ0DQKDWWDQ Paris post-1850
Délices du chaos et l‘immensité.
Charles Baudelaire
Notre existance se passe dans des chambres ou dans la rue.
Louis Duranty
Mon Paris, le Paris où je suis né .. s’en va. ... La vie sociale y fait une
grande évolution qui commence. (...) La via menace de devenir publique.
Je suis étranger à ce qui vient ...
Edmont de Goncourt
Like no other city, Paris embodies the concept
of the big, modern, 19th century metropolis.
Only to say its name calls up in our cultural
memory a rich treasure trove of city images,
crowded with people, strolling along magQL¿FHQWQHZO\GHVLJQHGVWUHHWVRUZKLOLQJ
away their leisure time in cafés and parks. We
connect Paris streets, right up until the present
day, with an energetic drive, which we still regard as marking the promise of any artistic and
inspiring metropolis. Unlike any other city in
the last 150 years, it sums up all our fantasies.
The Paris of Grand Boulevards stands – as
Victor Fournel has already formulated it in
the 19th century – for public space as “théatre improvisé”, offering the masses a unique
stage. Even for writers and artists of today,
urban spaces remain unquenchable sources
of inspiration and, again and again, places for
the avant-garde. Paris inspired whole generations with promises of free love and nonconformity while, for the middle-classes, the city
functioned on exemplary lines for an optimal
lifestyle. But, how do these images and expectations, as seen through this kaleidoscope,
match up with the 19th century history of the
city?
The Building Foundations of the New
Paris.
Prefect Baron Haussmann’s rebuilding and
radical reorganisation of civic planning, carried
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the city’s image. The newly designed Paris
quickly impressed professionals, politicians,
and people all over Europe, and was often
quoted and copied. Haussmann carried
through his city rebuilding in a spirit of modernism with omnipotent gestures, at the same
time making Paris more beautiful, healthier and
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by the military. The real centrepieces of his
re-planning were the water supply and sewage
systems, for which the overcrowded, dangerously unhygienic and unhealthy conditions,
of a Paris still stuck in the middle ages, were
cleared away. These wonders soon became
part of standard descriptions in tour guide’s
of the time, and because of their innovative
Tout comme la societé, la rue s‘est transformée.
Sa passion et sa profession, c’est épouser la foule. Pour le parfait
ÀDQHXUSRXUO¶REVHUYDWLRQSDVVLRQQpHF¶HVWXQHLPPHQVHMRXLVVDQFH
que d’elire domicile dans le nombre, dans l’ondonyant, dans le mouvePHQWGDQVOHIXJLWLIHWO¶LQ¿QL
Charles Baudelaire
Un homme qui va on ne sait où.
Jules Hetzel
Boulevard Richard Lenoir, Aerial View (1863).
Source: Leonardo Benevolo (2007) p. 838
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character were even visited by crowned heads
of state. Above ground as well the city excited
its visitors. Haussmann’s love of late baroque
led to a new layout of the city with grand axis,
ending in monumentally decorated squares
and roundels, which created vistas. He laid out
on the drawing board an abstract geometry of
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envisioned them, in minute detail, with planted
streetscapes, thereby dictating future building
volumes, open spaces and monuments.
This restructuring also had disadvantages and
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introduced massive property speculation into
the city. Speculation and associated activities
were trusted, “to satisfy real human needs,”
(Haussmann quoted by Jordan, pg. 310). But
this didn’t happen. High prices for sites beside
the new boulevards increased the tendency
to build luxury apartments for greater returns. Haussmann’s restructuring became the
restructuring of Paris to the advantage of Parisian elites. Property owners, business people,
lawyers and factory owners made immense
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board planning established neighbourhoods
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Transformations of the area round the Opera through Haussmanns Boulevards.
Source: Leonardo Benevolo (2007) p. 836
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Prelude: divided city
Berlin’s uniqueness is rooted in its history: during the cold war it played host to the collision
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has become where western and Eastern Euro-
Berlin „the great building site“contrived to
absorb all of Europe’s attention by organising
site-tours and releasing upbeat pronouncements. But soon the city fell victim to its own
megalomania. Projections of its demographic
development proved severely overoptimistic,
the potent investors remained strangely unfortKFRPLQJZKLOVWPRUHDIÀXHQWIDPLOLHVDEVHQWHG
themselves in favour of the ample space for
detached family homes on offer in the surrounding countryside. At the end of the 90s, Berlin
collapsed.
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Berlin – the city that keeps re-inventing itself:
giving birth to genius and innovation in the
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never be completed. The capital of Electronica,
the arts, clubs and vacant space, Berlin is the
agents’ playground the risk of failure is great,
but harmless.
Rumour has it that contemporary life is led
on the cusp of the private and the public - the
apartment becomes a gallery, the pavement
a workplace, the wasteland an incubator, and
the club a cosy dwelling. There is ample space
for all this, a singular commodity Berlin offers
in abundance. The structure of use for half of
Berlin collapsed at the end of the cold war,
creating space for the new cultural freedom
for the 21st century“, where investors exert
proprietorial rights upon the publicly accesVLEOHFHQWUDOXUEDQGRPDLQ$¿UPEHOLHILQ
the public-private-partnership as a model for
urban development was central to the Berlin’s
predilection for the rapid sale of crucial sites to
foreign investors during the 90s.
After the fall of the wall, the city made dogged
efforts to avail itself of an unambiguous
identity, striving to create a 21st century city
whilst simultaneously invoking the qualities of
a „European city“prior to both world wars. Avid
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the divide and reconstituting the centre of Berlin as a space which could be experienced as a
whole. Besides the Friedrichstadt, Postdamer
Platz serves as the most well-known example.
One of Europe’s most vibrant squares before
World War II, its destruction and the erection of
the wall rendered it an inner urban void. After
the political revolution, it was here that the reXQL¿FDWLRQLQXUEDQGHVLJQZDVWREHDGYDQFHG
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with greatest haste, and so the city sold its land
holdings to international investors in 1991. The
expectation was that these would reconstitute
the square as an urban node by emulating
the „European“urban perimeter block. And yet
the result is in fact a dense „ (high-rise) city
were destroyed, which was part of the political intention, after the experiences from three
revolutions since 1789. Many former residents,
whom during the rebuilding phases had been
resettled in the outer suburbs, could not return
to the old city because they could no longer
afford to live there. While the lower and middle
classes had to remain outside the inner city,
working class families were even further away,
in the purpose built “banlieus”. Here, the wave
of new settlers led not only to higher prices, but
also to ever worsening living conditions for the
majority, for workers who were necessary to
rebuild Paris, but for whom there was no longer
any place in the centre.
Haussmann himself had hoped for a further development of the “banlieus”, but this never happened. The rising prices on the city’s periphery
led, more than ever, to the need for new homes
for the socially disadvantaged, even when
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residential buildings and the unsatisfactory
supply of public services, which could never
be solved, were direct results of Haussmann’s
restructuring.
Haussmann’s speculation-friendly rebuilt city
created a “ville bourgeois”, existing more or
less separately from the city’s other social
classes. The Parisian boulevards served as
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and neighbouring quarters for the whole population. In contrast, the apartment buildings and
the cafés in the inner city remained off-limits to
the lower classes. “But it’s a house only people
who aren’t like us can enter”, as Charles
Baudelaire wrote in “The Eyes of the Poor”.
Even today, traces of the social segregation caused by Haussmann’s rebuilding of
Greater Paris, cannot be ignored, even when
in the meantime the periphery has also been
subjected to re-evaluation and speculative
pressures. Today Greater Paris is divided into
“an overly large middle-class kernel, surrounded by the workers industrial suburbs, among
which large proletarian quarters have been
developed,” (Ibid Jordan). If we are to believe
Pierre Bourdieu, in very few cities other than
Paris do home and business postal addresses
give away so much about the people and their
social position.
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site and faith in investors
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Klaus Wowereit
and innovation, intercultural contradictions and
inspirational adjacencies. Berlin: capital of
temporary use and conquered open space.
A climate of socio-political and cultural instability fostered a niche culture and generated
an idiosyncrasy of unplanned structures and
activities. It is this which makes Berlin so
different and so attractive: it is dispersed and
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(1995), this characteristic makes Berlin a model city for the future and for a second modern:
„ separation, exclusion and inclusion and a
demand for clear disambiguation, domination,
security and control on one hand; multiplicity,
difference, unbounded globalisation, a demand
for coherence and cohesion, the embrace of
ambivalence.
La
go
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3
Poor but sexy!
Berlin 1999: the City lies fallow. And yet it is the
capital of the creative pioneers. The banner
“be open, be free, be Berlin“ heads the current
capital city campaign, by way of exploiting the
myth and pointing to the qualities commonly
attributed to Berlin: creativity, vibrancy, trendsetting.
Ro
me
19
60
Peter Esterhazy
The Figure of the “Flaneur”
Within only a few years after 1850, Paris
gained a totally new face. People were especially fascinated in the, until then unknown,
teaming life along the new, generously proportioned, boulevards. Marcel Carnés masterly
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themselves in the masses, driven by unknown
forces, they seem to dance, through the open
spaces, which no longer recognise barriers or
borders between genders, origins or class. The
free, seemingly unordered, spaces of the street
indicated for artists and intellectuals the creation of a new society. “Tout comme la societé,
la rue s’est transformée”, as Roger-Marx was
soon to exclaim.
Right at the beginning of this artistic and intelOHFWXDOGLVFXVVLRQRQ3DULVWKHGDQGL¿HG¿JXUH
RIWKH³ÀDQHXU´GHGLFDWHGKLPVHOIWRWDOO\WRFLW\
life. In “Le peintre et la vie moderne”, Charles
Baudelaire described his programme. He
delights in the “délices du chaos et l’immensité”
of street life, he mingles among the masses,
seeks their anonymity and sees himself in stark
19
20
Berlin keeps on changing its though about itself every moment, the
mentality of the city and the mental climate changes from one hour to the
next.
The population was perpetually refreshed: the
young and wild of the Federal Republic tried
their luck in Berlin, seen as a kind of special
zone for free spirits thanks to its exceptional
diplomatic status and the accompanying freedom from military service. Once matured, they
tended to opt for the safe bricks and mortar
in the west. Thus the idiosyncrasy of Berlin
endured „ lacking the territorially sovereign
bourgeoisie able to impart its imprimatur on the
city“. (Goehler 2006).
Be
rlin
Gyorgi Konrad
Pa
ris
18
50
A lot is wrong in this city, but it allows contradictions. Imaginations, yes
that is what it lives off.
Berlin’s fate as a divided city commences with
its partition into sectors and its blockade. The
building of the wall radically severs its functioQDOFRQQHFWLRQV,QWKHHDVWWKH6WDOLQDOOHHLV
built in 1952 as a neo-classicist main artery –
whereas in the west, the international building
exhibition of 1957 sees the construction of the
Hansa quarter, standard-bearer of the post-war
modern. Later, the GDR responds to the clearly
YLVLEOHSURVSHFWRI6SULQJHU¶VVWRUH\WRZHU
representing the „free west“ by erecting four
socialist residential towers along the border,
known as the „Leipzig towers“. „Architecture
is made an instrument of the cold war, the
division of the city an architectural generator. “
(Oswalt 2000). Museum island – Kulturforum,
7KH9:%HHWOHRQHRIWKHFDUVWKDWHQDEOHGPDVVDXWRPRELOLVDWLRQ
6ource: Oö. Landesarchiv/Verbund Oö. Museen
8QWHUQGHQ/LQGHQ
Source: Nina Brodowski
.DUO6FKHIÀHU
7KH1HZ<RUN7LPHVÄ)RUGWKHFLW\'URSGHDG³IURP
Source: The New York Times 1975
Damned always to be becoming and never to be
The destruction of World War II, the political
divide, economic stagnation and numerous
XQIXO¿OOHG grand projets created voids and vaXQIXO¿OOHGgrand
cant plots in the city, removed from the cycle of
property development and from the everyday
lives of its citizens. This - at least in the west
- allowed a vast range of illegal or semi-legal
activities away from the rules of convention.
The political students of 1968 were succeeded
the squatters, the alternative movement and
the punks in the 70s and 80s.
Demolition of the urban fabric near Saint-Germain-des Prés (1868).
Source: Leonardo Benevolo (2007), p. 837
'LH6WHUQH Reichstag – Palast der Republik, radio tower –
television tower, cultural and social institutions.
—
As the showcase of each system in turn, Berlin
was liable to trends and new-fangled grand
projets. The whole city bears the hallmarks of
destruction and opposing planning systems,
OHDGLQJWRWKHFLW\JRYHUQPHQW¶VLQÀDWHGGHVLUH
IRUUHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGVLJQL¿FDQWO\GH¿QLQJWKH
VXEFXOWXUHRIWKHVXSRQUHXQL¿FDWLRQ
Berlin Grimetime Party.
Source: Nina Brodowski
pe rendezvous.
We had sex in the ruins and dreamed. We thought we were pretty meaningful
+DQVDYLHUWHO OHIW 6WDOLQDOOHH ULJKW Source: Landesdenkmalamt Berlin (both)
Berlin 1999: “the place to be”