Fit oder krank durch Milch?

Transcription

Fit oder krank durch Milch?
Foto: © iStock.comVesna Andjic
OKTOBER 2015
Simone Hörrlein
Fit oder krank durch Milch?
Ein Lebensmittel in der Diskussion
Sie enthalten wertvolle Proteine, viele wichtige Vitamine
und sind hinsichtlich ihrer Kalziummenge von kaum einem
anderen Lebensmittel zu schlagen. Die Rede ist von Milch und
Milcherzeugnissen. Diese ernährungsphysiologisch wertvollen Grundnahrungsmittel sind seit fast 8000 Jahren wichtiger Bestandteil der menschlichen Ernährung und haben unserer Spezies einen enormen Entwicklungsschub ermöglicht.
In jüngster Zeit häufen sich Vorwürfe, die Milch mit diversen
Krankheiten in Verbindung bringen und sogar vor ihrem Verzehr warnen. Was steckt hinter dieser emotional geführten
Diskussion – Eigeninteressen, clevere Marketingstrategien
oder vielleicht doch wissenschaftliche Fakten?
Das Kompetenzzentrum für Ernährung (KErn) hat sich mit Unterstützung des Max Rubner-Instituts einen Überblick über
die Behauptungen und die wissenschaftliche Datenlage verschafft.
These 1:Milch erhöht das Risiko für HerzkreislaufErkrankungen.
Gesättigte Fettsäuren gehen tatsächlich mit einem erhöhten Erkrankungsrisiko für Herzkreislauf-Erkrankungen (HKE) einher, da
sie das LDL-Cholesterin im Blut erhöhen. Da Männer rund 22 und
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
Frauen etwa 26 Prozent aller gesättigten Fette über Milch und
Milchprodukte aufnehmen (MR 2012), wurde der Verzehr fettreicher Milcherzeugnisse auch mit einem erhöhten Krankheitsrisiko in Verbindung gebracht. Diese Einschätzung ist heute nicht
mehr zeitgemäß, da die physiologische Wirkung gesättigter Fette
immer unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen Lebensmittelmatrix erfolgen muss. Neuere Studien ermöglichen eine aktualisierte
Bewertung des Milchfetts. Demnach führt der Verzehr von Milch
und Milchprodukten nicht zu einem erhöhten Risiko für HKE, es
gibt eher Hinweise auf eine inverse Assoziation (Elwood 2010,
Gibson 2009, Patterson 2013, Abreu 2014, Bel-Serrat 2013).
These 2:Milch macht dick und erhöht das Risiko
für Diabetes.
Adipositas ist weltweit ein ernstzunehmendes Problem (World
Health Organization 2014) und ein Risikofaktor für Typ-2-Diabetes sowie andere Stoffwechselerkrankungen. Seriöse Studien zeigen aktuell keinen konsistenten Zusammenhang zwischen
Milchverzehr und den genannten Krankheitsbildern (Gao 2013,
Elwood 2010, Tong 2011, Aune 2013, Louie 2011). Jüngere
Analysen weisen auf eine inverse Assoziation hin (Mozaffarian
2013, Fumeron 2011, Zong 2014,O’Connor 2014). In verschie-
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
1
OKTOBER 2015
denen Interventionsstudien führte vermehrter Verzehr von Milch­
erzeugnissen nicht zu negativen Auswirkungen auf das Körpergewicht. Bei gleichzeitiger Energierestriktion ließ sich ein Rückgang
von Körpergewicht und Körperfettmasse beobachten (Abargouei
2012, Chen 2012).
These 3: Milch führt zu Verschleimung.
Die Schleimbildung ist ein elementarer Prozess der Schleimhäute und für deren Funktion wichtig. Kommt Milch mit dem Speichel in Kontakt, flocken Milchproteine aus und die Viskosität des
Speichels erhöht sich. Dies könnte man als vermehrte Schleimbildung interpretieren. Im 12. Jahrhundert empfahlen Ärzte Asthma-Patienten auf Milchprodukte zu verzichten. Dieser Mythos ist
in nichtwissenschaftlichen Publikationen und Ernährungsschriften noch immer präsent. Heilpraktiker und die chinesische Medizin leisten seiner Verbreitung weiterhin Vorschub (Thiara 2012),
obwohl eine in den 1990er-Jahren durchgeführte randomisierte
Doppelblindstudie diese Legende längst widerlegt hat. Demnach
unterscheiden sich Sojamilch und Kuhmilch hinsichtlich der empfundenen Schleimbildung nicht signifikant (Wanders 2011). Auch
die Verschlechterung von Erkältungs- und Schnupfensymptomen
ließ sich in diversen Studien nicht bestätigen (Pinnock 1990, Pinnock 1993, Arney 1993).
These 4: Milch fördert Osteoporose.
Zahlreiche Studien bestätigen eine Erhöhung der Knochenmasse durch Milchverzehr (Budek 2007, Huncharek 2008, Moore
2008, Kalkwarf 2003). Das komplexe Krankheitsbild der Osteoporose kann Kalzium (aus Milch, Gemüse oder Mineralwasser)
weder verhindern noch fördern (Bischoff-Ferrari 2011, Kanis
2005, Feskanich 2014, Darling 2009). Dass Osteoporose in Ländern mit höherem Milchkonsum häufiger auftritt als in Ländern
ohne Milchverzehr hat vielfältige Gründe. Der Milchverzehr an
sich ist kein Grund. Osteoporose tritt – von Ausnahmen abgesehen – vor allem im Alter auf. Auf Grund der höheren Lebenserwartung ist das Krankheitsbild in westlichen Nationen weiter
verbreitet. Daneben spielen Faktoren wie Körpergröße, Gewicht,
Muskelmasse, geographische Lage eines Landes (endogene Vitamin-D-Synthese) sowie die Ethnizität eine Rolle (Bonjour 2013,
Rizzoli 2014). Asiaten zum Beispiel haben eine andere SkelettGeometrie, die das Risiko für Hüftfrakturen senkt, das Risiko für
Brüche der Wirbelsäule jedoch erhöht (Heaney 2002). Afroamerikaner weisen eine veränderte Mikroarchitektur von Oberschenkelknochen und Speiche auf, was trotz niedrigerer Kalzium-Zufuhr zu einem geringeren Frakturrisiko beiträgt (Putman 2013).
These 5:Milch führt zu Übersäuerung des Körpers.
Das Gerücht, dass Milch zur Übersäuerung des Organismus beiträgt, hält sich hartnäckig. Man begründet es mit zwei bereits widerlegten Argumenten: mit dem durch Lebensmittel beeinflussbaren Säuren-Basen-Gleichgewicht im Körper sowie mit den in
Milch in größeren Mengen vorhandenen Phosphoproteinen und
schwefeligen Aminosäuren (Calvez 2012, Bonjour 2013). Zwar
führt ein zu hoher Proteinverzehr zu einer verringerten Kalzium-
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
Rückresorption in der Niere und in der Folge zu einer erhöhten
Kalzium-Ausscheidung im Urin (Calvez 2012, Fenton 2011, Thorpe 2011). Entscheidend ist jedoch die Differenz zwischen Kalzium-Aufnahme über die Nahrung und Kalzium-Ausscheidung. Die
erhöhte Kalzium-Ausscheidung im Urin geht mit einer erhöhten
Kalzium-Absorption im Darm oder mit einer reduzierten Kalzium-Ausscheidung über den Stuhl einher. Die Kalzium-Bilanz insgesamt bleibt ausgeglichen (Calvez 2012, Thorpe 2011, Remer
2014). Zahlreiche neuere Studien bestätigen, dass Nahrungsproteine die Kalzium-Bilanz nicht negativ beeinflussen (Darling 2009, Beasley 2014). Eine aktuelle prospektive Studie aus
den USA (Women’s Health Initiative) hat 144.589 Frauen über
50 Jahre mindestens 13 Jahre lang beobachtet und fand eine verbesserte Knochendichte bei höherer Proteinzufuhr.
These 6: Milch führt zu Akne.
In Europa zeigen bis zu 80 Prozent der Jugendlichen Symptome
von Akne (Rzany 2006, Zubair 2011). Das Auftreten von Akne
wird einerseits mit dem hohen glykämischen Index bestimmter
Lebensmittel, andererseits mit einer hohen Aufnahme von Milch
und Milchprodukten in Verbindung gebracht (Melnik 2012, Spencer 2009, Veith 2011). Als auslösende Inhaltsstoffe in Milch gelten Hormone sowie insulinähnliche Wachstumsfaktoren (Melnik
Übersicht 1:Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verzehr von Milch und
Milchprodukten und Krankheitsrisiken (KErn 2014)
Krankheiten
Kardiovaskuläre
Erkrankungen
Inverse
­A ssoziation
Positive
­A ssoziation
Keine
­A ssoziation
X
Herz-KreislaufErkrankungen1
X
Schlaganfall1
X
Bluthochdruck
X
Diabetes mellitus
Typ 2
X
Metabolisches
Syndrom1
X
Adipositas
X
Krebs
Dickdarm
X
Prostata
X
Übrige Organe
X
Brustkrebs
(1. Hinweise)
X
Knochendichte
X
Osteoporose
X
Verschleimung
X
Akne
X
Übersäuerung
X
1
Bei diesen Krankheiten ist die wissenschaftliche Datenlage noch nicht hinreichend geklärt, aktuelle
Studien sprechen bisher gegen eine Risikoerhöhung.
1
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
2
OKTOBER 2015
2009). Trotz der schlüssigen Hypothesen zu dieser Thematik fehlen bis heute kontrollierte Studien zum kausalen Zusammenhang
zwischen dem Verzehr von Milch und Milchprodukten und dem
Auftreten von Akne (Bhate 2014).
These 7:Kuhmilch ist artfremde Milch.
Der Mensch verträgt sie nicht.
Dass Kuhmilch an das Kalb adaptiert sei und der Mensch sie als
artfremde Milch nicht vertrage, ist ein weit verbreitetes Argument der Milchgegner. In letzter Konsequenz bedeutet es, dass
der Mensch kaum Lebensmittel zur Verfügung hätte. Denn auch
Früchte dienen primär zur Fortpflanzung von Bäumen und Sträuchern und Körner zur Verbreitung von Getreide. Keine Pflanze
und kein Tier entstanden primär zum Verzehr des Menschen.
Bis zu 15 Prozent der deutschen Bevölkerung vertragen Milch
nicht gut, da sie an einer Laktoseintoleranz leiden. Diese Intoleranz geht auf einen Mangel oder eine geringere Aktivität des
Milchzucker-spaltenden Enzyms Laktase zurück und hat nichts
mit einer potenziell gefährlichen Milchproteinallergie zu tun, die
eher selten vorkommt.
Literatur
Fazit
Trotz zahlreicher Studien, die die Vorteile des Milchverzehrs bestätigen, wird es stets auch Kritiker und Andersdenkende geben.
Milch und Milcherzeugnisse und ihre Bestandteile sind aus aktueller wissenschaftlicher Sicht nährstoffreiche und ernährungsphysiologisch wertvolle Lebensmittel, die Bestandteil einer ausgewogenen und abwechslungsreichen Ernährung sein sollten. Zahlreiche Vorwürfe gegen Milch sind wissenschaftlich nicht gesichert
und wurden in jüngster Zeit revidiert (vgl. Literaturanhang).
Die Autorin
Simone Hörrlein ist staatlich geprüfte Lebensmittelchemikerin und Wissenschaftsredakteurin. Sie war mehrere
Jahre in der biomedizinischen Forschung und in der
Life-Science-Projektkoordination tätig. Heute arbeitet
sie am Kompetenzzentrum für Ernährung (KErn) in
Freising.
Simone Hörrlein
Kompetenzzentrum für Ernährung (KErn)
Am Gereuth 4, 85354 Freising
[email protected]
Hoffmann, W., Römpp-Redaktion, and H. Meisel, Römpp - Milch Online. Georg Thieme Verlag KG.
(13) Allen, N.E., et al., Phytanic acid: measurement of plasma concentrations
by gas- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and associations with diet and other plasma fatty acids. Br J Nutr, 2008. 99(3): p.
653-9.
(2) Rudloff, S. and C. Kunz, Milk oligosaccharides and metabolism in infants. Adv Nutr, 2012. 3(3): p. 398s-405s.
(14) Leiber, F., et al., A study on the causes for the elevated n-3 fatty acids in
cows‘ milk of alpine origin. Lipids, 2005. 40(2): p. 191-202.
(3)
(15) Vetter, W. and M. Schröder, Concentrations of phytanic acid and pristanic acid are higher in organic than in conventional dairy products from
the German market. Food Chemistry, 2010. 119(2): p. 746-752.
(1)
Albrecht, S., et al., A comparative study of free oligosaccharides in the
milk of domestic animals. Br J Nutr, 2014. 111(7): p. 1313-28.
(4) Sundekilde, U.K., et al., Natural variability in bovine milk oligosaccharides from Danish Jersey and Holstein-Friesian breeds. J Agric Food
Chem, 2012. 60(24): p. 6188-96.
(5) Izco, J.M., M. Tormo, and R. Jimenez-Flores, Rapid simultaneous determination of organic acids, free amino acids, and lactose in cheese by
capillary electrophoresis. J Dairy Sci, 2002. 85(9): p. 2122-9.
(6) Lorenzen, P.C., et al., Activities of alkaline phosphatase,
γ-glutamyltransferase and lactoperoxidase in cow, sheep and goat‘s milk
in relation to heat treatment. Small Ruminant Research, 2010. 89(1): p.
18-23.
(7)
Regal, P., A. Cepeda, and C. Fente, Development of an LC-MS/MS method to quantify sex hormones in bovine milk and influence of pregnancy in their levels. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo
Risk Assess, 2012. 29(5): p. 770-9.
(8)
Key, T.J., Diet, insulin-like growth factor-1 and cancer risk. Proc Nutr Soc,
2011: p.1-4.
(9)
Kang, S.H., et al., The effects of dairy processes and storage on insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I) content in milk and in model IGF-I-fortified
dairy products. J Dairy Sci, 2006. 89(2): p. 402-9.
(10) Donovan, S.M., et al., Orally administered iodinated recombinant human insulin- like growth factor-I (125I-rhIGF-I) is poorly absorbed by the
newborn piglet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1997. 24(2): p. 174-82.
(11) Mero, A., et al., IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2002. 93(2): p.
732-9.
(12) Hellgren, L.I., Phytanic acid--an overlooked bioactive fatty acid in dairy
fat ? Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2010. 1190: p. 42-9.
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
(16) Gloerich, J., et al., A phytol-enriched diet induces changes in fatty acid
metabolism in mice both via PPARalpha-dependent and -independent
pathways. J Lipid Res, 2005. 46(4): p. 716-26.
(17) Hashimoto, T., et al., Polyunsaturated fats attenuate the dietary phytolinduced increase in hepatic fatty acid oxidation in mice. J Nutr, 2006.
136(4): p. 882-6.
(18) Wanders, R.J., J. Komen, and S. Ferdinandusse, Phytanic acid metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2011. 1811(9): p.
498-507.
(19) Atshaves, B.P., et al., Liver fatty acid-binding protein gene ablation inhibits branched-chain fatty acid metabolism in cultured primary hepatocytes. J Biol Chem, 2004. 279(30): p. 30954-65.
(20) Che, B.N., et al., Phytanic acid stimulates glucose uptake in a model
of skeletal muscles, the primary porcine myotubes. Lipids Health Dis,
2013. 12: p. 14.
(21) Wright, M.E., et al., Serum phytanic and pristanic acid levels and prostate cancer risk in Finnish smokers. Cancer Med, 2014.
(22) Kratz, M., T. Baars, and S. Guyenet, The relationship between high-fat
dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease.
Eur J Nutr, 2013. 52(1): p. 1-24.
(23) Hu, F.B. and W.C. Willett, Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart
disease. Jama, 2002. 288(20): p. 2569-78.
(24) Lewington, S., et al., Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age,
sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet, 2007. 370(9602):
p. 1829-39.
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
3
OKTOBER 2015
(25) Huth, P.J. and K.M. Park, Influence of dairy product and milk fat consumption on cardiovascular disease risk: a review of the evidence. Adv
Nutr, 2012. 3(3): p. 266-85.
(46) Kuhnt, K., et al., Trans fatty acid isomers and the trans-9/trans-11 index
in fat containing foods. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol, 2011. 113(10): p. 12811292.
(26) Hjerpsted, J., E. Leedo, and T. Tholstrup, Cheese intake in large amounts
lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of
equal fat content. Am J Clin Nutr, 2011. 94(6): p. 1479-84.
(47) Mozaffarian, D., A. Aro, and W.C. Willett, Health effects of trans-fatty
acids: experimental and observational evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2009.
63 Suppl 2: p. S5-21.
(27) de Goede, J., et al., Cheese Consumption and Blood Lipids; a Systematic
Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Circulation, 2014. 129: p. AMP66. (28) Astrup, A., Yogurt and dairy product
consumption to prevent cardiometabolic diseases: epidemiologic and
experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014. 99(5 Suppl): p. 1235s-42s.
(48) Jaudszus, A., et al., Vaccenic acid-mediated reduction in cytokine production is independent of c9,t11-CLA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2012. 1821(10): p. 1316-22.
(29) Djousse, L., Is plasma pentadecanoic acid a reasonable biomarker of dairy consumption? J Am Heart Assoc, 2013. 2(4): p. e000393.
(30) Mozaffarian, D., et al., trans-Palmitoleic acid, other dairy fat biomarkers,
and incident diabetes: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Clin Nutr, 2013. 97(4): p. 854-61.
(31) Mozaffarian, D., et al., Trans-palmitoleic acid, metabolic risk factors,
and new-onset diabetes in U.S. adults: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med,
2010. 153(12): p. 790-9.
(32) de Oliveira Otto, M.C., et al., Biomarkers of dairy fatty acids and risk
of cardiovascular disease in the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J
Am Heart Assoc, 2013. 2(4): p. e000092.
(33) Jaudszus, A., et al., trans Palmitoleic acid arises endogenously from dietary vaccenic acid. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014. 99(3): p. 431-5.
(34) Kratz, M., et al., Dairy fat intake is associated with glucose tolerance,
hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity, and liver fat but not beta-cell
function in humans. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014. 99(6): p. 1385-1396.
(35) Patel, P.S., et al., Fatty acids measured in plasma and erythrocyte-membrane phospholipids and derived by food-frequency questionnaire and
the risk of new- onset type 2 diabetes: a pilot study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort.
Am J Clin Nutr, 2010. 92(5): p. 1214-22.
(36) Wang, H., et al., Obesity modifies the relations between serum markers
of dairy fats and inflammation and oxidative stress among adolescents.
Obesity (Silver Spring), 2011. 19(12): p. 2404-10.
(37) Samuelson, G., et al., Dietary fat intake in healthy adolescents: inverse
relationships between the estimated intake of saturated fatty acids and
serum cholesterol. Br J Nutr, 2001. 85(3): p. 333-41.
(38) Jacobs, S., et al., Association between erythrocyte membrane fatty acids
and biomarkers of dyslipidemia in the EPIC-Potsdam study. Eur J Clin
Nutr, 2014. 68(4): p. 517-25.
(39) Chowdhury, R., et al., Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement
fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ann Intern Med, 2014. 160(6): p. 398-406.
(40) Kroger, J., et al., Erythrocyte membrane phospholipid fatty acids, desaturase activity, and dietary fatty acids in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
(EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2011. 93(1): p. 127-42.
(41) Forouhi, N.G., et al., Differences in the prospective association between
individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2
diabetes: the EPIC- InterAct case-cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2014. 2(10): p. 810-8.
(42) Labonte, M.E., et al., Impact of dairy products on biomarkers of inflammation: a systematic review of randomized controlled nutritional intervention studies in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 2013.
97(4): p. 706-17.
(43) Willett, W.C., et al., Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart
disease among women. Lancet, 1993. 341(8845): p. 581-5.
(44) Nestel, P., Trans fatty acids: are its cardiovascular risks fully appreciated?
Clin Ther, 2014. 36(3): p. 315-21.
(45) Wang, Y. and S.D. Proctor, Current issues surrounding the definition of
trans-fatty acids: implications for health, industry and food labels. Br J
Nutr, 2013. 110(8): p. 1369-83.
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
(49) Motard-Belanger, A., et al., Study of the effect of trans fatty acids from
ruminants on blood lipids and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 2008. 87(3): p. 593-9.
(50) Bendsen, N.T., et al., Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans fatty
acids and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and metaanalysis of cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2011. 65(7): p. 773-83.
(51) Laake, I., et al., A prospective study of intake of trans-fatty acids from
ruminant fat, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and marine oils and
mortality from CVD. Br J Nutr, 2012. 108(4): p. 743-54.
(52) Jakobsen, M.U., et al., Intake of ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease. Int J Epidemiol, 2008. 37(1): p. 173-82.
(53) Gebauer, S.K., et al., Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological,
clinical, and mechanistic studies. Adv Nutr, 2011. 2(4): p. 332-54.
(54) Benbrook, C.M., et al., Organic production enhances milk nutritional quality by shifting fatty acid composition: a United States-wide,
18-month study. PLoS One, 2013. 8(12): p. e82429.
(55) Stergiadis, S., et al., Effect of feeding intensity and milking system on
nutritionally relevant milk components in dairy farming systems in the
North East of England. J Agric Food Chem, 2012. 60(29): p. 7270-81.
(56) Kusche, D., et al., Fatty acid profiles and antioxidants of organic and conventional milk from low- and high-input systems during outdoor period.
J Sci Food Agric, 2014.
(57) Lopez, C., V. Briard-Bion, and O. Menard, Polar lipids, sphingomyelin
and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids from the milk fat globule membrane are increased in milks produced by cows fed fresh pasture based
diet during spring. Food Research International, 2014. 58: p. 59-68.
(58) Palupi, E., et al., Comparison of nutritional quality between conventional and organic dairy products: a meta-analysis. J Sci Food Agric, 2012.
92(14): p. 2774-81.
(59) Shingfield, K.J., M. Bonnet, and N.D. Scollan, Recent developments in
altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods. Animal,
2013. 7 Suppl 1: p. 132-62.
(60) Malpuech-Brugere, C., et al., Differential impact of milk fatty acid
profiles on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy men and women.
Eur J Clin Nutr, 2010. 64(7): p. 752-9.
(61) Livingstone, K.M., J.A. Lovegrove, and D.I. Givens, The impact of substituting SFA in dairy products with MUFA or PUFA on CVD risk: evidence
from human intervention studies. Nutr Res Rev, 2012. 25(2): p. 193206.
(62) Pintus, S., et al., Sheep cheese naturally enriched in alpha-linolenic, conjugated linoleic and vaccenic acids improves the lipid profile and reduces anandamide in the plasma of hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Br J
Nutr, 2013. 109(8): p. 1453-62.
(63) Anderson, G.H., et al., Milk proteins in the regulation of body weight,
satiety, food intake and glycemia. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr
Program, 2011. 67: p. 147-59.
(64) Sousa, G.T., et al., Dietary whey protein lessens several risk factors for
metabolic diseases: a review. Lipids Health Dis, 2012. 11: p. 67.
(65) Bonjour, J.P., et al., Dairy in adulthood: from foods to nutrient interactions on bone and skeletal muscle health. J Am Coll Nutr, 2013. 32(4):
p. 251-63.
(66) Mithal, A., et al., Impact of nutrition on muscle mass, strength, and performance in older adults. Osteoporos Int, 2013. 24(5): p. 1555-66.
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
4
OKTOBER 2015
(67) Witard, O.C., et al., Myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis rates subsequent to a meal in response to increasing doses of whey protein at rest
and after resistance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014. 99(1): p. 86-95.
(88) Larsson, S.C., et al., Association of diet with serum insulin-like growth
factor I in middle-aged and elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr, 2005. 81(5): p.
1163-7.
(68) Kerstetter, J.E., A.M. Kenny, and K.L. Insogna, Dietary protein and skeletal health: a review of recent human research. Curr Opin Lipidol, 2011.
22(1): p. 16-20.
(89) Arjmandi, B.H., et al., Soy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. J
Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003. 88(3): p. 1048-54.
(69) Caroli, A., et al., Invited review: Dairy intake and bone health: a viewpoint from the state of the art. J Dairy Sci, 2011. 94(11): p. 5249-62.
(70) Boutrou, R., et al., Sequential release of milk protein-derived bioactive
peptides in the jejunum in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr, 2013. 97(6):
p. 1314-23.
(71) Pihlanto, A., Bioactive peptides, in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences 2nd
Edition. 2011, Academic Press: London. p. 879-886.
(72) Cicero, A.F., et al., Blood pressure lowering effect of lactotripeptides
assumed as functional foods: a meta-analysis of current available clinical
trials. J Hum Hypertens, 2011. 25(7): p. 425-36.
(73) Cicero, A.F., et al., Do the lactotripeptides isoleucine-proline-proline and
valine-proline-proline reduce systolic blood pressure in European subjects? A meta- analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens,
2013. 26(3): p. 442-9.
(90) Khalil, D.A., et al., Soy protein supplementation increases serum insulinlike growth factor-I in young and old men but does not affect markers of
bone metabolism. J Nutr, 2002. 132(9): p. 2605-8.
(91) Leonardi, M., et al., The evolution of lactase persistence in Europe. A
synthesis of archaeological and genetic evidence. International Dairy
Journal, 2012. 22(2): p. 88-97.
(92) Krüttli, A., et al., Ancient DNA analysis reveals high frequency of European lactase persistence allele (T-13910) in medieval central europe.
PLoS One, 2014. 9(1): p. e86251.
(93) Itan, Y., et al., A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype
and genotypes. BMC Evol Biol, 2010. 10: p. 36.
(94) Vesa, T.H., P. Marteau, and R. Korpela, Lactose intolerance. J Am Coll
Nutr, 2000. 19(2 Suppl): p. 165s-175s.
(74) Costa, A.G., et al., When, where and how osteoporosis-associated fractures occur: an analysis from the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW). PLoS One, 2013. 8(12): p. e83306.
(95) Savaiano, D.A., C.J. Boushey, and G.P. McCabe, Lactose intolerance symptoms assessed by meta-analysis: a grain of truth that leads to exaggeration. J Nutr, 2006. 136(4): p. 1107-13.
(75) Zhang, Y., et al., Coordinated regulation of protein synthesis and degradation by mTORC1. Nature, 2014. 513(7518): p. 440-3.
(96) Savaiano, D., Lactose intolerance: an unnecessary risk for low bone density. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program, 2011. 67: p. 161-71.
(76) Tang, J.E., et al., Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein
isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following
resistance exercise in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2009. 107(3):
p. 987-92.
(97) Szilagyi, A., Review article: lactose--a potential prebiotic. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2002. 16(9): p. 1591-602.
(77) Yang, Y., et al., Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men. Br J Nutr, 2012.
108(10): p. 1780-8. (78) Phillips, S.M., J.E. Tang, and D.R. Moore, The
role of milk- and soy-based protein in support of muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein accretion in young and elderly persons. J Am Coll
Nutr, 2009. 28(4): p. 343-54.
(79) de Beer, H., Dairy products and physical stature: a systematic review and
meta- analysis of controlled trials. Econ Hum Biol, 2012. 10(3): p. 299309.
(80) Crowe, F.L., et al., The association between diet and serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009. 18(5): p. 1333-40. (81) Hunt, J.R., L.K. Johnson,
and Z.K. Fariba Roughead, Dietary protein and calcium interact to influence calcium retention: a controlled feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2009.
89(5): p. 1357-65.
(82) Tang, M., L.E. O‘Connor, and W.W. Campbell, Diet-induced weight loss:
the effect of dietary protein on bone. J Acad Nutr Diet, 2014. 114(1): p.
72-85.
(98) Venema, K., Intestinal fermentation of lactose and prebiotic lactose derivatives, including human milk oligosaccharides. International Dairy
Journal, 2012. 22(2): p. 123-140.
(99) Brown-Esters, O., P. Mc Namara, and D. Savaiano, Dietary and biological factors influencing lactose intolerance. International Dairy Journal,
2012. 22(2): p. 98-103.
(100)He, T., et al., The role of colonic metabolism in lactose intolerance. Eur J
Clin Invest, 2008. 38(8): p. 541-7.
(101) Michaelsen, K.F., et al., Cow‘s milk in treatment of moderate and severe
undernutrition in low-income countries. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program, 2011. 67: p. 99-111.
(102) Heaney, R.P., Absorbability and utility of calcium in mineral waters. Am
J Clin Nutr, 2006. 84(2): p. 371-4.
(103)Bonjour, J.P., Calcium and phosphate: a duet of ions playing for bone
health. J Am Coll Nutr, 2011. 30(5 Suppl 1): p. 438s-48s.
(104)Christensen, R., et al., Effect of calcium from dairy and dietary supplements on faecal fat excretion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled
trials. Obes Rev, 2009. 10(4): p. 475-86.
(83) Norat, T., et al., Diet, serum insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-binding
protein-3 in European women. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2007. 61(1): p. 91-8.
(105) Soerensen, K.V., et al., Effect of dairy calcium from cheese and milk on
fecal fat excretion, blood lipids, and appetite in young men. Am J Clin
Nutr, 2014. 99(5): p. 984-91.
(84) Martin, R.M., J.M. Holly, and D. Gunnell, Milk and linear growth: programming of the igf-I axis and implication for health in adulthood. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program, 2011. 67: p. 79-97.
(106) Lorenzen, J.K., S.K. Jensen, and A. Astrup, Milk minerals modify the effect of fat intake on serum lipid profile: results from an animal and a
human short-term study. Br J Nutr, 2014. 111(8): p. 1412-20.
(85) Hrolfsdottir, L., et al., Maternal milk consumption, birth size and adult
height of offspring: a prospective cohort study with 20 years of followup. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2013. 67(10): p. 1036-41.
(107) Rabot, S., et al., Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial
effects of probiotics: impact of probiotics on digestive system metabolism. J Nutr, 2010. 140(3): p. 677s-89s.
(86) Qin, L.Q., K. He, and J.Y. Xu, Milk consumption and circulating insulinlike growth factor-I level: a systematic literature review. Int J Food Sci
Nutr, 2009. 60 Suppl 7: p. 330-40.
(108)Korhonen, H.J., Production and properties of health-promoting proteins
and peptides from bovine colostrum and milk. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-legrand), 2013. 59(1): p. 12-24.
(87) Poole, E.M., et al., Body size in early life and adult levels of insulin-like
growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3. Am J
Epidemiol, 2011. 174(6): p. 642-51.
(109) Bütikofer, U., et al., Quantification of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro in hard, semi-hard
and soft cheeses. International Dairy Journal, 2007. 17(8): p. 968-975.
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
5
OKTOBER 2015
(110) Bütikofer, U., et al., Occurrence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibiting tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro in different cheese varieties of Swiss origin. J Dairy Sci, 2008. 91(1): p. 29-38.
(132) Dong, J.Y., et al., Effect of probiotic fermented milk on blood pressure: a
meta- analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr, 2013. 110(7):
p. 1188-94.
(111) St-Onge, M.P., E.R. Farnworth, and P.J. Jones, Consumption of fermented and nonfermented dairy products: effects on cholesterol concentrations and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000. 71(3): p. 674-81.
(133) Yuan, W.L., et al., Influence of dairy product consumption on children‘s
blood pressure: results from the QUALITY cohort. J Acad Nutr Diet,
2013. 113(7): p. 936-41.
(112) Garcia-Albiach, R., et al., Molecular analysis of yogurt containing Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus
in human intestinal microbiota. Am J Clin Nutr, 2008. 87(1): p. 91-6.
(134) Machin, D.R., et al., Hypotensive effects of solitary addition of conventional nonfat dairy products to the routine diet: a randomized controlled
trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014. 100(1): p. 80-87.
(113) Marette, A. and E. Picard-Deland, Yogurt consumption and impact on
health: focus on children and cardiometabolic risk. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014.
99(5 Suppl): p. 1243s-7s. (114) El-Abbadi, N.H., M.C. Dao, and S.N.
Meydani, Yogurt: role in healthy and active aging. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014.
99(5 Suppl): p. 1263s-70s.
(135) Appel, L.J., et al., A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood
pressure.
(115) Morelli, L., Yogurt, living cultures, and gut health. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014.
99(5 Suppl): p. 1248s-50s.
(116) Wang, H., et al., Yogurt consumption is associated with better diet quality and metabolic profile in American men and women. Nutr Res, 2013.
33(1): p. 18-26.
(117) Gao, D., et al., Dairy products consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes:
systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2013.
8(9): p. e73965.
(118) Jacques, P.F. and H. Wang, Yogurt and weight management. Am J Clin
Nutr, 2014. 99(5 Suppl): p. 1229s-34s.
(119) Romaguera, D., et al., Food composition of the diet in relation to changes in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index. PLoS One,
2011. 6(8): p. e23384.
(120) Baier, S.R., et al., MicroRNAs Are Absorbed in Biologically Meaningful
Amounts from Nutritionally Relevant Doses of Cow Milk and Affect Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, HEK-293 Kidney
Cell Cultures, and Mouse Livers. J Nutr, 2014. 144(10): p. 1495-500.
(121) Ressing, M., M. Blettner, and S.J. Klug, Systematic literature reviews and
meta-analyses: part 6 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications.
Dtsch Arztebl Int, 2009. 106(27): p. 456-63.
(122) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie: Fettkonsum und Prävention ausgewählter ernährungsmitbedingter Krankheiten. 2006, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e.V.
(123) Hu, D., et al., Dairy foods and risk of stroke: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2014. 24(5): p. 460-9.
(124) Soedamah-Muthu, S.S., et al., Milk and dairy consumption and incidence of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose-response
meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr, 2011. 93(1):
p. 158-71.
(125) Elwood, P.C., et al., The consumption of milk and dairy foods and the
incidence of vascular disease and diabetes: an overview of the evidence.
Lipids, 2010. 45(10): p. 925-39.
(126) Gibson, R.A., et al., The effect of dairy foods on CHD: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Br J Nutr, 2009. 102(9): p. 1267-75.
(127) Patterson, E., et al., Association between dairy food consumption and
risk of myocardial infarction in women differs by type of dairy food. J
Nutr, 2013. 143(1): p. 74-9.
DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med, 1997. 336(16): p. 111724. (136) Tong, X., et al., Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes
mellitus: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2011. 65(9):
p. 1027-31.
(137) Aune, D., et al., Dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J
Clin Nutr, 2013. 98(4): p. 1066-83.
(138) Fumeron, F., et al., Dairy products and the metabolic syndrome in a prospective study, DESIR. J Am Coll Nutr, 2011. 30(5 Suppl 1): p. 454S-63S.
(139) Zong, G., et al., Dairy consumption, type 2 diabetes, and changes in cardiometabolic traits: a prospective cohort study of middle-aged and older
Chinese in Beijing and Shanghai. Diabetes Care, 2014. 37(1): p. 56-63.
(140) O‘Connor, L.M., et al., Dietary dairy product intake and incident type 2
diabetes: a prospective study using dietary data from a 7-day food diary.
Diabetologia, 2014. 57(5): p. 909-17.
(141) Sluijs, I., et al., The amount and type of dairy product intake and incident
type 2 diabetes: results from the EPIC-InterAct Study. Am J Clin Nutr,
2012. 96(2): p. 382-90.
(142) Rideout, T.C., et al., Consumption of low-fat dairy foods for 6 months
improves insulin resistance without adversely affecting lipids or bodyweight in healthy adults: a randomized free-living cross-over study. Nutr
J, 2013. 12: p. 56.
(143) Melnik, B.C., Leucine signaling in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes
and obesity. World J Diabetes, 2012. 3(3): p. 38-53.
(144) Crichton, G.E., et al., Dairy consumption and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of findings and methodological issues. Obes Rev, 2011.
12(5): p. e190-201.
(145) Louie, J.C., et al., Higher regular fat dairy consumption is associated with
lower incidence of metabolic syndrome but not type 2 diabetes. Nutr
Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2013. 23(9): p. 816-21.
(146) Kim, J., Dairy food consumption is inversely associated with the risk of
the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. J Hum Nutr Diet, 2013. 26
Suppl 1: p. 171-9. (147) Shin, H., et al., Dairy product intake is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: Anseong and
Ansan cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. J Korean
Med Sci, 2013. 28(10): p. 1482-8.
(148) Dugan, C.E. and M.L. Fernandez, Effects of Dairy on Metabolic Syndrome Parameters: A Review. Yale J Biol Med, 2014. 87(2): p. 135-147.
(149) World Health Organization, Obesity and overweight. Factsheet No. 311.
Updated August 2014.
(128) Abreu, S., et al., Intake of milk, but not total dairy, yogurt, or cheese, is
negatively associated with the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors
in adolescents. Nutr Res, 2014. 34(1): p. 48-57.
(150) Louie, J.C., et al., Dairy consumption and overweight and obesity: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Obes Rev, 2011. 12(7):
p. e582-92.
(129) Bel-Serrat, S., et al., Is dairy consumption associated with low cardiovascular disease risk in European adolescents? Results from the HELENA
Study. Pediatr Obes, 2013.
(151) Noel, S.E., et al., Milk intakes are not associated with percent body fat
in children from ages 10 to 13 years. J Nutr, 2011. 141(11): p. 2035-41.
(130) Ralston, R.A., et al., A systematic review and meta-analysis of elevated blood pressure and consumption of dairy foods. J Hum Hypertens,
2012. 26(1): p. 3-13.
(131) Soedamah-Muthu, S.S., et al., Dairy consumption and incidence of hypertension: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Hypertension, 2012. 60(5): p. 1131-7.
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
(152)Pan, A., et al., Changes in water and beverage intake and long-term
weight changes: results from three prospective cohort studies. Int J
Obes (Lond), 2013. 37(10): p. 1378-85.
(153) Abargouei, A.S., et al., Effect of dairy consumption on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Int J Obes (Lond), 2012. 36(12): p.
1485-93.
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
6
OKTOBER 2015
(154)Chen, M., et al., Effects of dairy intake on body weight and fat: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr, 2012. 96(4): p.
735-47.
(175) Newmark H.L., Wargovich M.J., Bruce W.R.: Colon cancer and dietary
fat, phosphate, and calcium: a hypothesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1984;
72:1323–5.
(155) Dougkas, A., et al., Associations between dairy consumption and body
weight: a review of the evidence and underlying mechanisms. Nutr Res
Rev, 2011: p. 1-24.
(176)Lamprecht S.A., Lipkin M.: Cellular mechanisms of calcium and vitamin D in the inhibition of colorectal carcinogenesis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.
2001; 952:73–87.
Literatur Krebs
(177) Fedirko V., Bostick R.M., Flanders W.D., Long Q., Sidelnikov E., Shaukat
A., Daniel C.R., Rutherford R.E., Woodard J.J.: Effects of vitamin d and
calcium on proliferation and differentiation in normal colon mucosa: a
randomized clinical trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18:
2933–41.
(156) Webseite Deutsches Krebsforschungsinstitut: http://www.dkfz.de/de/
aktuelles/index.html
(157) Webseite Nationales Zentrum für Tumorerkrankungen in Heidelberg:
http://www.nct-heidelberg.de/
(158) World Cancer Report 2014. IARC Nonserial Publication. Stewart, B. W.,
Wild, C. P., ISBN-13: 9789283204299
(178) Holt P.R., Atillasoy E.O., Gilman J., Guss J., Moss S.F., Newmark H., Fan
K., Yang K., Lipkin M.: Modulation of abnormal colonic epithelial cell
proliferation and differentiation by low-fat dairy foods: a randomized
controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280:1074–9.
(159) Webseite Deutsche Krebshilfe: http://www.krebshilfe.de/wir-informieren/ueber- krebs/was-ist-krebs.html
(179) Karagas M.R., Tosteson T.D., Greenberg E.R., Rothstein R.I., Roebuck
B.D., Herrin M., Ahnen D.: Effects of milk and milk products on rectal mucosal cell proliferation in humans. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers
Prev. 1998; 7:757–66.
(160) Die blauen Ratgeber 2012. Krebsrisiko – sind Sie gefährdet ? Herausgeber Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V., Buschstr. 32, 53113 Bonn. Internet: www.
krebshilfe.de
(180) Holt P.R., Wolper C., Moss S.F., Yang K., Lipkin M.: Comparison of calcium supplementation or low-fat dairy foods on epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Nutr. Cancer 2001; 41:150–5.
(161) Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), BfR sieht keine Assoziation
zwischen dem Progesterongehalt in Milch und Brustkrebs, Stellungnahme Nr. 022/2008 vom 21. Januar 2008.
(181) Ahearn T.U., McCullough M.L., Flanders W.D., Long Q., Sidelnikov E.,
Fedirko V., Daniel C.R., Rutherford R.E., Shaukat A., Bostick R.M.: A
randomized clinical trial of the effects of supplemental calcium and vitamin D3 on markers of their metabolismpatients. Cancer Res. 2011;
71:413–23.
(162)Beiträge zur Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes Krebs in
Deutschland 2009/2010. Eine gemeinsame Veröffentlichung des Robert Koch-Instituts und der Gesellschaft der epidemiologischen Krebsregister in Deutschland e. V. 9. Ausgabe. (163) Webseite Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR): http://www.bfr.bund.de/de/ a-z_index/
milch-4887.html
(164) Aune, D., et al., Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic
review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Ann Oncol, 2012. 23(1): p.
37-45.
(165) Huncharek, M., J. Muscat, and B. Kupelnick, Colorectal cancer risk and
dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products: a meta-analysis of 26,335 cases from 60 observational studies. Nutr Cancer, 2009.
61(1): p. 47-69.
(166) Ralston, R.A., et al., Colorectal cancer and nonfermented milk, solid
cheese, and fermented milk consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2014. 54(9):
p. 1167-79.
(167) Murphy, N., et al., Consumption of dairy products and colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
(EPIC). PLoS One, 2013. 8(9): p. e72715.
(168) Keum, N., et al., Calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk: Dose-response meta- analysis of prospective observational studies. Int J Cancer,
2014.
(169) Elwood P.C., Givens D.I., Beswick A.D., Fehily A.M., Pickering J.E., Gallacher J.: The survival advantage of milk and dairy consumption: an overview of evidence from cohort studies of vascular diseases, diabetes and
cancer. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2008; 27:723S–34S.
(170) Cho E., Smith-Warner S.A., Spiegelman D., Beeson W.L., van den Brandt
P.A., Colditz G.A., Folsom A.R., Fraser G.E., Freudenheim J.L., Giovannucci E.: Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer:a pooled analysis of
10 cohort studies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2004a; 96:1015–22.
(171) Park Y., Leitzmann M.F., Subar A.F., Hollenbeck A., Schatzkin A.: Dairy
food, calcium, and risk of cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Arch. Intl. Med. 2009; 169:391–401.
(172) Chan AT, Giovannucci E.L.: Primary prevention of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:2029–43.
(173)Holick M.F.: Vitamin D and sunlight: strategies for cancer prevention
and other health benefits. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008; 3:1548–54.
(174) Govers M., van der Meet R.: Effects of dietary calcium and phosphate on
the intestinal interactions between calcium, phosphate, fatty acids, and
bile acids. Gut 1993; 34:365–70.
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
(182) Aune D., Lau R., Chan D., Vieira R., Greenwood D., Kampman E., Norat
T.: Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and
meta- analysis of cohort studies. Ann. Oncol. 2012; 23:37–45.
(183) Llor X., Jacoby R.F., Teng B.B., Davidson N.O., Sitrin M.D., Brasitus T.A.:
K-ras mutations in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic tumors: effects of supplemental dietary calcium and vitamin D deficiency. Cancer
Res. 1991; 51:4305–9.
(184)Cho E., Smith-Warner S.A., Spiegelman D., Beeson W.L., van den
Brandt P.A., Colditz G.A., Folsom A.R., Fraser G.E., Freudenheim J.L.,
Giovannucci E., Goldbohm R.A., Graham S., Miller A.B., Pietinen P., Potter J.D., Rohan T.E., Terry P., Toniolo P., Virtanen M.J., Willett W.C., Wolk
A., Wu K., Yaun S.S., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A., Hunter D.J.: Dairy foods,
calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies. J.
Natl. Cancer Inst. 2004b; 96:1015–22.
(185)Holt P.R.: New insights into calcium, dairy and colon cancer. World J.
Gastroenterol. 2008; 14:4429–33.
(186) Mizoue T., Kimura Y., Toyomura K., Nagano J., Kono S., Mibu R., Tanaka
M., Kakeji Y., Maehara Y., Okamura T., Ikejiri K., Futami K., Yasunami
Y., Maekawa T., Takenaka K., Ichimiya H., Imaizumi N.: Calcium, dairy
foods, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer risk: the Fukuoka colorectal cancer study 2008.
(187)Liew C., Schut H.A., Chin S.F., Pariza M.W., Dashwood R.H.: Protection
of conjugated linoleic acids against 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]
quinoline- induced colon carcinogenesis in the F344 rat: a study of inhibitory mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16:3037–43.
(188) Hague A., Paraskeva C.: The short-chain fatty acid butyrate induces apoptosis in colorectal tumour cell lines. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 1995; 4:359–
64.
(189) Parodi P.W.: Cows’ milk fat components as potential anticarcinogenic
agents. J. Nutr. 1997; 127:1055–60.
(190) Larsson S.C., Bergkvist L., Wolk A.: High-fat dairy food and conjugated
linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish mammography cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005; 82:894–900.
(191) Kelley N.S., Hubbard N.E., Erickson K.L.: Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cancer. J. Nutr. 2007; 137:2599–607.
(192) Goeptar A.R., Koeman J.H., van Boekel MAJS, Alink G.M.: Impact of
digestion on the antimutagenic activity of the milk protein casein. Nutr.
Res. 1997; 17:1363–79.
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
7
OKTOBER 2015
(193) Parodi P.W.: A role for milk proteins in cancer prevention. Aust. J. Dairy
Technol. 1998; 53:37–47.
(194) MacDonald R.S., Thornton W.H., Marshall R.T.: A cell culture model to
identify biologically active peptides generated by bacterial hydrolysis of
casein. J. Dairy Sci. 1994; 77:1167–75.
(195)Belobrajdic D.P., McIntosh G.H., Owens J.A.: Whey proteins protect
more than red meat against azoxymethane-induced ACF in Wistar rats.
Cancer Lett. 2003; 198:43–51.
(196) Dong, J.Y., et al., Dairy consumption and risk of breast cancer: a metaanalysis of prospective cohort studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2011.
127(1): p. 23-31.
(197) Dong JY, Zhang L, He K, Qin LQ. 2011. Dairy consumption and risk of
breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Breast
Cancer Res Treat 127:23-31. (198) Duarte D, Nicolau A, Teixeira J, Rodrigues L. 2011. The effect of bovine milk lactoferrin on human breast
cancer cell lines. J Dairy Sci 94:66–76.
(216) Carpten J, Nupponen N, Isaacs S, Sood R, Robbins C, Xu J, Faruque
M, Moses T, Ewing C, Gillanders E. 2002. Germline mutations in the
ribonuclease L gene in families showing linkage with HPC1. Nat Genet
30:181–4.
(217) Rökman A, Ikonen T, Seppälä EH, Nupponen N, Autio V, Mononen N,
Bailey-Wilson J, Trent J, Carpten J, Matikainen MP. 2002. Germline alterations of the RNASEL gene, a candidate HPC1 gene at 1q25, in patients
and families with prostate cancer. Am J Hum Genet 70: 1299–304.
(218)Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL. 1998. What causes prostate cancer? A brief summary of the epidemiology. Semin Cancer Biol
8(4):263–73.
(219)Blumenfeld AJ, Fleshner N, Casselman B, Trachtenberg J. 2000. Nutritional aspects of prostate cancer: a review. Can J Urol 7:927–35; discussion 36.
(220) Schmitz-Drager BJ, Eichholzer M, Beiche B, Ebert T. 2001. Nutrition and
prostate cancer. Urol Intl 67:1–11.
(200) Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Chen WY, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA,
Willett WC.
(221)Schulman C, Ekane S, Zlotta A. 2001. Nutrition and prostate cancer: evidence or suspicion? Urology 58:318–34.
2003. Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst
95:1079–85.
(222) Jankevicius F, Miller S, Ackermann R. 2002. Nutrition and risk of prostate cancer. Urol Intl 68:69–80.
(199) Kelley NS, Hubbard NE, Erickson KL. 2007. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cancer. J Nutr 137:2599–607.
(223) Boeing, H., Prävention durch Ernährung, in 12. Ernährungsbericht 2012.
2012, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e.V. p. 340-357.
(201) Knekt P, J¨arvinen R, Sepp¨anen R, Pukkala E, Aromaa A. 1996. Intake
of dairy products and the risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 73:687–91.
(224) Allen, N.E., et al., Animal foods, protein, calcium and prostate cancer
risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
Br J Cancer, 2008. 98(9): p. 1574-81.
(202) McCullough ML, Rodriguez C, Diver WR, Feigelson HS, Stevens VL,
Thun MJ, Calle EE. 2005. Dairy, calcium, and vitamin D intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:2898–904.
(203) Hjart°aker A, Thoresen M, Engeset D, Lund E. 2010. Dairy consumption and calcium intake and risk of breast cancer in a prospective cohort: The Norwegian women and cancer study. Cancer Cause Control
21:1875–85.
(204) Cui Y, Rohan TE. 2006. Vitamin D, calcium, and breast cancer risk: a review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1427–37.
(205) Parodi PW. 2005. Dairy product consumption and the risk of breast cancer. J Am Coll Nutr 24:556S–68S.
(206) Sergeev IN. 2005. Calcium signaling in cancer and vitamin D. J Steroid
Biochem Mol Biol 97:145–51.
(207) Chen P, Hu P, Xie D, Qin Y, Wang F, Wang H. 2010. Meta-analysis of
vitamin D, calcium and the prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer
Res Treat 121:469–77.
(225)Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Miller GJ, Ford
LG, Lieber MM, Cespedes RD, Atkins JN, Lippman SM, Carlin SM, Ryan A, Szczepanek CM, Crowley JJ, Coltman Jr. CA. 2003. The influence
of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med
349:215–24.
(226) Parodi PW. 2009. Dairy product consumption and the risk of prostate
cancer. Intl Dairy J 19:551–65.
(227) Song, Y., et al., Whole milk intake is associated with prostate cancerspecific mortality among U.S. male physicians. J Nutr, 2013. 143(2): p.
189-96.
(228)Parodi P. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic
agents of bovine milk fat. J Dairy Sci 82:1339–49.
(229) Parodi P. 2008. Milk lipids: their role as potential anti-cancer agents. Sci
des Aliments 28:44–52.
(230) Parodi P. 2007. A role for milk proteins and their peptides in cancer prevention. Curr Pharm Des 13:813–28.
(208) Tsuda H, Sekine K, Ushida Y, Kuhara T, Takasuka N, Iigo M, Han BS,
Moore MA. 2000. Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: focus
on bovine lactoferrin. Mutat Res 462:227–33.
(231) McIntosh GH, Royle PJ, Le Leu RK, Regester GO, Johnson MA, Grinsted
RL, Kenward RS, Smithers GW. 1998. Whey proteins as functional food
ingredients? Intl Dairy J 8:425–34.
(209)Wakabayashi H, Yamauchi K, Takase M. 2006. Lactoferrin research,
technology and applications. Intl Dairy J 16:1241–51.
(232) Parodi PW. 1998. A role for milk proteins in cancer prevention. Aust J
Dairy Technol 53:37–47.
(210)Rodrigues L, Teixeira J, Schmitt F, Paulsson M, M°ansson HL. 2008.
Lactoferrin and cancer disease prevention. Crit Rev Food Sci 49:203–17.
(233)Bounous G. 2000. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and glutathione
modulation in cancer treatment. Anticancer Res 20:4785–92.
(211)Tsuda H, Sekine K, Ki F, Iigo M. 2002. Cancer prevention by bovine
lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms—a review of experimental and
clinical studies. Biochem Cell Biol 80:131–6.
(234)Micke P, Beeh K, Schlaak J, Buhl R. 2001. Oral supplementation with
whey proteins increases plasma glutathione levels of HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Invest 31:171–8.
(212) Ward P, Paz E, Conneely O. 2005. Lactoferrin. Cell Mol Life Sci 62:
2540–8.
(235) Parodi PW. 2001. Cow’s milk components with anti-cancer potential.
Aust J Dairy Technol 56:65–73.
(213) Iigo M, Alexander DB, Long N, Xu J, Fukamachi K, Futakuchi M, Takase
M, Tsuda H. 2009. Anticarcinogenesis pathways activated by bovine
lactoferrin in the murine small intestine. Biochimie 91:86–101.
(236) Eliassen LT, Berge G, Sveinbjornsson B, Svendsen JS, Vorland LH, Rekdal
O. 2002. Evidence for a direct antitumor mechanism of action of bovine
lactoferricin. Anticancer Res 22:2703–10.
(214) Greenlee RT, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. 2000. Cancer statistics,
2000. CA- Cancer J Clin 50:7–33.
(237) Walzem R, Dillard C, German J. 2002. Whey components: millennia of
evolution create functionalities for mammalian nutrition: what we know
and what we may be overlooking. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 42:353–75.
(215) Nwosu V, Carpten J, Trent JM, Sheridan R. 2001. Heterogeneity of genetic alterations in prostate cancer: evidence of the complex nature of the
disease. Hum Mol Genet 10:2313–8.
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
(238) Kent K, Harper W, Bomser J. 2003. Effect of whey protein isolate on intracellular glutathione and oxidant-induced cell death in human prostate
epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 17:27–33.
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
8
OKTOBER 2015
(239) Tsuda H, Kozu T, Iinuma G, Ohashi Y, Saito Y, Saito D, Akasu T, Alexander
DB, Futakuchi M, Fukamachi K, Xu J, Kakizoe T, Iigo M. 2010. Cancer
prevention by bovine lactoferrin: from animal studies to human trial.
Biometals 23:399–409.
(240) Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, Ghafoor A, Samuels A, Ward E, Feuer EJ,
Thun MJ. 2004. Cancer statistics, 2004. Cancer J Clin 54:8–29.
(241) Reichel H, Koeffler HP, Norman AW. 1989. The role of the vitamin D endocrine system in health and disease. N Engl J Med 320:980–91.
(242) Klein EA. 2005. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol
Hematol 54:1–10.
(243) Blutt SE, McDonnell TJ, Polek TC, Weigel NL. 2000. Calcitriol-induced
apoptosis in LNCaP cells is blocked by overexpression of Bcl-2. Endocrinology 141:10–7.
(244) Sung V, Feldman D. 2000. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreases human prostate cancer cell adhesion and migration. Mol Cell Endocrinol
164:133–43.
(245) Lokeshwar BL, Schwartz GG, Selzer MG, Burnstein KL, Zhuang SH,
Block NL, Binderup L. 1999. Inhibition of prostate cancer metastasis in
vivo: a comparison of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) and EB1089.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:241–8.
Literatur Kalzium/Osteoporose
(246) Kaptoge S., da Silva J., Brixen K., Reid D., Kroger H., Nielsen T., Andersen M., Hagen C., Lorenc R., Boonen S., et al.: Geographical variation in
DXA bone mineral density in young European men and women. Results
from the Network in Europe on male osteoporosis (NEMO) study. Bone
2008;43:332–339. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.04.001.
(247) F. J. B. Lötters & I. Lenoir-Wijnkoop & P. Fardellone & R. Rizzoli & E.
Rocher & M. J. Poley: Dairy foods and osteoporosis: an example of assessing the health- economic impact of food products. Osteoporos Int.
(2013) 24:139–150.
(248)Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1994.
(249) Reginster JY, Burlet N.: Osteoporosis: a still increasing prevalence. Bone.
2006;38:S4–S9. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.11.024.
(250) Czerwiński E., Osieleniec J., Borowy P.: Osteoporoza—Choroba Milionów ZВamań. Fakty. 2011. Available online.
(251) Badurski J.E., Czerwiński E., Marcinkowska-Suchowierska E.: Zalecenia
Polskiej Fundacji Osteoporozy i Polskiego Towarzystwa Osteoartrologii
wobec osteoporozy w oparciu o stanowisko Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) i Międzynarodowej Fundacji Osteoporozy (IOF) Ortop.
Traumatol. Rehabil. 2007;9:45–53.
(252) Hooven F., Adachi J., Adami S., Boonen S., Compston J., Cooper C.,
Delmas P., Diez-Perez A., Gehlbach S., Greenspan S., et al.: The Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW): Rationale
and study design. Osteoporos. Int. 2009;20:1107–1116. doi: 10.1007/
s00198-009-0958-2.
(253) Kanis J.A., McCloskey E.V., Johansson H., Oden A., Melton J.M., III, Khaltaev A.: A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone
2008;42:467–475. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.001.
(254) Assessment of Facture Risk and Its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, Technical Report. WHO Study Group; Geneva,
Switzerland: 1994. p. 843.
(255) Badurski J., Dobrecko J., Nowak N., Jezienicka E., Daniluk S., Mrowiec
A.: Epidemiologia złamań osteoporotycznych i ocena 10-letniego ryzyka złamania w populacji kobiet regionu Białystok (BOS-2) algorytmem
FRAX™—WHO. Reumatologia 2008;46:72–79.
(256) Budek, A.Z., et al., Dietary protein intake and bone mineral content in
adolescents - The Copenhagen Cohort Study. Osteoporos Int, 2007.
18(12): p. 1661-7.
(257) Huncharek, M., J. Muscat, and B. Kupelnick, Impact of dairy products
and dietary calcium on bone-mineral content in children: results of a
meta-analysis. Bone, 2008. 43(2): p. 312-21.
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
(258) Moore, L.L., et al., Effects of average childhood dairy intake on adolescent bone health. J Pediatr, 2008. 153(5): p. 667-73.
(259) A., Dick I.M., Wilson S.G., Prince R.L.: Effects of calcium and vitamin D
supplementation on hip bone mineral density and calcium-related analytes in elderly ambulatory Australian women: A five-year randomized
controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;93:743–749.
(260) Nieves J.W., Barrett-Connor E., Siris E.S., Zion M., Barlas S., Chen Y.T.:
Calcium and vitamin D intake influence bone mass, but not short-term
fracture risk, in Caucasian postmenopausal women from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study. Osteoporos. Int.
2008;19:673–679. doi: 10.1007/s00198-007-0501-2.
(261) Warensjo E., Byberg L., Melhus H., Gedeborg R., Mallmin H., Wolk A.,
Michaelsson K.: Dietary calcium intake and risk of fracture and osteoporosis: Prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ. 2011;342:1473–
1482. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d1473.
(262) Cheng M.-H., Chen J.-F., Fuh J.-L., Lee W.-L., Wang P.-H.: Osteoporosis treatment in postmenopausal women with pre-existing fracture. Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2012; 51:153–166. doi: 10.1016/j.
tjog.2012.04.001.
(263) Sandler R.B., Slemenda C.W., LaPorte R.E., et al.: Postmenopausal bone
density and milk consumption in childhood and adolescence. Am. J.
Clin. Nutr. 1985;42:270-274.
(264) Stracke H., Renner G., Knie G., Leidig G., Minne H., Federlin K.: Osteoporosis and bone metabolic parameters in dependence upon calcium
intake through milk and milk products. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993;47:617622.
(265) Murphy S., Khaw K.T., May H., Compston J.E.: Milk consumption
and bone mineral density in middle aged and elderly women. BMJ.
1994;308:939-941.
(266) Smith E.L., Gilligan C., Smith P.E., Sempos C.T.: Calcium supplementation and bone loss in middle-aged women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
1989;50:833-842.
(267) Kalkwarf, H.J., J.C. Khoury, and B.P. Lanphear, Milk intake during childhood and adolescence, adult bone density, and osteoporotic fractures in
US women. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003. 77(1): p. 257-65.
(268) Diane Feskanich, ScD, Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH, Meir J. Stampfer
MD, DrPH, and Graham A. Colditz, MD, DrPH: Milk, Dietary Calcium,
and Bone Fractures in Women: A 12-Year Prospective Study.Am. J. Public Health 1997; 87: 992-997.
(269) Baran D., Sorensen A., Grimes J., et al.: Dietary modification with dairy
products for preventing vertebral bone loss in premenopausal women: a
three- year prospective study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990;70:264270.
(270) Nelson M.E., Fisher E.C., Dilmanian F.A., Dallal G.E., Evans W.J.: A l-y
walking program and increased dietary calcium in postmenopausal women: effects on bone. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991;53:1304-1311.
(271) Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., et al., Milk intake and risk of hip fracture in men
and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Bone Miner Res, 2011. 26(4): p. 833-9.
(272) Kanis, J.A., et al., A meta-analysis of milk intake and fracture risk: low
utility for case finding. Osteoporos Int, 2005. 16(7): p. 799-804.
(273) Appleby, P., et al., Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2007. 61(12): p. 1400-6.
(274) Feskanich, D., et al., Milk Consumption During Teenage Years and Risk
of Hip Fractures in Older Adults. Jama Pediatrics, 2014. 168(1): p. 5460.
(275) Hu J.F., Zhao X.H., Jia J.B., Parpia B., Campbell T.C.: Dietary calcium and
bone density among middle-aged and elderly women in China. Am. J.
Clin. Nutr. 1993;58: 219-227.
(276) Matkovic V., Kostial K., Simonovic I., Buzina R., Brodarec A., Nordin
B.E.: Bone status and fracture rates in two regions of Yugoslavia. Am. J.
Clin. Nutr. 1979;32:540-549.
(277) Hei S.L., Slemenda C.E., Johnston C.C.: Baseline measurement of
bone mass predicts fracture in white women. Ann. Intern Med. 1989;
111:355-361.
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
9
OKTOBER 2015
(278) Cummings S.R., Black D.M., Nevitt M.C., et al.: Appendicular bone density and age predict hip fractures in women. JAMA 1990;263:665-668.
(300)König E. Die Milcheiweißallergie - Ursachen, Diagnose, Behandlung
Milchwissenschaft Gießen, 15, 1-158 (1993).
(279) Rizzoli, R., Dairy products, yogurts, and bone health. Am J Clin Nutr,
2014. 99(5): p. 1256S-62S.
(301) Osterwalder P., A. J. Bircher, B. Wüthrich: Gastrointestinale Kuhmilchallergie vom Spättyp. Allergologie 21, 73-77 (1998).
(280) Schönau E.: The peak bone mass concept: is it still relevant ? Pediatr.
Nephrol. (2004); 19: 825-831.
(302) Bahna, Heiner: Allergies to milk, Verlag Grüne und Straton, New York
1980. (303) R. Sieber et al.: Allergene in der Milch. Allergologie 1, 5-12
(2000).
(281) Fenton T.R., Eliasziw M., Lyon A.W., Tough S.C., Hanley D.A.: Metaanalysis of the quantity of calcium excretion associated with the net acid
excretion of the modern diet under the acid-ash diet hypothesis. Am. J.
Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:1159-66.
(304) Otani H., X. Y. Dong, T. Hara, M. Kobayashi, H. Kayahara, A. Hosono:
Specifities to milkproteins of human serum antibodies from clinically allergic patients. Milchwissenschafi 44. 267-2 70 (1989).
(282) Fenton T.R., Lyon A.W., Eliasziw M., Tough S.C., Hanley D.A.: Meta-analysis of the effect of the acid-ash hypothesis of osteoporosis on calcium
balance. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2009;24:1835-40.
(305) Ng-Kwai-Hang K. F., F. Grosclaude: Genetic polymorphism of milk protein. In: Fox P.F.: Advanced Dairy Chemistry - 1 Proteins. Elsevier Applied Science, London 1992, 405-455.
(283) Fenton T.R., Lyon A.W., Eliasziw M., Tough S.C., Hanley D.A.: Phosphate
decreases urine calcium and increases calcium balance: a meta-analysis
of the osteoporosis acid-ash diet hypothesis. Nutr. J. 2009;8:41.
(306) El-Agamy E. I.: The challenge of cow milk protein allergy. Small Ruminant Research 2007; 68: 64-72.
(284) Darling A.L., Millward D.J., Torgerson D.J., Hewitt C.E., Lanham-New
S.A.: Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009;90:1674-92.
(284) Darling, A.L., et al., Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review
and meta- analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2009. 90(6): p. 1674-92.
(285) Rzany, B. and C. Kahl, [Epidemiology of acne vulgaris]. J Dtsch Dermatol
Ges, 2006. 4(1): p. 8-9.
(286) Zubair, N. and M.N. Zubair, Acne and dairy products. J Pak Med Assoc,
2011. 61(9): p. 948.
(287) Spencer, E.H., H.R. Ferdowsian, and N.D. Barnard, Diet and acne: a review of the evidence. Int J Dermatol, 2009. 48(4): p. 339-47.
(288) Veith, W.B. and N.B. Silverberg, The association of acne vulgaris with
diet. Cutis, 2011. 88(2): p. 84-91.
(289) Bhate, K. and H.C. Williams, What‘s new in acne? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2011-2012. Clin Exp Dermatol, 2014. 39(3):
p. 273-7; quiz 277-8.
(290) Di Landro, A., et al., Family history, body mass index, selected dietary
factors, menstrual history, and risk of moderate to severe acne in adolescents and young adults. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2012. 67(6): p. 1129-35.
(291) Melnik, B.C., Milk--the promoter of chronic Western diseases. Med Hypotheses, 2009. 72(6): p. 631-9.
(292) Adegboye, A.R., et al., Intake of dairy calcium and tooth loss among
adult Danish men and women. Nutrition, 2012. 28(7-8): p. 779-84.
(293) Tanaka, K., Y. Miyake, and S. Sasaki, Intake of dairy products and the
prevalence of dental caries in young children. J Dent, 2010. 38(7): p.
579-83.
(294) Dror, D.K. and L.H. Allen, Dairy product intake in children and adolescents in developed countries: trends, nutritional contribution, and a
review of association with health outcomes. Nutr Rev, 2014. 72(2): p.
68-81.
Literatur Allergie
(295)Cordle C. T. Soy Protein Allergy: Incidence and Relative Severity. The
Journal of Nutrition 2004; 134: 1213-1219.
(296)Mills E. N. C., Breiteneder H.: Food allergy and its relevance to industrial
food proteins. Biotechnology Advances 2005; 23: 409-414.
(297) Sicherer S. H., Sampson H. A.: Food allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2006; 117: 470-475.
(298)EUROPÄISCHE KOMMISSION. EU-Richtlinie 2007/68/EC. 2007. Internet:
http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L
2007:310:0011:01:DE:HTML.
(299) DERMA forum – Nr. 3 – März 2012: CME-zertifizierte Fortbildung für
Allergologen unter dem Titel „Licht ins Dunkel der Kuhmilchallergie“:
Dr. Anne Feydt-Schmidt von der Pädiatrischen Gastroenterologie des
Universitätsklinikums Hamburg- Eppendorf.
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
(307) Monaci L., Tregoat V., Van Hengel A. J., Anklam E.: Milk allergens, their
characteristics and their detection in food: A review. European Food Research and Technology 2006; 223: 149-179.
(308) Spuergin P., H. Mueller, M. Walter, E. Schiltz, J. Forster: Allergenic epitopes of bovine aS1-case recognized by human IgE and IgG. Allergy 51,
306-312 (1996). (309) Ball G., M. J. Shelton, B. J. Walsh, D. J. Hill, C.
S. Hosking, M. E. H. Howden. A major continueous allergenic epitope
of bovine ß-lactoglobulin recognized by human IgE binding. Clin. Exp.
Allergy 24, 758-764 (1994).
(310) Sélo L., L. Négroni, C. Créminon, M. Yvon, G. Peltre, J. M. Wal: Allergy to bovine beta-lactoglobulin specificity of human IgE using cyanogen bromide-derived peptides. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 117, 20-28
(1998).
(311) Maynard F., R. Jost, J. M. Wal: Human IgE binding capacity of tryptic
peptides from bovine alpha-lactalbumin. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.
113, 478-488 (1997). (312) Infante D., R. Tormo: Risk of inadequate
bone mineralization in diseases involving long-term suppression of dairy
products. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 30, 310-3 13 (2000).
(313) Sabbah A., S. Hassoun, M. Drouet: L‘allergie au lait de vache et sa substitution par le lait de chèvre In: Freund G.: Interets nutritionnel et diététique du lait de chèvre INRA, Paris 1997, 111-118.
(314) Crawford L. V., F. T. Grogan: Allergenicity of cow‘s milk proteins IV. Relationship to goat‘s milk proteins as studied by serum-agar precipitation.
J. Pediatr. 59, 347-350 (1961).
(315) Park Y. W.: Hypo-allergenic and therapeutic significance of goat‘s milk
Small Rummant Res. 14, 151-159 (1994).
(316) Wilken-Jensen K.: (Nutrition Goat‘s milk can be extremely beneficial in
cow‘s milk allergy) Sygeplejersken 84 (50), 23-24 (1984).
(317) Reinert P., A. Fabre: Utilisation du lait de chèvre chez l‘enfant Expèrience
de Créteil In: Freund G.: Interets nutritionnel et diététique du lait de
chèvre, INRA, Paris 1997, 119-121.
(318) Jelert H. [Nutrition with goat‘s milk in cow‘s milk allergy is a poor alternative and ought to be discouraged.] Sygeplejersken 84 (50), 20-22,
24 (1984).
(319) Bellioni-Businco B., R. Paganelli, P. Lucenti, P. G., Giampietro, H. Perborn, L. Businco: Allergenicity of goat‘s milk in children with cow‘s milk
allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103, 1191-1194 (1999).
(320) Umpierrez A., S. Quirce, F. Maranon, J. Cuesta, Y. Garcia-Villamuza, C.
Lahoz, J. Sastre: Allergy to goat and sheep cheese with good tolerante to
cow cheese. Clin. Exp. Allergy 29, 1064-1068 (1999).
(321) Malik Z., R. Bottomley, B. Austen: Allergenic properties of the genetic
variants A and B of bovine beta-lactoglobulin. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl.
Immun. 86, 245-248 (1988).
(322) Spuergin P., M. Walter, E Schiltz, K. Deichmann, J. Forster, H. Mueller:
Allergenicity of alpha-caseins from cow, sheep, and goat. Allergy 52,
293-298 (1997).
(323) Bernard H., Q Créminon, L. Negroni, G. Peltre, J. M. Wal: IgE crossreactivity with caseins from different species in humans allergic to cow‘s
milk. Food Agric, Immunol. 11, 101-111 (1999).
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
10
OKTOBER 2015
(324) Restani P., A. Gaiaschi, A. Plebani, B. Beretta, G. Cavagni, A. Fiocchi, C
Poiesi, T. Velona, A. G. Ugazio, C. L. Galli: Cross-reactivity between milk
proteins from different animal species Clin. Exp. Allergy 29, 997-1004
(1999).
(325) Leitlinien der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie und Ernährung (GPGE), der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA) und der Ernährungskommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ).
(326) BfR sieht Forschungsbedarf zum Einfluss der Milchverarbeitung auf das
allergene Potenzial von Kuhmilch. In: Stellungnahme Nr. 021/2009 des
BfR vom 13. Februar 2009.
(327) Jost R., Fritsché R., Pahud J. J. (1991): Reduction of Milk Protein Allergenicity Through Processing. In: Somogyi J. C., Müller H. R., Ockhuizen T.
(eds): Food Allergy and Food Intolerance. Nutritional Aspects and Developments: Bibliotheca Nutritio et Dieta, Basel, Karger 1991, No 48:
127-137.
(345) Schwermann S., Schwenzow U., Verfahrenskonzepte zur Herstellung
von ESL-Milch, Dt. Milchwirt. 59 (2008) 384-391, 428-432, 462-467.
(346) Cattaneo S., Masotti F., Pellegrino L., Effects of overprocessing on heat
damage of UHT-milk, Eur. Food Res. Technol. 226 (2008) 1099-1106.
(347) Claeys W.L., Van Loey A.M., Hendrickx M.E., Intrinsic time temperature integrators for heat treatment of milk, Trends Food Sci. Technol.
13 (2002) 293-311.
(348) Hoffmann, W. et al. 2006: Processing of extended shelf life milk using
microfiltration. Int J Dairy Tec, 59 (4), S. 229-235.
(349) Gallmann P.U., Eberhard P., Sieber R.: Vor- und Nachteile der ESL (Extended Shelf Life)-Milch. Agrarforschung 8, 112-117 (2001) und FAMInformation Nr. 423 (2001) sowie unveröffentlichte Untersuchungsergebnisse ALP 2003.
(350) Eberhard P., Bütikofer U., Sieber R.: Vitamine in gelagerter hocherhitzter
Milch; Agrarforschung 10, 62-65 (2003).
(328) Paschke A., Besler M. (2002): Stability of bovine allergens during food
processing. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 89 (Suppl.): 1620.
(351)Walther, B.: Nährstoffverlust durch Hocherhitzung. Alimenta. 12, 28-29
(2009).
(329) Wal J. M. (2004): Bovine milk allergenicity. Annals of Allergy, Asthma &
Immunology, 93 (Suppl. 3): S2-S11.
(352) Kessler, H.G. 1996: Lebensmittel- und Bioverfahrenstechnik – Molkereitechnologie. Verlag A. Kessler, München.
(330) Halken S., A. Host: How hypoallergenic are hypoallergenic cow‘s milkbased formulas? Allergy 52, 1175-1183 (1997).
(353) Helmut K. Mayer, Bernd Raba, Johannes Meier, und Anita Schmid:
Extended Shelf Life (ESL)-Milch: Wertvolles Milchprodukt oder Milch
mit übermäßiger Hitzebelastung? Department für Lebensmittelwissenschaften und -technologie, AG Lebensmittelchemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Wien.
(331) Michalski M. C. (2007): On the supposed influence of milk homogenization on the risk of CVD, diabetes and allergy. British Journal of Nutrition,
97: 598-610. (332) Irion R. (2009): Milch. http://www.alles-zur allergologie.de/Allergologie/Artikel 4053/Allergen,Allergie/Joghurt.html).
(333) Paajanen L., Tuure T., Poussa T., Korpela R. (2003): No difference in symptoms during challenges with homogenized and unhomogenized cow’s
milk in subjects with subjektive hypersensitivity to homogenized milk.
Journal of Dairy Research, 70: 175-179.
(354) Horak, F.P. 1980: Über die Reaktionskinetik der Sporenabtötung und
chemischer Veränderungen bei der thermischen Haltbarmachung von
Milch zur Optimierung von Erhitzungsverfahren. Diss. TU MünchenWeihenstephan.
(334) Fiocchi, A., et al., World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow‘s Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines.
World Allergy Organ J, 2010. 3(4): p. 57-161.
(355) Fink, R. 1984: Über lagerungsbedingte Veränderungen von UHT-Vollmilch und deren reaktionskinetische Beschreibung. Diss. TU MünchenWeihenstephan. (356) Peter Gallmann, Pius Eberhard, Robert Sieber:
Vor- und Nachteile der ESL-(Extended Shelf Life)-Milch. AGRARForschung 8, 3, 112-117 (2001).
Literatur Hitzebehandlung
Literatur Schimmelkäse
(335) Dipl.oec.troph. Veronika Kaufmanna, Prof. Dr. Siegfrid Schererb & Prof.
Dr. Ing. Ulrich Kulozika: Stoffliche Veränderungen in Konsummilch
durch haltbarkeitsverlängernde Verfahren: Fakten zur Frage der Kennzeichnung von ESL- Milch. Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung, (a) Abteilung Technologie, (b) Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan.
(357) http://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/kaese/35550
(336) Strahm, W., Eberhard, P.: Milch wird hoch erhitzt oder filtriert. Alimenta.
12, 25-27 (2009). (337) Kaufmann, V. & Kulozik, U. 2006: Kombination
von Mikrofiltration und thermischen Verfahren zur Haltbarkeitsverlängerung von Lebensmitteln. Chem Ing Tech, 78 (11), S. 1647-1653.
(338) Kaufmann, V. & Kulozik, U. 2007: Verfahrenskonzepte zur Herstellung
von ESL- Milch – Stand der Technik und neue Optionen. dmw, 8, S.
268-271.
(339) Hülsen, U. & Rademacher, B 2005: Länger haltbare Trinkmilch - Teil 2.
dmz, 20, 24-27.
(340) Max Rubner-Institut (MRI). Milch ist nicht gleich Milch - das Max Rubner- Institut informiert über die Unterschiede. Pressemitteilung des
MRI vom 18.02.2009.
(358) Spektrum der Wissenschaft: Fleißige Mikroben - Dass aus Milch ein leckerer Brotbelag wird, verdanken wir Bakterien und Schimmelpilzen.
(359)http://www.chemieunterricht.de/dc2/milch/schimmel.htm
(360)http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelschimmel
(361)http://www.aponet.de/aktuelles/ihr-apotheker-informiert/201209-kaese-mit- schimmel-gefaehrlich-oder-lecker.html
(362) Webseite aid – www.aid.de
(363)
Bergader Käse Wissen: http://www.bergader.de/index.php?id=27
(364) Belitz, Grosch, Schieberle: Lehrbuch der Lebensmittelchemie
Literatur Rohmilch
(365)http://diepresse.com/home/leben/gesundheit/541256/Nach- ListerienToten_Keine-Angst-vor-dem-Kaese
(341) Max Rubner-Institut (MRI). Nur geringe Unterschiede bei ESL-Milch.
Pressemitteilung des MRI vom 27.07.2009.
(366)Institut für Milchhygiene an der Veterinärmedizinischen Universität
Wien: http://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/de/milchhygiene/
(342) Kaufmann, V. & Kulozik, U. 2008: Verfahrenstechnische Einflussfaktoren
auf die Qualität und Stabilität von ESL-Milch. dmz, 24, S. 28-30.
(367)Österreichische Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit:
http://www.ages.at/
(343) Gallmann P., Eberhard P., Sieber R., Vor- und Nachteile der ESL (Extended Shelf Life)-Milch, Agrarforschung 8 (2001) 112-117.
(368) LVBM,LandesvereinigungderBayerischenMilchwirtschaft
(344) Rysstad G., Kolstad J., Extended shelf life milk – advances in technology,
Int. J. Dairy Technol. 59 (2006) 85-96.
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
(369) Robert-Koch-Institut: http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/
Merkblaetter/Ratgeber_Listeriose. html http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Merkblaetter/Ratgeber_EHEC.html http://edoc.
rki.de/oa/articles/reDjlJPetiU/PDF/228f4DG5rksvQ.pdf
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
11
OKTOBER 2015
(370)http://www.laves.niedersachsen.de/portal/live.php?navigation_
id=20111&article_i d=73633&_psmand=23
(371)http://www.verbraucherservice-bayern.de/information/ernaehrungund-gesundheit/meldung/article/Rohmilchkaese-delikat-aber-nichtfuer-jeden- geeignet/
(372) http://www.spektrum.de/news/die-rohmilch-machts/1184008
(373)http://www.ugb.de/forschung-studien/listerien-bakterien-mit-gefaehrlicher- wirkung/
(374)Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung Berlin: http://www.bfr.bund.de/
de/lebensmittelbedingte_krankheitsausbrueche-7608.html
http://
www.bfr.bund.de/cm/350/verbrauchertipps_schutz_vor_lebensmittelbedin gten_infektionen_mit_listerien.pdf
(390) Stuart M. Phillips, PhD, FACN, Joseph W. Hartman, MSc, and Sarah B.
Wilkinson, MSc. Dietary Protein to Support Anabolism with Resistance
Exercise in Young Men. Journal of the American College of Nutrition,
Vol. 24, No. 2, 134S–139S (2005).
(391) Zemel MB: Role of calcium and dairy products in energy partitioning and
weight management. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:907S-912S.
(392) Miller SL, Gaine PC, Maresh CM, Armstrong LE, Ebbeling CB, Lamont
LS, Rodriguez NR: The effects of nutritional supplementation throughout an endurance run on leucine kinetics during recovery. Int J Sport
Nutr Exerc Metab 2007, 17:456-467.
(393) Lee JK, Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM, Watson P: Effects of milk ingestion
on prolonged exercise capacity in young, healthy men. Nutrition 2008,
24:340-347.
(375) Riedler, J. et al.: Exposure to farming in early life and development of
asthma and allergy: a cross-sectional survey. In: Lancet 6, S. 1129–1133,
2001
(394) Karp JR, Johnston JD, Tecklenburg S, Mickleborough TD, Fly AD, Stager
JM: Chocolate milk as a post-exercise recovery aid. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc
Metab 2006, 16:78-91.
(376) Strachan, D., Perkin, M.: Which aspects of the farming lifestyle explain
the inverse association with childhood alley? In: J Allergy Clin Immunol.
117, S. 1374–1381, 2006
(395) John Seifert, Joseph Harmon, and Patty DeClercq. Protein Added to a
Sports Drink Improves Fluid Retention. International Journal of Sport
Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2006, 16, 420-429.
(377) von Mutius E et al.: THE PASTURE project: EU support for the improvement of knowledge about risk factors and preventive factors for atopy in
Europe. In: Allergy 61, S. 407–413, 2006
(396) Shirreffs S.M., Watson P., Maughan R.J. (2007). Milk as an effective postexercise rehydration drink. British Journal of Nutrition 98, 173–180.
(378) Loss, G. et al.: Prenatal and early-life exposures alter expression of innate
immunity genes: the PASTURE cohort study. In: J Allergy Clin Immunol.
130; S. 523–530, 2012
(379) Loss, G. et al.: The protective effect of farm milk consumption on childhood asthma and atopy: The GABRIELA study. In: J Allergy Clin Immunol
128, S. 766–773, 2011 (380) van Neerven, R. et al.: Which factors in
raw Cow’s milk contribute to protection against allergies? In: J Allergy
Clin Immunol 130; S. 853–858, 2012
(397) Thiara, G. and R.D. Goldman, Milk consumption and mucus production
in children with asthma. Can Fam Physician, 2012. 58(2): p. 165-6.
(398)Wüthrich, B., et al., Milk consumption does not lead to mucus production or occurrence of asthma. J Am Coll Nutr, 2005. 24(6 Suppl):
p. 547s-55s.
(381) Thijs, C. et al.: Fatty acids in breast milk and development of atopic eczema and allergic sensitization in infancy. In: Allergy 66, S. 58–67, 2011
Literatur Milch und Sport
(382) Brian D. Roy. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
2008, 5:15 doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-15
(383) Nutrient Timing. Basic Health Publications, 2004
(384) Bos C, Metges CC, Gaudichon C, Petzke KJ, Pueyo ME, Morens C, Everwand J, Benamouzig R, Tome D: Postprandial kinetics of dietary amino
acids are the main determinant of their metabolism after soy or milk
protein ingestion in humans. J Nutr 2003, 133:1308-1315.
(385) Kraemer WJ, Duncan ND, Volek JS: Resistance training and elite athletes: adaptations and program considerations. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
1998, 28:110-119.
(386) Phillips SM, Tipton KD, Aarsland A, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR: Mixed muscle
protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans.
Am J Physiol 1997, 273:E99-107.
(387) Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Macdonald MJ, Macdonald JR, Armstrong D, Phillips SM: Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater
muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. Am J
Clin Nutr 2007, 85:1031-1040.
(388) Janet Walberg Rankin, PhD, Lauren P. Goldman, MS, Michael J. Puglisi, MS, Sharon M. Nickols-Richardson, PhD, Carrie P. Earthman, PhD,
Frank C. Gwazdauskas, PhD. Effect of Post-Exercise Supplement Consumption on Adaptations to Resistance Training. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 23, No. 4, 322–330 (2004).
(389) Hartman JW, Tang JE, Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Lawrence RL,
Fullerton AV, Phillips SM: Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters.
Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 86:373-381.
www.ernaehrung-im-fokus.de
Ernährung im Fokus 10 | 15
12

Similar documents