Indian-White Relationships in Northern California Books

Transcription

Indian-White Relationships in Northern California
Books
1. 1889.
Notes: 50th Congress, 2d Session. Senate Exe. Doc. 70, Vol. 2., 366 p., Serial Set No. 2611.
Abstract: This document contains important primary sources materials concerning Indian-white
relationships in Northern California, 1861-1864. Included are letters pertaining to the hostilities in
the Humboldt Military District, which were not ended until the summer of 1864. Correspondence is
to and from General George Wright, Commanding, Department of the Pacific, and Colonel Francis
J. Lippitt, Commander, Humboldt Military District, and Forts Humboldt and Gaston are mentioned.
Conditions at the Round Valley Reservation are discussed in letters of George M. Hansen, Indian
Agent, General Wright, and others. White encroachment on Round Valley Reservation lands and
the intimidation of Indians on the reseravations by whites are problems, as is the administration of
the Reservation's affairs by Hansen, in the opinion of Captain Douglas of Fort Wright. Hansen
proposes sale of Mendocino and Nome Lackee Reservation land and use of some of the proceeds to
enlarge the Round Valley Reservation.
2. Fort Baker, CA.
Notes: Roll # 65.
Abstract: March 1862 - December 1905: There are no returns for the period October 1863 - June
1897 and December 1898 - April 1899. Nearest Post Office Hydesville, about 28 miles west of Post.
3. Great Register, 1806-1877.
Abstract: James Gregory. Oliver Preston Stewart. Rock Creek. Farmer. Age 37. Native of Virginia.
Registered August 1, 1866. Assesment Book, 1864. Chico twp. Cashvalue of personal property
$1098. 11 horses, 34 head cattle, 272 young cattle.
4. A History of Northern California; A Memorial and Biographical History. Chicago, IL: Lewis Publishing
Co., 1891.
Abstract: Pages 53-54: A section entitled "The Indians." Mainly describes tribal life, customs,
means of gathering foods, burial, and appearance.
Pages 54-55: "Indian Troubles" - Describes Indian-white relationships, especially the Shasta tribe
and Rogue River Indians. The first bloody incident in Shasta County between the whites and the
Indians occured when two men, Turner and Gay, shot a Shasta Indian near the Klamath River on
September 14, 1837. In 1846, Fremont's party of men was attacked while camping in Modoc
County, near Klamath. Retaliation by the party ensued and many Indians were killed. In 1849, a
"party of nineteen deserters from the United States forces stationed in Oregon" accidentaly followed
an Indian trail and came upon a camp of Shastas. The Indians killed three men. Three more
accounts of Indian/white skirmishes are discussed in the next two paragraphs.
Pages 55-59: "The Great Modoc War." A brief four page summary of the Modoc War.
Pages 110-111: Butte County - Various references to Bidwell using Indian labor in his mining
expeditions.
Page 113: Butte County - "Manoah Pence, on New Year's eve 1851, hospitably entertained six or
seven Indians at his house, but with suspicions. The next morning he found the Indians slipping
away with all his cattle. Pursuing them, he succeeded in wounding the chief, but not so as to
disable him. Some time afterward the chief was caught and hung without process of law, in order
to save Pence's life, which had been threatened by that villainous savage."
Pages 113-114: Butte County - "In 1853 the Tiger Indians stole cattle from Clark's Ranch. The
chief 'Express Bill,' was caught by a company of seven men, under Pence acting as captain, and
hung. The company went on until they found a camp of about thirty warriors, and heroically
attacked them. The Indians had nothing but bows and arrows, and could do but little damage."
Reinforcements arrived and the band was captured. 25 Indians were killed in the fight.
Page 114: Butte County - "In 1863 an organization of white men was effected, under N. H. Wells
of Yankee Hill, who proceeded to remove the Indians from Butte County to a reservation; but in
1865 some of them returned and committed further depredations. The principle raids by the Indians
were headed by a brave named Bigfoot."
Page 119: "There is an Indian village, or rancheria, on the Rancho Chico, under the care of General
and Mrs. Bidwell, which has its school, church, and sunday-school."
Page 123: Colusa County - An account of an Indian from the Colus Rancheria being employed "to
point out the exact site of the place, leading the boatment through a thicket of wild rose bushes to a
point opposite the place... The Indian took the men's clothes across tied in a boat upon the top of
his head, and then they could wade or swim across."
Page 124: Colusa County - In 1850 there were approximately "1,000 Indians in Colusa County of
the Colus tribe, 200 or 300 of the Willies, who inhabited the Grand Island, 200 of the Cortinas, who
had their headquarters near the head of Cortinas Creek, about twenty miles southwest of Colusa."
"The Grand Island Indians survived the white civilization the longest and for many years made
good harvest hands." "When the first white settler visited these Indians, all the clothes which the
male portion of the tribe had was one stove-pipe hat and one vest."
Page 131: Del Norte County - The first white settlers of this area were persuaded to move further
up the river by the local Indians. When they relocated, 3 whites were attacked by the Indians and
two were killed. The remainder of the settlers found the Indian village and "put a majority of them
to death."
Page 145: Lake County - A brief account of the Stone and Kelsey Massacre and the events leading
up to it (fall of 1849). In the spring of 1850, General Lyons arrived and surrounded the Indians
who had taken up residence on an island in the lake. A general massacre of the defenseless Indians
ensued and few escaped.
Page 153: Lassen County - Three tribes were the major cause of disturbances: the Washoe, the
Pah-Ute, and the Pit River. The first major conflict was in 1857 and was known as the "Potatoe
War." The disturbance occured between the Pit Rivers and a group of settlers under the leadership
of Captain William Weatherbow. Other conflicts continued through the next three years until the
tribe was "chastised by General Crook." "January 13, 1860, Dexter E. Demming was killed by the
Smoky Creek band of the Pah-Utes" and the citizens of that area petitioned for aid from the
government, "but in vain." The Washoe Regiment, a volunteer organization of 544 men, were
joined by 207 U.S. troops under Captain J. M. Stewart and engaged in warfare June 2, 1860.
Page 159: Mendocino County - "Round Valley was first settled in 1856 as an Indian farm and
stationed by Government employees from the Nome Lackee Indian Reservation. It was not,
however, finally set off as a reservation un 1864, after many settlers' claims had been made within
its confines."
Page 161: Napa County - The tribe of Napa Indians were reduced in number after 1838 by
smallpox. Their food consisted of wild roots, earth-worms, small animals, grasshoppers, and bread
made from crushed kernals of the buckeye. When George Yount arrived in 1831 he estimated the
population of the Napa Valley to be between 3,000-5,000 of these Indians. Settlers claiming cattle
losses surrounded a sweat-house on the Bale Ranch near Oakville and randomly shot the men as
they emerged. In 1850 a party of men from Sonoma County killed 11 innocent Indians as they
emerged from a sweat-house. The men were never brought to trial.
Indian-White Relationships in No. Cal.
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Page 174: Nevada County - May 7, 1860, Nevada County citizens were informed of a massacre of
seven men. A group of approximately 100 men were formed, gathered ammunition, and followed
the trail until the 12th. They were ambushed at this point, near Pyramid Lake, by a group of Piutes
and many of the volunteers were killed. News of the event reached Nevada City and another group
of 75 men set out and fought for six weeks.
Page 241: Shasta County - The Indians of Scott and Shasta Valleys, (the Shasta's), called Mt.
Shasta Ieka, the white. The Indians believed the mountain to be the home of the Great Spirit, and
the grizzlies that roamed the country had captured the daughter of the Great Spirit and "married her
to one of their number; and that these were the progenitors of the Indians. They built little Mt.
Shasta for a wigwam for the captured girl that she might be near the lodge of her father."
Page 291: Trinity County - The Wintoons were on friendly terms with Major Reading; however,
after he left the Trinity area all white men were declared Indians of the local Indians. In 1852 the
Indians were massacred at the "bridge" and the remaining few agreed to peace. In March of 1852 a
man by the name of Anderson was killed and his cattle taken. Revenge was sought and a few days
later the Indian encampment was demolished.
Page 292: A short paragraph mentioning white men taking on Indian women as wives. The
"halfbreed" children from these couples are also briefly discussed.
5. Illustrations of Colusa County, California, With Historical Sketch. San Francisco, CA: Elliott and Moore,
1880.
Notes: from the chapter "Indians of Colusa County"
Abstract: Pages 28-29: Having no formal clothing, the Colus Indians of the male gender
improvised "civilized" dress using a stovepipe hat and one vest. "The latter was turned upside
down, the legs thrust through the armholes, and buttoned up behind." The women made tumicas of
hemp, which were simply hung at the waist. A "female child wore no tunica until about three years
of age beads, shells, and head dress were also worn."
pg. 29: Indians of Colusa County - Sioc, chief of the Colus tribe, showed his friendliness by daily
visits and having dinner with the white settlers. Eventually the settlers swam the river to accept a
dinner invitation. Tension grew when they turned down a pipe of tobacco, and a bowl of acorn
soup, however acceptance of smoked perch returned smiles to the faces.
Page 32: Sioc warned his people of the destruction the white men would bring them. He didn't
trust them, and often would tell the tribe that these messengers were not really from the "Great
White Chief." Smallpox diminished the number of the tribe drastically, and after Sioc's death "the
Indians knew no restraints and indulged in all sorts of vices, died off rapidly."
Page 33: Indians destroyed by plague - Col. J. J. Warner reported on the conditions of the Indians
in the Sacramento Valley in 1832-1833. He reported the drastic reduction in the Indian population
due to plague within the year of 1832 on his trip up through the Sacramento Valley and in 1833
upon his return. (Plague was apparently smallpox.) By 1880 there were probably 1/2 as many
Indians in the county as there had been in 1849. The remnant of the Colus tribe was living on Col.
George Hager's ranch, many of them taking to agriculture. It was expected, however, that by 1890
there would no longer by enough survivors to warrent a rancheria.
6. Index, Transcripts and Prison Papers.
Abstract: Abreu,Jose; manslaughter. Glenn. Box 2, File 13
Abreu, Alfred; manslaughter. Glenn. Box 278, File 11159
AH - 3 pages of Chinese
Berkins, Alejandro (Indian); 2nd degree murder. Sacramento. Box 175, File 2818
Berry, John; Furnish liquor to Indians. Sonoma. Box 196, File 5162
Bray, William; Furnish liqour to Indians. Sonoma. Box 196, File 7174
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Bulpitt, Frank (Indian); Grand Larceny. Box 221, File 7260
Burke, Frances M.; Furnish liquor to Indians. Lake. Box, 213, File 6555
Byers, Mary (Indian); Vagrancy. Colus. Box 213, File 6559
Barnes, I.; Criminal Syndicate. Plumas. Box 153,File 653
Barnes, Ivan C.; Criminal Syndicate. Plumas. Box 290, GFile 12656
Beavest, John; Syndicate. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Bendig, R; Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Bratland, Albin; Syndicate. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Brrens, John; Syndicate. Lassen. Box 153, File 653
Bryan, William; Syndicate. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Casey, Patrick; Syndicate. Alameda. Box 153, File 653
Charley (Indian); murder. Shasta. Box 182, File 3793
Charley (Indian); manslaughter. Sacramento Box 174, File 2676
Cistro, Charles (Indian); murder. Sacramento. Box 200, File 5538
Craddock, Maggie; Selling liquor to Indians. Yuba Box 213, File 6613
Dailey, Edward; Furnish liquor to Indians. Sonoma. Box 200, File 5547
Davis, Charles (Indian); robbery. Fresno. Box 231, File 7968
Dick (Indian); 1st degree murder. Shasta. Box 164, FIle 1572
Domingo (Indian); murder. Santa Barbara. Box 162, File 1408
Cederholm, H.; Criminal Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Chieas, J.B.; Criminal Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Clohessy, Joseph; Criminal Syndicate. L.A. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Cox, Frank; Criminal Syndicate. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Craig, John V.; Criminal Syndicate. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Crowley, Chas; Criminal Syndicate. Plumas. Box 153, File 653
Drew, C. A.; Criminal Syndicate. Lassen. Box 281, File 11537
Duke, H.C.; Criminal Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Dunn, Michael J.; Criminal Syndicate. Alameda. Box 153, File 653
Dunn, Clyde D.; Criminal Conspiring. L.A. Box 284, File 11947
Eaton, O.J.; Syndicate. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Ellis, Leo; Syndicate. San Joaquin. Box 153, File 653.
Erwin, Claude; Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Fiery, Eral; Syndicate. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Flannagan, William; Syndicate. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Franklin, F.; Syndicate. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
French, L.V.; Syndicate. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Fruit, Wallace E.; Criminal Syndicate. L.A. Box 290, FIle 12671
Gaveel, Jack; Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Gordon, James; Syndicate. L.A. Boc 153, File 653
Gross, Lawrence; Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Hart, Francis; Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Hollis, John C.; Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Hooker, Thomas; Syndicate. San Joaquin. Box 153, File 653
House, Roy; Syndicate. Plumas. Box 153, File 653
Johansen, B.; Syndicate. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Johnson, J.J.; Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Joozdeff, William. Syndicate. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Kleiberg, T.O.; Criminal Syndicate. L.A. Box 290, File 12664
Kohrs, Walter; Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Kuilman, R.; Syndicate. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Kyler, B.; Syndicate. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
La Londe, James; Syndicate. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Frank (Indian); Grand Larceny. Tuolomne. Box 187, File 4289
Garcia, A.; Selling liquor to Indians. Mano. Box 181, File 3709
Gilbert, Fred; Selling liquor to Indians. Co. Jail Butte. Box 799, File 5494
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Indian et al Bob; Murder. Eldorado. Box 168, File 1975
Indian et al Dick; Muder. Eldorado. Box 168, File 1975
Indian et al Lazurus; Muder. Eldorado. Box 168, File 1975
Indian et al White-Rock Jack; Murder. Eldorado. Box 168, File 1975
Isqac, Albert (Indian); Murder. Siskiyou. Box 186, File 4220
Jack (Indian); 1st Degree Murder. Shasta. Box 177, File 3071
Jack (Indian); 2nd Degree Murder. Fresno. Box 180, File 4393
Jake (Indian); Manslaughter. Mono. Box 201, File 5703
Jeff (Indian); 1st Degree Murder. Lake. Box 59, File 249
Jerry (Indian); Battery. Co. Jail Fresno. Box 185, File 4161
Jesus, Jose de (Indian); 1st Degree Murder. San Francisco. Box 171, File 2322
Jim (Indian); 1st Degree Murder. Shasta. Box 166, File 1764
Jim, et al (Indian); Intering Body. Co. Jail Placer. Box 200, File 5569
Jim, et al (Indian); 1st Degree Murder. Eldorado. Box 166, FIle 1798
Joe (Indian); Murder. Klamath. Box 160, File 1174
Joseph, Frank (Indian); Grand Larceny. L.A. Box 230, File 7858
Lyons, Tom; Prison # 38121; Syndicalsim San Quentin Prison. L.A. Box 53, File 653
Leonard, Roy; Syndicalism. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Lesse, Charles; Syndicalism. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Lewis, R. U.; Syndicalism. San Joaquin. Box 153, File 653
Lindsfod, Gunner; Syndicalism. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Longstreth, William; Syndicalism. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Malley, James P.; P# 33281; Syndicaism San Quentin. S.F. Box 153, File 653
Manni, Lauri; P# 37704; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Matlin, Henry; P# 35717; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Mattlin, Henry; P# 35717; Criminal Syndicate. San Quentin. L.A. Box 290, File 12662
McClennegan, F, E,; P# 38125; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A. Box 153, File 653
McGrath, C.F.; P# 37702; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
McHugh, James; P# 33280; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Alameda. Box 153, File 653
McIntyre, Philander; P# 11586; Syndicalism. Folsom Prison. Siskiyou. Box 153, File 653
McLaughlin, James; P# 12007; Syndicalism. Folsom. Alameda. Box 153, File 653
McNassor, E.; P# 38536; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Plumas. Box 153, File 653
McRae, John; P# 39347; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Mellman, P.; P# 37637; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Minton, R.W.; P# 37492; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653.
Minton, William. P# 38124; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A.. Box 153, File 653
Nicloson, Alex. P# 39348; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Nolan, John. P# 37907; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A.. Box 153, File 653
Norman, Lorraine. P# 57618; Syndicalism. Tehachapi Prison. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Olson, James; P# 35718; Syndicalism. San Quentin, L.A. Box 153, File 653
Orlando, J.; P# 37650; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Pedrson, Chris. P# 38360; Syndicalism. San Quentin, Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Peters, Edward R.; P# 35719; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Powell, Henry; P# 39349; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Price, James; P# 11814; Syndicalism. Folsom. L.A. Box. 153, File 653
Pugh, John; P# 38126; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Robinson, J.C.; P# 38127; Syndicalism. San Quentin. LA. Box 153, File 653
Roeschlan, George; P# 38128; Syndicalism. San Quentin, L.A. Box 53, File 653
Moore et al, Andy (Indian); P# 24392; 2nd Degree Murder. San Quentin. Lake. Box 1, File 1
Moore, William; Selling liquor to Indians. Co. Jail. Mendocino. Box 217, 6905
Nagel, William; Furnishing liquor to Indians. Co. Jail. Modoc. Box 212, File 6487
Oliver, Chas (Indian); P# 14307; 2nd Degree Murder. San Quentin. Mariposa. Box 209, File 6260
Pastorio (Indian); Murder. Marin. Box 154, File 679
Patricio (Indian); Manslaughter. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 166, File 1778
Pedro (Indian); Murder. Santa Clara. Box 155, File 825
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Phillips, Lee (Indian); P# 23919; Murder. San Quentin. Fresno. Box 238, File 8390
Pike (Indian); P# 10518; Murder. San Quentin. Shasta. Box 223, File 7402
Rollins, Larence (Indian); 1st Degree Murder. San Quentin. Tuolomne. Box 240, File 8509
Thomas (Indian); 1st Degree Murder. CO. Jail. L.A. Box 161, File 1219
Tom (Indian); 1st Degree Murder. San Quentin. El Dorado. Box 166, File 1798
Tom (Indian); 1st Degree Murder. Lake. Box 168, File 1926
Tom (Indian); Assult with Deadly Weapon. Folsom. Lassen. Box 190, File 4587
Ross, A. G.; P# 38361; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Russell, R. C.; P# 39458; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Rutherford, William; P# 38308; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Ryan, George; P# 35567; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Alamenda. Box 153, File 653
Sanchez, Raymond; P# 35891; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Shoker, Abraham; P# 35739; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Stark, Leo; P# 12680; Syndicalism. Folsom. S.F. Box 259, File 9448
Steelink, Nicholas; P# 33735; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Stewart, H.B.; P# 38794; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 143, File 653
Stragland, Albert; P# 12677; Syndicalism. Folsom. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Taylor, J.C.; P# 34159; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Alameda. Box 153, File 653
Taylor, R. V.; P# 39350; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Humboldt. Box 153, File 653
Thompson, F.W.; P# 38579; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Yuba. Box 153, File 653
Thurman, Roscoe; P# 36927; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Imperial. Box 153, File 653
Varela, Joe; P# 38133; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Vargo, Joseph; P# 37752; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Varela, Joe; P# 38133; Syndicalism. San Quentin. LA. Box 290, File 12689
Wagner, Frank; P# 12646; Syndicalism. Folsom. Sacramento. Box 290, File 12689
Ware, Paul; P# 37908; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A. Box 290, File 12689
Weiler, J.G.; P# 36067; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Alameda. Box 290, File 12689
Welton, Howard; P# 35568; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Alameda. Box 290, File 12689
Welton, Howard, P# 35568; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Alameda. Box 290, File 12676
White, Herbert; P# 37909; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Whittling, Ben; P# 35721; Syndicalism. San Quentin. L.A. Box 153, File 653
Wismer, Walter; P# 35945; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 156, File 653
Wieler, John G.; P# 36067; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Alamenda. Box289, File 12601
Woods, R.; P# 38362; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 153, File 653
Woods, R.; P# 38362; Syndicalism. San Quentin. Sacramento. Box 290, File 12678
Lemon, William; Selling liquor to Indians. Fresno. Box 67, File 281
Wukusich, Peter; P# 38795; Syndicalism. Sacramento. Box 290, File 12679
Wukusich, Peter; P# 38795; Syndicalism. Plumas. Box 153, File 653
Vincent (Indian); Murder. Santa Barabara. Box 153, File 653
Williams (Strong Bill) (Indian)); San Quentin. San Diego. Box 189, File 4468
Wilson, Manners (Indian); P# 14308; 2nd Degree Murder. San Quentin. Mariposa. Box 209, File
6260
Wright, Sam (Indian); P# 15691; 2nd Degree Murder. San Quentin. Mendocino. Box 211, File 6398
Bower, John C.; Defense: Bob Cherokee. 1870. Box 365, File 2141,17540
Bower, John C.; Def: Bob Cherokee. 1871. Box 88, File 3090, 3493
Bower, John C.; Def: Bob Cherokee. 1872. Box 68, File 3505, 4128
Coghlan, Frank. Def: S. Quartararo. 1911. Box 516, File 5459, 25115
Martin, George J. Def: George H. Chiossi. 1916. Box 489, File 8052, 22949
The People; Def: Vwaha (Indian). 1881. Box 251, File 10709, 11722
7. Last of the Yana Indians - The Story of IshiOlibert Memorial Park Colma, CA.
Notes: xerox copy in CSU Library
Abstract: Short history of capture and life of Ishi, the last Yana Indian. 12 Indians in Ishi's tribe.
Old age, illness, and violence left Ishi the only survivor. Wandered down to corral in Oroville to
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die. Born in 1862 approximately. Smallpox and other diseases killed off tribes, game moved and
Yana raided to survive. From 1861 to 1864 the Yana were reduced from 2,000 to 50. Vigilantes
engaged in wanton killing - result of two white women's unexplained deaths. In 1865 a ranch
family murdered near Yahi territory - brough a white attack on Ishi's village. Few escaped. Hunger
forced cattle stealing. Four cowboys slaughtered 30 Yahi women and young children trailing them
with dogs to Kingsley Cave. The 15 Yahi survivors retreated and for 40 years lived silently,
covering themselves from discovery. On April 4, 1885, Norvall, a settler, caught four Yahi taking
old clothes from his cabin and waved them free. They returned, leaving two baskets in gratitude.
In 1908 engineers discovered the village of the last 5 Yahi - a working crew looted the camp. Ishi's
sister and friend fled and he never saw them again. Ishi's mother died in 1908 and he lived alone
until 1911. Ishi became assistant janitor at $25.00 a month.
8. Medical Histories of Posts. Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1783-1917. Medical Histories of Posts.
Fort Bidwell, CA: 1870.
Notes: Record Group 94. 101:1-2.4-492.
Abstract: Assistant Surgeon D.G. Caldwell, USA "Locality and History of the Post."
"The reservation 1 3/8 miles wide, and 3 miles in length, is an irregular parallelogram in shape, and
extends from Willow Creek in the valley on the east, to the summit of the Warner Range of
Mountains on the west. The surface of the reservation ascends gradually from the creek on the east,
for about one half mile, and then rises abruptly to the summit of the mountain."
Notes: Record Group 94. 104: 96. 4.
Abstract: Assistant Surg. W. Matthews, "Record for the Month of March, 1879." Lt. Edwards, 1st
Cavalry, with small party Cavalry soldiers arrived on 13th and remained two days. He had left
Harvey to find some runaway Indians in Stlin's Mountains and being out of provisions, came in
here for supplies. The night of his arrival, some of his men got into a bar room fight in the village
with some of the men of this garrison; there were several cases of "contused wounds" on the sick
report next morning, and one of Edwards men was so badly injured that I had to retain him in the
hospital after the detachment left. He had optic neuritis and gen. inflammation of content of right
orbet.
Notes: Record Group 94. 104:100. 4-471.
Abstract: Asst. Surgeon W. Matthews, "Record for the Month of July, 1879." Frost in valley on
2nd from 16th to end of month very warm, heat glad. increased as month advanced. On 28th 96
degrees in shade at post.
On 8th Indians bring in young live wild ducklings and goslings for sale. Cannot fly. Easily caught.
Not yet fit for food.
Troops paid by Col. Potter on 22nd. Much conseq. drunkeness and two desertions next day from
Cavalry Company and others soon after. Have five cases on sick report from inebriation. Many
others suffer in silence. I recommend restraint of one man under guard for some weeks to give him
a chance to sober up.
Notes: Record Group 94. 104-112-114.
Abstract: George M. Kober, AAS, Post Surgeon, "Record of the month of July 1880" Quality of
rations good and food well prepared. Owing to inexperience of Post Baker, quality of bread not
what it should be.
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Notes: Record Group 94. 104: 136-137. 4-473.
Abstract: A.A. Surgeon, George M. Kober "Record for the month of July 1881." Quality of the
rations is good and cooking well done. Liberal amount of fresh vegetables used from Company
gardens.
Health of command good. Average number men on Sick report daily was 2.61 or 2.93% of the
command.
Hospital Fund:
On hand last month - $59.77
Cash received for savings - 3.85
Cash received from George Palmer, a civilian treated in Hospital for 23 days - 17.25
Totaling - 80.87
Disbursments - 2.51
Totaling - $78.36
13. Medical Histories of Posts. Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1783 - 1917. Medical Histories of
Posts. Fort Bidwell, CA: 1881.
Notes: Record Group 95. 104: 138-139.
Abstract: A.A. Surgeon George M. Kober. "Record for the month of August, 1881" During monday
beginning made to place Barracks in better sanitary condition. Dormatories thorougly cleaned, bed
bugs as far as practicable extermindated, rooms, and iron bunkds painted and the cracks, as far as
the supply of putty permitted, have been filled up. Interior of barracks had not been painted before.
Each dormatory provided with two openings in ceiling for ventilation. Enlisted men have added to
comfort of their rooms by purchase of green window curtains and material to drape their shelves,
looking glass, pictures and clocks. This voluntary effort on their part indicate at least a proper
appreciation of the improved general condition of their quarters.
Notes: Record Group 94. AGO. Medical History of Posts. 104: 142-143. 4-475.
Abstract: A.A. Surgeon George M. Kober "Record for the month of October 1881" No notes taken.
Notes: Record Group 94. AGO. Medical History of Posts. 104: 220-221. 4-481.
Abstract: A.A. Surg. George M. Kober, "Record for the month of December, 1884." No Notes
taken.
Abstract: Kober, George M. attending Surgeon, Special Report in compliance with GO No. 5, s and
g of the Army AGO.
"Although the food is well prepared it must be remembered that good cooks with reliable habits are
still scarce in the Army, and whatever success has been achieved is largely due to the ... zeal of
officers in supervising their company messengers. My personal observation at home and abroad
leads me to believe that the American soldier is better fed and cared for than most arrives..."
Gives typical weekly menu from which it appears that breakfast might be hash, bread, and coffee,
or fried bacon, oatmeal, bread and coffee. Dinner might be roast beef, loiled potatoes, bread, and
coffee, sometimes with gravy. On Sunday, the above, plus beans, lettuce (in season) pudding.
Occassionaly subsit. macaroni for potatoes. Supper: Cold beef, cold coffee, fish balls, boiled rice,
bread, coffee; stew, bread, coffee; boiled rice, baked potatoes, bread, coffee, gravy.
17. Medical Histories of Posts. Records of the Adjutant General's Office: 1783-1917. Medical Histories of
Notes: Record Group 94. 106:131-147. 4-491
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Books
Abstract: George M. Kober, Attending Surgeon, Special Report in Compliance with General
Orders, no. 5, Hqs. of the Army, AGO, January 23, 1893. "The men are actively engaged in
ordinary martial and fatigue duties. There are about 10 drills a week besides target practice and
stable duties, but they find sufficient time for baseball matches, hunting, and fishing; and the
amount of exercise required is not more than sufficient to keep the command in good health and
physical training."
18. A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California. Chicago, Illinois: The Lewis Publishing Co.,
1891.
Abstract: Page 114: Butte County; In the fall of 1853 Indians of Butte Co., killed ten Chinese.
Pence was named captain of a group of 30 whites and 30 Chinese. When found, between 40-60 of
the Indians were killed.
Page 141: Humboldt County; Between 1852-1856, Humboldt experienced a good deal of Indian
problems. In 1860, a large rancheria oppisite Eureka called Indian Island, was the scene of a
massive slaughter of over 150 Indian men, women, and children. The Hoopa Reservation was
established in 1864 and "by 1868 the last of the Indians were removed to it." The land is farmed by
the Indians "who have stock, raise some grain, have a flour-mill and seem prospering." The Indians
are not confined to the reservation, and many are employed as laborers.
Pages 595-596: Captain A.W. Starr, Supt. of Starr Mills at South Vallejo. Resident of California
since 1853. Has lived in Vallejo for past 19 years and in charge of the mills for past ten years. Born
in Huron County Ohio in 1824. At fourteen years of age entered business life as clerk in county
store in Plymouth O. and continued there until eighteen years of age when he came to California,
via Panama, arrived in San Francisco February 1853. Proceeded at ... to mining district - kept store
there ten months, then clerk in store in Sacramento until 1861. In September 1861 assisted in
raising co. of cavalry ... aptl 2nd Lt. Served in different parts of California, part of time in northern
California against Indians. Spring 1853 promoted to 1st Lt and few months later Captain. June 6,
1866 mustered out in command of his company . In February 1867 entered reg. army as 2nd Lt, 8th
US Cavalry. 1st Lt. 1868 and to Captain 1869. Left service in 1871, having served in Nevada and
New Mexico. Becoming tired of inactivity of military service, he took charge of mills at Vallejo.
Their cap in 2,000 bbls. per day, 250 tons wheat, 1300 bags ..., 500 bog middlings. 596 Coal from
Pittsburt mine is used to fire the mills two engines. Market primarily in Great Britain and Europe,
main office in Liverpool. Mill has been running since 1869.
19. Military Histories of Posts. Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1983-1917. Medical Histories of Posts.
Fort Bidwell, Ca.
Abstract: A.A. Surgeon George M. Kober, "Record for the Month of March, 1884." March 16 Private Fred Rowland, Troop H, 1st Cavalry deserted, but was overtaken at Alturas and brought to
this post.
March 24 - Captain Thomas Wilhelm with Corporals Tyesyar and Steward, Co. F, 8th Infantry, left
this post for Alcatraz Island, having in charge military convicts Baker and Reece.
20. Military Histories of Posts. Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1783-1917. Medical Histories of Posts .
Fort Bidwell, CA.
Notes: Record Group. 104:96. 4-468.
Abstract: Asst. Surgeon W. Matthews, "Record for the Month of March 1879." "The 17th was duly
and properly celebrated by a suicide. The Blacksmith of Co. C shot himself iwth his own carbine
about two miles from the post, and died of haemorrhage in about two hours after he committed the
act. Cause - whiskey, of course."
21. Military Histories of Posts. Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1783-1917. Medical Histories of Posts.
Fort Bidwell, CA.
Notes: Record Group. 94. 104:194-195. 4-481.
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Books
Abstract: A.A. Surgeon George M. Kober , "Record for the Month of November, 1883." November
6, Private Alfred Banks, Co.F, 8th Infantry, was brought to Hospital dead at 7 A.M. The autopsy
and history of the case indicated that death resulted from Comato-Asphyxia, the result of poisoning
by alcohol and subsequent exposure to cold.
December 17, Major Burt assumed command of post per Orders No. 110. Average number men on
sick report was 243, or 2.43% of the command. 5 officers, 95 enlisted men. Troop H., 1st Cavalry,
Co. F, 8th Infantry.
22. The National Guard of California, 1849-18801940.
Abstract: Gives brief history for each of the National Guard units (volunteer companies) for the
years 1849-1880. Gives date and place gathered for each, as well as reason organized (usually in
response to settlers' requests). Two volumes.
23. Nome Lackee Indian Reservation, Tehama County, CA.
Notes: photocopy from Tehama County Free Library, Kraft Coll.
Abstract: A three page summary on the history of the Nome Lackee Reservation from 1854-1861.
Included in the summary are the names of agents and subagents and the dates of their service.
24. The Northern California Indian1904.
Abstract: "Contained in 22 annual report of the executive committe of the Indian rights ass. for the
year ending December 31, 1904.
25. Northern California Indian Association. Circular Relative to Indian Industrial School .
Abstract: "Including report of special agent C. E. Kelsey, map of CA, and distribution of Indians in
California by counties.
26. Post Return Fort Far West. Returns From U.S. Miltary Posts, 1800-1916. Washington D.C.: United States
National Archives.
Notes: September 1849- April 1852. Inside spread of Return styled Camp Far West September December 1849. Cantonment Far West, January 1850 - April 1852. Cover title on folded report
always styled "Camp Far West."
Abstract: Davis, Nelson H. Mass. MA July 1, 1841. Briggen March 11, 1885. Hertman, 1, page
359. Ret. September 20, 1885. Died May 15, 1890. Day, Hannibal. UT. MA in September 1, 1819.
Col. 6th Inf., June 7, 1862,, March 26, 1865. Brevet Brig. Gen. Vols. Hertman, P. 362.
September 1849: Co. "F", 2d Inf., 1 captain, 1, 2nd Lt, 2 sgt., 1 cpl, 19 privates, 1 MCO, 2 privates
sick' total 2 officer, 27 enlisted men, 11 enlisted men onds., 1, 1st Lt AWOL, 11 enlisted men
absent sick. Co. "A,K", 5 privates - joined with Co. "E" from camp on the Sacramento having been
left there sick on March of detailed escort in August up the valley of the Sacramento on exploration,
expedition across or around Sierra Nevada condition by Brevet Captain Warner, Topographical
Engineers and party. Hannibal Day, Co. "F" Asst. Surgeon Robert Murray, 1st Lt. H.B.Hendershott,
commanding Co. "E" temporarily, Co. "F" absent Captain and Bt. Major J. B. Kingsbury, sick at
camp George Anderson near Sutter and directing removal of supplies and baggage of this station.
1st Lt. Herman Thorn, CO. "F" never got reborted "his whereabouts and whatabouts unknown." 2d
Lt N.H. Davis, Co. "E", Left at former encampment (below or enroute) removing supplies and
baggage of the command to this station. 2 deaths. Co. "E", 2d Inf., 3 sgts., 2 cpls., 1 fifer for duty,
and 11 privates. "Co. E and F, 2nd Inf., Co. F, arrived on Bear Creek and encampment on the 24th
Sept, below this, and on the 28th the stations was selected and occupied by said company... being
about two miles above Johnson's or Keyser's Rancho and on the right bank of Bear Creek." Co. E
arrived on the 29th. Both cos. left a number of sick and small guard for encampment near
Suttersville. 5 pvts. joined Co. E from camp on the Sacramento, having been left up the valley on
the March of the detailed escort in August up the valley of the Sacramento Valley on explorer
expedition across and around the other post returns (2/1852. 4/ 1852) state at 16.25 miles N.E. of
Nicolaus Sierra Nevada conducted by Brevet Captain Warner, Topography Engineers and Party.
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Books
October 1849: Day, Captain Hannibal, 2d Infantry, Cos. "E,F,A,K." Cos. "F,E" for day 5 sgt., 5
cpl., 1 drummer, 1 fifer, 40 privates; 4 privates on extra day, 9 enlisted men absent; 1 officer
AWOL, Private Thomas Scott, Co. B, 2d Inf., arrived October 20 from camp near Sutter. With Co.
"F" since may last, having been found at Valparsio, Chiele, left behind at Rio from on boards
transport Lea Queen in voyage out. Special Department orders September 20, 1849, HQ.,
Monterey, received October 14, direct Major Kingsbury to relinquish command of Co. "E", to
Brevet Captain Henderschott. Major Kingsbury relinquish command of pot to Captain Day on
October 8 having only on that day arrived from Camp near Sutter. ... of Co. "A,K" transfered to
escort (detail) under Casey with exploration expedition on October 21 to join him at Vernon on the
Sacramento on his ret. from upper valley. Officers October 1849 Day, comm. since October 8,
Major Kingsbury having relinquished command that day; Robert Murray, Asst. Surgeon; J.B.
Kingsbury, Captain and Brevet Major, Co. "E", 2d Inf. Joined from Camp near Sutter October 8.
Sick J. M. McKinstry, Captain and Brevet Major (General Staff) joined by assignment as asst.
quartermaster. October 5, 1849. Department of Special Orders no. 48 of September 20, 1849.
Brevet Captain George C. Westcott Command Co. "E" joined from Monterey October 8;
Department of Special Orders No. 48 September 20, 1849; 2d Lt. N.H. Davis, ACS joined from sd
camp near Sutter October 13. 1st Lt. Hathorn never having reported since his promotion to Co. "F",
General Ord. March 14, 1849.
November 1849: Day, Captain Hannibal, 2d Inf., Co. "E,F."
7 sgts., 7 cpls., 42 enlisted men for day, 14 privates sick 3 privates arrest or confinement, 6 officer Day; McKinstry, quartermaster; Robert Murrary, Asst. Surg; George C. Westcott, Captain Co. "E"
joined by promotion November 11, 1849; 1st Lt. N.H. Davis, Co."E", from 2d Lt., AACS 2d Lt.
H.B. Hendershott, Co. "F" absent 2d Lt. Ferdinand Paine, Co. "E", promoted to Co., Gen. Order
No. 38, July 5, 1849 not yet joined. Transfered J.J.B. Kingsbury, promoted Major 6 Inf., from Co.
"E", 2d Inf., General Order No. 38, July 5, 1849. Died: Herman Thorn, drowned in the Colorado,
Cal. October 16, 1849 enroute overland to gain his Co. Report received November 25, 1849. 5
deaths.
December 1849: Day, Captain Hannibal, 2d Inf., Co. "E,F."
Co. "E,F" 1 asst. surgeon, 1asst quartermaster, 2 captain, 1 ,1 Lt, 2,2 Lt, 6 sgt., 7 cpl, 1 drummer, 1
fifer, 49 privates for day, 12 privates sick, 3 privates extra day. 2d Lt. F. Paine, Co. "E", joined
December 24, from 4th Inf., 60 recruits required.
January 1850: Day, Captain Hannibal, 2d Inf., Co. "E,F." J. M. McKinstry on duty forwarding
supplies forth command was "camp" Quartermaster desegration is cantonement . 1 asst. surgeon; 2
captain; 1 1st Lt; 2 Lt for day, 6 sgt; 7 cpl; 40 privates;2 NCO; 11 privates sick; 3 privates extra
day; 1 assistant quartermaster; 1 NCO d.s.; 1 subaltern. 5 enlisted men on furlough; J.M. McKinstry
absent on day forwarding supplies for the command. Hendershott, Co. F on leave 7 leaves for 27th
of January, 1850.
February - July 1850: Day, Captain Hannibal, 2d Inf., Co. "E,F. Asst. Quartermaster McKinstry
ordered to duty at Presidio. 1 asst.; 1 captain; 1 1st Lt; 2 2nd Lt; 5 sgt; 4 cpl; 1 bugler; 23 privates
for day, 3 NCO, 14 privates sick; 1 NCO, 3 privates of extra day; 1 subaltern; 5 privates absent;
McKinstry transfered to Presidio, SF; Davis, AAQM as well as AACS and comanding Co. E,
Murray, Hendershott, Co. F, Paine, Co. E; Westcott, Co. E, 20 days leave, 1 death.. 1 drummer. 2
privates arrested in confinement. 85 recruits required.
March 1850: Still cantonment. 1 asst. surgeon; 2 captains; 2, 2nd Lt; 5 sergeant; 1 durmmer; 5 cpl;
23 privates for day; 1 NCO; 6 privates sick; 5 privates arrest or confinment; 1 subaltern; 1 NCO,
d.s. 1 in confinement, 1 death, 89 needed. 1st Lt. Davis, Co. E, since 28 March. Post orders no. 10,
March 25, 1850on duty at Benicia. On detail for service in the field, Department Order no. 13,
March 7, 1850. Making arrangements for movement of those companies in the field, etc.
April 1850: Co. "E" marched from post April 9 from Benicia being on detail for service in the field
11
Books
by Department Order No. 13, March 7, 1850. Lists Day, commanding, Robert Murrary, Asst.
Surgeon and H.B. Hendershott AACS and AAQM. Sames note as for March re. Co. E. 1 asst.
surgeon; 1 captain; 1 2nd Lt; 3 sgt; 2 cpl; 11 privates (one of Co. E.) 1 NCO; 1 private sick; 1 NCO;
2 privates extra duty; 2 privates arrest or confinement. 4 NCO d.s.; 1 on furlough; Co. E. (effective
force) marched from post April 9, for Benicia, being on detail for service in the field by Department
order No. 13 March 7th, 1850 10 Military Department Monterey.
May 1850: 1st Lieutenant W. N. Gardner joined by promotion May 19.
Effective force of Co. "E" still on detachment serve, in the field. 1 asst. surgeon; 1 captain; 1 1st
Lt; 2 Lt; 2 sgt; 2 cpl; 8 pvt. Co. F., 1 pvt., Co. F, for duty, 3 pvt. sick, 1 NCO, 4 pvt. extra duty; 3
pvt. arrest or confinement; 1 enlisted man d.s., 2 enlisted men furlough; 1 desertion, 1 death.
Effective force Co. E still on d.o. 51 reqruits required. 1st Lt. W. N. Gardner, joined by promotion
May 19, 1850. Day, Co. E., comdg., Murray, (Gen. Staff) Gardner, and Hendershott, Co. F.
Effective force of Co. E still on d.s. in the field at head of Sacramento Valley. 2 sgt., 3 cpl, 10 pvt.
fordy; 3 pvt. sick, 1 NCO, 4 pvt. extra duty; 2 pvt. arrest or confinement. 1 enlisted man furlough; 1
enlisted man discharged. 1 enlisted man dead. 52 reqruits required.
June 1850: Co. "E" still on d.s. in the field.
July 1850: 3 officers, 2 sgt., 2 cpl., 12 privates, and 2 privates Co. "E." 25 present. 1 asst. surgeon;
1 captain; 1 1st Lt; 1 2nd Lt; 2 sgt; 2 cpl; 14 pvts for duty; 1 NCO; 5 pvt extra duty; 4 pvt and one
in conf.; 1 desertion. Effective force Co. E still in d.s. Sacramento Valley. Hendershott AACS and
AAQM.
August 1850: Davis, 1st Lieutenant N. H., 2d Inf., Co. "E,F." Asst. Surgeon R. C. Murray relieved
from duty August 19. Transfer command by N. H. Davis. 2 1st Lts., 1 2nd Lt., 3 sgts., 4 cpl, 1
drummer, 17 pvts for duty, 2 pvts. sick, 2 NCO, 5 pvts extra duty, 1 pvt arrested or confined. 2
furlough, 1 pvt. sick, Day on d.s. since August 26, 1850. Relieving command August 26, Westcott
also on d.s.. Paine d.s. in field.
September 1850: Davis, 1st Lieutenant N. H., 2d Inf., Co. "E,F." 2 1st Lt, 1 2nd Lt, 4 sgt, 6 cpl, 16
pvts for duty, 1 NCo, 5 pvt sick, 1 pvt arrest or confinment. 2 captain, 1 subaltern d.s., 2 enlisted
men furlough; Co. E joined for service in field September 21, 1850. Day and Westcott and s. since
August 26 per Orders No. 6, dated HQ, 3d Division, Sonoma July 20, 1850. Paine d.s. in field
since April 6 per Post Orders No. 13.
October 1850: Day, Captain Hannibal, 2d Inf.,Co. "E,F" assumed command October 29. Robert C.
Abbot Asst. surgeon joined same day. Day relieved Gardner of command of Co. on October 19,
1850. Westcott on gen. recruiting service per Remim. Order No. 23, August 28, 1850. F. Paine, 2d
Lt, on d.s. in field since April 6, 1850. Order No. 2, HQ, Div., Benicia. Pres. for duty, 1 asst. surg, 1
captain, 2 1st Lt, 1 2nd Lt, 2 sgt, 5 cpl, 1 drummer, 13 pvts, 1 NCO, 8 pvts sick; 3 NCO, 5 pvts
extra duty, 1 pvt arrest or confinment. 1 absent sick, 1 in confinement, 1 joined by transfer, 1 from
desertion.
November 1850: Day, Captain Hannibal, 2d Inf., Co. "E,F." 2d Lieutenant Ferdinand Paine, Co.
"E", joined from d.s. in the field November 28. Relieved Lieutenant Hendershott AACS and
AAQM November 29. 1 asst. surgeon, 1 captain, 2 1st Lt, 2 2nd Lt; 3 sgt, 4 cpl, 14 pvts, 2 NCO, 3
pvts sick, 1 NCO, 9 pvts extra duty, 1 NCO, 3 pvts in confinment or arrest, 1 captrain, 1 subaltern,
1 enlisted man on d.s.; 2 fulough, 9 enlisted, 1 by transfer, 1 from desertion, 121 required.
Hendershott promoted to 1st Lt., Co. I, 2nd Inf. Samuel R. Holaburd, Co. F, by promotion, not yet
arranged. 2nd Lt. Paine returns from d.s. in field November 28, 1850, relieved Hendershott AACS
and AAQM November 29, 1850.
December 1850: Day, Captain Hannibal, 2d Inf., Co. "E,F" Temp "I." 1 asst. surgeon, 1 captain, 2
1st Lt, 1 2nd Lt, 4 sgt, 4 cpl, 16 pvts for duty, 8 pvt sick, 2 NCO, 9 pvts extra duty, 1 NCO, 5 pvt
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Books
arrest or confinement. 124 required.
January 1851: Co. "F", detachment, 2d Infantry, Co. "E,F". from post to Benicia, per Order no. 14,
HQ, 10th Military department. Left f June. Left 3 officers, Day, Abbott, and Ferdinand Paine at post
Day left. June 1851 signed by 1st Lt. N. H. Davis assured command. June 9, Day on leave. June
report signed by Davis as commander. Garder member gen. court martial S.F., left post January 21,
1851.
January - May 1851: Day, Captain Hannibal, 2d Inf., Co. "E,F."
February 1851: 1 asst. surgeon, 1 capt., 2 1st Lt., 1 2nd Lt., 5 sgt, 5 cpl, 1 drummer, 23 pvts, 1 pvt
sick, 4 pvt. extra duty, 2 pvt arrest or confinement. 126 needed. Westcott on recruit service.
March 1851: 2nd Lt. John W. Fraser not yet joined since promotion from 5th Inf. Day, Co. F,
William M. Gardner, same Co; Paine and Davis Co. E.
April 1851: 4 sgt, 5 cpl, 1 drummer, 16 pvts for duty, 1 enlisted man sick, 6 extra duty; 10 enlisted
men arrest or confinement, 2 officer d.s. 125 needed. Fraser not yet joined.
May 1851: 3 sgt, 4 cpl, 21 pvts duty, 3 sick, 5 extra duty, none sick, 6 arrest or confinement, 1
discharge, experience service. William M. Gardner made order for Coast Survey. Fraser to duty
from 5th Inf., May 23, 1851.
June 1851: Davis, N. H., 1st Lt., 2d Inf., Co. "E,F." Co. "F", 2d Infantry, to Benicia June 17 per
order no. 14, headquarters, 10th military departments, June 9, 1851. Day on absence per S.O. no.
14, HQ, Pacific Division, Sonoma, CA,
May 1851. Relinquish command and left post June 9, 1851. Left three officers off, Day, Abbott,
and Ferdinand Paine at post. Day left June 1851 signed by 1st Lt. N. H. Davis. Assumed command
on June 7, Day on leave of absence per Special Order No. 14, Hd, Div, of the Pacific, Sonoma May
28, 1851. Reliving command and left post June 9, 1851, Davis command Gardner on detachment on
coast survey G.O. no. 6, February 8, 1851, HQs Army, AGG. Left post June 6. Fraser d.s. for field
Order No. 14, HQ, 10 Military Department, Benicia, June 9. Left post June 17. Co. F left post June
17, per orders No. 14, HQs, 10 Military Department, Benicia, June 7, 1851. Left at post 1 asst.
surgeon, 1 1st Lt, 1 2d Lt., 3 cpl, 1 drummer, 8 pvts, 2 extra duty, 2 arrest or confinement.
July 1851: Davis, 1st Lieutenant N. H., 2d Inf., Co. "E." Davis, Commander, Co. "E" on duty at
post. 1st Asst. surg., 1 detachment, 1 sgt., 2 cpl., 8 privates for day, 2 on extra day. 3 arrest or
confinement. 68 needed.
August 1851: Co. "E." Nelson H. Davis, 1st Lieutenant, 2d Inf., Comdg. 3 men sick, 10 enlisted
men for duty.
September 1851: Davis, Lieutenant Nelson H. 2d Inf., Co. "E." Still called cantonement, also called
Camp Far West on same returns. 1 man sick.
October 1851: Davis, Lieutenant Nelson H. 2d Inf., Co. "E." 7 pvts. for duty, 2 sgt, 1 cpl, 5 on
extra duty, 3 officers, none sick.
November 1851: Davis, Lieutenant Nelson H. 2d Inf., Co. "E."
December 1851: Davis, Lieutenant Nelson H. 2d Inf., Co. "E." Continues to state Co. E
"temporarily at post" 2 sgts, 10 pvts for duty, 1 sick, 3 arrest, 4 extra duty, 1 off. d.s.
January 1852: Davis, Lieutenant Nelson H. 2d Inf., Co. "E."
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Books
February 1852: Davis, Lieutenant Nelson H. 2d Inf., Co. "E."
Asst. Surgeon John Campbell joined Feb. 25, 1852.
Asst. Surgeon B. O. Abbott leaves post Feb. 29, 1852.
March 1852: Comd. by 2d Lt. Ferdinand Paine, 2d Inf., March 22. Co. "E", 2d Inf., since March 27.
Davis on d.s. per instruction from divison headquarters.
April 1852: Comd. by Davis since April 4, 18 recruits are from Benicia's April 22 and 6 recruits are
from Benicia April 30. Asst. Surgeon John Campbell, AWOL, since April 29, 1852. April last
return. 52 for duty, 1 1st Lt, 1 2nd Lt, 2 sgts, 2 musicians, 27 pvts, 2 sick, 6 extra duty, 4 arrest or
confinement. 9 desertions.
27. Post Return Fort Jones. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916. Washington D.C.: United States
National Archives.
Notes: National Archives Microfilm Publications. Microcopy No. 617. Roll 560.
Abstract: Captain and Brevet Major:
Fitzgerald, Edwards H., 1st Dragoons; Gyle, C. H., 2nd Lt., 1st Dragoon; Radford, Richard Carlton
Walker, 1st Lt., 1st Dragoon; Alden, Bradford Ripley, Captain, 1st Dragoon; Collins, Joseph
Benson, 1st Lt., 4th Inf.; Patton, George, Brevet Major, 4th Inf.; Bonnycastle, John C., 1st Lt., 4th
Inf; Judah, Henry Moses, Captain, 4th Inf; Crook, George, 2nd Lt., 4th Inf; Russell, David Allen,
Captain, 4th Inf; Wyse, Francis Octavus, Captain, 3rd artillery; Underwood, Edmund, Captain, 4th
Inf;
October 1852- June 1858. As the post return indicates any actions with Indians other than the
detachment sent to Oregon during the Rogue River War? No
October 1852: Latitude: 41 degrees, 35'37"N; Longitude: 122 degrees, 52'0"W.Bvt. Major Edwards
Fitzgerald, Comdg. Camp at Klamath Springs, CA. Co A: 1 Dragoon, 30 gt, 1 cpl, 1 bugler, 16
privates; Co. E: 1 Dragoon, 1 sgt., 1 farrier and blacksmith, 14 privates. I Bvt. 2nd Lt., Topo Eng.
(R.L. Williamson, and 1 Hospital Steward at Camp Boone, temp. with command on daily duty.
October 16, selected a point in vicinity of the Dragoon encampment in Scotts Valley, Siskiyou
County for post to be called Fort Jones by order Brevet Col. George Wright, Comdg. No. Dist. Cal,
15 miles SQ town of Yreka, Siskiyou County, a p.o. is authorized to be established at Yreka. C.H.
Crane , Asst. Surgeon; Thomas F. Castor, 1st Lt., Co 1st Dragoon; Robert J. Williamson, temp. at
post is reported on return of Fort Reading per letter of Brecet Colonel George Wright, Comdg. No.
District of Cal., October 22, 1852. October return is a field return of Sqdm, 1st Dragoon.
November 1852: Fitzgerald comdg. Co. A: 1st Lt, 30 gt, 2 cpl, 1 bugler, 1 farrier and blks, 50
service horses, 30 privates; Co E:1 capt, 20 gt, 3 cpl, 2 bugler, 1 farrier and blks, 18 privates, 49
service horses. Lt. Wrson still there wtih Pvt. Morgan. Absent Captain John W. T. Gardiner, Co. A,
1 Drag., on furl. to April 52 and sick leave since them. 1st Lt. C.W. Radford, CO. E, joined by
promotors, 2nd Lt. G.F. Evans, Co A, sick leave, since October 30, 1850, 2nd Lt. C. H. Ogle, Co.
E, on d.s., Yreka since Nove. 29, 1852.
Ogle assumed command January 31. 1st Lt. R.C. W-Radford, assumed command, March 22, 1853,
having joined same detachment with detachment of Ind. from For Reading. A and E, 1st Dragoon
and Co E., 2nd Inf., and Co. D, 4th Inf., dated, 1st Asst. surgeon, and 1st lt., 2 2nd Lt, 2 sgt., 3 cpl.,
1 farrier blks, 24 privates; 2 sick, 12 on extra or daily duty, 98 service horses, 3 unserved. Ogle
AACS, and AAQM
December 1852: Fitzgerald, Captain and Bvt. Major E. 1st U.S. Dragoons A and E. 2nd Lt. Charles
H. Ogle, 1st Dragoon, E, joined Nov. on d.s., Yreka since Nov. 29.
January 1853: Ogle comdg., 2nd Lt. Charles H, 1st Dragoon. A and E. Major Fitzgerald relinqished
command of post and stared for Ft. Reading with Co. A and E on January 31st. The provisions of
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Books
Fort Jones having given out. Leaving 1 asst. surg, 1 2nd Lt., and 21 enlisted men. Chas. H. Ogle
Co. E to get supplies.
February 1853: Ogle, 2nd Lt. Charles H., 1st Dragoon, A and E, 98 service horses, 3 unserviced, of
21 men, 3 sick and 10 on daily or extra duty.
March 1853: Radford, 1st Lt, Richard C.W. 1st U.S. Dragoon. A and E. 2nd Inf., E, 4th Inf., D.
Comdg., 4 officers, 44 enlisted men. Off... present Radrord, Crave, Ogle, and 2nd Lt. Francis H.
Bates, Co. D, 4th Inf., temp at post.
April 1853: Fitzgerald assumed command April 22, 1853. Troops left Fort Reading on April 15,
arrived 22. Bats left Fort Reading April 1. Fitzgerald, Crane, Richard C.W. Radford, Thomas F.
Cator, Charles H. Oble, Isaiah N. Moore, Brevet 2nd LT. Troop A. (Radford, Col. 2nd Va. Calvary,
(SA). 1 asst. surg., 1 capt., 1 1st Lt., 1 2nd Lt., 1 Brevet 2nd Lt., 6 sgt., 2 buglers., 2 farr., and rebs.,
38 privats for duty, 11 sick, 16 daily duty, 6 arrest or confine.
May 1853: Radford relieved Fitzgerald, Command, May 27. Brevet Lt. Col. George Wright arrived
May 24; after inspecting post and country as far east as Yreka, left for Ft. Reading on May 27.
Captain Bradford R. Alden arrived at post with Co. E, same regiment, from 4th Inf., E joined from
Columbia Barracks.
June 1853: Co. A and E, 1st Dragoon, Co. F, 4th Inf,. 1 capt., 1 asst. surg., 2 1st Lt., 2 2nd Lt., 6
sgt., 3 cpl., 3 buglers., 1 must., 1 farr blk., 34 pvt for duty, 5 sick, 45 daily on txtra duty, 1 anrrest or
confine. Total 99 enlisted men, 70 service horses. 2nd Lt Isaiah N. Moore ordered to Benicia
Barrack. Alden assumed command June 1. 1st Lt. and Brevet Captain U.S. Grant absent, Co. E, 4th
Inf,. as Regim, QM, since April 1, 1847, Col. barracks, Washington Territory.
July 1853: 57, aggregagte of companies A and E, 1st Dragoon, left post with asst. surgeon. July 12,
temp. detachment (Orders No. 32, Fort Jones, July 12) for Emigation Trail on Clear Lake, CA, 120
miles west of Yreka. 3 members left at post sick. 28 non-com a pvts. detachment since June 16 as
escort to Lt. Williamson, Topo Eng., explore pacific railroad route. Alden and 2nd Lt. Joseph B.
Collins only 2 officer and 25 enlisted men remaining. Alden, 1st Dragoon A and E, 4th Inf., B and
E. Asst. Gen. Crane, Radford, Castor and Ogle at Clear Lake (Emigrant Trail)
August 1853: Commanded by 1st Lt. Joseph B. Collins since August 8, 1st Dragoon A and E, 4th
Inf., B and E. Detachment to Rogue River Valley, Captain Alden and 10 enlisted men, Co. E, 4th
Inf., left post August 7 for suppression of Indian hostilties in Rogue River Valley, Oregon. Severely
wounded there August 24, 1853. Captain Alden and 10 men left post August 7 for suppresion
Indian hostitlies at Rogue River Valley, Oregon. No servicable horses remain at post. Post
commanded by 1st Lt. J.B. Collins, 4th Inf. Left 1 sgt., 1 cpl., and 8 pvt for duty, 1 NCO, 3 pvts
daily or extra duty. August reports that Alden severely wounded August 24, 1853 in engagement
with Indian Rogue River Valley. Gardiner still on railroad survey. Grant still regim. QM, Fort
Vancouver, W.T. John B. Hood, Brevet 2nd Lt., C.E., 4th Inf., Attached to Co. from Military
Academy from General Orders No. 19, War Department of the Pacific, July 1, 1853. On leave
absence until September 30, 1853.
September 1853: Collins, Comdg., on temporary duty at post. Transfer from E to B Co. by
promotion. Co. A and E, 1st Dragoon (72 aggreg) transfer to new post to Rogue River Valley per
verbal order Brevet Col. George Wright. Alden returned to post sick, September 22. 1st asst. surg.,
1 1st Lt, 2 sgt., 2 cpl., 7 pvt for duty. 2 sick, 8 on extra duty. Asst. surg. Francis Sorrel joined
September 8. Asst. surg. Crane transfer to new post Rogue River Valley, September 20, 1853, per
orders Bvt. Col. Wright., Comdg. No. District of CA.
October 1853: Captain and Brevet major George W. Patten comdg., since October 1, Co. K, 2nd
Inf., joined October 6. 2nd Lt. George W. Crook joined October 15 joined Co. E, transfer from Co.
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F. Alden left October 15. 1st Lt. Grant, Brevet 2nd Lt., Alfred E. Latimer and John B. Hood absent
without leave. Captain Alden left Fort Jones with verbal permission from Comdr. No. Dist. Ca. Co.
K, 2nd Inf.: 1 capt., 1 2nd Lt., 2 sgt., 2 cpl., 5 pvts. for duty., 4 extra duty., 1 arrest or confinement.
Co E, 4th Inf: 1 2nd Lt., 1 sgt., 2 cpl., 3 pvt., 3 sick., 10 extra duty., total force of 34.
November 1853: Bonnycastle comdg. since November 21, joined by promotion as 1st Lt., from Fort
Humboldt November 8. Alden resigned from Co. E, 4th Inf., September 29, 1853. Gen. Orders No.
24, War Department October 11, 1853. Grant transfer by promotion as Captain General Orders No.
24, war Department Octover 11, 1853. Judah promoted to Co. E, September 29, 1853, G.O. No. 24,
War Department October 11, 1853. Latimer and Hood AWOL. Co. K, 2nd Inf., (20 aggreg) broken
up. 7 pvts. transfered to Co. E, 4th Inf., 3 pvt absent on d.s. 1 pvt. absent sick. 3 officers (1 absent
sick) and 6 non-com transfer from post Division Orders No. 7, November 7. Left post November 21.
Leaving at post 1 asst. surg., 1 capt. 1 1st Lt., 2 sgt., 11 pvts. for duty., 1 sick, 7 extra or daily duty,
4 arrest or confined. Crook post adjut. relieved command Co. E by Bonnycastle November 9.
December 1853: Bonnycastle, 1st Lt. John C., 4th Inf., E. Captain Henry M. Judah joined from
AWOL December 30, 53, not yet assumed command. Hood AWOL since September 30, 1853.
January 1854: Judah assumed command January 1, 1854. Bonnycastle AACS, and AAQM. Crook
post adjut. Per S.O. No. 49, HQ, Army. Hood since September 30, 1853 at Fort Columbus. Francis
Sorrel, asst. surgeon. 33 men and 4 officers.
February 1854: Bonnycastle Comdg. since Feb. 10, 1854. Co. E: 1 asst. surg., 1 1st Lt., 1 2nd Lt.,
2 sgt., 2 cpl., 14 privates for duty, 3 sick, 8 extra dury, total 29 enlisted men. plus 1 enlisted men ,
Co K. temp at post. Judah left post February 10 on his own leave for 7 days. No order records.
Without leave Since Feb. 18.
March 1854: Bonnycastle comdg. Judah left post Feb. 10, 1854 on d.s. since Feb. 20, per Order No.
10, Feb. 20, dated HQ, Department of the Pacific. John B. Hood, Brevet 2nd Lt., joined from d.s.,
March 22, 1854. Judah granted 60 days leave.
April 1854: Bonnycastle, Co. E, S.O. 33, April 11, HQ, Department of the Pacific.
May 1854: Bonnycastle, Co. E, 4 officer and 20 enlisted men for duty. 1 asst. surg., 1 capt., 1 1st
Lt., 1 2nd Lt., 16 pvts., 1 sick. 7 extra duty, 1 confinement.
June 1854: Bonnycastle, Co. E. Judah on d.s. at Fort Humboldt per letter, Department of Pacific,
SF, June 6, 1854. Left post Feb. 10, 1854.
July 1854: Bonnycastle, Co. E. Captain U.S. Grant, 4th Inf., to transfer to Co. E, from Co. F, 4th
Inf., June 10, 1854. Regt'l Orders No. 33, June 10, 1854. Not joined. Resigned July 31, 1854.
Special Order No. 87. War Department, AGO June 3, 1854. Judah transfer from Co. E to Co. F,
4th, June 10, 1854, Regl. Orders No. 33, June 10, 1854, but transfer annulled by Ltter from AGO.
August 1854: Bonnycastle comdg. Hood post Adj: Crook AACS and AAQM M. Sorrel, asst.
surgeon, Co. E. 1 1st Lt., 1 2nd Lt., 1 Brevet 2nd Lt., 1 sgt., 2 cpl., 11 pvts. for duty., 2 sick., 9
extra duty, 2 arrest or confined. Total 27.
September 1854: Bonnycastle comdg. Hood on d.s. in charge of public animals enroute to Fort
Reading. Post S.O. No. 4, September 25, 1854. Left September 26. 1 asst. surg., 1 1st Lt., 1 2nd Lt.,
1 sgt., 3 cpl., 9 pvts.., and 7 non-com on daily or extra duty, 3 non-coms arrested.
October 1854: Crook, 2nd Lt. George, 4th Inf., E. Crook relieved Bonnycastle command October
30, 1854. Bonnycastle on d.s. under specific duty Subsistence Department, San Diego, SO No. 95,
HQ, Department of the Pacific, October 16, 1854. Left post October 30, 1854. Captain David A.
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Russell joined by transfer from Co. K, 4th Inf., on Reg. Orders, No. 62, September 26, 1854. No
joined. 1 asst. surg., 1 2nd Lt., 1 Brevet 2nd Lt., 10 pvts, 3 arrest or confined, total 25.
November 1854: Crook, 2nd Lt. George, 4th Inf., E. Other officers: Francis Sorrell, Asst. Surg and
John B. Hood, Brevet 2nd Lt. 25 enlisted men.
December 1854: Russell, Captain David A., 4th Inf., E. assumed command December 31, 1854.
Relieved Crook command December 31, 1854. Bonnycastle still on special duty, Subsistence
Department at San Diego.
January 1855: Russell, Captain David A., 4th Inf., E. 1 asst. surg., 1 capt., 1 2nd Lt., 1 Brevet 2nd
Lt., 1 sgt., 3 cpl., 13 pvts. for duty., 3 sick., 11 extra duty., 4 arrest or confined. Russell temporarily
at post. Judah taken up Co. E. Judah currently on duty at Fort Humboldt.
February 1855: Russell, Captain David A., 4th Inf., E. Judah on duty at Fort Humboldt. Transfers
of Judah and Russell and Floyd-Jones per Reg. Order No. 33, June 10, 1854 and Reg. Order No. 62,
September 26, 1854 having been revoked by Secretary of War per SO No. 6, HQ, Department of
Pacific, January 1855. Captain G. is taken up by his original co (Co. E) and Captain Russell is
dropped from same co.
March 1855: Russell, Captain David A., 4th Inf., E.
April 1855: Crook, 2nd Lt. George, 4th Inf., E. In command since April 30, 1855. Judah still on
duty Fort Humboldt. Hood Adj'd Recruiting officer. 1 asst. surg., 1 2nd Lt., 1 Brevet 2nd Lt., 1 sgt.,
3 cpl., 22 privates for duty, 5 extra, 1 sick, 3 arrest or confined.
May 1855: Crook, 2nd Lt. George, 4th Inf., E. In command since April 30, 1855. Judah still on
duty Fort Humboldt. Hood Adj'd Recruiting officer.
June 1855: 1st Lt. Bonnycastle still on d.s.. Subsistence Department, San Diego. Left October 30,
1854. Crook and Hood on d.s., Crook as AACS and AAQM to an escort to accompany Lt.
Williamson. Crook relieved command of post June 20, 1855. Hood left post June 21, 1855. 30
enlisted men on detach services. June return: 2 on d.s., May return. Judah, Captain Henry M,
ssumed command June 20. 5 officers, 83 enlisted men,
July 1855: Judah on d.s. operating against the Klamath Indians. Left post July 29, 1855.
Bonnycastle, Crook and Hood still d.s. Return signed by Sorrel, in temporay command.
August 1855: Judah comdg. records letter from Department of Pacific dtd August 10, received
August 20, approving steps taken by Judah and asst. Surgeon Sorrel for suppr. hostil and protection
of inoffensive Indians. Judad relieves Sorrel command August 8. Bonnycastle, of Subistence
Department, San Diego, Crook still on d.s.. Hood transfer by promotion to 2nd Calvary. Judah
AAQM, AACS and recruiting officer. Co. E, 4th Inf., 1 asst. surgeon, 1 captain, 2 sergeant,
2corporal, 1 musician, 16 privates for duty, 13 extra duty, 10 sick, none arrest or confined, 2 officer
and 28 men d.s. 1 enlisted man AWOL. 10 recruits required.
September 1855: Bonnycastle still subsist. Department San Diego. Crook, AAGS and AAQM to
escort to acompany Williamson per Special Order No 40, HQ, Department of the Pacific, June 4,
1855. Left post June 30. September return submitted by Judah, October 10. 1 asst. surg., 1 capt., 1
mus., 1 cpl., 11 pvts. for duty., 11 enlisted men extra duty., 1 sick., 1 arrest or confine., 3 off., 47
men d.s. 2 AWOL. Judah left post September 28, operating against Klamath Indians. Sorrel
command of post since September 28. Per P.O. No. 8, September 27.
October 1855: Judah return from Indian expedition October 29, 1855, relieved Sorrel, assumed
command same day. Bonnycastle and Crook still d.s. 1 asst. surgeon, 1 captain, 2 sgt., 2 cpl., 1
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Books
must., 22 men duty, 14 extra duty, 3 arrest or confined, 2 officer and 29 men d.s. 1 AWOL.
November 1855: Crook joined from d.s. November 6. In command of post since November 7, asst.
surgeon Charles H. Keeney joined by transfer same day. Sorrel transfer to Carlisle Bks per Speacial
Order No. 151, War Department, AGO, August 17, 1855. Left post November 5. Judah left post
November 7 against Indians. 1 asst. surgeoin, 1 2nd Lt., 1 sgt., 1 cpl., 9 men for duty, 11 enlisted
men extra duty, 2 sick, 3 arrest or confined, 2 officer and 48 men d.s. 1 AWOL. Total 2 officer and
51 men absent from post. Co. E, 4th Inf.
December 1855: 1 asst. surg., 1 captain, 2 sgt., 4 cpl., 44 enlisted men for duty (including 3 temp at
post). 19 enlisted men extra duty, 4 sick, 2 arrest or confined, Judah return and assumed command
December 12. Crooks left for Fort Reading December 13 to settle accounts as AAQM in
Williamson expedition.
January 1856: Crook joined for d.s. January 19. Relieved J. as AAQM, ACS< and Recr. officer
Bonnyc still d.s. Crook on Indian duty Rogue River Valley per P.O. No. 6.
February 1856: Left February 16. 2 officers and 44 men d.s. 9 privates, 2 sgts. for duty. 9 on extra
duty.
March 1856: Crook still d.s. 2 officers and 44 men d.s.
April 1856: Commanded by Captin F. O Wyse, who joined by transfer from Fort Reading. 3rd
Artillery Co D., 4th Inf., E, commanded. , 1 captain, 1 2nd Lt., 3 sgt., 2 musicians, 35 privates, 5
enlisted men extra duty, 4 sick, 4 arrest or confine. Co. E: 4th Inf., 2 sgt., 1 musicians., 5 privates
for duty, 12 extra duty, 1 sick, 2 arrest or confine, 2 officers, 42 men d.s., 2nd Lt. R. Ransom, Co.
to 3rd Artillery, AASM, ACS, and in command of Co E, 4th Inf. Judah on leave of absence 7 days
with permission to apply for extention of it. Left post April 11 with surg. certif. Civilians employed.
1 in commis. Dept $75 per mo. and 1 ration, 1 plasterer @ $8 per day and 1 ration, working on new
buildings. Crook still Ind. duty Rogue River Valley.
May 1856: Crook stil on above duty Commanded by Wyse. Judah on sick leave for 30 days. 2nd
Lt. Dawbar R. Ransom on scout over Crescent City trail left Fort Jones May 19. Judah on sick leave
for 30 days as SF, Ca, per Special Order No. 66., HQ, Depatment of the Pacifi, May 8. 1st Lt.
Hiram Dryer, Co. E, 4th Inf., joined by transfer from Co. H, 4th Inf. Co. R, 3rd artillery, 1 captain,
2 musicians, 4 privates for duty, 4 enlisted men on duty, 8 enlisted men on extra duty, 2 enlisted
men arrest or confined, 1 officer and 51 men d.s., 2 officer absent sick (Judah) Bonny tranfer to Co.
H, 4th Inf., 1 civilian employed. Commis. Department $75 and 1 ration.
June 1856: Wyse Comdg. 2nd Lt. Dunbar Ransom still on scout near Crescent City Trail. Crook
Indian duty Rogue River Valley. Judah still on sick leave. Dryer sick at Wash D.C.
July 1856: Wyse Comdg. Judah joined from absent sick July 9; Ransom from d.s. July 14, Crook
from d.s. July 28, Co D, 3rd Artillery.:1 capt, 1 2nd Lt., 3 sgt., 2 mus., 29 privates, 10 enlisted men
extra duty, 5 sick, 2 arrest or confine, 21 enlisted men d.s.. Co. E, 4th Inf., 1 capt. 12 Lt., 2 sgt., 1
mus., 9 privates for duty, 9 enlisted men extra duty, 3 sick, 1 arrest or confine, 48 enlisted men d.s.
August 1856: Crook comdg, since August 28. Wyse, Ransom and 43 men left Augsut 5, for
Benicia, per SO No. 43, Department of Pacific, July 24, 1856. Judah left post August 28 per PO
No. 24, Fort Jones August 21, 1856, oper. against hostile Indians, Pitt River Counry. 1 civilian at
$90 per mod/ rations in quartermaster department. Co E, 4th Inf., 1 2nd Lt., 1 cpl., 4 privates for
duty, 12 extra duty, 2 sick, 4 arrest or confine, 39 enlisted men and 1 officer d.s., 1 officer and 8
men absent sick.
September 1856: Ed. Underwood, comdg. Co D, 4th Inf., joined post September 26. Making total
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Books
of 62 privates for duty (32 Co D, 30 Co E) Underwood joined September 24 and assumed
command same day. Crook relieved Underwood of command of Co. D, September 30. Judah
AWOL since September 20. Citizen wagon and forage master at $90 per month and ration. 3 off.
and 39 enlisted men absent.
October 1856: Judah Comdg. joined October 14, 1856. Also comdg. Co E. Underwood promoted to
Co. B, 4th Inf. 4 off. and 39 enlisted men present. On d.s., Captain Henry L Scott, Co D., 4th Inf.,
Semoraide-de-Comp to General-in-Chief. Gen. Crook Co. D, as Guard for protection of Mr. Tracy
and paty who are surveying public lands in Klamath Lake District. Left post Ocotber 12, 1856. 2nd
Lt. Philip H. Sherida. Co D, 4th Inf. Left Co. August 2, 1855 on dy with LT. Williamson's escort,
supposed to be only at Grande Ronde Reserve. As post: 1 asst. surg., 1 captain., 1 2nd Lt., 2 sgt., 4
cpl., 3 musicians., 36 privates., 28 enlisted men extra duty, 5 sick, 4 arrested or confined, 3 officers,
46 men d.s.
November 1856: Judah Comdg. 1st Lt Crook joined from d.s., Novemeber 5. Assumed command
of Co D same day. Keeney med. off. 2nd Lt. James H. McCall, Co. E, 4th Inf., d.s. in charge public
animals enroute Fort Jones, Fort Vancouver, per PO No. 33, Fort Jones, October 31, Left post Nov.
1.
December 1856: Judah Comdg. Scott and Sheridan still d.s. Private Samuel Freely, Co. D, 3rd
Artillery in confinement for desertion, September 9. Surrendered himself. Cos. D and E, 4th Inf.
Sheridan left August 2, 1855 as Williamson's escort supposed to be duty at Grand Rondu Reserve.
January 1857: Judah Comdg. Scott and Sheridan still d.s.
February 1857: Judah Comdg. Scott and Sheridan still d.s. Co. D and E, 4th Inf., 65 enlisted men
for duty, 7 sick, 4 arrest or confine, 3 officers, 21 men d.s. 1st Lt. H. Dryer in command of post
since Feb. 9. Judah left post Feb. 9, at Benicia Barracks on off business connected with outbreak
on Pitt River.
March 1857: Judah joined March 3, 1857 in command of Co E and post. Scott's Sheridan still on d.s.
April 1857: Dryers in command since April 13, 1857. Judah left post April 13, 1857. Sheridan and
Scott still same d.s. Crook command Co. D, and Reg'l Res. 76 enlisted men for duty, 16 extra duty,
3 sick, 2 arrested or confined, 17 enlisted men d.s., 1 absent with leave, without leave, 3 sick, 3
arrested or confined. Private Feeley in confinement. Deserted second time, July 19, 1857,
apprehended February 20, 1857. Private Dennis Hawkins, unattached, in confinement for desertion.
Surrendered himself. Letter, April 21, received May 9, directing preparation for Pit River
expedition.
May 1857: Judah comdg. Co. I, and post. joined from 30 days leave of absence. May 13, Left on
Ind. expedition for Pitt River. May 18 per P.O. No. 21, May 17, joined post from same May 30.
Dryer in command temporary. Crook on same expedition. Scott and Sheridan still d.s. 26 men Co.
D., 1 of Co E.
June 1857: Judah, Comdg. Crook d.s. oper. against Indians. Pitt River Valley, left post May 18.
Sheridan and Scott still d.s. Private Hawkins deserted June 22, 1857.
July 1957: Judah, Comdg. Crook, Scott, Sheridan, still d.s.. Dryer, 7 day leave.
August 1857: Judah, Comdg. Crook, Scott, Sheridan, still d.s. 42 enlisted men on Co. D, on d.s.,
presumably with Crook.
September 1857: Judah, Comdg. Co. D, 4th Inf., having been perm. detachment left his post for
fork of Klamath River, 29 September 1857, per SO No. 132, HQ Pacific September 16, meaning
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Books
that Scott, Crook, and Sheridan were also det. Co E remaining at post: 1 med officer, 2 off., 25
enlisted men for duty, 13 extra duty, 2 sick, 6 conf. Captain Henry Scott, 1st Lt. Crook, 2nd Lt.
Sheridan, all Co. D, detached September 29, 1857. Return of Co. D, by Scott dated Fort Jones,
September 29, states Crook Comdg. Co. Scott is senior aid-de-camp to Gen-in-chief. HQ S.O. No.
5, January 31, 1857.
October 1857: Judah, Captain Henry. 4th Inf. E. Officers, Judah, Asst, Surg. Chas. C. Keeney, 1st
Lt. Hiram Dryer, 2nd Lt. James K .McCall, all 4th Inf., 47b enlisted men from Co. E.
November 1857: Judah, Captain Henry, Comdg. Private Henry B. Godkin died, Co E, 4th Inf.
Same as above, Dryer, AACS and AAQM; McCall post adjunct.
December 1857: Judah Comdg. 4 officers, including medical, 27 enlisted men, 14 extra duty, 1
sick, 3 conf. 31 enlisted men d.s.
January 1858: Judah Comdg.
February 1858: Judah Comdg.
March 1858: Judah, Captain Henry. judah to be member of Gen. Lt. Martial , Fort Humboldt.
April 1858: Judah Comdg. 2nd Lt. James McCall in command of detachment of Co. E, 4th Inf.,
enroute from Shasta to Fort Jones per instruction of Department HQ, April 5, 1858. Judah joined
from d.s.
May 1858: Judah Comdg. Dryer and 21 enlisted men on d.s. against Indians per instruction from
Dept. HQ of April 27. Left post May 8.
June 1858: Judah Comdg. Fort Joes abandoned on June 23, 1858. Dryer left post June 18 on Gen.
Recruiting Service per G.O. No. 9, HQ, Army, April 22, 1858. Its garrison ordered to viarch for
Fort Vancourver, washington Territory.
28. Post Return Fort Wright.
Abstract: December 1862: Douglas, Captain C. D., 2d Inf., C.V., Fort establishd December 11,
1862 by Co. "F".
January 1863: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
February 1863: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
February 18, 1863, Revolt marial law Round Valley.
March 1863: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
April 1863: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F,C."
April 7-9: Captain Douglas with fifteen men are out on a scouting party for Indians who killed
George Bower on April 12, 1863, The detachment killed four Indian men and captured two squws.
May 1863: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
June 1863: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
July 1863: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
August 1863: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
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Books
September 1863: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
Escorting Indians from Co. "B", to Round Valley Indian Reservation.
October 1863: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
November 1863 - Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
December 1863 - Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
January 1864 - Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
February 1864 - Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
No changes in Co. or events noted from February to October 1864.
October 1864: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
November 1864 - Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F, A."
Native Cav. C.V. reported to Post November 23, 1864 (2 officers , 49 enlisted men.)
December 1864 - Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F., Native Co. "A."
January 1865 - Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F., Native Co. "A."
February 1865 - Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F., Native Co. "A."
March 1865: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F., Native Co. "A."
April 1865: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F., Native Co. "A."
Native Co. C.V. left post April 5, 1865, for Drum ...
May 1865: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
June 1865: Delany, Lieutenant James, 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
July 1865: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
No changes to December 1865.
December 1865: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
January 1866: Douglas, Captain C.D., 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
February 1866: Delany, Lieutenant James, 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
Captain Douglas, on detatchment service at San Francisco since January 10, 1866.
March 1866: Delany, Lieutenant James, 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F."
April 1866: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A", and 2d Inf., C.V. Co. "F." US 9th Inf.
Co. "A" arrived at post April 13, 1866 relieving 2d Inf., C.V. while left for San Francisco, April 16,
1866.
May 1866: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
June 1866: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
July 1866: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
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August 1866: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
September 1866: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
October 1866: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
November 1866: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
December 1866: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
January 1867: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
February 1867: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
March 1867: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
April 1867: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
May 1867: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
June 1867: Griffith, 1st Lieutenant George R, 9th Inf., Co. "A"
Captain Jordan on 40 day leave.
July 1867:Griffith, 1st Lieutenant George R, 9th Inf., Co. "A"
August 1867: Griffith, 1st Lieutenant George R, 9th Inf., Co. "A"
September 1867: Connelly, 1st Lieutenant T, 9th Inf., Co. "A"
October 1867: Connelly, 1st Lieutenant T, 9th Inf., Co. "A"
November 1867: Griffith, 1st Lieutenant George R, 9th Inf., Co. "A"
December 1867: Griffith, 1st Lieutenant George R, 9th Inf., Co. "A"
January 1868: Griffith, 1st Lieutenant George R, 9th Inf., Co. "A"
No changes till October 1868.
October 1868: Griffith, 1st Lieutenant George R, 9th Inf., Co. "A"
November 1868: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
December 1868: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
January 1869: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
February 1869: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
March 1869: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
April 1869: Jordan, Captain William H., 9th Inf., Co. "A"
May 1869: MacGowan, 1st Lieutenant A. B., 12th Inf., Co. "A", and 9th Inf., Co. "A" transfered to
Angel via Petaluma on May 25th 1869. 1st Lt. A. B. MacGowan assumed command of post
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January or May 17, 1869.
June 1869: MacGowan, 1st Lieutenant A. B., 12th Inf., Co. "A", and 9th Inf., Co. "A
July 1869: MacGowan, 1st Lieutenant A. B., 12th Inf., Co. "A", and 9th Inf., Co. "A
August 1869: Woodruff, Captain E. C., 12th Inf., Co. "A."
September 1869: Woodruff, Captain E. C., 12th Inf., Co. "A."
October 1869: Woodruff, Captain E. C., 12th Inf., Co. "A."
November 1869: Woodruff, Captain E. C., 12th Inf., Co. "A."
December 1869: Woodruff, Captain E. C., 12th Inf., Co. "A."
29. Post Returns of 18491849.
Abstract: September 1849: 5 privates, Co. "A,K", 2d Infantry joined September 29, along with Co.
"E", 2d Inf., from camp on the Sacramento, having been left sick there on the march of the
detached Escort in August up the Sacramento on the exploring expedition across or around the
Sierra conducted by Brevet Captain Warner, Topographic Engineers and Party. On October, 21,
1849, these enlisted men joined detail under Casey, with exploring expedition formed frim at
Vernon on the Sacramento on his return from the upper Valley. Co. "E" marched from post April 9,
1850 for Benicia, being on detail for service in the field by Department Order No. 13, March 7,
1850.
30. Proceedings of Post Council of Administration1884.
Notes: #43. 4-304.
Abstract: Proceedings of Post Council of Administraiton which met on November 2, 1884 pursuant
to Orders No. 129, October 30, 1884. Consisted of Captain E.J. Spaulding, 2nd Cavalry, Captain
Thomas Wilhelm, 8th Infantry and 1st Lt., H.D. Huntington, 2nd Cavalry audited accounts of Post
Treasury. 1st Lt., Edward Lynch, 8th Infantry, for September and October 1884. 5 cents per man
per month, 84 men. Ball on hand August 31, $39.99, sales of bread, $19.30; sale of flour, $29.65.
Tax on Post Trader, $8.40. Expenditures 100# potatoes, $1.50; pay of baker, $21.35; Dick's
Encyclopedia, $5; school books, $8.05; Clock for school, $5.; 12 gospel hymn books, $10.20;
Regimental fund 8th Infantry, $6.00; Regimental Fund, 2nd Cavalry, $9.28; Balance on hand,
$27.01. Council alson authorized purchase of Captain Charles Krug's Famous and Decisive Battle
of the World and authorized $12 for books as rewards and prices for enlisted men and children
attending post school.
31. Proceedings of Post Council of Administration1887.
Notes: #43. 4-305.
Abstract: Receipts: Balance on hand, $72.95; Cash sales of bread, $66.91; sale of flour, 339# @ 3.5
cents, $11.87; tax on Post trader, 111 men @ 2 cents per man per month, $4.44. Total $156. 17.
Expenditures: Daily Chicago Times, 15.00; Daily N.Y. Herald, $7.50; charges for drafts for
foregoing, .50; 3# hope, $.50, 4 candles, $.60, total, $.110; 5# lard and 100# salt, total $.70; pay of
baker, 59 days @$.50, $29.50; 3# hops, $.50, 3# candles, $.45, 12 boxes matches, $.18, $1.03; To
Regimental Fund 2nd Cavalry, $25.44
Authorized expenditures $45.00 for seeds for Troops C and M, 2nd Cavalry, $5.00 for seeds for
Post Hospital, $20 for books for Post library. Approved by Major D.S. Gordon, Commanding Post.
32. Proceedings of Post Council of Administration, Fort Bidwell. Fort Bidwell, CA: 1882.
Notes: #43. 4-302.
Abstract: Captain Bernard, Post Commander, ordered Captain D.T. Wells and 1st Lieutenant C.A.
Earnest, both 8th Infantry to serve, there being no other officers available. Council met November
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9, 1882 at 10 a.m. and proceeded to dispose of effects of Private George F. Mayne, deceased, late
of G Troop, 1st Cavalry. Proceeds of sale as follows: 1 forage camp $.75; 1 great coat $6.50; 1
uniform coat, $1.00; 1 stable frock, $.25; 1 pair trowsers, $4.00; 1 pair cotton drawers, $.60; 2
blankets, $3.50; 2 towels, $1.00; 1 valise, $.25; 1 whiskbroom, $.50; Total $21.23, which council
duly transferred to Co., with report of said proceeds in duplicate and adjouned sinedic. Approved
by Captain Bernard, Co.
33. Reflections of the Historic Feather River. Los Banos, CA: 1974.
Abstract: Pages 10-11: Ishi, Last of the Yanas - This is a synopsis of Mrs. Kroeber's book on "Ishi,
the Last of the Yana Indians."
34. Reminiscence of Fort Crook Historical Society. Fall River Mills, CA: 1965.
Notes: pages 35-36
Abstract: Pages 35-36: Hundreds Seek Indian Murderer - Description of the search for "Big Mike"
Harum, an Indian, for killing a white man, Constable William Blake. "Big Mike" was able to
escape. Took place in 1911.
35. Report of the Secretary of War.
Notes: 49th Congress, 2 Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, part II, 3 vol. in 5 parts. 2461-2465.
Abstract: Page 923: Fort Gaston, Captain W. E. Dougherty, 1st Inf., 1 company, 1st Inf., 1 medical
officer, 1 captain, 1 subaltern. 44 enlisted men.
36. Report of the Secretary of War Ad Interim.
Notes: 40th Congress, 2d Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1; 2 vol. 1324-1325.
Abstract: Page 122: The Company of Artillery having been transferred from Fort Humboldt, that
post has been abandoned even as a depot, it having been found more economical with the limited
force now in the district to send supplies direct to Fort Gaston from San Francisco.
37. Report on the Petition of George Fitzclarence1890.
Notes: 51st Congress, 1st Session. Senate Report 103, Vol. 1, 1 p., Serial Set No. 2703
Abstract: The Report recommends a pension. After prior service in Co. B, 1st Washington Territory
Volunteers, Fitzclarence enlisted as a private in Co. F, 4th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry,
on April 10, 1865, and was discharged on November 30, 1865. On September 13, 1887, he filed
for a pension, alleging that he contracted rheumatism and kidney disease while transporting Indians
from Fort Humboldt to Grande Ronde Valley, CA. The claim was rejected. Fitzclarence is now in
the soldier's home in Leavenworth, Kansas.
38. Report on the Petition of Sarah H. Crane1844.
Notes: 48th Congress, 1st Session, House Report No. 1411, vol. 5, 2 pages. Seriel Set No. 2257.
Abstract: Mrs. Crane is the widow of Surgeon General Charles H. Crane, who, as a young assistant
surgeon in the Army, arrived for duty at Benicia Barracks on February 28, 1852, From September
23 until November 10, 1852 he was in the field with an expedition in the Sacramento Valey. From
November 10 1852 until July 15, 1853 he was on duty at Fort Jones, and from October 31, 1853 to
March, 1856, he served at Fort Lane, Oregon. He saw duty in the Rogue River War of 1856.
39. Abel, Annie Heloise. History of Events Resulting in Indian Consolidation West of the Mississippi. American
Historical Association. Annual Report, 1906, Vol. 1. New York: AMS Press, 1972.
Notes: Reprint of the 1908 ed., which was issued as v. 1, ch. 13 of the 1906 annual report of the
American Historical Association.
40. Aginsky, Burt W. and Ethel G. Deep Valley. New York: Stein and Day, 1967.
Abstract: Pages 16-17: In 1934, the Pomo Indians were the oldest residents in Ukiah. There were
three rancherias in Deep Valley. The Indians worked with the whites in the fields. Only one
restaurant in town served the Indians; it was owned by Chinese. The Indians could sit in the
balcony only of the theater, could not attend church in town and could not hold a job in town, had
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to go to segregated schools. Many of the community participated in this discrimination.
pg 17-18: The Pomo Indians in Ukiah lived in very run down and dilapidated houses. The whites
in this community had mixed remarks about the Indians such as "they are dumb, stupid, dirty,
ignorant, lazy, and no-good." "The lowest and dirtiest Indians in America. Diggers." On the other
hand, others said they were a fine people and hard working even in the hot sun. "Give these people
a chance and they will be alright." The Indians said the whites stole their land, and would not even
let the Indians pick the rotting acorns off the gound so they could eat.
pg 18-20: A 112 year old Pomo Indian in Ukiah, in 1935, summed up the universal concensus
among the Indians insomuch as the Indians could not understand why they had helped out the
whites when they got here but now the whites had stolen the land and the Indians were now nothing
in the his eyes but a nuisances.
Page 20: Spanisards slaughtered, raped, and enslaved these Indians whereas the Russians respected
and intermarried with them (Pomo Indians).
Pages 81-82: It is mentioned that the Russians had always been friendly to the Pomos. They had
built the lake people (Crysal Lake?) large wooden homes and made fast canoes for them.
Pages 206-208: Most of the new westerners to the Pomo area were male and most took the Pomo
women as sexual partners. Few had them as wives. As a result, many of these "sexual partners"
were cast off and discarded with whatever children they had on their own. The white women found
out that their husbands were living with Pomo women while they, the wives, were on the East coast
raising a family. When the wives arrived on the west coast to live with their husbands, the wives
found out about the relationships of the Pomo women and thier husbands and subsequently did not
employ the Pomo women in their homes.
Page 207: The important positions of power held by some Pomos was totally abolished by the
Spainards and the whites when transported to the reservations.
41. Allen, James Michael. Wi-Ne-Ma. New York: Vantage Press, 1956.
Abstract: Pages 70-71: Judge Steele, who later became Indian agent of the area, went to
Washington to request that the Modoc lands be set aide as a reservation, but the Department of the
Interior felt the land was too rich and fertile to set aside as a reservation and suggested that the
Modocs be sent to the Klamath Reservation to live with the Klamaths (their enemies). Later, Judge
Steele tried to help them file thier land under the "Pre-emption Law" but applicants had to be
citizens of the United States and the courts ruled Indians were not citizens. Therefore, their claims
were turned down.
Pages 73-79: The Ben Wright Massacre - The Modocs were credited with an attack on an emigrant
train, killing almost all of the occupants. A Yreka citizen, Ben Wright, organized a plan for
punishing the murderers. He and his followers went to a place on the west side of Tule Lake called
Black Point and set up a tent with a white flag and called the Modoc warriors in to parley - where
they were almost all poinsoned and murdered. From that time on the Modocs could not muster a
fighting force and were too weak and stunned to attempt any retaliation. The administration of
Washington praised Wright highly and in recognition of his meritorious service appointed him
Indian Agent in another part of the country.
Pages 80-84: In 1864, emissaries from Washington were sent out to deal with the Modocs and to
persuade them to go to the Klamath Reservation and give up their lands on Lost River - the
government offered the tribes many horses, a large head of cattle, food, money, and many
provisions. Cheif Schovchin, who was quite old, didn't understand that he was agreeing that he and
his tribe were to be removed to Klamath. But, they moved there peacefully. But Captain Jack grew
restless and believed they had all been tricked into conveying their lands on the Lost River. He and
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others returned to their old hom on Lost River. From 1864 to 1867 he defied the government and
remained on his old homeland. In 1869, the army with the Indian Agent threatened Captain Jack
with death if he did not return to the Klamath Reservation. He told them of the impossible situation
at Klamath for the Modocs (i.e. the Klamaths claimed ownership to everything on the reservation
and treated the Modocs with distain). The Klamaths had not been a party to the treaty and did not
feel bound by it; thus their treatment of the Modocs. Captain Jack complained once again but the
authorities made no effort to help. He felt the officers had a personal grudge agasint the Modocs.
He said, "White men all liars and swindlers, white man no good!" During negotiations with the
agents and Captain Jack, Wi-ne-ma was used as an interpreter, as she had been in the post. But the
situation with the Klamaths deteriorated and Captain Jack with many dissenters returned to their old
home on Lost River.
Pages 85-86: Captain Jack had a sick child and called in a medicine man to attend her - but the
child died. It was the custom that failure of a cure forfitted the medicine man's life. Jack, overcome
with grief, killed the medicine man with his own hands. Under Modoc law, which had existed
since time immemorial, this was justified. (But, a warrent was issued for his arrest) - White man's
law.
Pages 115-116: During the progress of the Modoc War, Wi-ne-ma was saluted as an official
interpreter by the government. She was one of the brightest of the Indian tribe and a daughter of
the Modoc chief. Her early life was spent on the Klamath Lakes... she used to gather with great
peace parties at the foot of the falls, now the present stie of Klamath Falls. By her beauty and
extraordinary intelligence, Wi-ne-ma won the heart and hand of her present husband. They were
legally married, and when war broke out with the Modocs, she enlisted in the cause of the white
people. She performed valient services and saved many lives... The romance of her life is past and
she goes by the single name of Toby Riddle, having served whites faithfully beyond all
compensation... A memorial plaque was placed in the Modoc cemetery bearing the inscription:
"Wi-ne-ma, Heroine Modoc War - Died 5/30/32"
42. American Friends Service Committee. Indians of California, Past and Present. San Francisco, CA:
American Friends Service Committee, 1960.
Abstract: Page 6: Under the early statues of California the county justice of the peace was made
guardian of the Indians. An Indian who was unfortunate enought ob e fined for an infraction of the
law could have his labor sold to the highest bider to pay the fine. Any Indian might be hauled
before a justice of the peace, might be judged as an able-bodied vagrant, and might have his labor
sold for four months to the highest bider. An Indian was also prohibited from bringing an action
against a white man in any court and the testinomy of an Indian was not admissible in any court.
These laws lasted until the present codes were enacted in the 70s. When you remember that the
national government had abandoned the California Indians, you will see that there was no court or
power of state to which an Indian might appeal.
Page 6: When the Indians tried to work, there weren't jobs open to them. In order to live they had
to steal or accept charity. Groups were organized to prevent cattle raids. Some citizens object to
slaughters, but most people agreed with the state legislature that it was justified. Under the
American system, Indians lost rights guaranteed by the treaty. The California constitutional
convention took away their vote by inserting the world "white" into the appropriate sentance of the
state constitution. Indenture of Indian children and adults was legalized and they could be "leased"
to a non-Indian for years. The newspaper Alta California on October 2, 1854 ran an article which
read in part "abducting Indian children has become quite a common practice. Nearly all of the
children belonging to some of the Indian tribes in the northern part of the state have been stolen.
They are taken to the southern part of the state and there sold."
Pages 8-9: "The Long Years" - In 1894 "there are thousands of California Indians to be found in
this state, most of them civilized to a certain degree, and perhaps none of them living under any
well-defined tribal government. They live generally by themselves, in small villages or
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communities, and yet in constant contact with the white man, most of them, at times being
employed as laborers, in the harvest fields, and in fishing, or as servants in families, or otherwise."
California Supreme Court Decision quoted in C. S. Goodrich "Legal Status of the California
Indians," California Law Review, March 1926, page 164. In 1894 "Indian families who live on
ranches of settlers pay nothing for the use of the land but must furnish their own living quarters,
which are usually of the most primitive kind. Some of them do not want steady work, just enough
to live on. This is due to a coniderable extent to the traffic among them by bootleggers and vendors
of narcotics. When these can be kept away, they are much better workers." "Common Wealth
Class," Of. Cit., 1926, page 122.
43. Amesbury, Robert. Eagle Lake. Sparks, NV: Western Printing and Publishing Company, 1971.
Abstract: This book gives a general history of the Eagle Lake area.
Page 1: Maidu name for Eagle Lake.
Pages 5-6: Maidu and Paiute accounts of buffalo in the area. Maidu legends concerning the lake.
Pages 7-19: "Mountain Maidu" describes pre-contact Maidu in the area.
Page 28: In June 1866, Papoose Valley Massacre. White settlers raid on Indian village on south
shore of Eagle Lake (3 versions of the raid are given, two white and one Indian).
44. ———. Nobles Emigrant Trail. Susanville, CA: Lassen Litho, 1967.
Abstract: This is a history of Nobles Emigrant Trail.
Page 4: J. Goldsborought Bruff reports "hostile Indians near the headwaters of the Yuba."
Page 20: "Explorers and trappers crossing Nevada and Northern California were appalled by the
extreme poverty and cultural backwardness of the Paiute."
Page 25: Briefly describes Indian troubles at Mud Springs on the Nobles Train in 1861.
Pages 26-27: Describes the Mud Springs massacre of 1862 where two whites were killed in an
ambush by 15 Indians; one Indian was killed.
Page 34: Describes the killing of Mrs. Dersch on August 22, 1866, by Indians.
45. Anderson, George E. and W. H. Ellison. and Robert F. Heizer . Treaty Making and Treaty Rejection by the
Federal Government in California, 1850-1852. Socarro, New Mexico: Ballena Press, 1978.
Abstract: Page 27: The 18 treaties were submitted to the Senate by President Fellmore on June 1,
1852. They were ref. to committee on Indian Affairs and ordered printed in confidence for the use
of the Sen., and on July 8, 1852, were rej. by the Sen. in exer. session.
Page 35: The Sen. imposed an injunction of secrecy on the treaties which was not removed until
January 18, 1905. Copies given to Indians not governed by this sec. req. Copies of some were
printed in California Newspapers of the time.
46. Anderson, Robert A. Fighting the Mill Creeks. Chico, CA: Chico Record Press, 1909.
Abstract: Pages 5-7: Jack Spaulding, H. Good, R. Anderson, and 12 others in winter of 1857 go
Indian hunting for four days. Indians attack first but no losses.
Pages 7-8: Indians stole mules from Deer Creek resident's barn. Good, Jones, Carter, Anderson
made contact with Mill Creek Indians nearbed of Dry Creek. Recaptured plunder. No Indians or
whites killed.
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Page 10: In spring 1859, $3000 raised for campaign against Indians by local settlers. Eight men
engaged to hunt Indians for two months. General Kerby sent Captain Burns to take command of
the party. On June 15th, Burns unfit. Breckenridge elected a captain.
Page 15: Whites shot at by Indians at Mill Creek Canyon. No one hurt.
Page 19: At sawmill northeast of Red Bluff Indians killed bull-puncher.
Page 21: Between Forest Ranch and Chico Creek Canyon chased down an Indian scout and killed
him. Took his scalp.
Page 22: Killed Spaniard in comapny of Indians at forks of Butte Creek. Battles between Indian
camp and hunting party. Killed forty Indians. No whites killed. Whites plundered camp.
Page 25: Going into Chico Creek Canyon six or seven Mill Creeks ambush whites. No casualties
among whites. Anderson killed Indian.
Page 26: Teamsters on Keafer Ridge road attacked. One shot.
Page 27: Another party of 15 whites join the first party. Chased Indians toward Butt Creek mining
town. Pushed Indians off bridge into creek. Indians given shelter in houses in town.
Page 29: Captured Butte Creek Indian. The old Captain. He got 15 Butte Creeks to say would
help whites fight Mill Creeks. Escaped from Anderson and shot twice.
Page 36: 15 "volunteer" Indians escape from Andersons.
Page 37: Andersons place on Deer Creek burned, plundered.
Page 39: Killed Indians at Deer Creek Canyon camp.
Page 40: Captured Indian "Billy" killed by Breckendridge.
Page 41: Old Chief "The Doctor" shots at whites and is killed.
Page 44: Kirby captured no Mill Creeks in his campaign - rounded up peaceful Indians and sent to
the reservation.
Page 45: Winter 1860 Indians drove off cattle from Deer Creek. Three whites gave chase. One
white wounded in battle between Indians and whites.
Page 54: Indians killed white teamster on Keefer ridge in June, 1862. Killed fourteen and sixteen
year old Hickok girls in Rock Creek Canyon. Found Hickok boy's body at head of Antelope Creek
and did battle with Indians east of Red Bluff. Many Indians killed.
Page 54: June, 1863, Mill Creeks stole horses from Rock Creek Ranch. At Breaks of Mill Creek
whites ambush Indian camp. Seven Indians killed, two wounded.
Page 56: Three Lewis children living between Chico and Oroville attacked by Mill Creeks. Two
boys killed. The girl escaped.
Page 57: Indians robbed home on Little Chico Creek and robbed man Bolivar living at Richardson
Springs.
Page 58: Whites fought Indians at cliffs above Sulfer Creek. One Indian killed. Anderson took
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scalp.
Pages 59-63: In August 1862, Indians set fire to Anderson's barn and steal two horses and tack.
Recovered horses. One Indian killed.
Page 71: In August of 1864, Mill Creek Indians raided in Concow country. Killed a white man and
two women. Anderson leads whites. At three knolls of Mill Creek battle fought. Many Indian
women and men killed.
Page 81: Mill Creeks attack Bid Meadow Indians, under white man's leadershiip. Big Meadow
Indians returned attack.
Page 83: Indian boy raised by white man "Hi Good" ambushed Good and later shot himself.
Page 86: First injustice was by whites against Mill Creek. Indians killed cow at Carter place on
Deer Creek. Carters attacked Indian camp killing several Indians. One white killed.
47. Apperson, Eva Marie. We Knew Ishi. Red Bluff, CA: Walher Lithograph, 1971.
Abstract: This book gives accounts of Indian-white battles in Tehama County - little information
pertaining only to life of Ishi, last of the Yahi Indians.
Pages 27 and 34-37: Describes last massacre of Yana Indians at Campo Seco Bluff in Tehama
County.
Page 28: Describes pre-contact Yana culture
Page 34-37: Disputes the idea that last of Yana massacres took place at Kingsley Cave; author
gives evidence for last massacre taking place at Campo Sec Bluff.
Page 79: Description of Ishi's capture - contrary to T. Kroeber.
Page 91-101: Description of her husbands 6 week experience with Ishi, A. Kroeber, S. Pope and
others on Sulphus, Mill and Deer Creek.
48. Arnold, Mary E. and Mabel Reed. In the Land of the Grasshopper Song: Indiand and Pioneer Life Along the
Primitive Klamath River. Eureka, Ca: Schooner Features, 1957.
Abstract: This book gives the "everyday life on the frontier in an Indian village, and what Indians
and banmen (white settlers) did and said when they were not engaged in wiping out their friends
and neighbors." The 2 women authors stayed with the Karok Indians for 2 years on the Klamath
River near Somesbar in the years 1908-1909.
Pages 549-274: Gives an account of how white settlers got the Karok land. The authors found the
Karoks more intelligent than the white settlers.
49. Ayer, Edward E. Narratives of Indian Captivity Among the Indians of North America. Chicago, Ill: The
Newberry Library, 1961.
Abstract: "Book list of those contained in the Edward E. Ayer collection of the Newberry Library,
Chicago, Ill.
50. Bailey, Henry Clay. Indians of Sacramento Valley. Quarterly San Bernadino County Museum Association,
vol 7, no 1. Bloomington, CA: 1959.
Abstract: Pages 2-4: Circular houses and how they were made and smelled. Every day schedules
and habits of Indians on the rancheria. Children were always swimin for play time. Learned to
swim before they walked. Always got along. Indians never had an enemy until white man. In
1853 the Richardson brothers raised the first vegetable garden in the valley.60 miles from Colusa
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they made camp and went into the slave trafic. All but one would go hunting. One day one was
left with two Indians. When the party came back his head was cut off and the Indians were gone.
They sold the slaves for $50.
Pages 4-6: Very stoic, suffer less from the same cause than most tribes of the earth. Wiskey, very
abundent, absolutely beyond conception, and repulsive beyond description. Dress (males),
Sacramento Digger hasn't advanced to fig leaf stage; (females) skirt of two parts, wild hemp,
reaching to almost the knees. A know at the waist. Men were seldom under 5'8". Endurance
incredible. Female, height 5'5". Hair somewhat like the Elizabeth style. Hair dressed with
something like tar, turban shaped flat on top. Put tar on eyes to mouth, chin different color. Fat
squaws were the rule.
Pages 6-8: Fields of wild oats and seed bearing plants. Acorns - tons were tathered. Hulled acorns
with teeth. Made cakes from acorns - looked like Pd. Cake. Clover - chief food. Birds and Eggs endless supply. Fresh water mussels. Feb-May - Feasted on wild geese. March-April - salmon.
Could buy 25 lbs. for a quart of flour. Fall - when river got dry caugh fish with hands. Got enough
fish it could cover acres of land when dried.
Pages 8-9: Water baskets - grass roots, models of symmetry and workmanship. Feather work prefect work, beauty and patience. Bead work - most elaborate work was done on fiesta toggery.
None of the tribes attempted agriculture. Men - made bows and arrows, fine craftmanship. Never
killed anything with them but small birds. Ornaments - traded abalone shells, polished and cut.
Volcanic glass - arrows. Wealth - counted by beads, local trader sold them a dollar per lb. Twine and rope up to 50's were standard wealth.
Pages 10-11: Indian Theology has same two elements of rewards and punishments as Christianity.
Sacramento Indian has no religous rites unless fiestas were in someway a religious affair. Death burried with belongings. Body was doubled into a ball and wraped in rope.
Pages 13-14: Lopez - An article about a boy the author had bought (or taken). He was trained in
the American way of life. Eventually he had a wife, house, cook stove, and sewing machine.
Pages 14-16: Jack Long's Charley - Jack Long bought Charley (10 yrs) from his tribe (Truckee
Indian) in the early 50's for a pair of blankets. He abandoned all Indian instincts. Bailey had a
nephew that almost drowned when he was 7, Charley saved him. Long grew old and charley and a
nephew of Long's, Galbraith, took over the ranch. Long died, the ranch was losing money. Charley
found other jobs to keep the ranch going. Only money he used was for clothes. Charley and Walter
moved to Colus later on. Walter died... Charley supported Walter's wife and kids until death.
Pages 16-17: Old Harry Denkman - Never used tobacco or whiskey. Good to children. Trusted
whites to be his banker - birds, fish, beadwork, fiesta paraphanalia, headress made of redheaded
woodpecker pelts. Expert diver and swimmer, recovered $20 in 20 feet of water. Lost one eye cause smallpox.
Pages 17-18: Early in 1850 a regular slave trade in the mountains boarding the upper Sacramento
Valley from Clear Lake to Strong Creek. Slave drivers dashed to camp and shot men and women.
Caught all boys and girls from eight to fourteen years old. Sold all over Sacramento County. Some
were taken as far as San Francisco. Quite active from 1854 to 1858, especially from 1855 to 1856.
In 1857 anti-slave sentiment started against the trade. A general crusade was underway. Few
arrests were made. Indians were given liberty and some were taken back to camps from which they
had been stolen.
51. Baker, Bob. Americans in Bondage. Fairfax, CA: Friends of the Yurok Indians, 1967.
Abstract: "California's dark history of Indian slavery and extermination and the continuing
oppression of the Klmath River - Yurok Indians," as reported by Bob Baker. "Based on the records
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of Allan Morris, Advisor to the Klamath River - Yuok Indians." Cited in the article are government
documents and bills regarding the California Indian as a non-citizen in the 1800 to 1900 period.
52. Baker, Sima and Florence Ewing. The Glenn County Story - Days Past and Present. Willows, CA: Glenn
County School Office, 1968.
Abstract: Chapter II, Indian Hunters Roamed the Land - Description of Indians in area as first
settlers found them, their appearance, their houses, rancherias, and their appearal. Fishing for
salmon is described and the Grasshopper Hunt is also described, as is acorn harvesting and
grinding. Hunting and trading is covered. A favorite guessing game of Indians is described and
Indian fables are included. The Great Flood and the mud turtle and hawk; the Story of the Coyote
(told by Jeff Jones of the Grindingstone Indian Reservation to Woodson Allen, who took it down,
word for word, in 1940). Glenn County Indian Today - Only 50 or 60 Indians left in Glenn County.
They left their mark however in their Indian names which remain today. Also included is brief
history of early traders who dealt with Indians and early settlers. Bidwell's exploring trips (page
21), tells of his early encounters with natives [see Roger's History of Colusa County for this
account of Bidwell].
53. Bancroft, Hubert Howe.
Abstract: Headquarters Department of Pacific. San Francisco, CA. April 17, 1865. General Orders
No. 27. "It has come to the knowledge of the Major General commanding that there have been
found within the Department persons so utterly infamous as to exult over the assassination of the
President. Such persons become virtually accessories after the fact, and will at once be arrested by
any officer or provost marshal or member of the police, having knowledge of the case.
"Any paper so offending or expression any sympathy in any way whatever with the act, will be at
once seized and suppressed. By command of Major General McDowell. Signed R.C. Drum, AAG.
54. ———. History of California, Vol. vol 7. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol 24. Santa Barbara, CA:
Wallace Hebbard, 1970.
Notes: Volumes of series in Meriam Library published by The History Company in San Francisco
from 1884-1890.
Abstract: Page 457: note. Whole Army of U.S. in 1849-1850 consisted of 2 regiment Dragoons, 1
regiment mtd. rifle men, 4 of artillary, 8 of infantry, aggreg. with Corps of Engineers and general
staff, 12927 men.
Page 484: 1851, Land for Indians - Sacramento Valley treaties between Yuba and Bear Rivers (12
sq. miles,) in Colusa - east bank of Sacramento River (3 x 15 miles on Sutter's claim,) by Chico
treaty - foothills north of Feather River (6 x 20 miles,) by Cottonwood treaty (35 sq. miles at head
of Sacramento valley between Shasta, Nevada, and Coast Ranges.) Agent Wozencraft.
Page 487: Most troublesome Indians of California were in the extreme north from the headwaters
of the Sacramento to the Oregon border and toward the coast. Beyond Feather River the
Cottonwood bands were among the first to suffer and the Humboldt County savages suffered from
miners also. Reservations established by Col. T. J. Henley for the U. S. Government included:
Nome Lacke on Stony Creek in Colusa - fertile area; Mendocino - home of 700 Indians sustained
by fishing and potatoes; Klamath - home of 2000 Indians sustained by salmon fishing and berrying.
Later (1856) Nome Cult on Round Valley - 1000 occupants raised crops exceeding 20,000 bushels.
Chapter 18, page 488: Extermination of Indians. Campaign of 1858-59 under General Kiffe from
October to March on both sides of Coast Range, killing mroe than 100 natives and capturing several
hundred for reservation. The settlers swelled those figures by spasmadic descents and expeditions
and fanned the incipient movements on Mad and Eel Rivers into formidable ravages. The Indians
slayed cattle; the settlers kidnapped women and children and conducted several sickening
massacres, involving fully 200 beings on both sexes and all ages, which called forth formal
condemnation of the grand jury. Only effective stand made by Hoopas - in 1864 treaty, lower
Trinity Valley was assigned to them as a special reservation. Simultaneously the settlers around
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Butte swept their region of natives to transmit to reservations. A lull followed until Pitt River
savages opened campaigns of 1967. Campaign of 1867 - Pitt River Indians, General Crook
enforced peace the following year. Campaign of 1873 - Modoc War, marks end of serious Indian
trouble in California.
Pages 492-493: June 19, 1860 - California was divided into two Indian districts, northern and
southern, each under a supervising agent, assisted at each reservation by a supervisor and four
laborers to teach husbandry. Indians were brought to reservation to earn their living if possible, or
situations found for them among farmers.
Pages 492-493: Reservations had fallen into dilapidated state and it was economically necessary to
abandon several of them and concentrate their words. The northern superintendent sold Nome
Lackee, Mendocino, and Klamath and not content with the spacious fertile , secluded Round
Valley, he removed some 2,000 northern Indians to Smith River in Del Norte and rented farming
land at the exorbant rate of $5.00 per acre. Southern Indians fared worse as they were less
troublesome and because of droughts and economic woes, were set adrift to starve. The savage
ravages in the Klamath region brought the 1864 Trinity war treaty, gained the Hoopa Valley
reservation, purchased at a considerable sum.
Page 493: In 1863, consolidation of northern and southern agencies, realization of need of schools
to educate and teach Christian virtues. In 1869, management of northern and central Indians was
entrusted to the Society of Friends and the rest to army officers. General McInitosh was in charge
of California Indians. Because of the success of the Society of Friends, the following year the
Methodists were allowed to recommend agents for the three remaining California reservations,
Hoopa, Round, and Tule. For the most part the Indians supported themselves with occasional aid
from headquarters or advice from special agents.
Pages 493-494: Plight of Mission Indians - These Indians who built and lived at missions were
ousted when Mexico transferred these lands in vast grands and U.S. confirmed the titles with no
thought for Indian inhabitants. Land grabbers ousted Indians from their homesteads for which they
had no title deeds. Bancroft suggests these Indians would have done better by following warlike
example of northern Indians who were assigned to reservations at least. Bancroft also expresses
encouragement at the progress Indians have made since this time to better themselves despite the
many disadvantages.
55. ———. History of California, Vol. vol 4. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol. 23. Santa Barbara, CA:
Wallace Hebbard, 1970.
Notes: Volumes of series in Meriam Library published by the History Company in San Francisco
from 1884-1890.
Abstract: Chapter 5, page 137: Sutters Fort - Visits and books. 1839, Sutter's policy on Indians constant vigilance, prompt punishment of offenses, and uniform kindness and justice, especially to
tribes near home. He was able to keep on friendly terms for the most part and thus obtained Indian
services.
Chapter 22, pages 544: Rule of Pico and Castro - Political Annals. 1845, Sutter's men conducted a
few successfull Indian raids on hostile rancherias. Also some degree of success in making treaties
with several chieftans. The captain still sold Indian children and the labor of older captives to his
creditors around the bay. Footnote: Sutter. Sund correspondence, M. S., 2721; Dept. St. Pap., MS
vi 177; Dept. Rec., MS., xiv.10. Related item: page 138, "...he always took care to capture (Indian
children) for this purpose only children from distant or hostile tribes and he generally treated his
own servants with kindness."
56. ———. Works. San Francisco, CA: History Co., Publishers, 1890.
Abstract: Page 487: Most troublesome Indians of California were those of the extreme north, from
headwaters of the Sacramento to Oregon border and to the coast. Had shown their hostilities to the
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early trappers and immigrants and were more relevant less after every contact with the inimical
Oregonians, who traversed then country en route for the gold fields. Many an early prospector
suffered for his temerity and when miners subsequent entered in force they fought their way with
little scruple, exacting terrible vengence for every outrage. Forts already erected at Reading and
Scott Valley, for raids upon supply trains and small parties were by this time frequent throughout
the northern countries. During summer 1851 Oregon border ablaze with the Shasta war, which
despite treaties, continued to break out in occassional hostilities and gave occassion for such
atrocities as the massacre by Ben Wright of two score Modocs during a peace conference. Latter
guilty of murderous raids, but manner of retaliation has been condemned. In 1853 the undespread
Shasta tribes joined anew in the Rogue river war. Their operations did not then assume any
magnitude, partly from recent incr. of military posts, but comparative inaction of the settlers
encounter the natives to relieve the wants created by severe winter season. Consequence
depredations, chiefly upon cattle, attended by a few murders, provoked brief avenging campaigns in
1854 and 1855, the latter dir. chiefly against the lower Klamaths, whose rising during the winter
created general alarm in Humboldt Co. Desultory movements continued throughout the year along
Oregon, live, in connection with Rogue River war, wherein Shasta took a leading part. Diversion of
regular troops for that campaign and seeming security of the mountains tempted to fresh outbreaks
along the Klamath to the border, obliging, Governor to send assistance and call out volunteers, first
for Humboldt Co., and in summer for Siskiyou. In Sisikiyou,the campaign extended until October
before peace could be arranged.
57. ———. The Works: History of California. San Francisco, CA: History Co., Publishers, 1890.
Abstract: Page 313: Growing offensiveness of secession on the pro-slavery districts was exhibited
by the rejoicing at the death of the president and other acts. Open rejoicings at Green Valley,
Solano County, Military Company sent there from Benicia, Confederates, fortified in house of one
David James, fired upon the military. Fire was returned. Two confederates were wounded by time
they surrendered - Davis James and two sons; William P. Durkin and son; Charles Ramsey and son;
R.O.Laramel and son; and John Stiltz. They were brought to Benicia to be tried for treason. In
Tehachapi Valley a band of guerillas occupied themselves, in spring of 1865, in robbing union men
of horses and other property and committing occasional murders.
Page 314: These alarms terminated in a few months, when the confederates were compelled to take
the oath of loyalty.
Chapter XVIII; Page 490: "Henley was a man of broad views and varied experiences; and not intent
merely on personal gains, he devised other means whereby the obnoxious presence of his wards
might be turned to some benefit for their white masters. There was a number of office seekers
whose preserving patience under frequent rebuff had touched his sympathies." Portion of agents
and employees upon the reservation not brilliant, but it presented allurements of a quiet life and
opportunity for diverting the reations provided by the Government into better channels than wasting
them upon savages. For these bountiful nature had provided acorns, and roots in abundance. Well
understood that agent could not well control more than portion of Indians under his charge. The
employees might foster disciplines and industry among the rest by using their labor for private
undertakings.
Demand for positions grew apace so Henley found inducements for increasing, the north of
reservation, which his instructions limited to five, but any number could be established under
desgin. of forms or branches. In 1856 be established a tributary to Nome Lackee as Nome Cult on
upper Eel River in Round Valley. There forms were leased. Also at Fresno, Ca, Tule River, Kings
River with handsome rental from comparatively useless property, while improving it with Indian
labor and government funds for fences, buildings and irrig. ditches. Others, who had not yet obt.
farms, he allowed to select choice slices from the different reservations.
58. ———. Works: Native Races, Vol. v. 1, Wild Tribes. San Francisco, CA: J. L. Bancroft and Co., 1883.
Notes: Five volumes; vol. 1 - Wild Tribes, vol, 2 - Civilized Nations, vol. 3 - Myths and Legends,
vol. 4 - Antiquities, vol. 5 - Primitive History.
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Abstract: Chapter IV: Californians pg. 322-471. (Map of California Indian tribes.) Descriptions of
Northern, Central, and Southern California Indian tribes. Many footnoted sources for descriptions
of appearance and customs of various tribes. Information dated by white superiority attitudes and
some misleading generalizations. A lof of valuable info included as well on Facial Ornamentation,
Fishing and Weapons, Manufactures and Boots, Wealth, Women and Domestic Affairs, Adultery
and Chastity, Sports and Games, Medicine, Burial, Mourning.
59. Banning, William and George Hugh. Six Horses. New York: Century Co., 1929.
Abstract: Pages 48-51: Story of Pitt River Indian attack on Overland Stage driven by Jared "Curly"
Robbins. Sixteen arrow wounds and survived.
60. Barrett, Samuel A. The Wintun Hesi Ceremony. Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol
14, no 4. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1919.
Notes: pages 437-488
Abstract: This article describes in detail the Hesi ceremony of the Wintun Indians, which was a
ceremony to insure "plentiful wild harvests" and "to secure the health and general prosperity of the
people."
61. Bartlett, John Russell. Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents in Texas, New Mexico, California,
Sonora, and Chihuahua, 1850-1853 , Vol. vol 2Rio Grande Press, Inc., 1965.
Abstract: Page 7: Description of Indians of Upper Sacramento river.
Pages 19-21: Quote on Napa Valley Indian fighter Yaunt from Rivere's "Tour in California," page
95.
Pages 29-34: Author's description of meeting with Northern California "Digger Indians." Housing,
hunting skills, life style discussed.
62. Baumhoff, Martin A. Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations. University of
California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol 49, no 2. New York: Kraus
Reprint Co., 1971.
Abstract: A very good reference book. (1) Presentation and analysis - Lower Klamath province:
tribal resources; nalysis of Lower Klamath province. (2) Table for California tribes with known
population. Tribes of the Lower Klamath province are listed on page 177.
63. Beals, Ralph Leon and Joseph A. Hester Jr. California Indians - Indian Land Use and Occupancy in
California. American Indian Ethnohistory - California Basin and Plateau Indians, vol 1, no 3. New
York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1974.
Abstract: This book deals with settlement patterns, environment vegetations, territoriality and
ownership of Northern California tribes. It discusses, in part, the impact of white settlement
between 1850-1880 for various tribal families (ex: p. 201-206). This volume, as does volume 1,
gives relevant background material as to the habits of the Indians prior to white settlement.
Through comparison with other historical data, one could easily realise the effects of white
settlement upon the California Indians.
64. Bean, Edwin F. Bean's History and Directory of Nevada County, California. Cotaining a Complete History
of the County, With Sketches of Various Towns and Mining Camps. 1867.
Notes: Printed at the Daily Gazette and Job Office
Abstract: Page 186: November 1849. Samuel and George Holt and James Walsh erected lumber
mills. The Holts were sawing lumber in spring of 1850 (May 3) when attacked by Indians. Samuel
was killed. George escaped with his life, fighting off Indians with a pocket knife, having been
wounded in thirteen places by arrows. A few friendly Indians gave assest once, as did Captain Day
(subsequently by County Surveys of Nevada County) next morning Captain Day and his friend
started for Camp Far West on Johnson's Ranch at Bear River. Morning after 24 soldiers arrived,
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supplied by Captain Day, Commander of that post. 100 miners formed them, In a couple of days
they had 187 killed or run off all the Indians.
65. Bean, Walton E. California, an Interpretive History. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1973.
Abstract: This book has two specific chapters on the California Indian, the first of which (pages
4-8) is "The Original Californians" and covers the basic food, population, culture, and location of
tribes within California. The tribes of northern California are mentioned sporadically throughout
the chapter. The other chapter, number 14, entitled "Racial Oppression," specifically deals with the
"Indian Question" citing the reservation system, the Indian wars, and the decline of the Indian
population (pages 166-171). Also included in the book are sections on the Dawes Act 1887 (page
512), massacres (pages 189-90, 509, 510), reservations (pages 510-512), suffrage (page 130),
testimony not permitted (page 165), and unratified treaties (pages 167-168, 510, 511).
66. Beck, Warren A. and David A. Williams. California, a History of the Golden State. New York: Doubleday
and Co., 1972.
Abstract: Chapter six in this book, entitled "The Indian Confrontation," deals with the effects of the
white settlers upon the life of the California Indians (pages 228-243). Within this chapter, effects
such as disease (page 229), massacres (pages 233-238), population (pages 228, 243), reservations
(pages 231-232, 240), treaties (pages 231, 237-239), U. S. Agents (page 237), and U. S. policies
towards them (pages 237, 243) are discussed.
67. Belknap, William W. Report of the Secretary of War1870.
Notes: 41st Congress, 3d Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part 2, 2v, Pages 1446-1447.
Abstract: Page 52: Camp Gaston, Co. "K", 12th Inf., Captain C.S. Pripler, Lt. J.J. Shepheard, act.
asst. and acting commisary of subsistence. Camp Wright, Co. "A", 12th Inf., Captain E.C.
Woodruff, 1st Lt. A.B. MacGowan, acting asst. quartermaster and acting commissary of
subsistence; 2d Lt. J.H. Hearst, Acting Asst. Surgeon S.A. Freeman.
Page 102: Camp Wright, Round Valley, 203 miles north of S.F. Captain E.C. Woodruff, 1
company, 12th Inf., 1 captain, 2 subalterns, 49EM.
68. ———. Report of the Secretary of War1871.
Notes: 42nd Congress, 2d Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part 2. 2 v, 1503-1504.
Abstract: In report of Brig. Gen. E.O.C. and for the Department of California, October 13, 1871.
Page 69: Lists Camp Wright, Gaston, Bidwell.
Page 72: The troops at several of the posts are compelled to live in dilapidated or insufficient
quarters. Such is directed to protect them [Indian] and at the same time prevent, as far as
practicable, depredations upon the settlers and miners. Their duties require that the officers should
familiarize themselves with the interests and habits of both whites and Indians; should study and
scout over the country; and they are frequently, in the absence of any agent of the Indian
Department, called on to settle difficulties so as to prevent collisions that are bound to occur where
the interests are so conflicting. In severe reasons, or when the roots and game fail, and the Indians
are actually suffering for food, as a measure of simple humanity and to prevent the starving Indians
killing the stock of the settlers, post commanders are authorized by me to issue to those Indians
actually suffering for food, a little meat and a small allowance of flour... In making this issue is
sometimes done by th epost commanders without ordrs, there is not diposistion to assume duties of
Indian agents, for it is only done where there are no agents, and no provisions made for the needy
Indians.
Page 102: Position and distribution of troops. Camp Wright, Round Valley, 203 miles north of San
Francisco. E. C. Woodruff, 12th Inf., (1 co.), 1 Capt, 2 subalternates. 49 EM Camp Gaston. On
Trinity River near Klamath. Lt. Col. A.D. Nelson, 21st Ind., 2 Companies, 12th Inf., at post. 1
chaplain, 1 Lt. Col, 2 Captains, 2 subalternates. 108 EM. Camp Bidwell, 215 miles north of Reno,
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nearest station CPRR. Captain R. F. Bernard, 1 Cavalry, 1 Company, 1 Captain , 2 sublaternates,
71EM
69. ———. Report of the Secretary of War.
Notes: 42nd Congress, 3 session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, part 2. 2v.. 1558-1559.
Abstract: Report of General J. M. Schofield, Military Division of the Pacific and Department of
California"Camp Metach was a temporary summer camp located in the lower Klamath River for
the purpose of preventing a collision between two hostile Indian bands of Indians, which threatened
to involve the neighboring whites. The troops have recently been withdrawn to their quarters at
Camp Gaston."
Page 66: Report of Schofield. Camp Bidwell, one Co. 1st Cov. is judiciously located in a rich
section of the country, where the presence of troops is very necessary to protect the large
agricultural and grazing interests against Indian depredations. Even though the Indians he removed,
as proposed, to a reservation at some distance, it will be necessary to maintain this post for effective
protection of the settlements from raiding parties, which cannot be prevented from leaving the
reservation. The 67 camp is in fair condition, but requires some repairs, for which special estimates
will be made. Camp Wright, one co. and Camp Gaston, 2 cos., are judiciously located, and it cannot
be foreseen when they will no longer be necessary. The buildings require some slight repairs, the
estimates for which have been called for.
Page 114: Camp Bidwell, no. end Suprise Valley, Captain R.F. Bernard, 1st cavalry, 1 company, 1
captain, 2 subaltern, 51EM; Camp Wright, 203 miles north of San Francisco, Captain E.C.
Woodruff, 12th Inf., 12th Inf., 1 captain, 2 subalterns, 51EM; Camp Gaston, near Trinity and
Klamath, 2 companies, 1 chaplain, 1st Lt. Col., 2 captains, 2 subalterns, 112EM.
Notes: 42 Congress, 3 sessions, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part 2, 2v. 1558-1559.
Abstract: Page 114: Camp Gaston, near the junction of the Trinity and Klamath Rivers, 2
companies, 1 chaplain, 1 Lt. Col., 2 Captain, 2 Subalterns, 112 EM.
Notes: 42nd Congress, 3d Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part 2. 2v, 1558-1559.
Abstract: Page 66: Fort Gaston. Report of General J. M. Schofield. Camp Wright, one company,
and Camp Gaston, 2d Companies are judiciously located, at it cannot be foreseen whom they will
no longer be necessary. The buildings require some slight repairs, the estimates for which have
been called for.
Notes: 43 Congress, 1 Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II, 3 vol., 1597-1599.
Abstract: Page 66-67: Camp Gaston, Lieutenant Colonel A. D. Nelson, 12th Infantry. 1 Captain, 2
subalterns. 55EM.
Notes: 43d Congress, 1st Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, part II. 3 vol. 1597-1599.
Abstract: Page 66-67: Camp Wright, Captain E. C. Woodruff, 12th Inf., 1 captain, 2 subalterns, 54
enlisted men.
Notes: 43d Congress, 2 Sessions, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part 2. 3v. 1535-1537.
Abstract: Pages 78-79: Camp Gaston, Major H. R. Mizner, 12th Inf., 2 companies, 12th Inf., 1
major, 1 captain, 4 subalterns, 82EM.
Notes: 43d Congress, 1st Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, part II. 3 vol. 1535-1537.
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Abstract: Page 78-79: Fort Wright, Captain E. C. Woodruff, 12th Inf., 1 company, 12th Inf., 1
captain, 1 subaltern, 41 enlisted men.
Notes: 44th Congress, 1 Session, House Ex. Document 1, Part II, H.V. in 5 parts. 1674-1678.
Abstract: Page 118: Report of Major General J. M. Schofield, Comdg. Military Division of the
Pacific, September 20, 1875. Camp Wright was broken up, its longer occupation by troops having
become unnecessary on account of the improved condition of the Indians of the Round Valley
Reservation and their friendly relations with the surrounding white settlements, a result greatly to
the credit to the agent in charge of those Indians.
Report of Major General J. M. Schofield, Comdg. Military Division of the Pacific, September 30,
1875. It was proposed last year by the agent, with the approval of his superiors to discontinue the
occupation of Camp Gaston. But upon further consideration it was decided by the Indian
Department that it would be imprudent for the present to dispense with military assistance in
controlling the Indians of the Hoopa Valley Reservation and the neighboring valley of the Klamath
River.
Page 152: Camp Gaston, Captain R. C. Parker, 12th inf., 1 captain, 2 subalterns. 42 enlisted men.
Notes: 44th Congress, 2 Sessions. H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II. 4 Vol in 6 parts. 1742-1747.
Abstract: Page 54-55: Camp Gaston, Captain R.C. Parker, 12th Inf., Co. "E", 12th Infantry. 2
captains, 2 subalterns. 30 enlisted men.
78. Benjamin, Marcus. John Bidwell, Pioneer; a Sketch of His Career. Washington, D. C.: 1907.
Abstract: On pages 41-43 of this too sketchy biography, the contributions of General and Mrs.
Bidwell to the welfare of the Indians of Rancho Chico are briefly discussed.
79. Bidwell, John.
Notes: John Bidwell Collection. Account Book. Office Blotter. December 21, 1863 - June 30, 1864.
fCHD 1471 U5 R324
Abstract: Page 25: Lt. Livergood (self) January 16, 1865. 1 Bottle pepper $.75
Page 45: Lt. D.W. Livergood January 16, 1865 "self" 1 bottle peppers $.75.
Page 49: January 12, 1864, Captain A. Starr
Page 51: Captain Doughty (self) January 31, 1865. 1 pair calf ladies shoes $2.00
Page 52: Camp Bidwell January 19, 1865 16 carriage bolts @ 20 = $3.20; 1 1/3 dozen carriage
washers $1.07; 13" screw pulley $.80. Total $5.07.
Page 55: Captain J.C. Doughty 1 pair calf shoes returned February 2, 1865, $2.00
Page 69: Lt. Livergood February 9, 1865 1 can lard $2.50
Page 81: Lt. Livergood (self) February 14, 1865, 1 pair calf gloves $2.25
Page 87: February 1, 1864, Captain A.Starr
Page 88: Captain J.C. Doughty January 3, 1865 self 1 pair ladies calfshoes $2.00. Chico Light
Infantry Co. much better customer than Camp Bidwell.
Page 90: February 3, 1865, Cambridge Soldier
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Page 103: February 10, 1864, O.H. Cambridge
Page 166: Captain J.C. Doughty March 23, 1865, 1 buggy whip $2.00
Page 202: Captain J.C. Doughty by McCall April 8, 1865, 1 pair pillows $4.50. May 1, 1865 October 3, 1865. nothing pertinent.
Page 214: April 11, 1864, O.H. Cambridge
Page 474: Lbs. Spuds $14.22
Page 508: Lbs. Spuds $15.24. Tobacco $1.00; letter paper $.25; 1 dozen eggs $1.50; 1 bottle brandy
$1.50; 1 pair gloves $1.75; 1 razor $1.50; 3 plugs tobacco $1.00; tobacco $1.00; 1 plug tobacco
$.50.
80. ———. In California Before the Gold Rush. Los Angeles, CA: Ward - Ritchie Press, 1948.
Abstract: This is an account by John Bidwell of the first western expeditions across land by the
white settlers in 1841. Contact with Indians while traveling west is frequently mentioned
throughout the book. California is first mentioned of page 44 and reference to the California Indian
begins on page 46. Throughout the book, the Indians are referred to as hostile (pg. 47), thieves (pg.
50), prisoners (pg. 56), before Sutter (pg. 57), as soldiers (pg. 66), weaving blankets (pg. 88),
employment of (pg. 89), in mining (pg. 90), and white misconduct in Indian villages (pg. 105).
81. Bland, Thomas Augustus. Life of Alfred B. Meacham - The Tragedy of the Lava Beds. Washington, D.C.:
T.A. and M.C. Bland Publishers, 1883.
Abstract: Pages 4-5: Chiefs ask for justice, but General Canby says "no." The Indians shout a war
cry and shoot General Canby and Dr. Thomas. Wi-ne-ma helps to fight off murderers. Meachem
decides after shooting that it was his duty to make a better understanding between the white and
Indian race... Chief put on trial... "Jury in whose selection has no voice, a jury composed of men
educated by Christian government to the art of par, practice of whose profession makes them
natural enemies of the Indian... whose love for General Canby with hatred for the Modoc chief
diqualify them for an impartial hearing... Chief without counsel or friends... Every possible point is
carefully made against the royal blooded chieftain... Recites events about misunderstandings and
bloodshed between his people and the white man... Following morning at beginning of speech the
presiding officer of the court orders him to say something new... Embarassed, referred to old
troubles, again to say something new..."
Page 7: "I do not belong to that class of white men who believe that the Indian is always blameless,
neither do I believe that he is, as many white man assert, an incorrigable blood-seeking savage,
devoid of manly attributes... that he is a man and not so much unlike other men; that when treated
by men as a man, he will behave like a man..." Also includes why he is wanting to help the Indians,
why the Indians are unhappy, and where the Lava Beds are located.
Page 7: Ki-ent-pooz (the Man of Few Words) full blooded Modoc. Rejected from position as chief
by the death of his father. Invited to U.S. Commissioners at Council Grove in October of 1864. He
declined until he was promised rrecognition as a chief. He signed a treaty for the Indians to be put
on the reservation. Problem was the government did not live up to their end of the deal. "The
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promise made to the young chief was disregarded, and official business between the government
and tribe was transacted with Schonges, entirely ignoring Captain Jack, at which he became
offneded, and religiously believing himself absolved from treaty obligation, he left the reservation
and returned to his old home." Not until 1869 did Captain Jack (or Ki-ent-pooz) go back to the
reservation on the condition he and his tribe be sent apart from the other Indians. In December of
1869 Captain Jack and his band went back to the reservation. They came dressed as civilian and
started building cabins and rails.
Pages 11-14: Problems aroused from other Indians and Jack's men - they were taking over the
buildings the Modocs were working on. Jack applied for two times and the third time to a
Government agent. Answer was that if he came again a threat of imprisonment was made. He and
his tribe left. White people said it was because Agent Knapp didn't feed them. Jack said it was for
the lack of protection. Jack went to white people for help. John Fairchild, Press Dovris, Judge
Rossborough, Elijah Steele. Thought that Indians should get citizenship. Mecham reported the the
Department of Washington the problems, and asked that they be set to the mouth of Lost River.
Two years passed, and they were sent back to Klamath. In November of 1872, soldiers surrounded
the camp. Lieutenant Boutelle mouthed off and campe off the wrong way to the Indians, causing a
war. An older woman unable to walk was left in a house that a solider later on burned. She was
killed and the Indians promised revenge. Then two women and a baby were killed. A man and
wife coming to camp were arrested and the wife was raped in front of her husband. By sunset 13
unarmed citizens of Modoc County were killed.
Pages 15-25: By January 16, 1873, over 169 Indians were hiding in the Lava Beds. Same day, four
miles from the Modoc camp, 200 soldiers camped. Another company of 200 camped four miles
south of the Modoc camp. A demand for surrender was made - if they didn't war would be made.
Jack wanted to surrender but curly-haired doctor opposed him. Thought they would be disgraced.
Army was drinking. The whites attacked but no shooting came back. The army charged, and the
Indians started to attack. After U.S. lost the war they wanted to have a meeting with the Modocs.
President Grant was the first president to talk about the Indians. Meacham sent to Modoc County to
have a meeting with the whites and Indians together. Made camp 25 miles north of Modoc camp,
located at Louie Land's Ranch. Modocs unwilling to meet with commissioners. Two days later
Major Biddle captured the Indians' horses. Enraged, they wanted to attack. The next day, they sent
some women to get their horses - the women wanted to take them home. Instead, the army declared
the horses theirs and sent the women home. This started another war. If General Canby gave back
the horses this problem wouldn't have happened.
Pages 27-79: Meacham, John A. Fairchild, Frank Riddle and wife (Wi-ne-ma) met Modoc chief in
"Peace Tent." Interview lasted seven hours. Chief brings up causes of trouble between the races.
Captain Jack is afraid of Dr. Thomas when he is around because of their religious belief of
mendicine men insomuch as he feared Dr. Thomas would make him do something by simply Dr.
Thomas willing it. They proceeded with the interview and the point was made by Captain Jack that
many truces had been broken by the white man, and Meacham was asked to explain these.
Meacham said that only way out of this problem was to put his people under flag of truce.
Pages 30-31: "Ben Wright Tragedy" is mentioned, and how Ben Wright was rewarded for his
enacted outrage against the Indians. The chief then pointed to the army encamped two miles away
and protested that this behavior was "in violation of a campact for armistice." The only way that
there would be peace would be for the military to withdraw and to restore to his people the Lost
River ground and to bury the things of the past. The chief's terms were repudiated by Meacham as
he said that peace could only be born through his cooperation in coming out of the Lava Beds, and
to respect the authority of the white man's government.
Pages 31-35: Captain Jack's final words at this interview were, very briefly, that he would not
surrender himself or his people to the army, and that he would rather die than be a slave to the white
man. The results of this interview were reported to General Canby. He sent Wi-ne-ma, Captain
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Jack's cousin, to Captain Jack in hopes of her persuading the Indians into surrender. Again the
offer was declined. As she left the Modoc camp she recieved word that the Modocs were preparing
for an ambush against the Peace Commission. Through observers the attempt was foiled because it
was obvious that Indians with guns were hiding behind rocks, waiting for the commission.
Pages 31-35: Boston Charley comes to Army post and persuades General Canby, Dr. Thomas, Mr.
Dyar, Mr. Riddle and wife (Wi-ne-ma), and Meacham to meet with him and his chief and other
braves to once again talk over peace. Everyone was to be unarmed. When the whites showed up it
was obvious that the Indians were quite well armed. The Indians again asked for the soliders to
withdraw and then peace could be accomplished. And again their thoughts were declined. It is at
this time that General Canby was shot and killed, Dr. Thomas shot and killed, Riddle and Dyar
escaped, Meacham was shot and thought dead.
Pages 35-48: Meacham says that Captin Jack was forced into killing the Peace Commission by his
own braves or he himself would be killed. In the appendix it tells of how 1000 white soldiers and
72 allies take on 53 Modocs. Captain Jack, Schonchin, Black Jim, and Boston Charley were
condemned by military court, upon an ex-parte trial, to hanging on October 3, 1873. Hooker Jim,
Shacknasty Jim, and Bogus Charley, having betrayed their chief, led the white forces to where their
chief was. They were not put on trial but merely relocated on Quaw Paw Agency (NE corner of
Indian Territory). 30 Modocs were killed in war and 100 were killed of the whites.
82. Bledsoe, Anthony Jennings. Indian Wars of the Northwest. Oakland, CA: Biobooks, 1956.
Abstract: Pages 3-14: Murder of Arthur Wigmore September 1854, citizen action to get his murder
avenged. Military action capture of two, confessed murders, never executed because of squable
between military and civil authorities over legal jurisdiction in Eel River Valley.
Page 34: As the Gregg Party made its way across the coastal range they found an Indian village on
the south fork of the Trinity. The Indians ran because they had not seen whites before. The men
took some dried salmon because they were low on supplies. That night 80 warriors approached
their camp. The guns wouldn't fire because of crossing the river, so they traded with them, hoping
against an attack. The next morning gave a shooting exhibition to show the power of their weapons
since there were only eight white men and many warriors. The Indians who feared the power
became friendly and also advised the whites of the best way to the sea. Also warned them of hostile
tribes to avoid. They encountered several groups of Indians when the reached the ocean shore.
They were curious, but not hostile. This occured in 1849.
Page 46: The Gregg party - Wood severely injured by bears. Asked to be left with nearby Indians
to be cared for. Indians agreed and asked for payment. They got everything the other white men
didn't absolutely need to continue their journey and left without Wood, never intending to care for
him. This occured in 1849.
Pages 54-55: A party of whites use compass and gun to demonstrate their "power" to superstitious
Indians to get them to fear to attack them, in 1949.
Pages 66-67: A party of men exploring the Klamath had to guard against the Indian. Some Indians
pretending friendship told them there was a good camping place further on. Three men belived
them and went on. They were killed. The party pursued the Indians and discovered theri village, a
large one indicating a powerful tribe. Next morning, they attacked the village. The majority of all
in the village were killed outright. The had no guns to fight back with.
Pages 72-77: A long general discussion of treatment of the Indians by whites in general and their
reaction to the loss of their homeland and game as a result of white settlements.
Page 79: A squaw was killed when a Rancheria was fired upon by Captain McMahon and men.
Trinity Indians being very superstitious accused 4 men living in nearby cabin. Told men the Great
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Spirit would tell them if they were innocent or guilty by smoke from a special fire they were found
innocent and ever after protected by these Indians as men who were favored by the U.S.. These
Indians believed a man for a man revenge and never forgave or forgot (Author called them
Klamaths (but locates them with the Trinities.)
Page 81: Col. McKee the 1st 2nd agent to the area brought these Indians gifts and made a peace
agreement with them and promised to return - when he did not return they daid he was
untrustworthy and had broken the treaty. 1852 murder at Black burns ferry - volunteers raised and
several rancherias were burned.
page 84: 1850-1854 no general uprisings but indications that one was coming. Miners fearing
attack went into the rancherias and confiscated all guns and ammunition they could find. Gave
Indians in vicinity of Orleans Bay till January 19 to surrender their arms. The Red Captain refused
and on the 19th the miners went to the camp to destroy it but were fired on and 2 killed sent to Fort
Humboldt to aid but they had 40 miles of Indians to get through on the Redwood they attacked a
party and 2 or 3. The war escalated. Captain Judah tried to negotiate peace but the miners wanted
to wipe out the Indians, Captain Judah may have succeeded but was called back to Fort Humboldt.
Capatin Buzelle arrived in time to prevent the miners from massacring peaceful Indians. Serveral
tribes had surrendered to Captain U.S. Grant and were delievered to Buzelle for protection. In
February 2, Weitchpeck Indians guided Capatin Woodward but warned him of Red Cap trap, he
insisted on continuing and when ambushed he killed his guide - no one was hurt in the ambush. 2
companies attacked a Indian village killing 26 and took 23 prisoners. The war was on the miners
broke agreements with peaceful Indians. Others sold ammunition to the Indians, the Hoopas and
other friendly Indians offered to help the whites capture the Red Caps but when called they could
not come because whites in their area said if they left they could not return to their land. Capatin
Judah was returned to the area and with the help of friendly Indians ended the war.
Pages 95-105: Settlement of Yager Creek area. Murder of McDermitt and Merrill by Indians.
White action in revenge of murder of David Adolphus Coope and killing of their murderers.
Murder of George Cooper by Indians. Attack by Indians on John Cooper and James Nelson.
Murder of Albert Delaseaux and killing of six of the Indians who had committed the crime.
Pages 96-97: After the murders of McDermitt and Merrill the settlers told the Indians to turn over
the murderers or all would be held accountable. They were ignored so the whites killed every male
they found in the area. A few weeks later Indians came to take the whites to the murderers camp.
The camp was attacked, many Indians were killed and the Indians who were helping the whites
hunted thw ounded down and knocked thei brains out with rocks.
Pages 107-109: Much restlessness on the Hoopa Reservation. The Indians were well armed and
threatening to the whties. Captain Snyder, who lived in the area and was well known by the
Indians, went alone to their rancheria and told them how the whites felt. They turned over 12 guns
and more the next day as a gesture of peace. However, whites felt they would never be safe until
the Indians were whiped out or removed, which would mean a war. The army was ineffectual and
didn't know how to fight a war in this area with these Indians in 1856.
Page 109: Indian depredations by Redwood Indians in 1856. Men from Union went to Ferrill's
place and found an Indian camp only 27 miles from the Union. Surrounded them and killed seven
warriors. Cattle killed at Angles Ranch. Ten men attacked a rancheria and killed ten Indians, who
had some guns but only used bows and arrows. Man hunting on Bear River met by "friendly"
Indians who attacked him and tried to kill him, He was wounded and found by squaws who took
him to their rancheria and cared for him until he was better, but he still died from infection. A party
of whites went after the guilty ones and killed seven of them.
Pages 120-121: On November 25, 1857, Klamath Mike, a bad Indian on the Klamath, tried to
assassinate Major Heintzleman, the agent. Failing, he and his followers fled, but were pursued. 15
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or 20 Indians killed. Klamath Mike escaped, later the same day three unarmed whites were
captured by Mike and bound and taken to his rancheria. Many wanted to kill them immediately, but
calmer heads prevailed and next morning they were put in a conoe and taken to the Government
farm and released.
Pages 124-154: War with the Wintoons. They had been peaceful and traded with whites.
Acquired guns and were proficient in using them, but when they saw on their land herds of cattle
and dwindling herds of deer and elk, they realized they had to get rid of the whites. "Leroy," a
negro living with a squaw, was attacked and wounded by killed his attackers, which further
arounsed the Indians at the loss of two warriors. Next they ambushed a pack train, severely
wounding a peaceful man named Ross. This insensed the whites. Three parties of volunteers (16
men) pursued the Indians, attacking their rancheria. Killed several, and were attacked as they
returned to their camp. One killed. Their camp was looted and destroyed. Bad white men attacked
a pack train led by Indian boys and killed one of them. Sixteen men led by Winslet followed trail
into an ambush. Winslet wounded and another man killed. Indians attacked Boynton's farm, killing
him. Much alarm raised. Eureka wants volunteers called in. Finally, 40 armed troops called in, not
enough and all green. Also, this delayed the formation of vounteers. Volunteers led by General
Kibbie in Weaverville. They, along with the soldiers at Fort Humboldt, had orders to open the road
between the Bay and Trinity, also to protect settlers. Kibbie arrived at Union on the Bay on
October 18. Volunteers under Captain Messec had first engagement with Wintoons who surprised
in their camp offered a running fight, four killed, and two squaws and four children captured.
Indians hiding high in deep ravines, etc. Captain Messec pursued them. He attacked three ranches.
Killed five and took 26 prisoners. No sign of volunteers being reimbursed for time and supplies.
Captain Messec and volunteers encircled the area of the Wintoo camp and made a surprise attack,
capturing them without firing a whole lot. 84 prisoners taken. Arguments made over the
disposition of prisoners and the hazzard of holding 120 people. Moved them to Union. Captain
Messec chasing remaining Wintoons. Had them almost captured, when they escaped with the help
of the lower Mad River Indians, who were supposed to be friendly. Three head men taken hostage
to insure the good behavior of the rest. Messec surprised what he thought to be a small ranch. It
contained 100-150 warriors. Several of his men were severely wounded, and he was forced to
retreat as he only had 14 men. 100 squaws and babies shiped to Mendocino coast. General Kibbie
obtained permision to remove captured Wintoons because of the hardship to his volunteers.
General Kibbie was anxious to make peace, enlisted the aid of the Hoopas to talk with the
Wintoons. Promised they would be well treated if they surrendered. Three Hoopas started out by
something caused them to return and refuse to go to the Wintoons (possibly some whites who were
profiting on the war talked with them). General Kibbie personally went to them and he pursuaded
three chiefs to help him, one an aged and respected medicine man. A heavy winter storm made it
impossible for the Wintoons to hunt in the high country, and they couldn't go down for fear of
capture. They were starved into submission. On January 28, several Indians were killed in a
skirmish. On February 20, Hoopas brought word that the Wintoosn were ready to talk. At the
place of the talk, many agreed to surrender, but many refused but had to more power to fight, but to
only subsist until spring. Had to be found and brought out. On March 15, 160 shipped to
Mendocino. From the statements of the prisoners, five Wintoons had committed the murders which
began the war, but diring the war all but one were killed. Some Redwoods who aided General
Kibbie were permitted to reamin behind to live in peace; one was "Old Sandy Chief" of the
Sweathouse tribe, who was regarded as a faithful ally to whites. As a reward for their assistance
they were allowed to remain. On the 20th of March, the volunteers were disbanded. 300 had been
taken captive and shipped to the Mendocino Reservation and 100 had been killed. Legislature
passed a bill for $3000-2000 to defray expenses of volunteers.
Pages 137-138: The evening of September 27, abou 10 o'clock, some Mad River Indians ran
through the streets of Union crying their ranch was under attack and their women and children were
being killed by Indians from Hoopa and Redwood. Men of the town formed a militia and went to
the camp but found it peaceful. Either it was a bad practicle joke or the Indians had been spooked
by something.
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Pages 165-172: Wintoons were leaving the reservation and returning to their homes, but as yet had
not joined up in 1860. Two strangers were murdered and cut to pieces and thrown in the surf by the
Mattoles. On Yager Creek hostilties increased; they even shot animals in corrals in front of settlers
homes. In February a volunteer company was formed but the government ignored their please for
support and they were forced to do what they could for themselves. Also, claims for the Wintoon
and earlier wars were not being paid, even though bonds were made at the time to do it. On
February 25, 1860, the massacre of the Indians in Humboldt Bay - three simultaneous attacks
killing over 300, half of which were women and children. No one punished because the 50-80 men
who did it had made a pact together on point of death never to reveal any part of their deeds. None
had broken this pact up to the time of this book.
Page 173: Petition sent to the governor to request that he recall the volunteers for the protection of
the settlers. Indians of Bay went to the fort for protection On May 19, 1860, county convention on
Indian affairs assembled at Eureka - they called the Federal troops, a curse, not a benefit. Called for
vounteers from the governor. March to May, three months of depredations. One Indian showing a
gun he stole from a miner, saying he had killed the man. His own tribe turned him in and he was
hung. They mad had received a head wound that had knocked him unconscious, but did not kill
him. Captain Snyder and men attacked a ranch, killing ten warriors and breaking up the ranch.
$30,000-$75,000 property cost to Indian depredation in 12 months. Major Raines seemed to do all
possible to protect Indians, no matter what they did. He made it a crime for a soldier to shoot an
Indian in the act of killing or driving off cattle, could only shoot if they were killing a white.
Governor requested more federal troops, which were sent, but Major Raines tied their hands so that
they Indians committed more depredations after they were sent. Col. Buel requested by area
citizens to remove the Indians to a government reservation. He prepared places for them and
requested Major Raines to turn those under his protection over to him. He refused. 125 Indians
collected around Union were taken. Two weeks later Raines shipped his Indians to Klamath (where
they weren't prepared to receive them). Finally, Raines was transfered to Washington Territory.
Pages 182-187: In 1860, Indians returning to the area from Government reservation - citizens
petitioned Captain Lovell to remove them again. Col. Buel attempted to bring them back but while
he was in Eureka he was dismissed due to circumstances of his mismanagement. Indians said there
was no food. Mr. Terrill replaced Buel. Terrill said the Indians had food available to them and were
apparently content, but 3 Ell River Indians came up, and told them the whites wanted them to come
back and would not again cause them to return to the reservation. One night 225 of them made
their escape he was only able to detain 30. He did not have the man pow to bring them back.
During the summer 1860 the Valley Indians began to return from the Klamath Reservation - 2
murders in Hoopa Valley - 2 drunken whites killed a head man's son who was trying to protect a
squaw. The men were arrested but released because the Justice of the Peace would not accept the
testimony of the witnesses because they were Indians. Indians quite upset but did not go on a
general warpath. James Casebeer was killed. It was discovered that an Indian named "Jack." The
citizens took him to the place of the murder where he told them how it was done "Big Jack" helped
him so he was captured and they were kept in a makeshift jail. A mob broke in and lynched them.
There was a renewal of depredations. Fort Humboldt was reinforced.
Pages 188-190: In 1861, convention at Eureka informed the agent at Klamath they wanted him to
take the escaped Indians back. In January, Indians attacked Sproul Ranch. G. A. Woods attempted
to cross the river to give help, but drowned. Indians drove off cattle, and were trialed by whites to
their ranch. They charged it, killing 13 and severely wounding others. Indians killed John
Fulwider, and they killed Ann Quinn on Farabee Ranch and burned it.
Pages 191-194: 1861, Trouble in Hoopa Valley. Plot uncovered - Hoopas to wipe out white
population in Valley. Capt. Underwood at Fort Gaston demended they surrender their guns. After
two weeks 30 has been turned in. The weather prevented war and during the waiting period
divisions began in the Hoopas, some want war, some want peace. Some Indians left their ranches
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to go into the mountains for evacuation, they were pursued, 20 wounded and 14 killed. Also many
provisions and other belongings recenly stolen from area settlers were recovered. Fight near Mad
River. 20 killed, many wounded. Next day attacked ranch, 5 dead, and 3 wounded. Many battles
described.
Page 195-204: Volunteers disbanded because their time was up. Without them the soldiers were
not able to fight well. The Indians, knowing this, began a period of murders and depredation.
Citizens were killed regularly without cause. Nine murders of white men described. Meetings were
held for the purpose of devising a defense. Want more federal troops and possibly state troops.
Governor authorized the fomation of a volunteer company. The Humboldt home guards - three
months service - in three months 75 Indians were killed and many wounded, one volunteer killed
and 8 wounded. Battle on November 17. Besieged several hundred Indians - after several hours,
six wounded, one dead, and nearly exhausted ammo, the volunteers were forced to retreat. Back the
20th with reinforcements, but it was deserted. They tracked to Redwood Creek in two ranches.
Planned simultanous attack. One ranch escaped, 14 killed in the other. A miner and a wheelwright
murdered. Telegraph sent to the governor, telling of the depredations. Governor sent back "I doubt
very much these Indian reports."
Pages 205-208: Governor Downey had a change of heart, recognizing the needs of the settlers, and
wrote a letter to General Wright requesting more men and better protection. General Wright
agreeds, and also wrote Agent Hanson of the necessity of collecting the Indians and getting them
back on the reservation. Hanson replied that the Klamath Reservation facilities had been destroyed
in a flood, leaving one to two thousand Indians utterly destitute. He recommended removal to the
Nome Cult Reservation. New posts were established in Humboldt County. Policy of
noninterference maintained by Col. Lippitts instructions "not to make war upon the Indians, nor to
punish them for any murders or depredations hitherto committed, but to bring them in and place
them permanently on a reservation." They were to do it "without bloodshed." Troops were
powerless.
Pages 209-211: In 1862, depredations worsening. Whites forced to pull back to more populous
areas. Indians getting bolder. Attacked Zehndner Ranch, 11 miles from Union. They escaped by
when they returned, everything was burned. As the familes retreated, their homes were burned.
Seven miles from Union, A. S. Bates was murdered, and all buildings burned. Ever dwelling east
of the Hoopa trail for a distance of 50 miles had been burnt. Asked authorities to remove the
Hoopa tribe of Indians from their ranches, because they were in league with the hostiles. Patrick
Reagan shot and other depredations.
Pages 212-215: In June of 1862, Daby's Ferry was attacked five miles from Union. The family
made for the river but were caught in a crossfire. They jumped into a canoe. After landing, Mrs.
Danskin was killed. Mrs. Daby was knocked down by a shot; when she awakened the Indians were
surrounding her. They told her to "find papooses" and go into Arcata (Union); she escaped with her
three small daughters. Her nephew and a Frenchman were still missing, though friendly Indians
told them that they drowned.
Pages 216-219: There was much activity in 1862 by Col. Lippit's command almost completely
without effect. He was under orders to capture Indians and remove them to Del Norte County
without bloodshed. Indian Superintendent Hanson was responsible for tying their hands. Citizens
had to form volunteer companies for their protection. Only two skirmishes are reported here
involving regular soldiers and Indians. Hanson's visit to Klamath only impressed the Indians with
his weakness.
Page 217: Lt. Flynn and 25 men from Fort Anderson, scouting in the Mad River section camped
near Croghan's Ranch, the men reclined around a campfire. Lt. Flynn and John Saff, the guide were
conversing when a half-dozen rifles within 50 yards of camp went off, Saff was struck in the thigh,
inflicting a dangerous wound. April 26, 1862: The new companies arrive at Fort Gaston, Col.
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Olney, 2d Inf., Comdg. Captains Douglas, Ketchum, Heffernan and Lts. Flynn, and Staples rae in
the field from other posts. Capt. Ketchum, with 25 men from Fort Baker attacked a small rancheria
on Larabee creek and killed three of four warriors. Lt. Staples had a skirmish in the same
neighborhood in which 15 Indians were shot.
Pages 220-224: "The Death Roll," 1862. Ceasless depredations. After Daby's Ferry they attacked
the Mullberry Ranch. Man shot near Eagle Praire. Other attacks on whites listed. Four men
attacked on Trinity Trail, one killed and one severely wounded. Two months later, three men were
killed on the Trinity Trail. Massacre at Whitney Ranch in July, three men killed. Albee killed on
his ranch and everything destroyed.
Pages 222-223: Whitney's Ranch, Four miles below Fort Anderson, scenes of a massacre. Geo.
Whitney, William Mitchell, James Freeman, three soldiers and tame Indian boy heard the dogs
barking. Freeman stripped out and a bullet grazed his head. Captain Douglas, of Fort Anderson, and
troops only a few short miles away. Freeman volunteered to go for help. Whitney and Mitchell
armed themselves and stepped into the field, were shot by Indians and killed. One soldier stepped
out of the house and received 7 bullets in the chest. The Indian boy and 2 surviving soldiers killed
two Indians and wounded several. Capatin Douglas and troops arrived at a dead run. But it was too
late.
Pages 225-228: Two groups of volunteers formed in Union and Eel River. While pursuing Indians,
they saw two white men who had been with the Indians. Their camp was full of stolen property.
They followed them. Found a large encampment of Indians and with reinforcements began to raid
it prematurely (still dark). Only six Indians killed but many wounded. One white killed. A squaw
who had been living with whites and had been captured by her own people and held prisoner
escaped and offered to lead whites to the bad Indians. Found the camp and in a surprise raid killed
22, including one of the whites. Soldiers had been doing nothing, in fact, the Indians they were
transporting to the Smith River Reservation were mostly friendly Indians, looking for some food
and shelter. They didn't stay more than two months, and one month "fully 300 Indians left the
reservation" and went back to their former areas.
Pages 226-227: August 22, 1862 - Captain Ousley with 35 volunteers and Lt. Campbell with 18
regulars left for Little River in pursuit of band of mauraudering Indians. Two days later found a
deserted camp. Split the command. Oulsey went upstream, Campbell down stream. Several hours
later a dog gave warning of Indians near. Scouts discovered a camp of Indians cooking, sleeping,
and swimming. Surrounding the camp, Ousley attacked, a volunteer named McDaniels severely
wounded. 22 Indians killed, including one unknown. Renegade white man who had been running
with the Indians. Recovered guns, ammunition and articles from every home that had been
plundered in the past six months.
Pages 229-233: "The Mountaineer Battallion" was formed after the Klamath Grand Jury Report
was issued, recommending a volunteer company be formed to do the duty which the U.S. soldiers
were failing at. Six companies, two from Humboldt area. The Indians also prepared for war.
"Everywhere in the hostile country, be a preconcented agreement among the different tribes,
extensive and elaborate preparations were made to give the whites a warm reception." One tribe
(Stone Lagoon tribe) were friendly to whties and refused to join other Indians in war. So the
Hoopas came during the night and wiped out the tribe. Less than six survived. Afterwards all
tribes had to join in or suffer the same fate as the Stone Lagoons.
Pages 234-237: The tribes suspected involvement in war - Wintoons and Hoopas. The valley tribes
were not involved. Captain Flynn, U.S.A., attacked large rancheria, killing 30 and taking 40
prisoners. Indians attacked pack train at Oak Camp. One guard killed, trader captured. One month
later at Oak Camp they attacked another train, killing one and wounding another white. Lt.
Hempfield trailed Indians from Oak Camp. They made their stand at Willow Creek. He recovered
pack animals. Indians killed all stock on the range they could find.
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Pages 238-246: Indians raided Trinidad sawmill and robbed and burned 2 houses- this panicked the
community but the Indians apparently satisfied wtih their booty returned to the mountains. Hard
fought battles on Redwood Ceek; pack train attacking and 17 men of Co. C were their escort. 22
men in all attacked by 100 Indian men from Camp C. Got behind some Indians and drove them off
ending the attack. The Indians heavily armed so that they only used guns in attack. 9 whites were
wounded. Indians hid for a while but appeared again in August. Murdered Samuel Minor. August September brought death and desolation to the Trinity. Merrick's Ranch attacked and burned,
Merrick killed along with Mde. Weaver. Mail and 2 escorts attacked, only one escaped and died
later of wounds. 2 more men killed near Humboldt Bay. Lt. Hempfield arrested an Indian on
Willow Creek and charged him with several murders and 2 Hoopas suspected of the Merrick
murders were in the peaceful Ma-til-tins ranch, but the M's would not give them up after three days
their camp would be attacked and destroyed if they did not give them up. The camp was surrounded
and the M's gave up, 115 prisoners were taken and escorted to the Fort where they were allowed to
remain under guns. Captain Miller had a skirmish and killed two Indians , the others went on and
attacked the men as they crossed the S. Fork of the Trinity. 2 men wounded and several mules with
supplies were lost. Captain Ousley pursued the Indians - two men hunting were attacked. Captain
Ousley and men went and were caught in an eight hour battle, three men wounded and seven
Indians were killed. Twelve men against 40 Indians. More U.S. soldiers requested; two comapanies
assigned Fort Humboldt where they were given garrison and scouting duty. Fort Gaston and
whites in the area were given notice to leave by the Indians though there were many peaceful tribes
in the area.
Pages 247-248: Capt. Ousley with 15 men left Fort Gaston for Bald Mountain to join Lt. Middleton
already there with 35 troops to take a log fort containing 300 warriors. When Ousley arrived,
Middleton had left. Sent back to Gaston for help. Lt. Beckwith of Co. A and 24 men and Lt. Hale of
Co. B and 15 men arrived, bringing a howitzer. Shelled the fort for 2 days. On the morning of the
third the fort was empty. Indians escaping through the tall grasses during the night. At this time
350 men were stationed at Fort Gaston.
Pages 247-251: The Indians had built a log Fort at the Bald Mountain Spring . The Fort
commanded a view in all directions. Lt. Middleton attacked them but he could not get close enough
to do any damage to the Indians. While one of his men was wounded, he sent out for
reinforcements. Capt. Ousley brought 15 men of Co. "B" and Lt. Beck with 24 men of Co. "A" and
Lt. Hale with 15 men of Co. "B" and a howitzer. Began Howitzer attack on Dec. 26 at 12:00 by
4:00 they were out of ammo for the howitzer and still had not done much dammage to the Fort.
Ousley placed a strong picket around the Fort to precent the escapte of the 300 warriors inside, but
during the night they escaped through the tall grass. Capt. Ousley took the full responsibility. 350
men wree concentrated at Fort Gaston in January 1864 . The Indians extended the war to the south
fork of the Salmon River attacking withouth warning and murdering several people before the
miners in the area could rally to defend themselves at Salmon Bridge. Fought for two days to
prevent the Indians from crossing. Indians returned undetected to Hoopa Valley. Three Indians
who wre powerful leaders and the driving force behind the War were "Big Jim" and "Ceonaltin
John" and "Handsome Billy", all Hoopas but were so powerful they were said to control all but one
of the Redwood Tribes. Their three bands contracted 150 well armed warriors. A raid was amde on
"Big Jim's" rancheria but he escaped and later Ceonaltin rancheria was burned but none were
captured. More Volunteers authority.
Page 252: Colonel Black, staff, and Co. "C,E,G", 6th regiment, C.V. arrive at Fort Humboldt.
Indians had attacked the Dyer home in Union. Three hours after his arrival he sent Captain
Buckeley and 65 men of Co. "C" to the rescue.
Pages 252-259: Colonel Black and 250 men arrived at Fort Humboldt the same day the Dyer ranch
near Union was attacked and looted and burned. Two men attacked in Mattole Valley, one killed.
Prompted a citizens meeting to petition Colonel Black who assured them he would send protection
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as soon as possible. Spring 1864 strategy to keep Indians moving not giving them time to regourp
and resupply. Lt. Frazier with 12 men killed 14 Indians in a series of attacked and took 21
prisoners in White Thorn Valley. On the Salmon river there was severe fighting with the Trinity
Indians. Several soldiers and many Indians killed. Redwood Creek, camp attacked, three died, five
prisoners, next day one soldier was killed from ambush. Near head of waters of Elk River mules
stolen, followed trail to Indian camp. Six Indians killed, five prisoners. One of the soldiers returning
mules, shot other. Escapted. Many whites lost that year, many warriors killed. Also but many more
had been captured. 175 voluntarily surrendered at Fort Bragg, 175 captured in field.
Pages 257-259: Most of the military action confined to troop movements, except for Lt's Frazer
and Geer, who had been assigned the task of riding the Mattole of hostile tribes. Many killed or
captured. Two small girls attacked while berry picking; one seriously wounded but survived.
Seven year old boy killed by an Indian who was captured by friendly Indians, and who admitted
and found the body. Placed in Klamath jail, tried and executed.
Pages 260-276: The winter of 1864-1865 brought a close to the war. Lt. Middleton arrived at the
peninsula with a large number of prisoners, the last of the hostiles in Trinity County. The
Mountaineer Battalion was mustered out with the gratitude of the state. Discussion of the
reservation system and Col. McKee and the last reservation in the Humboldt area. McKee's letter
concerning Eel River Reservation. They currupt way Robinson managed the Eel River
Reservation, Discussion of Mendocino Reservation. Gross mis-management and fraud, in detail.
A reservation along the Klamath river established in 1855. It's failure and causes of. Citizens were
worried what to do with their prisoners, as they knew the failings of the reservation in their area.
Indian Superintendent Wiley wanted to move them to some points of San Francisco, but failed and
had to follow governments plants. Made an Indian reservation in Hoopa Valley. 2000 Indians
were gathered there. Whites in Humboldt area now numbering Indians 2:1.
Pages 277-292: Appendix. Nothing discussed concerning Indian-white relationships.
83. Blumenthal, Walter Hart. American Indians Dispossessed. Philadelphia: George S. MacManus Co., 1955.
Notes: 1975 reprint by Arno Press in New York held in CSU, Chico's Meriam Library, call number
E93 B64 1975
Abstract: Indian affairs in California - In 1850, the first official pressure began for the concentration
of the widely scattered bands... the California Indian problem became urgent and the rapacity of the
whites uppermost.
84. Bonsal, Stephen. Edward Fitzgerald Beale, a Pioneer in the Path of an Empire. New York: G. P. Putnam's
Sons, 1912.
Abstract: Pages 174-186: Beale arrived in California as General Superintendent of Indian Affairs
for California and Nevada in 1853. Census of Indians 70 thousand and "melting away every day
before the pressure of the white population and owing to the harassing peration of circumstances
over which we have no control." Beale expected this lack of a system would lead to war. The
majority of the state's population loudly favored extermination but Beale resisted them. Beale's
plans outlined in a Senate speach and a letter from Beale was included in the speach. The letter
described the condition of the Indians. Beale reccommended a policy of humanity and fair dealings
with the Indians. The 1853 ammendment to bill regulating Indian affairs adopted Beal's plan for
five small military reservations to exceed 25 thousand acres. Money was appropriated to protect
Indians from whites. Massacre of Trinity River, 130 scalps of Indians brought home. Beal's report
recommendations: (1) subsistance of half-a-million dollars, (2) military reservations, (3) officers
shall reside on reserves assigned to them, and (4) abolish Indian agencies with six sub-agents to be
appointed $1500 each to reside and teach the Indians farming and other duties.
Pages 186-190: Beale ruthlessly fired the incompetent and corrupted agents but they conspired
against him. However, they failed to support any of their charges. Beale's observation "the
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condition of many of the Indian tribes is truly deplorable, they are driven from their hunting and
fishing grounds and ar in danger of starvation. Many of them are made to work without
compensation and massacres are taking place all the time. Only fifteen miles from San Francisco
the Indians are often enslaved and made to work without pay, and when the work season is over
they are turned out to starve."
Pages 195: Beale always remained a friend of the Indian. On April 25, 1873, he wrote a letter to
"The Republican" of Pennsylvania telling the truth about the causes of the Modoc War. This was a
corageous thing to do at the time with all the public sentiment against the Modocs. On pages
195-197 the letter is printed in its entirety.
85. Botta, Paul Emile Paolo Emilio. Observations on the Inhabitants of California, 1827-1828 . Los Angeles,
CA: Glen Dawson, 1952.
Abstract: A physical description of the Indians - those the author had seen were primarily on
"missions" or church governed farms where they were being instructed in church doctrine as well as
agriculture. "These Missionaries have to struggle with the natural indolence of this people..."
Describes their work - some can even read and write Spanish - they are inclined to vice both native
and that introduced by Spanish. Only saw "wild Indians" around the new Solano Mission. They
had come to help harvest the grain. Indians of the Northwest coast have a refined taste for music.
The depopulation because of civilization, work gangs captured to work for whites in Upper
California. (Pages 10-11) "Already in Lower California almost all of the Missions are abandoned
due to the lack of Indians, and in the same state would be the much more fertile Upper California, if
from time to time flocks of Indians compelled by misery and hunger, or even sometimes taken by
force, due to the need for workmen, did not keep up the constantly dwindling population of
European settlements."
86. Boyle, Florence and Bill Dolan. Old Days in Butte. Chico, CA: Oroville Mercury Register, 1942-1943, 1974.
Abstract: Chapters 30-21: Susie, daughter of Chino: Chief of Tontos tells of how Indians lived in
old days in Butte.
Chapter 50: Cherokee town named for Cherokee Indians who first worked gold deposits.
Chapter 59: Indian chiefs killed after Pence cattle stolen. (1851) Whites fight Tiger Indian after
cattle stolen. (1853) Indians killed 10 Chinese. Posse pursued.
Chapter 60: In 1854 in a Frenchtown meeting, white warned to stop outrages on Indian women.
Murders of Thomas Allen and three Hickok children.
Chapter 61: Capture of three Lewis children reported.
Chapter 63: Workman family attacked and killed in Concow Valley.
Chapter 98: Fork of Butte town resolution to organize volunteers against Indians. White murders
by Indians reported. "Bob" Anderson's exploits reported.
Chapter 120: Chinese gold miners killed by Indians. Four Indians hung.
Chapter 126: Mill Creek Indian territory - Richardson Springs.
Chapter 181: Man killed by Indian.
Chapter 184: Captain Yuba of Stringtown efforts to stop tribe's drinking failed.
Chapter 190: Bald Rock Canyon and Indians mentioned.
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87. Boyle, William Henry. Personal Observations on the Conduct of the Modoc War. editor Richard H. Dillon.
Los Angeles, CA: Dawson's Book Shop, 1959.
Notes: Re-printed from original in UC Berkeley's Bancroft Library.
Abstract: Page 7: Quote from Major General John McAllister Schefield in a November 3, 1873
letter - calls the Modoc War of 1872-1873 "one of the ccostliest Indian campaigns in American
history and the major Indian war on the soil of California." 50 Modoc Indians under Captain Jack
(Kientpoos). 5 engagements - not one could be considered a clear-cut victory for the Army, which
outnumbered the Indians 5 to 1. 168 Dead whites, only 5 Modocs were killed in action, 4 hanged,
and 1 suicide. Several men made misjudgments of the will of the Modocs to fight. Captain James
Jackson called Modocs "insolent beggars." Ivan Applegate, a pioneer, said it would only take 30
men to take care of the problem. T. B. Odeneal, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon, said
that "the leaders of these Indians are desperados - brave, daring, and reckless" - felt that only a large
force would overawe them at once. Brig. Gen. John E. Ross of the Oregon Militia in December
1872 said that the action would only take 30 days. Military assessments of the will or ability of the
Modocs to fight a long war.
Page 20: Wagon attacked by Modocs. December 22, 1872, a military wagon carrying supplies was
attacked by Modocs. Two men and one mule were killed, but the wagon was saved. It was
carrying food and ammunition.
Pages 23-25: Battle on Lava Beds. Details of the battles. January 17, 1873, used Howitzers but
fog was so dense they couldn't see anything. Stopped because of the damage to their own men.
Indians would fire and retreat before the troops without loss to themselves but at high cost in
soldiers. Troop advanced until a great chasm which divided regulars from volunteers. Drove
Indians across the chasm and placed his troops between the Indians and the lake and wanted to join
commands with Capt. Bernards to complete the operation. However, this meant a dangerous battle
over the worst position of the Lava Bed without cover, across the chasm under the muzzles of the
Indian rifles. Many soldiers were killed by gun fire or by falls into the chasm. Object of the
connection with Bernard was to cut the Indians from water. 30% of 1st Cavalry were killed or
wounded. Three generals withdrew their men from the Lava Beds and got late message to Green to
fall back to Laud's Ranch.
Page 26: General Wheaten withdrew with Oregon volunteers, about 75 men, and the enemy on
their trail and a chance of being surrounded. Men fall back to the bluff.
Page 27: Major Green still before the enemy "with a relentless foe hanging about them, ready to
take any advantage to massacre the small party that was left,"... Most of his men without
transportation. 28 wounded, withdrew to Laud's Ranch.
Page 28: Klamath Indians as allies, but they were secretly supplying Modocs with "ball and
people" and information of troops' activities.
Pages 30-31: Note taken that these Indians were not like any the troops had had any experience
fighting.
Page 34: Army movements into Jack's stronghold area during peace talk preparations. General
Gillem moved his camp of three companies of the 4th Artillerty, two of the 12 Infantry, and 3
companies of cavalry to the bluff on the southwest border of Tule Lake, and about one miles or one
and a half miles from Jack's stronghold. Col. Mason moved his troops to Hospital Rock, less than
one miles from Jack's camp.
Pages 35-38: Peace Commissioners Massacre. Commission: General E. R. S. Canby, A. B.
Meacham, Jesse Applegate, L. S. Dyar, Reverend William Thomas. Many times Captain Jack said
"tomorrow I will talk" then did not appear when he said he would. Army had come to the
conclusion that he must fight and were preparing for war. Canby and Thomas talked to writer the
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night before their death. They were confident the Modocs would retreat, were suspicious of
Riddle's interpretation of proposal offered to them, but they thought Jack would come to terms the
next day. Bogus Charley and squaw told Riddle that night that a massacre was imminent, but he
wasn't believed. The next morning, Boston Charley brought word from Jack that he would meet
that day. On Boyle's arrival at Hospital Rock, he received the message that authorities had been
informed of Jack's intended treachery. Lt. Sherwood met representative from Captain Jack under a
white flat - he wanted to meet with Chief of Commission. Boyle, who understood the language,
went back out with Sherwood to arrange the meeting. Fearing treachery, they demanded the
Indians come to the picket post rather than meet on the Lava Beds. Liutenants were unarmed Indians Curly Haired Jack, Steamboat Frank, and Comstock Dave. After Liutenants finished
talking and started back they came under heavy fire. They split up and Sherwood was fatally
wounded. Boyle saved as picket soldiers began firing on Indians. Boyle does not tell of the
massacre itself but says that while the action took place that he was involved in the Indians under
Jack were "doing their bloody work."
Pages 38-40: General Gillem's Report of the Peace Commissioner Massacre. Discusses in detail
the actions that went on before the massacre. Riddle's part in the warning and his action. He
brought the Commissioners to General Gillem's bedside to ask him to bear witness that he [Riddle]
had warned them that there was danger in going out. At 11:00 the party left camp. Riddle and
squaw and Bogus and Boston Charlies with them. Gillem sent signal officcer to watch and report.
At 1:30 pm he brought General Gillem information that Major Mason's camp on the east side of the
lake had been attacked. About to warn General Canby, but was informed that General Canby and
the Peace Commission had been murdered. When the Peace Commission had arrived at the
appointed place they found Captian Jack and others already there, but having hidden rifles in the
rocks and pistols in their belts.
Page 40: The Second Battle, Modoc War, April 15, 1875. Military preparations. Col. Mason took
his command (3 companies of the 21st Infantry, 2 companies of 1st Cavalry, and the Warm Spring's
Indians - recently arrived, commanded by Captain Donald McKay) up the night before so as to get
into the position without loss to his men. Described their scant positions and said they had two
Howitzers with them. At 8:00 am Major Green, on the way to his position, was held some distance
form the Lava Beds by the Indians. Reproduces General Gillems' report to William T. Sherman.
"... If possible, no Indian shall boast that his ancestors murdered Genreal Canby." At 9:00 am the
battle became general along line. Fought until dark without gaining ground. Spent the night
building breastworks and taking a more advanced position. The second night, Lt. Chapen moved
his Howitzers up. Captain Thomas got mortars in good position. Troops in good spirit as had
succeeded in cutting Indians off from water.
Page 43: Modoc preparations. Jack and his warriors removed all property, women, and children
from caves to a save retreat through a gap between Miller's command and War Springs Indians,
who failed to report hearing crying children during the night. Left behind only enough men to
make it appear they were all still there. Later, the men who had helped the evacuation came back
around midday on April 17.
Pages 44-45: The battle, April 17. Troops began firing early in the day, but received little response
until 11:00 when Modocs were re-inforced. Then all troops were brought in and began to advanced
across the Lava Beds. But the Modocs were gone through a secret pass in the rocks to another high
spot two miles away. The troops found two nearly dead squaws and an old man and three dead
children. Outcome of the battle was to drive the Indians form the caves to a "better position." The
cavalry was ordered to pursue the Indians. It made a circuit of the Lava Beds. Traveled 50 miles
with no grain and "returned without doing any good but to disable their horses forr future services."
Mason ordered to old the caves, and all property belonging to the Indiand was taken to the caves.
Fortified caves.
Pages 46-47: Troops were surprised to see the Modocs had abandoned such a natural position as
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the caves, but they had been busy building a fort. The Indians had not been idle "but had built
themselves a strong fort, all having avenues running one to another, so that they could reenforce
either position of their work without exposing themselves." On April 18, occasional shots fired by
the Modocs, and they seemed to be burning their dead. They could get from their position to the
lake [Tule] for water. On April 19, boyle took train of property and dead to the camp. It was
guarded by "sick men" and old Indian who were guarding their dead; if the Modocs had attacked,
"they could have taken it with ease." Losses were one officer wounded, six men killed and thirteen
wounded.
Page 48: Telegram from General Gillem to Major General Schefield. Indians about four miels
front stronghold. "It may seem incredible that thye could have remained so near us three days
undiscovered, but an examination of the field with their innumerable caves, crevices, and chasms,
would explain how difficult it is to find a man who is endeavoring to conceal himself. They are
about three miles from water. It was the want of water that forced them from their hiding place."
Pages 48-53: During the three days following the second battle, there was sporadic firing and
sighting of and by the Modocs. Attacked four friendlies sent to carry a message between military
camps on the third day. The Modocs attacked a mule train inside the pickets of Col. Green, taking
rations, killing a citizen, and wounding a soldier. War Springs Indians stationed to keep Modocs
from water. Gen. Gillam waiting for reinforcements; failing to follow up on the attack gave
Modocs time to recoop and bred discontent among officers and men. "It was impossible to
surround them." Apathy had settled on Gen. Gillen. Gen. Davis to take command. McKay sent to
scout locations for artillerty. Gillen not satisfied with report, sent Thomas with 4th Artillerty and
85 in all to make a reconnaissance. Party met no opposition; at their destination they halted to rest
at noon without proper provision in sending out pickets. While in cluster they were fired on and
demoralized and disorganized; all officers fell wounded or killed. Some men deserted. All the men
remaining were killed. Men in Gillem's camp ready to go to their aid but Gillem "lost all control of
himself and would not act nor let others." Troop left camp under Col. Green. Weather bad, took
six hours to make four miles. Officer commanding the dead was fresh from the earth and an
inexperienced fighter, never having seen any frontier duty. He fell back into open country instead
of charging and driving the enemy from its position. This was the massacre of Thomas' command.
Pages 61-80: Biographical notes on all people mentioned. Bogus Charley died on a train enroute to
Walla Walla in 1881. Boston Charley killed Rev. Thomas in peace tent and almost scalped
Meacham. Curly Haired Jack committed suicide with a revolver to avoid hanging. Eugene Hovey,
an unarmed teamster bruttaly killed by Indians.
From Epilogue by editor Richard H. Dillon: Modocs were reported to have gone to the Pitt River
area by the War Springs scouts after the Thomas Massacre. Jack struck again May 9 when Maj.
Hasbrouks command camped at Dry (Sorass) Lake. Attacked when camp was asleep. Four soldiers
and two Indian scouts killed, four soldiers wounded. Army rallied and charged. Modocs fell back
and fired from hiding, causing a retreat of the troops. One Modoc killed and 24 of their ponies
(loaded with food and ammunition) were captured when artillery and Warm Springs scouts relieved
the company, which was under fire. At Sandy Butte, Warm Springs Indians found the Modocs.
Modocs escaped but were followed to Van Bremen's mountain. From here on the epilogue recounts
individual sightings, battles, and encounters with the Modocs, including Captain Jack's surrender on
June 1, 1873. Trial of Modoc leaders July 4, 1873. Found builty Captain Jack, Sahonsin John,
Boston Charley, and Black Jim were hanged. Curly Haired Jack had committed suicide. Bonche
and Sloluk were given life sentances. The rest were sent to Quapaw agency in Oklahoma. It cost
the U. S. Government approximately $10,000 to eliminate each warrior.
Un-numbered card: On the evening of the 16th of January 1873, "... A skirmish occurred between
[some] of the advances of our lines, in front, to alarm the enemy, and the troops went into camp
behind the bluffs that overlook the Lava Bed." Blunder of Captain Bernard - didn't rely on guides
but marched right into the center of the Lava Beds and Captain Jack's position. "A sharp
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engagement ensured, causing the troops to fall back two or three hundred yards." Four soldiers
wounded. This engagement let the Indians know where the troops were and made the troop take
positions in the dark.
Un-numbered card: On January 22, 1873, two wagons attacked by a party of Modocs (from
ambush). The guard of soldiers, 20 men, returned. Messenger to Capt. Bernard at Applegate's
ranch of Clear Lake. He arrived with troops and recovered the partly burnt wagons. One Modoc
killed and one wounded.
88. Brace, Charles Loring. The New West: or, California in 1867-1868. New York: G.P. Putnam & Son, 1869.
Abstract: Hodge- podge of mis-information and prejudice regarding the "digger"(sic) Indians who
Brace describes as "the lowest tribe of the human race"(sic). Also included is Brace's misinformed
opinions and prejudices regarding their customs, physical apperance, religious beliefs, and history.
89. Brewer, William H. Up and Down, California in 1860-1864. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930.
Abstract: Page 215: Judge Hastings employed three Digger Indians as waiters at his table. Mrs.
Hastings "bragged of her Indians, told me all their merits and demerits, admired them as servents,
but not as cooks."
Pages 222-223: Brewer describes an Indian village in Younó land - these Indians are employed by
General Grant.
Page 296: Friday morning on August 15, 1862 - At Tehama, there was a circus in town. "At least
two-thirds were Digger Indians, who enjoyed the riding much, but were decidedly undemonstrative
as to the rest."
pg 300-301: Shasta August 31, 1862, near Hubbard Ranch. "quite a number of Indinas, 'Diggers',
about- they often stopped near camp and stared wonderingly at us." Describes the apperance in
detail of both men and women. "These Indians are peaceable and nearly harmless when in no larger
numbers than they are here, notwithstanding the unnumbered wrongs they have endured from the
mining population of whites." "...There are now Indian troubles at various places in the upper part
of the state- white men are murdered, etc., troops are out- and as yet I have not herad a single
intelligent whte man express any opinion but that they whites were vastly more to blame than the
indians."
Page 338: At Chico and vicinity on October 11, 1862. A young Indian from the Bidwell ranch was
their guide up the canyon. After they got up to where the canyon became abrupt the Indian
pretended not to know the trail, but they urged him in. "At last he stopped and told us that he did
not wish to go any farther, that he was afraid of Indians, that four persons had been murdered in that
immediate vicinity within a few months, that his own brother had been shot in the arm, that Indians
might be lurking anywhere, and that he was afraid to go any farther." A teamster had been shot and
horses killed, two girls were killed when they were blackberry picking, and their brother was found
two weeks later sixty miles away where they had tortured him. Band of volunteers had "followed
them for a hundred miles, and, after finding the... boy, had killed indiscriminately all the wild
Indians they could find, male or female."
Page 468: On October 3, 1863, went into Fort Crook on the Fall River. Stopped for two days and
three nights. "Indians swarmed around our camp, men and women and children, in every style of
dress and every state of degradation. We traded old clothes and worn-out blankets for salmon,
trout, and bows and arrows. I have a fine bow and a lot of arrows that I shall take home."
Pages 474-475: Camped at Yreka, often visited by Indians. There was a large encampment near
us. Some of them were the best looking I had yet seen in the state, far surperior to the miserable
Diggers of the central part of the state... These Indians are the remains of several tribes, the
Klamath, Shasta, Siskiyou, and another tribe - now all united into one which numbers about two
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hundred warriors.
Page 493: Crescent City, "Quite a number of Indians live in the city, and not a few white men have
squaws for their wives - a sad feature of the civilixation of many of these back places. ONe sees as
many half-breed children as he does pure bloods of either race. What is to become of these
half-breeds, and what their situation is to be in the future society of various parts of this country, is
a serious problem. It is a good American doctinethat a man not entirely white has few rights or
privileges that a pure white is bound to respect, and as abuse and wrong has thus far failed to
civilize and raise the Indians, it is, indeed, a serious problem"
"The Indian wars now going on; and those which have been for the last three years in the counties
of Klamath, Humboldt, and Mendocino, have most of their origin in this. It has for years been a
regular business to steal Indian children and bring them down to the civilized parts of the state, even
to San Francisco, and sell them - not as slaves, - but as servants to be kept as long as possible."
Mendonino county many children stolen and parents killed. "This was the cause."
Page 494: "Of course, the innocent people suffer. And yet these hostile Indians are but very few not two hundred are left. They are the desperadoes and outlaws from several, with whom the
friendly tribes have no dealings. Nothing short of their absolute extermination can bring peace, and
it is a costly matter. They are well acquainted with all the intricacies of the mountains, they are
brave to desperation, and they live only to wreak their vengeance on the race that has wronged
them."
90. Brininstool, E. A. Fighting Red Cloud's Warriors: True Tales of Indian Day When the West Was Young ,
Vol. 241 pages. The Frontier Seriers, Vol. 2. Columbus, Ohio: The Hunter - Trader - Trapper Co..
91. Britt, Albert. Great Indian Chiefs - A Study of Indian Leaders in the 200 Year Struggle to Stop White
Advance. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1969.
Abstract: Page 3: Captain Jack was hanged as a murderer.
Page 18: The Modocs' enemies the Klamaths and the whites; war of the Lava Beds.
Page 226: October 3, 1873, three Indian murderers were hanged at Fort Klamath.
Page 227: The description of the Modoc tribe, their nature, and the way they dealt with the white
man. Various killings and the Modoc and Pitt River wars. Captain Jack, Fairchild, Col. Wheaton,
General Canby, General Gillem, Winema, and Frank Riddle are all mentioned, but not much detail
is given on what they did.
Page 228: In 1853 a party of emigrants attacked by Indians near Altura, several whites killed. Pitt
Rivers attacked party, Modocs were blamed. Miners avenged by killing the Modocs, no one is sure
of how many but it is belived to be several.
Page 229: In 1856, Wright organized a party at Rogue River for hunting Indians. 45 men and a
few women of the Modoc tribe were invited to a council meeting with whites by natural bridge.
The whites attacked the Modocs, only 5 Indian men escaped. One of the Modocs killed was
Captain Jack's father. In 1868, Modocs sent to Klamath Reservation in Oregon. There they were
confronted with their enemy, the Klamaths. They had constant problems between eachother, mostly
about land. A Modoc became sick and a Klamath shamon treated him. The patient died. Believing
that the shamon did it on purpose the Modocs killed him. An arrest was made and the others were
sent back to Fort Klamath.
Page 233-248: Modoc War. (The author's accounts and quite juvenille and distroted.)
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92. Brooking Institution, Institute for Government Research. The Problem of Indian Administration. New York:
Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1971.
Abstract: Page 42: Timber lands of the Klamath.
Pages 48-49, 462-466, and 515: Corporate form of ownership for timber lands of the Klamath
Indians.
Page 93: California state government has "evidenced a growing sense of responsibility for Indian
affairs."
Page 140: Forest problems of the Klamath.
Page 264: State traveling TB clinic aiding Indians. TB survey of the Klamath.
Page 482: Tribal funds of the Klamath for administrative purposes.
Page 517: Saw mills for the Klamath.
Page 763: Indian customs abandoned by the Klamath.
93. Brooks, Elbridge S. Story of the American Soldier in War and Peace. Boston, Mass: D. Lathrop Co., 1889.
Abstract: Page 221: Regular army last resort of those who, unsucessful or indolent in field of active
labor and of business pursuits, shirked the hot fire of competition by which men must rise or fall by
their own exertions and contented themselves with being mere musket bearers, at beck and call of
their appointed leaders. Many good men in ranks, however despite "paltry" competition. But dull
routine can be hard and tiring work.
94. Brown, Vinson and Douglas Andrews. The Pomo Indians of California and Their Neighbors. editor Albert
B. Elsasser. Healdsburg, CA: Naturegraph Publishers, 1969.
Abstract: Page 7: Pomo not a tribe, but a cluster of bands or groups of people with similar language
in the same general geographical locality. White invasion and interaction gradually caused most of
those who remained of the original group to think of themselves as the Pomo, the name of an old
time Pomo village NW of Ukiah. Territory was Sonoma, Lake, southern Mendocino counties, with
small offshoot in Glenn County.
Page 8: "California Culture" - includes three language groups, Pomo, Wintun, and Maidu.
Page 9: Russians at Fort Ross, 1812-1847, traded with local Pomo and Miwok Indians.
Intermarried with them. Supplied some Pomo with arms. Later, some Russians stole Indian
children and shipped them to Russia. Relations deteriorated. In 1823, Mission San Francisco
Solano de Sonoma founded by Fr. Jose Altimira. Fathers begin to gather converts. Flogging
begins. Friction developes. In 1834, General Mariamo Vallejo secularizes mission at Sonoma.
Enlists Chief Solano to help fight Pomo. Chief Saccara of Healdsburg area Pomo fights bravely
with his people, but crushed by superior arms of Salvador Vallejo and hundreds die. From
1834-1847, the Vallejos carve out empire in Sonoma and Napa Counties, and they enslave Indians
and Salvador treats them crully. In 1848, gold rush brings miners and settlers. A few Indians join
gold rush, but others are formed to help miners as virtual slaves. Grannde R. Swift enslaved
Indians in Sonoma Valley, using chains and whippings.
Page 10: In 1849, Stone and Kelsey, ranchers near Clear Lake, treat Pomo so badly that two Pomo
cowboys, Shuk and Zasis, execute them. In revenge, the army attacks innocent group of Pomo on
island in Clear Lake, killing a large number of men, women, and children. Also, other Pomo are
attacked near Ukiah. Pomo spirit is crushed by these massacres. In 1870, Ghost Dance revival
reaches Pomo Medicine men of Wintun. Come to say big wind will destroy all white people. Story
came from Paiute. Indians of Clear Lake had built underground shelters to escape wind, and dance
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Ghost Dance. Ghost Dance discredited when wind does not come, and disheartened Pomo return to
their home. Southwestern Pomo have hard journey to home by sea. Many die on the way. They
had come to Clear Lake with high hopes. From 1870-1924, Pomo submerged with little hope.
Work for white people at menial jobs. Second-class citizens, often not allowed in restaurants or
theaters. Old Pomo religion, called Maru, combination of old Kuksu religion with adventist-type
Ghost Dance religion of 1870. Continued with many Pomo under leadership of dream doctors,
mainly women. Other Pomos join various Christian denominations. Kashia, or southwestern
Pomo, least touched by white culture, best maintain old Pomo culture and religion. In 1904 a group
of Yokaya Pomo near Ukiah win court test and control own land despite white attempt to take it. In
1907, Ethan Anderson, Pomo of Lake County, wins court test to allow a non-reservation Indian to
vote. In 1918, Society of Northern California Indians, include many Pomo, organized to seek
long-delayed jutice. In 1920, Pomo and other northern California Indians start court action to be
paid for lands lost to whites.
95. Brown, William S. California Northeast, the Bloody Ground, Annals of Modoc. Oakland, CA: Bio Books,
1951.
Abstract: States that a fire at the Presidio destroyed most of the records of Fort Bidwell. Describes
the 1866 attack by soldiers and settlers on Snake Creek Jim (the post returns call him "Smoke Creek
Jim.") and his Paiute band in the summer of 1866. On page 34 says that settlers and soldiers
pursued marauding young Paiutes over Fandango Pass to Fandango Valley, where they killed many
of the offenders. Suprise Valley was relatively safe for peaceful pursuits ever after. On page 30
Brown notes that when in 1874 President Grant's executive order granted amensty to Civil War
draft evaders some of Suprise Valley's leading citizens went to Fort Bidwell to secure the papers
which certified that they had availed themselves of privilege of amnesty. On page 58 is the
information that several recruits of troops, 1st Cavalry were guarding a wood detail at Lands Ranch
on December 21, 1872 when a volley of shots from a rocky ledge killed two and wounded five
soldiers. The troopers were buried on the spot -- and the Modoc War continued.
Chapter 1, pages 1-10: Describes the early white settlers that passed through the Modoc territory in
the 1840s. Describes Modoc Indian encounters with trappers, J. C. Fremont, and Applegate
expedition.
Chapter 2, pages 11-24: Discusses the story of the party of emigrants who had been murdered on
Crooked Creek in Siskiyou County. John Fairchild's Colonel William Thompson and D. B.
Ballinger were mentioned. Speaks of Captain John F. Miller's company of volunteers for the
purpose of escorting emigrants on their journey. Paiutes are mentioned.
Chapter 3, pages 25-52: Relatiations - Mentions the Ben Wright massacre of Oregon as a leading
event in the white conquest of north-eastern California and southern Oregon. The life of Ben
Wright is discussed. Wright's death is mentioned. Modoc warriors were killed in the battle.
Joaquin Miller of the upper Sacramento Valley was the leader of a party of valley settlers and
miners who killed a total of around 500 Indians.
Page 37: One large band was attached in Northfork Canyon, short distance south of Goose Lake.
Entire band was wiped out by Crook's men except for a dozen papooses, who where taken back to
Fort Bidwell safe and well.
Page 40-42: Battle of Infernal Caverns described. Cannot determine from the account whether
sodiers from Fort Bidwell were involved. Crook and troops returned to Camp Warner.
Chapter 5: Modoc on the Warpath - Discusses Captain Jack and the killing of all the settlers in
Tule Lake Valley. How Captain Jack's position as leader of the Modocs was jeopardized. Between
pages 80 and 81 are various pictures.
Chapter 6: Modocs Fight to the End - Formation of the Lava Beds, the Thomas Massacre. The job
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of Davis, which was the protection of settlers over a wide area and the capture of Captain Jack.
Captain Jack was captured June 3, 1873, on Willow Creek. Tells after final roundup of the Modoc
Warriors, Drannan discovered that John Schonchin was missing. Drannan went out and captured
him single handed.
Chapter 7: The White Man Prevails - The war with the Nez Perces, fought in 1877, similar to the
Modoc War except that the numbers involved were greater. Almost 200 soldiers and settlers were
killed with Chief Joseph led his warriors on the warpath. The Bannock Indian War of 1878 is
mentioned. The cause of the Bannock War was the spreading of a doctrine by Indians half
converted to Christianity. On July 6 and 6, 1878, bands of Bannocks raided towns at widely
separated points. On July 13, the Indians made a stand with an unknown number being killed and
wounded. Umatilla scounts, led by three white frontiersmen, killed 17 Bannock fightin men and
captured 25 women and children. The Bannock War was almost over by mid August, 1878.
General Howard was taking over 600 hostiles back to their reservation.
Chapter 8: Still - Speaks of Shoshone Mike's band and their crossing into California.
Chapter 9: Pioneers of the Bloody Ground - The turmoil of being a dispatcher... As John Kelley
was and had to put up with Indians trying to kill him. Kelley moved to Modoc County, and took
part in the Modoc Indian campaign.
Page32: In 1865, the military moved in and started construction of Fort Bidwell, which was
completed the next year. Strongly garrisoned during the three following decades, this important
military post played a part in keeping the peace over the surrounding territory. Converted into an
Indian school in 1895. Fire at the Presidio of San Francisco later destroyed most of the records of
Fort Bidwell. In late 1865 and early 1866 the garrison at Fort Bidwell was strengthened and other
forts established along the Applegate trail.
Page 33: Supplies by a few soldiers from Fort Bidwell and from Fort Jones, Idaho in summer of
1866, almost all able bodied men of Surprise Valley took port in punitive expedition against Snake
Creek. Jim's band of Paiutes marauders, who had harassed Surprise Valley by stealing whatever
they could, even driving off livestock from Fort Bidwell itself. They may also have murdered some
passing emigrants. In a battle at Guano Creek, Nevada, over eighty warriors were killed. Captain
Townsend and one soldier were killed.
Page 34: Young Paiutes raided settlers cabins near Fort Bidwell, livestock being lost to the raiders.
Settlers and soldiers pursued the raiders over Fandango Pass to Fandango Valley, where they killed
many of the encamped Indians, losing one soldier and suffering the wounding of several settlers.
That ended major Indian troubles for the Surprise Valley settlers.
Page 35: In 1866, the "Woody ground," included Camps Warner, Fort Yainax, C.F. Smith, and
Klamath in Oregon, soldiers Meadows in west, Nevada and Fort Bidwell, Jones and Crook in
Northeast California can under command of George Crook. Indian bands hard to track down.
Would fight only when they had advantages of position and numbers.
Page 36: Crook ran the Modoc perpetrations of the Fall river outrage down on shores of Clear
Lake, near the California-Oregon border, thirty-seven Indian warriors fell.
Page 94: Paddy Dick, a Paiute chief roused some 500 warriors to don war paint and indulge in war
dances. Old Shavetail, a minor Pit River Indian chief , traveled from camp to camp preaching that
now was the time to fight or else reconcile themselves for all time to the continuing restrictions of
reservation life.
96. Browne, John Ross. Crusoe's Island: A Ramble in the Footsteps of Alexander Selkirk With Sketches of
Adventure in California and Washoe. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1864.
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Abstract: Chapter III, pages 284 -308 - The Indians of California: This is a description of how
white man has exterminated the Indians in California. The major topic discussed is the reservation
system - its costs, problems of feeding and clothing Indians, no protection from white settlers,
massacres that occured on reservation. This author believes all of the Indians are the result of
inefficient government and political disagreement.
97. ———. The Indians of California. San Francisco, CA: Colt Press, 1944.
Abstract: This book is a first-hand occount of the "serious frauds committed by agents in the use of
government supplies; and in denouncing the outrageous treatment of the Indians on the
reservations." Althought dealing with California Indians in general, Browne goes into specific
detail regarding the massacres in Northern California by white settlers. Also discussed in his book
are treaties, Indian agents, government policies, and various depredations by whites against the
Indians.
Intro: John Ross Browne, born in Ireland in 1821, and came to America in 1833. In 1855 he was
appointed customs official and Inspector of Indian Affairs on the Pacific Coast. He was both
officient and fearless in exposing serious frauds committed by agents and in denouncing the
outrageous treatment of the Indians on reservations.
Page 2: Approximate date, 1855 - Indians working, working in vine, growing districts were paid in
native brandy every Saturday night, put in jail the next morning and bailed out Monday morning.
They then had the week to work off their "hail."
Page 5; Approximately 1855 - Payment for work done by Indians noted as being unfair.
Page 7: Approximately 1855 - Treatment of Indians; Diggers could not understand why they
should be murdered, rapped and hunted down, without any other pretense of provocation than the
color of thier skin and the habits of life to which they had always been accustomed.
Page 8: Approximately 1855, Indians didn't realize the reason they were suffering was "for the
great cause of civilization; which, in the natural course of things, must exterminate Indians."
Page 9: "Troops were sent out to aid the settlers in slaughtering the Indians."
Pages 10-11: Approximately 1855 - Treaties; never ratified. Cattle; purchased for Indians, fed to
miners.
Page 15-16: Reservations 1853 - "...in 1853 laws were passed for the establishment of a reservation
system in California, and large appropriations were made to carry it into effect."
Pages 18-20: Approximately 1853 - Indians learning the white man's ways. Digger tribes were
exceedingly ignorant of our political institutions and required more instruction, perhaps, in this
branch of knowledge than any other.
Pages 17-73: Establishment, cost, living conditions on reservations. Nome Lackee - foothills of the
Sacramento Valley and other locations of reservations.
Pages 27-29: Approximately 1853 - Provisions given to the Indian upon his arrival at a reservation.
Pages 30-32: Approximately 1853 - Medical treatment of the Indians at the reservations. Old
drugstore rubbish was supplied for their use.
Page 41-45, 51-note: 1846 - Independent Treasury Act of 1846 - Misappropriation of funds, which
were supposed to be helping the Indians on reservations. Shows how this act was used for the good
of the white man in charge of the reservation.
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Page 56: Indians told the reservation was their home and they would be protected.
Page 58: Indians massacred on the reservation, without distinction of age or sex. Indians of Nome
Cult (Round Valley) were killed, every Indian that was too weak to escape was killed. Reason that
"it was alleged that they had driven off and eaten private cattle."
Page 61: Approximately 1855, "At the Matole Station, near Cape Mendocino, a number of Indians
were murdered on the public farm within a few hundred yards of the headquarters. The settlers in
the valley alleged that the government would not take care of them; and as the settlers were not paid
for doing it, they must kill them to get rid of them."
Pages 63-64: Humboldt massacre of Indians; sixty Indians were murdered.
98. Bruff, Joseph Goldsborough. Gold Rush: The Journals, Drawings, and Other Papers of J. Goldsborough
Bruff. editors Georgia Willis and Ruth Gaines Read, Vol. vols 1 and 2. New York: Columbia
University Press, 1944.
Abstract: Page 18: June 10, 1849 - Pawnees described as "the great warriors, arabs, and terror of
the plains, turned out to be a sadly reduced, starving, contemptable race!" Smoked pipe with the
chief.
Page 19: On June 11, 1849 - Man tells of experience with Cheyennes. Indians rode up and
pillaged the wagons, after which they threw down some bead-work, mocasins, sashes, etc., telling
Mr. Hughes that it was payment for the provisions they had taken.
Page 162: Two Digger Indians entered the camp. "Diggers - who used poisoned arrows." Diddn't
feed the two Indians and they went off. No trouble.
Page 204: Pit River Indians are known to be hostile, the same disposition and acts characterized the
Diggers of Humbolt. - Yet no Indian has attempted any hostitlity with my (his) company."
Page 327: An account of the Indian attack upon the Warner Party.
Pages 550-553: A long narrative describing the "Diggers" and their contact with the emigrants.
Here, a passage by the daughter of Chief Winnemucca may be found that describes her tribe
helping the Donner party in 1846. A following account of this same period is given by Edwin
Bryant, a member of the party.
Page 603-606: History of the Mill Creek Indians - 1857 to 1865. noted.
Page 604: August 28, 1849 to November 2, 1849 - Critical notes - People living in the foothills
were in danger of being slain by a band of Indians, known as the Mill Creeks, as their main camp
was at Black Rock on Mill Creek (most likely the Mill Creeks were employed by Lassen's "shingle
men as herders for their stock.") (Moak, last of the Mill Creeks, p. 11)
Page 604: note 155 - From 1857 to 1965 - the Mill Creek were relentlessly hunted; A party of the
Indians (Mill Creek) were camped at the Carter place on Deer Creek, being employed as workmen
by the Carter brothers. Some among them killed a cow brute belonging to the white men. The
Carters got a small party together and attacked them without giving them a chance to explain or
make good the animal. Several Indians and one white man were killed.
Page 614: Mill Creek Indians worked for the Shingle men. The Indians were charged with stealing
cattle, but the white men were guilty of the thefts.
Page 615: A charming little valley, now known as the Savercool place. It is the ranch of a
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half-breed Indian.
Pages 623-624: 1843 - Cherokee Indians moved to California, where they discovered and
successfully worked some of the richest diggings in Butte and Nevada Counties.
Page 782: Mention is made of the Indian villages or "Rancherias," aproximately 1-2 miles down
the valley from Lassen's Rancho.
Page 791: An account of the Feather River Indians assisting two lost emigrants. "They
compassionated the circumstances of these poor ment - gave them root-bread, small fish, and a wild
duck, from their precarious supply of food. Were afraid of the guns, desiring the whites to do as
they had done - throw down their arms. A tall aged man, they thought was a chief, came up, and
made signs and embraced them. He pointed up, and to them - Indians and whites; and seem[ed] to
say, that they were all common children of one God."
Page 797: Mention is made of the use of Indian labor on Lassen's Ranch. In this specific incident,
the Indians dug a grave.
Page 810: Indians accompany many of the prospectors and tend to the cattle and horses. Many
also have Indian wives, often refered to as "Digger squaws." At one point during the expedition to
Gold Lake, a squaw had to dismount her horse to give birth. 1/2 an hour later she was ready to
continue the journey. The child did not surive the ride.
Pages 812-815: Bruff's camp is approached by 6 mountain Indians, 3 of which had been given
sugar and coffee the day before. They made a speech, mainly directed at the Indians accompanying
Lassen's expedition. Although no one understood the language, the text of the speech was that
Lassen's Indians had robbed a mountain Indian of his dried salmon and bows and arrows. The
salmon was handed over and the Indians departed. Later that day, the camp was once again
approached by 21 mountain Indians dressed in war paint. After another speech, it was learned that
Lassen's Indians had not returned all of the salmon, nor the bows and arrows. Once returned , the
Indians shook hands with Bruff, pointing to all the whitemen and said "buono" [good] while
pointing to the Indians and said "maslo" [bad.] Had teh articles not been returned, Lassen's Indians
would have been slain/
Page 820: A prospector arrived in camp and said he had met some "fine-looking" Indians a few
miles up the hill, who had invited him to come into camp. He went and found a "cleanly, lively,
intelligent and handsom set of Indians." They offered him more dried salmon than he could
transport, for which he gave them two colored silk handkerchiefs.
Page 838: Captain Lyon thought the grass valley of the Feather River a good place for an Indian
Agency and Military post. Plenty of water, timber, fuel, etc. An encampment of prospectors was
attacked by 50 Indians in possession of rifles. The fire arms were correctly charged and fired which
lead them to believe that there were white men amongst them.
Page 850: The traveling party looking for Gold Lake, ran into another Indian. Although they all
wished to avenge the death of one of their comrades, they let him go- "...could not kill the poor
comtemptable naked wretch, in cold blood."
Page 867: The party crosses the path of an elderly Indian- presumably a Piute. They gave him a
brass ring and a piece of tobacco before proceeding.
Page 870: Two Indinas entered the camp early in the morning to warm themselves. Lassen gave
them some beef jerky; whereupon the party (Lassen's) mounted their horese and proceeded on their
journey.
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Page 875: After establishing a camp, an Indian emerged from the willows. He squatted by the fire
and used sign language to tell themtha in a days jouney, there was plenty of gold where some
miners were working. For such information, Lassen gave him a checked shirt and a piece of bread.
Page 879: Bruff ran into an Indian with bow and arrows- asked him for something to eat, but the
Indian had nothing, Bruff, thus continued on.
Page 1188: At Big Meadows, Bruff cites these as "Feather River Indians," another mountain tribe,
the modern Maidu, who kept alive German stragglers of that terrible winter of 1849.
Pages 1192-1194: Indian engravings by Bruff - descriptions of "Honey Lake" - Lassen County, CA
in 1850. Original sketches will be found in the H2 record, October 1, 1850.
99. Bryant, Edwin. What I Saw In California. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1967.
Abstract: Page 212: Note. William Johnson was a Yankee sailor who had secured a rancho on the
Bear River, his property being on the immigrant trail, and thus became one of the early landmarks
of the district. In 1847, he married Mary Murphey, member of Donner Party, who later became
Mrs. Covillaud. Johnson is frequently mentioned in contemporary annals, notably by Heinrich
Lienhard. House of Johnson is small building of 2 rooms, one half of logs, other of adobes. Several
pens made of poles and pickets surround the house. Door was of raw hide on light frame. From
distance it had appeared to be a woman clad in light garments. Disappointment Mr. Johnson not at
home. Indians said he would return at sunset. Some calves in the pens, and a quantity of threshed
wheat.
Page 215: Johnson returned about ... from N. Eng. bachelor.
Page 217: Soil of Johnson's ranches appears fertile and productive of good crops. Small wheat
fields had provided 300 bushel; 25 or 30 to the acre. Also barley,. Corn did not look promising. Too
dry for it. Purchase flour, fresh beef, cheese and butter from Johnson.
100. California - Department of Housing and Community Development. A Report With Recommendations on the
State Governmental Organization and Legislative History of California Indians. Sacrmento , CA:
State printing office, 1974.
Abstract: Although the first one-half of the book is regarding current Indian affairs, A Legislative
history of the California Indians, a summary and an appendix citing various treaties, allotment acts,
and resolutions can be found on pages 44-114.
101. Cameron, Simon. Report of the Secretary of War1861.
Notes: 37th Congress, 1st Session, Sen. Ex. Doc. 1. Pages 19-83
Abstract: Page 60: Fort Gaston, Captain E. Underwood, 4th Inf., 1 company, 1 commissioned
officer. 47E mon duty, 11 E Mon extra on daily duty, 4 under arrest or in confinement. Total EM
62, 2 officer, 4 EM about, all within the department. Fort Ter-waw [sic] 1st Lt. George Crook,
comdg. 4th Inf., 1 company, 3 commercial officers. 47EM on duty, 4 on extra or daily duty, 1 sick,
1 in arrest or confinement, total EM 53; 1EM absent on duty within the Department; Fort Crook,
Captain John Adams, 1st drag. and 6th Inf., 2 companies, 3 officers for duty, 64EM for duty, 28EM
on extra or daily duty, 53EM sick, 5 arrest or confinement. 5 EM absent within the Department;
Fort Humboldt, Captain C.S. Lovell, 6th Inf., 1 company, 3 officers, 37EM for duty, 8 EM extra or
daily duty, 6 sick, total 51, Comm. officers absent within the Department; Fort Bragg, Captain T.
Hendrickson, 6th Inf,. 1 company for duty, total 2, 33EM for duty, 10 on extra or daily duty, 14
sick, 5 arrest or confinement, total 62. 19EM absent within the Department.
Page 61: Dragoon Bridge, Honey Lake Valley, 2d Lt. E. R. Warner, 3d Art. detachment, 3d art. 1
officer for duty. 12EM for duty, total 19, no explanation concerning others.
Page 62: names commanding officer and gives total EM and aggregate EM, Fort Terwaw, 55, 57;
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Fort Gaston, 66,69; Fort Crook, 107, 110; Fort Humboldt, 51-57; Fort Bragg, 81,83; Page 63
Dragoon Bridge, 19,20.
Notes: 37th Congress, 1st Session. Sen. Ex. Doc. 1, Page 19-83. 1112.
Abstract: Page 61: Fort Bragg, Captain T. Hendrickson, 6th Inf., one company. 2 officers for duty,
total 2, 33 enlisted men for duty, 10 on extra or daily duty, 14 sicj, 5 under arrest or in confinement.
Total enlisted men 62. 19 enlisted men within the department. Dragoon Bridge, Honey Lake
Valley. 2nd Lt. E.R. Warner, 3d Artillery. Detachment of 3d Artillery. 1 officer for duty, 12 enlisted
men for duty. Total 19. No explanation concerning the discrepancy.
Notes: 37th Congress, 2d Session, Sen. Ex. Doc, 1. Pages 3-569.
Abstract: Page 32: Fort Gaston, 1st Lt. J. B. Collins, Co. B., 4th Inf., 1 officer, 48EM duty, 12EM
on extra or daily duty, 3EM sick, total 63; 1 officer, 1 EM absent within the Department; Fort
Ter-waw, Captain L.C. Hunt, Co. "C", 4th Inf., 1 company, 1 comm. off., 1 officer absent within
report; Fort Crook, Lt. J. H. Kelloff, Co. "F", 1st Drag. 1 company, 2 officers, 30 EM duty, 9 on
extra or daily duty, 5 sick, total 44, 4EM absent within the Department, 2 officers absent without
the department; Fort Humboldt, Captain C.S. Lovell, Co. "B", 6th Inf., 1 company, 3 officers,
55EM for duty, 11 on extra or daily duty, 6 sick, 2 arrest or confined. Total 74. 1 officer. 4EM
absent within department; Fort Gaston, 1st Lt. J. B. Collins, Co. "B", 4th Inf., 1 comm. officer, 48
EM for duty, 12 extra or daily duty, 3 sick, total 63, 1 officer and 1 EM absent within the
Department; Fort Bragg, 1st Lt. O. H. Moore, Co. "D", 6th Inf., 2 officer for duty, 53EM for duty,
6 extra or daily duty, 8 sick, 1 arrest or confined, total 68. 1 EM absent duty within Department. 2
officers absent without the Department.
Page 34: 2 Captains, 2 subalterns, 1 hospital steward, 4 sergeants, 2 privates. Total Enlisted men,
64, 66agg. Return of the Department of the Pacific, gives for same posts, name of Co. ad statistics
of officers and EM. Breaks down EM; Fort Ter-waw, 1 captain, 1 subaltern, 4 sergeants, 4
corporals, 2 musicians, 54 privates, Toatal 64, aggregate 66; Fort Crook, 1 medical officer, 1
captain, 2 subalterns, 4 officers total, 4 sergeants, 2 musicians, 1 hospital steward, 1 artificer, farrier
or beksmith, 40 privates, Total EM 48, aggregate 52; Fort Humboldt, 1 medical officer, 1 captain,
2 subaltern, total 4; 1 hospital steward, 4 sergeants, 2 orporals, 2 music. 2 art of farrier or beksmith,
privates, total EM 78, 82 aggregate; Fort Gaston, 2 captains, 2 subalterns, 1 hospital steward, 40
privates, 2 corporal, total 53 privates, total EM 64, 66 aggregate; Fort Bragg, 2 Captains, 4
subalterns, 4 sergeants, 4 corporals, 2 musicians, 59 privates, 69 total EM, aggregate 82.
Page 367: Fort Crook - 7 servicible horses
Notes: 37 Congress, 2d Session. Sen. Ex. Doc. 1, page 3-569. 1118.
Abstract: Page 32: Fort Bragg, 1st Lt. O. H. Moore, Co. D, 6th Inf. 2 officer for duty; 53 enlisted
men for duty. 6 enlisted men daily or extra duty; 8 enlisted men sick, 1 under arrest or confined.
Total 68, 1 enlisted man absent on duty within the department; 2 officers absent without the
department.
Page 34: 2 captains, 4 subalterns, 4 sgts, 4 cpls, 2 musicians, 59 privates, 69 total enlisted men .
Aggregate 82.
105. Carpenter, Aurelius. History of Mendocino and Lake Counties, California With Biographical Sketches... Los
Angeles, CA: Historic Record Co., 1914.
Abstract: Page 125: Andy Kelsey and Charles Stone and Stone and Shirland secured use of land
claimed by Salvador Vallejo, purchasing his remaining stock. Sit. just west of of a cross creek from
present Kelseyville. Their work was done by Indians proceed without pay and rations and treatment
given them far short of that given them when working for the Spaniards. Complaining, Indians got
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only harder tasks and whippings for them dissatisfied. Trouble began to brew. Indians helped
themselves to what htey could find and killed cattle for food. Stone and K relaying, then incr.
danger, ... Indians to store their weapons in the loft of their house.
Page 126: In Spring 1848, 126 Indians became aggressive and numbers of them gathered and
besieged the two white men in their house. Were rescued by a relief party, but learned no lessons of
forbearance and pacification with the Indians.
Page 127: Spring of 1849 Indians enlisted in Kelsey scheme to Lake Co. Hunger, Malaria, and
other diseases, prevention and Indian enemies accounted for the rest. Indians said Kelsey blood
shall pay. Bank found it more profitable to sell expeditions supplies than to prospect.
Page 128: Stone and Andy Kelson remained in Lake Co. Their conduct became even more
outrageous. Sport to shoot at Indians to make them jump and lash helpless Indians to amuse then
white friends. With the vaqueros, she poured water into their loaded guns. Next morning some of
the Indians made a charge upon the house. Kelsey was killed outright. Stone tried to hide in clump
of willows but was killed by Indians with a rock-blow to the head. Soldiers under Lyon came over
Howell Mountain, via Pope and Coyote Valley. A number of volunteers joined the soldiers. Part of
the soldiers, with the cannon, proceeded in boats up the lake. The others road up the west side of
lake rendevous was at Robinson's Point, south of the island (not Bloody Island). During the night,
part of the detachment went by land around head of lake with the cannon, approaching nearest point
on north side. In morning the latter fired a few rifle shots to attract attention. Bullets failed to carry
to the island. Indians feared, but meanwhile men in boats came up on opposite side and at signal,
the cannon opened fire. Cannister shot plowed thru the suprised Indians, killing and wounding
many. Panic-stricken Indians rushed to south side of island, where upon line of infantry in ...
attemptedto swim to mainland.
Page 129: Little doubt that a hundred Indians were killed or drowned in the engagement. Soldiers
proceeded over the mountains to Potter and Ukiah valley, engaging in were found in various
sections of the county in comparatively recent years.
106. Caughey, John Walton. California. second ed. New York: Prentice Hall, Inc, 1970.
Abstract: Chapter 21: Liquidating the Indians - covers such topics as wars and massacres,
(specifically the Modoc War, pg. 323-325), the reservation systems and the decline in population.
Other points of reference to the California Indian are: rejected treaties (pg, 325-326), and belatedly
befriended (pg. 329-432).
107. Chamberlain, William Henry and Harry Laurens Wells. History of Yuba County, California With
Illustrations, 1879. Oakland, CA: Thompson and West, 1879.
Notes: Reprinted: Volcano, CA; California Traveler, 1970
Abstract: Describes the tribes in yuba and Sutter counties; Col. J.J. Warner's account; The Scourge
of 1833; General Bidwell's description of its effects; Theory regarding its contradiction; division of
the Indians of California; Adam Johnson's report; and the culture of the tribes (pg 24-27). A short
article describing an attack on the Yuba City Indians in 1851 can be found on page 124, col. 3.
Page 38,79: This sketch explains that the post was abandoned in May 1852, at which time the
troops, about 40 men of Co. E, 1st Infantry, under the command of Lt. Nelson H. Davis, were
ordered to establish what become Fort Reading at the north end of the Sacramento Valley. A public
sale of the extra stores of the post was held on May 1, 1852. An auction sale of damaged
subsistence stores, insiting pricipally of breadstuffs had been held at Fort Far Weat in 1850.
("Auction Sales, " Sacramento Transcript. November 4, 1850, Page 1/3; November 5, 1850, page 3
1.)
Page 79: Ousley's Bar. (Just above Sand Flat, which was 10 miles above Marysville on Yuba River
named after Dr. Ousley of Mo. who mined and practiced medicine.
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108. ———. Reproduction of Thompson and West's History of Sutter County, California . Berkeley, CA:
Howell-North Books, 1974.
Abstract: Page 12: Col. J. J. Warner, in 1832, with the Ewing Party, while on a trapping expedition
on the banks of the Sacramento River saw hundreds and hundreds of happy, healthy Indians - very
productive - but, on their return to that area, the Ewing Party found the valley de-populated, large
numbers of skulls and dead bones - with cries of the dying mingled with the wails of the bereaved a violent type of "remittent fever" had overcome them. General Bidwell said it was small-pox,
probably contracted from the trappers of the Hudson Bay Co. This disease swept down the valley
of the Sacramento and up that of the San Joaquin - it's fatality among the Indians was probably in
great measure owing to the treatment of the sick, which was to "give them a hot air bath in their
sweat houses and then immerse them in water - the immersion was soon followed by death. Mr.
Claude Chana reports that a woman in his employ states that the Hudson Bay Co. desired to get the
Indians out of the valley as they interfered with their trapping and in order to accomplish their end,
sent them clothing inoculated with small-pox disease. Trappers verified her statement. The author
does not believe the story.
Page15: ... (from the author) The race is a thing of the past; the villages which dotted the banks of
the rivers are razed to the ground, and nearly all traces of their existance are obliterated. Most of
the aborigines have gone to the happy hunting grounds, those remaining being scattered among the
hills and settlements, possessing no tribal relations or village organizations.
Page 82: The following message was sent after a skirmish to the Indian chiefs Weima, Buckler,
Roollel, and others by Thomas J. Green, Major General, First Division, California Milita. "Your
people have been murdering ours, robbing their wagons and burning their homes. We have made
war upon you, killed your men and taken prisoners your women and children. We send you this
plain talk by one of your grandmothers. When you cease to rob and murder our people we will
cease to make war upon you, and then you can come in and get your women and children, who will
be taken care of in the meantime. If you wish peace come down to Johnson's old ranch... and report
to Captain Hoyt - who will protet you until your great Father shall speak. Thomas J. Green reported
that a few persons have monopolized much of the labor of the Indians by giving them a calico shirt
per week and the most indifferent food. He felt this was not only wrong but was disgraceful. He
asks to have justice extended to them.
109. Chappell, H. W. and B. F. Frank. The History and Business Directory of Shasta County... Redding, CA:
Redding Independent Job Printing House, 1881.
Notes: This book is also in the Shasta county library in Redding, CA
Abstract: This book gives the early history of many towns in Shasta County, and has
advertisements for businesses in Shasta Co. Indian -white encounters described in the beginning of
the book and in a chapter on Indians in Shasta.
Page 7: 1849, Indians helping Major Reading in mining operations.
Page 10: 1850, Whites were battling Indians on the west side of the North Fork of Cottonwood
Creek.
Page 16: 1851, Describes Indians assisting white settlers to find mines.
Pages 34-35: 1860, Description of Shasta Indian gambling, poverty among Indians in Upper
Sacramento area, and an incedence of a Indian shooting a white for $2.50.
Pages 129-131: Describes authors blatent bias - Indians "more like hogs than human beings."
Page 130: 1864-1866, Description of the murders of William Allen family, Mrs. Jones near
Copper city and Mrs. Dersch near Millville, by Indians.
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Page 135: 1862, Describes Chas. young family settling the Fall River Valley and the troubles they
had with Pitt River Indians.
Page 144: 1849, Gold miners were attacked by Indians at Churn Creek .
page 150: An overview of "difficulties with Indians" in Shasta county area.
110. Chase, Don M. People of the Valley - The Concow Maidu. Sebastopol, CA: Chase, Don M., 1973.
Abstract: Pages 15-17: White settlers who settled at Round Valley area.
Pages 17-18: An account of J. Ross Browne's book.
Pages 18-19: General George Crook and problems he had to deal with, Indians versus Whites.
Pages 20-21: Readings of historian Rockwell Hunt - John Bidwell and his works with Indians.
Pages 22-24: Different accounts of the interactions between Indians and whites. Briefly looks at
different laws in 1850 and 1855.
Pages 24-25: Reservation plan for Concow and Wintun originally was to be located on east side of
Sacramento River near Reading, but the treaty was never ratified (1851). Years later when
reservations were becoming established "on coast near modern Ft. Bragg and near Henleyville on
west side of valley' also a farm was established at Round Valley in 1856, two years later made a
reservation." From 1858-1859 army scoured the mountains in valley and coast ranges, killing more
than 100 Indians. Concow went to Nome Lackee (Henleyville) and some went to Nome Cult
(Round Valley). Sampson Grant, an elder chief, recalls being removed to Round Valley when he
was a young boy. He remembers the Indians that couldn't make the march were killed.
Page 26: Problems at Nome Cult with white settlers of 1858-1859. Winter of 1858-1859 Indians,
including women and children, slaughtered by whites "who had settled under official authority, and
most of the derived their support either from actual or indirect connection with the reservation."
The story behind it says the Indians had stolen cattle and the white men came on to the reservation
and started shooting senselessly about killing and maiming all sexes. After the shooting the white
men found out the Indians hadn't stolen the cattle after all. [Note on bottom of card: "Article is not
very detailed, and I feel very generalized and misconcieved!!!"]
Page 27: Settlers that were first to settle in Northern California. First white men Frnak and Pierce
Asbill discovered Round Valley in April 1854. Met Samuel Kelsey on the way. Both partys
entered the area and attacked a village of Yuki Indians, killing 40 of them. Same month, George
White, George Hudspeth, Dr. Atkinson, James White, Caluin White entered the valley. In 1856
Thomas Henley, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California established a farm for raising
cattle. Two years later the reservation was established. The place was called Nome Cul, in Wintun
it mean West Tribe. In 1857 there were an estimated 19 men in the valley, including the people on
the farm.
Pages 28-31: Evacuates the Round Valley reservation system.
Pages 31-32: Summary of an article printed in October 1858 of "Hutchings California Magazine."
111. Chesnut, Victor King. Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County. Fort Bragg, CA: Government
Printing Office, 1902.
Notes: 408 pages
Abstract: Tells of various plants used by Indians of California - the ways they were used for treating
illnesses and the tribes that used them. Tribes include Yuki, Pomo, and Yokia, Klamath, etc.
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112. Coan, Ernie. The Del Norte Indian. Colfax, CA: 1953.
Abstract: Indians fight to preserve independence. White man steadily betrays and deprives him of
land and pushes him back. Recently various organizations have endeavorded to save for posterity
the folk lore.
Chapter 4, pages 17-22: War customs described. Spring of 1851, the second settlement in Del
Norte's wilderness by whites. Half of the party were killed by Indians at Wingate's Bar. Eight
prospectors attacked an Indian camp, only one Indian escaped. Happy Camp founded. Killings of
whites by drunk Indians. Hangings of Indians by whites. In 1854 the first human was hanged by
court order of frontier - an Indian named Bill for instigating attacks among rogue Indians. Three
more Indians were hung in Crescent City that year for killing a young farmer. A Tolowa Indian
was murdered near Burnt Ranch in 1859 by a Smith River Indian. The killer was hung by Tolowa,
only known instance of an Indian using hanging. J. M. Peters, a founder of Crescent City, tells of
the Burnt Ranch Indian massacre. Three miners were murdered by Indians and eight Indians were
killed in retaliation by whites. Later, 20 more Indians were killed in relatiation, but no women or
children. Entire village was destroyed and raid was conducive in bringing treaty of peace with
Smith River and Lagoon tribes.
Chapter 10, pages 48-50: Northern California Indians kill men but never women or children.
General description of Indians and experiences with Indians of Ida Pleiffer when visited several
Indian villages of North 100 years ago. Described how Indians have no resort against white misuse.
Conclusion, pages 53-54: Del Norte Indians no exception to rule that Indians have fought for and
lost their independence. In 1853 Del Norte Indians were kicked from home on cliff at Battery Point
in Crescent City to marshland below. The culture of the Del Norte tribes is passing with the older
members of their people.
Bibliography, pages 55-60: Indian names and definitions. Map of Del Norte tribal area. Notes on
Robert Spott.
113. Coblentz, Stanton A. Villains and Vigilantes. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, Inc..
Abstract: Page 25: "Observe, then, one prolific source of crime - of violence that can breed further
violence." Example given of the abuse given to the Indians. "... on March 16, 1850, a letter
appeared in the 'Alta California' mentioning 'an armed body of Americans, who publicly organized
themselves in the village of Sonoma, for the avowed purpose of exterminating the Indians in this
valley and burning the ranches and lodges where this innocent and laboring people live.' It was said
that, on this occasion, ten dead natives were found in a single place."
114. Colman, Lois. Tailings of Butte Creek Canyons. Sacramento, CA: Cal-Central Press, 1972.
Abstract: Pages 11-12: Maidu first Indians along Butte Creek. Miners found many skeletons along
Butte Creek revealing a destructive previous epidemic. Indian customs revealed.
Page 13: Only native Indians residing in Canyon after turn of twentieth century. "Indian Ben"
lived on Boneyard Flats. Wife wove baskets, Ben drank.
Page 15: Butte Democrat, Diamondville on August 24, 1859 - Unnecessary cowardly attack on
Indians. Indians fearing "clean out" attacks are camping close to friendly settlers. This morning 15
Indians were attacked by 25 armed men. Three Indians were wounded. Indians innocent of any
crime. Indians were camped a half mile from Centerville. Signed by 58 white men.
Page 16: Weekly Butte Record - Indians have begun indiscriminate slaughter. Richard Morrison,
Mrs. Blum, three Lewis children, two murdered by Indians in last week. (Last killings of Indians in
Butte Creek Canyon area.)
April 20, 1852 - Indians fought battle at Bidwell Bar on Feather River. 25 were killed. Tatoes,
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Concows, and Nimshew tribes involved. Indians naked except for breech clothes. (From Daniel
Coleman diary.)
Page 21: Mercantile store lisints. "Indian Sam 1854" paid in full.
Page 102: 1854 Elections - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that all Californians (except
Indians and women) automatically become U.S. citizens.
Pages 169-170: Arenia Thankful Lewis. Story of the three Lewis children, kidnapping and killing
of two boys and escape of the girl from the Indians.
115. Colson, Elizabeth, editor. Autobiographies of Three Pomo Women. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, Archaeological
Research Facility, Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, 1974.
Abstract: This is only one section of the manuscript. Pages 21-25 - This is an excellent description
of the influences of the Spanish, Mexican, and "whites" upon the Pomo culture and territory. Some
topics discussed include Round Valley reservation, Indians working on white ranches, antagonism
towards whites, the ghost dance, Catholic and Protestant missions, and the Indian service school.
116. Conrad, Charles Magill. Report of the Secretary of War1850.
Notes: November 30, 1850, Serial Set No. 587.
Abstract: David H. Vinton, Major and Quartermaster, Washington D. C. to "General." "Sacramento,
Post on Bear Creek. Two Companies of infantry to cover themselves by their own labor, with
materials to be found in their vicinity."
117. ———. "Report of the Secretary of War." 25 May 1850.
Notes: 31st Congress, 2d Session, Sen. Exec. Doc. 1, Part 2, December 2, 1850. 2 parts. Serial Set
No. 587.
Abstract: Report of Secretary of War. Camp Far West, unhealthful site; letter from Major General
Persifor F. Smith to Captain Irvin McDowell, May 25, 1850.
Page 80: "A report from the post at Far West shows it to be so unhealthy, that I will direct its
removal up into the mountains, on one of the principal routes across the Sierra Nevada." Malaria
was common in the Sacramento Valley then and for many years thereafter.
Page 267: D. H. Vinton, Major and Quartermaster, Washington D.C., March 29, 1850, to "General"
"Sacramento, Post on Bear Creek, Two companies of Infantry to cover themselves by their own
labor, with materials to be found in their vicinity."
118. ———. Report of the Secretary of War.
Notes: 1st Session, H. Exec. Doc. No. 17, Pages 943-945. Serial Set No. 573.
Abstract: (31st Congress, 2d Session, H. Exec. Doc. 1, page 128. serial Set No. 587.) states that
Fort Far West needs quarters , storehouses, and other buildings. In the fiscal year ending June 30,
1850, $376.50 was spent, and during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1851, $616.25 was spent for
barracks and quarters at Far West. ("Expenditures for Barraks and Quarters, Letter of the Secretary
of War." 35th Congress, 2d Session, H. Exec. Doc. 93, Page 17. Serial Set No. 1008.)
The reather small amount of money devoted to improvements at Far West can be explained in part
by the Army Quartermaster's directive that the troops at Far West were "to cover themselves by
their own labor, with materials to be found in their vicinity." (D. H. Vinton, Major)
Abstract: Quartermaster to "General," Sacramento, March 29, 1850. 31st Congress, 2d Session.
Senate Exec. Doc. 1, part 2, page 267. A second reason for the apparent reluctance of the Army to
invest heavily in Far West is found on page 80 of the source just cited, which states that Far West
is in so unhealthful a location that it must be moved "up into the mountains, on one of the principal
routes across the Sierra Nevada."
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Notes: 32nd Congress, 1st Session. House Exec. Doc. no. 2, Pages 105-469. Serial No. 934.
Abstract: "Indian and Military Affairs in California" pages 137-143. Report of General Persifor F.
Smith, Comdg. Pacific Division. Sonoma, March 13, 1851.
Page 207: Camp Far West, on Bear Creek, Ca. Lt. Davis, Perm, Comdr., 1 company, 2nd Infantry.
Pages 208-209 1 assistant, 2 subalterns, 17 nco. musicions, artificers, 3 comm off total, 20, absent,
1 captain, 1 subaltern, total 22.
Page 226: Th. S. Jesup, Quartermaster General received active measures to improve nuo. on rivers
of Texas, Oregon, California in that good turn pike roads be made on prim. routes to important
points on these frontiers. Military defense and military power not so dependant on numerous
populations, large armies, and great resources, as upon alul. to concentrate them rapidly at points
where they are to be employed.
Notes: 32 Congress, 2 session. Sen. Ex. Doc. 1. Part 2. Pages 3-287.
Abstract: Reports from the Pacific Division - California and Oregon, Pages 29-31.
Page 62: Fort Reading, Cow Creek, Upper Sacramento, California. Major and Brevet Col. G.
Wright, 1 company, 2nd Infantry. 1 company, 4th Infantry; 2 asst. surg, 1 major, 2 1st Lt., 1 2nd
Lt., 1 Brevet 2nd Lt., 101 enlisted men. 7 commissioned aggregate 108, 2 captains absent, 1
subaltern and 1 enlisted man.
Page 88: Fort Reading garrison by one company draws it supplies from Benicia Depot, carried by
steamsers to Tehama and from thence by public teams to that est. Forage is available in the vicinity
and can be purchased more cheaply than by shipping it from Benicia. Troops have erected their
own buildings and procured their own wood. Posts on the Trinity and Klamath Rivers have not yet
been occupied by the 14th Infantry, which is in contemplation on this fall. (QM, Pacific Divison. O.
Cross, Major and Quartermaster)
Page 91: Fort reading, 50 miles from Tehama by land. Cost per ...by land $24. Supplies transported
by publication. Cost of transporting by public team calculated by adding price of forage and hire of
teamsters together, with probable amount of wear and tear of wagons and harness.
122. Conrotto, Eugene L. Miwok Means People. Fresno, CA: Valley Publishing, 1973.
Abstract: Page 19: Picture of Indian white gold miners.
Chapter 4, "White Man": 1772-1872, 100 years from first whites to last Indians. Miwok contact
minimal prior to 1848. 1841 Bartheson Party first group to cross Sonora Pass. 1844 first covered
wagon brought over Sierra Nevada by Townsend Murphy. 1848 gold discovered. In 1770, there
were 133,000 California Indians. In 1910, there were 15,850. Penutians dropped from 57,000 to
3,500. Miwok from 9,000 to 700. Both moral and immoral gold seekers greed on Native lack of
rights.
Chapter 5, "First Impressions, Lasting Impressions": Bancroft chastised for judging native culture
by his own standards, after whites disrupted their lives. A. E. Kroeber sets record straight and
Helen H. Jackson's "A Century of Dishonor" saved Indians from extinction and populatized
southern California. Hitlbe like Bancroft a prejudiced source of Indian information. Bayard
Taylor's 1849 "Eldoredo" account of California visit gives objective information on white-Indian
relations. J.M. Hutching "in the Heart of the Sierras" ignores obvious and blames indian
difficulities on jealousey.
Variety of quotes pg. 33-34 reflect accepted prejudice- lack of compassion towards Miwok. Kist
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of current California life texts which reflect the inaccuracies of past prejudiced indian studies.
Indian generosity and brotherhood looked on as unprogressive and communistic. Centuries of
harmonious living not regarded as a skill.
123. Cook, Fred S. Legends of Lassen County. Susanville, CA: California Traveler Inc., 1970.
Abstract: Pages 11-17, "Indian Wars": Article gives a colorful account of several Indian "wars,"
one of the early being the Weatherlow attack on the Pit Rivers in 1857, in retaliation for some
stolen cattle. He was accompanied by Paiutes. When they returned, they found a battle raging
between whites and Washoes at the Washoe camp. This one originated when the Washoes stole
potatoes from a man's patch. In 1858, Weatherlow battle with an Indian. Later, when out after a
few Indians who stole and butchered a team of oxen, Weatherlow and company captured two
Indian men and two Indian women. While they were taking them back, one of the men escaped and
was shot after he managed to shoot one of his pursuers. In January 1860, Dexter Denning was
killed and his cabin looted. His brother had outraged an Indian at a dance and had killed many
Indians, and it was thought that his brother was killed by mistake. A patrol was sent out and found
a group of renegade Paiutes who had horses and things from the cabin, but they were holed up and
couldn't be gotten to. Weatherlow complained to the chief, who said he had no control over them
and also asked for $16000 to pay for Honey Lake Valley.
Page 16: The Paiute War was immenent in Spring of 1860. When they had a big meeting at
Pyramid Lake to decide, a runner came and told them that a bunch of braves had wiped out
Williams Station and they made ready for war, knowing that retaliation was coming. However, not
all of the war was fought in Nevada. People in Honey Lake left their homes and built a stockade,
which saw no action. It was also called Fort Janesville.
Page 17: In 1862, Pit Rivers and dissident Paiutes did a lot of raiding. The same year, Indians
brought gold nuggents into Star City. Miners asked them to take them wehre they got the nuggets,
but were left by the Indians after a day's journey. The miners massacred two Paiutes on the way
back. The story continues with other incidents of slaughtering of Indians. In 1865 along Granite
Creek, there was an attack and the cavalry surprised a Paiute Camp and massacred at least 55 men,
women, and children. Later in the year another camp was attacked and 40 Indians were killed.
124. Cook, Sherburne Friend. "The California Indians and Anglo-American Culture." Ethnic Conflict in
California History. editor Charles Wollenberg, pages 23-42. Los Angeles: Tinnon-Brown Inc.,
1970.
Abstract: Page 34: A man in town had hired an Indian to do a job. One day the Indian met a man
named Bob Hildreth, who claimed him as his property. The Indian told him that he was working
for another man, Hildreth tied him to his horse and dragged him to death. Hildreth's claim was
based upon the fact that he had bought the estate of the last Indian fighter, Capt. Jarboe, from his
widow. She stated that she had set Jarboe's Indian free after his death. But Hildreth maintained that
they were part of the estate, and hence inallienable under the apprentice law.
Pages 34-36: The use of intoxicating beverages caused the whites to worry. When the Indians
drank they were prone to violence. Liquor laws are still a source of irritation alike to local
authorities and to Indians. Another problem was miners using Indian women for sex, sometimes
with force and even homocide. There were others that lived with the women, it's been reported that
there were hundreds if not thousands living under those conditions, although there were settlers that
didn't believe in those types of morals and tried to convert the Indians. Some important ranches
took pride in maintaining good living standards for their colonies of Indian labor. Complete
extermination of Indians was also brought up by the whites. Fortunately, on a legalized basis and
as official policy, it was rejected. The whites were forced to torn to the only political entity which
could or would introduce and maintain a substantial measure of assistance, the Government of the
United States. The primary purpose of the government was to secure the territory politically. The
second function was to subjugate the native peoples and hold them harmless to the immigrants from
the United States. In 1848 there was a provision recognizing the claim of the California Indians to
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recompense for lost lands. This concession was reinfoced by acts of Congress in 1850 and 1851, by
appropriating $50,000 to pay for negotiations with Indians.
Pages 37-39: Although the Indians had no concept of treaties the whites felt that the act of a treaty
was needed. 3 commissioners; Barbour, McKee, and Wozencraft, traversed the state in 1851, and
secured 18 treaties signed by representitives of larger tribes. 1852 President Fillmore recommended
18 treaties for ratification by the U.S. Senate, the California Legislature objected violently, claiming
that the laws in question were worth $100,000,000. This objection plus pressure exerted by the
senators, resulted in rejection of the treaties. Furthermore, in the name of "security" they were
classified as secret and remained unavailable for public inspection unitl 1905. Reservations
systems were a little more than concentration camps. On the other hand, they were based as
relatively enlightened and represented the best humanitarian sentiment could expect in an era when
shooting, hanging, burning, and scalping were common place events. The argument ran with the
Indians that, in the interest of public warfare, they had been forcibly deprived of homes, foods, and
means of sustinance. The agents and other staff were in charge of maintaining the Indians with
proper standards of public health, law enforcement, and instructing American rural life. The system
ran in to many problems - mainly language - a lot of the tribes put together could not speak the
same language. Many ran away to their homeland only to be found again and taken back. They
also had a hard time developing any organization because of harassment from the white community.
Pages 40-41: The agents on the reservations weren't living up to their end of responsibilities. They
were accused of neglecting their duties, gross immorality, and at times murder of those who were
placed under their jurisdiction. J. Ross Browne was involved with the treatment of the Indians. He
attacked Thomas J. Henley, saying he was a vicious and corrupt agent. The argument went to such
intensity that the Secretary of the Treasury sent out a special investigator. The article mentions
Helen Hunt Jackson's book "The Century of Dishonor." With her book there was a lot of changes
in attitudes towards Indians. In 1946 the Indian Claims Commission Act was passed. This allowed
any tribe to bring suit for damages inflicted upon the tribe by whites during the two centuries.
125. ———. The Conflict Between the California Indians and White Civilization. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press, 1976.
Abstract: Page 285: Hearing of certain Achomawi and Maidu (Hat Creek and Concows) they were
part of large body of Indians shipped in a body to Round Valley about 1860. In 1863 Agent Storms
reported that some 400 survivors had ""left" the reservations and headed eastward. No crop raised
on reservation had migrated to avoid starvation. Next here of them at moribund Nome Lackee
Reservation. Citizens voted set of resolutions requesting their removal "reported at Nome Lackee
by the authorities/" (SF bulletin, November 6, 1862) who had left the Indians totally destitute, with
no means of support and no agent to look after them. From Nome Lackee they were moved to "Old
Landing" on Sacramento River, whence they were again pushed on to Major B's ranch near Chico
(Marysville Appeal, June 24, 1863) Summer of 1863 theere were 300 left. Finally, Indian serv. got
around to assembling them and dumping them once more at Round Valley, where they remained
thereafter.
Page 290: Losses of stock problem exaggerated, but enormous quantities of stock stolen or killed.
Page 291: Indians could feel no ethical objection to appropriate white man's property when white
man had already forcibly dispossessed him of his original means of subsistence. In long run, Indian
found method of purchase (by money or labor) most satisfactory. At beginning, however, normal
economic channels were not open to him and starvation pressure was severe.
Page 292: Indian began to appropriate to his use the white man's food. After suffering vicious
castigation, he relinquished, this form of relief and universally adopted purchase type of response.
When Indians first turned to white man for food, he found one admirable source ready at hand,
livestock. Problem of stock raiding had also existed in earlier, Spanish, times.
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126. Cook, Sherburne Friend. The Epidemic of 1830-1833. Publications in American Archaeology and
Ethnology, vol 43, no 3. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1955.
Abstract: Page 304, paragraph 5 and 6: Charles Wilkes, 1844, vol 5, p. 195 - He mentions an
Indian tribe at the mouth of the Feather River in California. "... All of whom are said to have died,
within a few yeasr, of the tertian fever..."
Page 305, paragraph 2: Dr. W. F. Tolmie (1833?) - "All through the year 1833 intermittent fever
was very prevalent... all through the Shosone country and thence throughout the region of the
hypothetical River Bienaventura [ie the Sacramento River], round Klamath and Pyramid Lakes and
along the Willamette and Columbia Rivers the disease raged."
Page 305, paragraph 4: D. Lee and J. H. Frost (1844, page 108) - "The epidemic ague, which has
already been mentioned... which has swept away great numbers of the natives, and proved an
annual scourge to the white man commenced... 1830..."
Page 305, paragraph 12: "Trapper" (N. D.) - on the Sacramento River, "... it was a fever of the
remittent class... we were informed by the Indians that they have no traditions of any similar
scourge in past time." He subsequently refers, in same connection, to the "malaria of the marches."
Page 305, paragraph 14: John Work (1945, p. 19) - December 2, 1832, on the Feather River,
regarding Indians seen: "There appears to be some stickness resembling an ague prevailing among
them."
Page 306, paragraph 2: Philip L. Edwards (1837, p. 27) - "The intermittent fever sometimes
fearfully prevails." Refering to 1833 he says "This disease seems to have prevailed with like
fasality from the bay of San Francisco to the Columbia River in these fatal times. Previous to 1829
it was unknown in the Columbia. Its greatest mortality seems to have been from about 50 to about
100 miles interior."
Page 306, paragraph 7: Nathanial J. Wyeth (1839, p. 17) - "Since 1829 an intermittent fever has
carried off vast numbers of these Indians... and as it prevails below the California mountains in the
salmon season, far less opportunities are offered of trading fish of them than formerly."
Page 306, paragraph 9 - John K. Townsend (1910, p. 342) - Here is the account of the treatment of
a Kowalitsk Indian child, May 13, 1836. In one of the lodges was "a very pretty little girl sick with
intermittent fever." After treatment to no avail by the local medicine man, Townsend offered to
heal her. "I immediately administered to the child an active catharitic, followed by sulphate of
quinine, which checked the disease, and in two days the patient was perfectly restored." He then
administered quinine to two other children similarly afflicted, but this exhausted his supply of the
drug. However, he made a decoction of the bark of the Dogwood, which he claimed cured the
children. About the latter remedy he say: "... I believed if they had used it, they would not have
had to mourn the loss of hundreds or even thousands of their people who have been swept away by
the demon of ague and fever."
Page 311, paragraph 3: The party under Work left Fort Vancouver August 17, 1832, after malaria
had been established on the Columbia for two years. Under date of August 21, there is the first
mention of illness at the Dalles: "There are a great many Indians here at present, some few of them
have the ague. Our sick men are recovering very slowly." By September 2, at least fourteen and
probably more persons had been taken ill. On September 9, Work mentions "Intermitten fever" and
says there were patients who had repeated relapses after apparent recovery. From September 3 to
December 11, the illness evidently decreased and there were no new cases. On November 29 the
party reached Red Bluff. On December 2 he notes regarding the Indians along the Feather River
that "there appears to be some sickness resembling an ague prevailing among them."
Page 316, paragraph 3: August 1833, they were back of the Feather River. At the lowest village on
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this stream they found that "a great many of the Indians are sick." Moving up the river they
encountered a surprising situation which Work describes in his entry for August 6: "Some sickness
prevailing among the Indians on the Feather River. The villages which were so populous and
swarming with inhabitants when we passed that way in January or February last now seem almost
deserted and have a desolate appearance. The few wretched Indians who remain... are lying
apparently scarcely able to move. It is not starvation as they have considerable quantities of their
winter stock of acorns still remaining." By August 14 they had gone N.W. to vicinity of Chico.
"The natives along here seem even more wretched than those on Feather River, the villages seem
almost wholly depopulated - the unhappy wretches are found in ones or twos in little thickets of
bushes..." Above Chico, Work mentions illness among the Indians save the notation, previously
mentioned, that the natives on Battle Creek appeared to be in better condition than those below.
Page 317, paragraph 1: Charles Wilkes latter saw Indians at the mouth of the Feather River. He
says (1844, p. 195) "at the point of the fork the ground was strewed with the skulls and bones of an
Indian tribe all of whom are said to have died, within a few years, of the tertain fever, and to have
nearly become extinct in consequence..." Wilkes was traveling north from San Francisco Bay, and
it is significant that three days after passing the junction of the two rivers they met their first living
Indians. The lower Feather and adjacent Sacramento Rivers must have been sweepingly devastated.
Page 317, paragraph 2: Will D. Brackenridge (1945 p. 329) was in the same area in 1841. He says
on October 18 of that year he forded the Feather a quarter mile above its junction with Sacramento.
"On the bank where we landed was the site of an old Indian town where upwards of 1,5000 Indians
perished by fever in one summer - the bones lay strewed about on the hills in all directions, there
not being enough of the tribe spared - as we were told - to bury the dead."
Page 317, paragraph 3: Edwards (1837 p. 27) writing from the vicinity of Red Bluff, says: "The
intermittent fever sometimes fearfully prevails. Mr. Young informs me that with a trapping party
he passed one summer here without having one man sick, but on visiting the Columbia three years
ago [1834] with Mr. R. (?), every one of the company, himself excepted, had this fever. We have in
our party had two or three cases. On every hand we see revoling signs of its fearful ravages. About
four years ago [1833] it prevailed with such mortality that the few survivors of a village sometimes
fled from their homes leaving the village literally strewn with dead and dying... He saw hundreds
lying dead in one village, forsaken by the few survivors and birds preying upon the uncovered
carcasses." Hall J. Kelly says in his memoir, published 1839 (p. 53) year following the epidemic
"most of the native Indians have perished... Many tribes are utterly extinct; in places where I was
told that in 1832, there was a population of a thousand or 1500 souls, I found somestimes but 100,
sometimes not more than fifty and sometimes none... But along the Sacramento and elsewhere
there is aboundant evidence that in former times, a teeming and crowded population was spread
over that now desolate region."
Page 319, paragraph 5: ... Work found seven villages in a short day's journey along Feather River perhaps ten miles or fifteen. Each village contained "some hundreds." He found a similar state of
affairs below Oroville... Brackenridge talks of a village at the junction of the Feather and
Sacramento in which 1500 died.
Page 320, paragraph 2-3: Census prepared by George McKinstry (1846). Entitled "Names of Part
of the Tribes of Indians in the Sacramento Valley and their Number November 1846." The names
of 28 "tribes" are given. The population range from 23-485 with a total of 2,373 and an average of
85 persons. The area extends from lower Feather to the mouth of the Mokelumne. In his paper
(1929) on the valley Nisenan (S. Maidu) Kroeber gives a list of villages according to an old
informant. Excluding the American river, the informant could mention 57 villages on the
Sacramento and Feather Rivers from Northern boundary of the Patwin on the Sacramento and from
just below Oroville on the Feather, to a point 4 miles below of Sacramento. There were on the
aberage 6-7 houses per village. These houses were realatively large and could hold perhaps 9+
persons. The mean population would have been approximatly 60+ and the aggregate for the entire
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area 3,350. Since Kroeber's area was considerably larger than that reported by McKinstry, the
coincidence of the 2 est. is very close.
Page 320, paragraph 4: Work's account of his journey of January 2-4, 1833, is even approximatly
correct, he saw fully 10+ probably more villages of about 40 houses each from Ord to the mouth of
the Feather alone. At 4 persons per house this represents a minimum population of 3,600 persons.
If we allow the same general distribution along the Sacramento as along the Feather River, then the
area of the usually Patwin and Nisenan must have held fully 15,000 persons before 1833. From
general population figures, therefore, we can find a reduction of 75% between 1833 and 1846.
127. Cook, Sherburne Friend. Expeditions to the Interior of California's Central Velley, 1820-1840 .
Anthropological Records, vol 20, no 5. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1962.
Abstract: Highly descriptive accounts of raids on tribes around the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers,
and San Joaquin River down to the Fresno area. The information is basically from personal letters
and diaries, with intricate details of confrontations between natives and settlers.
128. Coolidge, Dr. Richard H. Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality of the United States, Compiled
From the Records of the Surgeon Generals' Office: Embracing a Period of Five Years From
January 1855 to January 1860. Washington: George W. Bowman, Punter, 1860.
Notes: 36th Congress, 1st Session. Sen. Exec. Doc. No. 52. Serial No. 1035.
Abstract: Sanitary Report - Fort Jones, Asst. Surg. Charles C. Keeney, October 1856.
Page 240: In latitude 41 degrees, 35'56" N, longitude 122 degrees, 52'W on eastern slope Coast
Range extending eastwardly towards Siena .. is oval basin, 30 miles long by six miles wide, known
as Scott's Valley. Scott's mountain to south is some 8000 feet above sea level, valley alt. is nearly
3000 feet. Scott River rises in Scott's Mountain meanders thru valley and discharges itself into
Klamath River. Fort Jones at no extremity of valley and a gentle slope of the mountain and in a
pine grove. Built 1852 in form of a square, with frequent opening out on the valley, which rear is
covered by mountains. Soldier's barracks and portion of officers quarters built of logs - ceiled and
plastered extremally. Rooms are built frame buildings. Ga. set of quarters separate and distinct from
the other with sufficient ground intervening to afford ample room for garrison purpose and for
ventilation.
Post well located for protection from Indian depredations, it being central point around which roam
fiercest and most warlike Indians that inhabitants Pacific Coast.
On west - from post to Pacific inhabitants banks of Klamath River are 1500 to 2000 warriors so.
Oregon are Rogue River Indians who is bravery have proned themselves equal to regular troops,
man for man. Were remaned during past summer to rear in North Oregon. They may seek old home
on Rogue River. East of post the "Murdocs" Murdocs - about 800. More dreaded by settlers and
emergency than any other band east of post. This post has had about 350 Shasta under its
protection. Subdued and humbled by Murdocs. Are fast dwindling away by disease and hand of
white asassain. Are rationed by government and seek attended by post surgeon. Previous disease are
dysentery and pneumonia. Confined on reservation humiliating change of diet and wearing apparel,
deprivation of accustomed exercise and disease and takes over (even with plenty of beef and
flower.) Lungs become full of tubercles if he doesn't die of pneumonia. These northern california
Indians "neither resort to the animal, vegetables, or mineral kingdom for a cure." Phil. of disease
seems based upon idea that an evil spirit of some dead Indian steals into body and location itself
and where ever the pain may be, there the spirit is. Their doctor always females - yound squaws
who happen to have slight periodical hemorrage from mouth or any other part them the natural
cahnnel, in other words, if she should have "vicarious menstruation," she is forever after destined to
heal the sick. Works herself up into a mesmerce or hysterical condition, and then makding gentle
passes with her hard overdressed past really and lastly plunging her fist into muscles of her
prostrate patient, as if she really was determined to tear out the dead Indians evil spirit in good
earnest.
Then again, doctress throws herself into a gladiatorial position, being surrounded by dozen or more
bucks, who assist by chanting howling like so many demons. Then she throws herself with her
whole might on her subject; clinching the part diseased and if lucky, she drags out the evil spirit
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(with a portion of patient's skin) and daches it into a vessil of water, ready for that purpose. If
patient is satisfied that he is relieved of the dead Indian spirit and the pain, all is right. But if the
pain chances to return the poor squaw loses her head under the tomahawk.
Indians fast becoming extinct. year 650 about 350 on the reservation now no more thatn 150. The
200 missing swept away mostly by disease. Would seem that civilizations uncompatible with
habits, customs, and the nature of an Indian not capable of following the intellectual pursuits of
white men. Cannot be taught the most common uses of the instruments of husbandry. Day not far
distant when Indian will only be known in history.
Most previous disease among troops as well citizens is intermittent fever. "The overflowing of the
river banks, with the rank vegetable matter that the water holds in combination, sufficient by
accounts for this form of disease." Conjunctional ophthalmic next most prev. among citizens,
particularly among miners, when females from Atlantic coast, barrier for years arrive on this coast
and those who have never borne children at all, no sooner become acclimated than the uterine
organs assumed new-tone, and conception immediately follows. The once sterile female may
calculated with the greatest certainty that the end of every eighteen month will bring an offspring.
Like effect on cows. Attributes above "to this bland and stimulating climate."
129. Coy, Owen C. Guide to the County Archives of CaliforniaCalifornia Historical Survey Commission.
Sacramento, CA: California Printing Office, 1919.
Abstract: Page 74: Tells of documents called "Indian Indentures" of the legalities of keeping an
Indian minor.
130. ———. The Humboldt Bay Region, 1850-1875. Los Angeles, CA: California State Historical Association,
1929.
Notes: pages 164,176,180,183-184,186,189,200 has information regarding Fort Gaston.
Pages 166,169,180,303 have information regarding Fort Seward.
Abstract: Page 12-16: The territory and groups of the following Indian tribes are discussed: The
Wiyot (Humboldt Bay Indians,) Yurok (Lower Klamath Indians), Karok (Upper Klamath Indians),
Hupa (Hoopa Valley Indians), Chilula (Redwood Creek Indians), Whilkut (Mad River Indians),
Kuneste, Lassik, Sinkyone (South Fork Indians), Wailaki and Kato, Mattole, Wintun, Chimariko,
Shasta.
Page 37: In July of 1848, Major P. B. Reading prospects the Trinity River with help from Indians.
Page 38: The Josiah Gregg Expedition was going to be led by Indian guildes, but, they refused to
go after many storms refrained their expedition about 1849. They did, however, point out the way
for them to go.
Page 39: On the fifth day of the Josiah Gregg Expedition the Indians, who lived close to the South
Fork of the Trinity River, told the party that to follow the river to the ocean they would run into
numerous bands of Indians "who would oppose their progress in that direction." These Indians also
traded them smoked salmon for venison in November of 1849.
Page 45: The Laura Virginiga Expedition was halted from progress by the waters of the Mad River.
On the opposite side was a large Indian rancheria, which helped them cross in canoes about 1850.
Page 71: Redwood Creek (Chi Lula) and Hoopa Indians presented problems for the miners towards
Scott and Shasta Valleys during the early 1860s.
Page 80: In 1858, due to the hostility of the Indians in the region, the establishing of a new
meridian and base line was hampered around the Mt. Pierce and Bear River Ridge area.
Page 95: It is said by the author that due to the mistreatment of the Indians the progress of the new
settlements were greatly impeded. It is thought by the author that if the whites had not mistreated
them and encroached upon their land that they would not have had the problems in which they did.
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Page 103: Due to the extension of the Mendocino Indian Reservation, many white people disliked
the idea and were very upset and protested the action. Later on Indians were committing
depredations on the whites' cattle in the Mattole Valley. As a result, action was taken to remove
Colonel Henley as Superintendent of Indian Affairs and the reservation then ceased to exist.
Page 137: There was very little opposition towards the whites by the Indians of Humboldt County
in the years 1849 to 1851. The Indians in Humboldt County were usually peaceful as in helping the
Josah Gregg Expedition. Indians and whites always traded different items which seemed to keep
the two races peaceful. Any resistance would have been disastrous, of course, due to the superior
weaponry of the whites. However, when they started realizeing the extent of the invasion of whites,
they started to resist, which amounted to much bloodhsed on the part of the Indians. The whites
burned three villages and killed 50 to 60 Indians in retaliation of Indian hostility in 1850.
Page 137: A meeting involving the Indians in the regions surrounding these Chilula Indians was
held at Durkees Ferry (junction of Trinity and Klamath Rivers) and treaties signed for the benefits
of peace. However, the Bald Hills and Redwood Creek Indians were not present.
Page 138: In 1851 an Indian agent by the name of Redick McKee put together an expedition to
visit and make treatise with the various Indian tribes on the coast north of San Francisco. The
expedition was being escorted by a company of soldiers under command of Brigadier Major
Wessels. The expedition stopped periodically to give presents and beef to the Indians in
conjunction with making a peaceful settlement with them.
Page 138: The packers and miners would shoot an Indian whenever the opportunity presented
itself, thus influencing the Indians to seek revenge and to kill the white man who did it. However, it
was the case that usually the white who killed the Indian got away and the white that was killed, to
compensate for the Indians murder, was usually innocent of such thoughts or deeds. And then the
whites would pick any Indian rancheria to kill to make up for the white that was killed.
Page 139: On the Redick McKee expedition of 1851, found the lower Ell River Valley Indians in
bad condition. A reservation was proposed to be set aside for them and a man by the name of Mr.
C. A. Robeson (who had married an Indian) was to be put in charge of the project.
Page 139: The Redick McKee expedition passed through the Klamath River region or the land of
the chilula or Redwood or Bald Hills Indians. This tribe has a bad reputation among the packers.
Page 141: After Fort Humboldt was established there was a strong feeling of eradication of the
Indians and through this feeling came highly exaggerated reports of hostility towards the whites by
the Indians. In fact, several senators of northern California gave Governor Bigler a statement
saying that 130 whites were slain and $240,000 of property ruined by these Indians within just a
"few months."
Page 142: In February of 1853, Redick McKee cited the murder of 15 to 20 Indians near the mouth
of the Elk River and in March 30 to 40 were murdered by the whites, unjustifyingly so, on the
Klamath River. He submitted this statement to Governor Bigler but to no avail, for "his sympathies
lay on the side of the whites, regardless of their character."
Page 143: January 6, 1855, a meeting at Orleans Bar decided that all weapons were to be
confiscated from the Indians and to deal harshly with any whites that might sell weapons to the
Indians. Many Indians gave up their weapons, but those led by the Red Caps would not, and
resulted in the struggle and death of two whites. "This was the signal for war." A volunteer army
was formed at Trinidad and attacked the Indians on the lower Klamath. Captain Judah was sent out
by Colonel Buchanan and negotiated with the Indians on the Klamath-Trinity junction. They
surrendered to him and helped in subduing the more hostile Indians.
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Pages 143-144: It was decided by a Roseborough, an Indian agent at Fort Jones, to get together
several volunteer armies and subdue the Red Caps. The Red Caps finally surrendered June of 1855.
Captain Judah negotiates with and persuades the Red Cap Indians to surrender. Then he was again
recalled, his place being taken by Captain Jones.
Pages 144-146: Following the trouble of the Red Caps there was sporadic fighting and feuds
around Redwood Creek and Angels Ranch. Man on Bear River was attacked. Although very few
whites were attacked, many Indians were murdered in relatiation.
Pages 146-149: In February of 1858, a quarrel between whites and a black and his Indian wife
belonging to Redwood and Mad River tribes. In April or May of 1858, William E. Ross was killed
in an ambush near Grouse Creek. Volunteer company was organized at Pardee's Ranch and at Mad
River near the Buttes. Tax of 50 cents per $100 for the purpose of maintaining troops. Governor
Weller called upon the army for more troops to clear the road from Weaverville to Humboldt Bay.
Found that there weren't enough troops, so he sent Adjunct General Kibbe to Weaverville to
organize a company of state milita. T. J. Henley, the Indian Superintendent, refused to take note of
conditions. On September 26, 1858, a false alarm alerted the people for the need of protection. On
October 2, 1858, Captain Underwood and 36 men took position near Pardee Ranch to escort pack
trains crossing the mountains. Kibbe Guards - A company of 70 at Weaverville and a company of
80 at Big Bar. No military training. Had fights at Pardee Ranch October 26, November 13 and
14th at Showers Pass, and Dow's Prairie in December.
Pages 150-152: In January of 1859, Indians were removed to Mendocino Reservation. 121 Indians
from Humboldt went to the reservation. In February of 1859, Hoopas ask whites for meetings at
Big Lagoon. Meeting had "indifferent success." The only way to get the Indians out of areas and
into reservations was to starve them out. This was done soon after the meeting. Another meeting
took place with the Redwood Creek Indians near Albee Place. The Indians came to the meeting
only to be captured and sent to the coast as prisoners. In May of 1858, 8-10 white men visited a
rancheria on Eel River. They fired into camp, killing two Indians and wounding others. Other
settlers were furious, yet no one was arrested. In retaliation, two whites were killed in the woods
near Ureka. In June, a man named Thorton was killed. For two weeks a war was waged in Mattole
Valley, and 15-20 Indians were killed. On September 6th, a meeting to set up resolutions between
whites and Indians occured. Rules and regulations were set by both sides. The treaty was followed
but soon problems began.
Page 153: Information about the establisment of Fort Bragg. Map.
Page 153-155: Agents touring reservation. In 1857 Special Agent James Tobin made tour of
Mendocino Reservation. Later that year Fort Bragg was set up. Territory was along the coast as far
as Bear River in Humboldt County. Settlers protested saying it took up 1/2 of coast line and it
affected lands of 50-60 settlers. Due to lack of response from agent, settlers drafted resolutions
protesting to Supt. Henley (Indian Affairs.) In 1858, G. Bailey, Special Agent of Interior
Department made tour of reservation. Felt they were quite inaccurate. Felt there was too few
Indians. Due to the report action was taken against Agent Henley, and Spring of 1959 removed
from office, position given to J. Y. McDuffie. December 1859, Last claim to lands in Mattole
Valley given up by Gov. Off., residents relieved because this meant that a reservation would not be
set up.
Pages 160-163: The petition that was made for Downey by the citizens of Eureka was turned
down. He felt the citizens had exaggerated. The forces already there were enough. He felt the
attacks on the Indians were uncalled for and that it was the national government's fault. People of
Yager Cree, Mad River, and Van Duzen had to abandon their homes and take their stock to the
coast. Still there was more killings of cattle and by July Major Rains was transferred with no regret
to the city. Part of the problem with sending the cattle to the coast was that there wasn't enough
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feed for them. In July of 1860 Indians left the Klamath Reservation because there wasn't enough
food. Whites said there was plenty. This agent the reservation tried to get them back but felt the
whites were hinding his actions. On June 19, 1860, Indian affairs changed. The state was divided
into two parts, the agents to be replaced by supervisors. G. T. Terrill was made the supervisor of
Klamath. In January of 1861 problems grew worse. The last settler had to leave Ketinshon Valley.
Troops called in but had a lack of knowledge in fighting Indians. On Page 163 is a map of the
Humboldt Bay region and all the reservations, wars, towns, etc... from Smith River to Fort Bragg
over to Red Bluff.
Page 163: Map.
Pages 164-169: On April 17, 1861, a plan was approved for volunteer services, with 30 men
enlisted as guides. Whites felt the Indians were planing an extermination war at Hoopa Valley.
Captain Underwood commanded the Indians to give up their arms. Many didn't at beginning, but
due to weather and lack of food they had to. On May 14, in a fight at Boulder Creek, 14 Indians
were killed. 2,000 pounds of beef and stolen property were captured. In June, Humboldt, Larrabee
Creek, and Van Duzen River areas were covered with soldiers. In the end of June, 117 Indians
were killed, and only three soldiers were hurt. In August, there was a meeting at Ureka.
Resolutions were made for the governor. Hydesville had a meeting, with $1,400 made for defense
aginst the Indians. The governor approved another volunteer company, 6th division of the
California State Militia. At Fort Seward, Captina Lovell and 60 men set up the fort on the upper
Eel River. In May of 1861, George Hanson, an agent, told of big proglems with whites and taking
children into slavery. Follow soldiers and take children when parents were murdered. Indians
retaliate by killing cattle. (Author not sure if Hanson saw this or learned second hand.) Dr. Elijah
White was appointed to go to California and see what the problems were. He asked that no fighting
take place until he arrived. No one followed his request. People wanted something done
immediately. In January of 1862, Hanson had to remove Indians to the reservation.
Page 166: September 21, 1861. Captain Lovell, with sixty troopers, moved into Indian country,
taking up position on the upper Eel River. Thereafter, this site was known as Fort Seward.
Page 169-173: 1862: 400 men at Fort Humboldt. New forts put up in the district - Fort Baker on
Van Duzen, Fort Lyons on Mad River, Camp Anderson Redwood Creek and Fort Seward was
abandoned. Settlers are furious with the Army's policy of not making war or punish them for any
depredations they may have committed. They were also told not to kill or wound an Indian unless
there was a definite reason to do so. They were to just bring them in to the reservation.
March - June: Various attacks on the white people make the army realize that they had to change
their policies. Cooper's Mills were attacked and a large amount of flour stolen even though there
was soldiers protecting it. The only thing that happened with this policy was women and children
and members of less hostile bands were taken prisioners. There was still alot of problems due to the
hostile bands. June 6: An attack on Daby's or Daley's Ferry. Three white men killed, two wounded.
Next day Muhlberg, 2 miles below Daby, house was burned and property destroyed. (Look at War
of the Rebellion pages 1120-1134.) Meeting of citizens of Eureka. Appeal made for Volunteer
Company and asked the state for public arms. The army answers they felt there was enough men
and that in two months three companies from Oregon were to arrive. General Kibbe granted 30
rifles. Geo. Hanson was unaware of the problem that had existed during this time. He was planning
a reservation on Smith River. January 1862 went to Klamath to make some preparations for the
removal of Indians onto a Nevada Reservation. Since Klamath had been nearly destroyed by winter
floods. Fort Lyon, at Brehmer's Ranch.
Pages 171-172: The massacre at Daby's Ferry is reported. The wife was shot.
Page 176: Fort Lyon abandoned.
Page 180: June 6, 1863, Captain Ousley, with 34 troops, headquarters at Camp Curtis but moved to
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Fawn Prarie on the Hoopa trail. This company was the first to engage in hostile Indians.
Pages 178-182: In January 1863, a meeting occured at Ureka. A statement was published that in
the previous 18 months more than 30 whites were killed, at least 50 homes burned, loss of stock and
property amounted to 1/2 million dollars, and the miners stopped coming to Humboldt area because
of the problems. Wanted a volunteer force of 500 sharp-shooters and the Indians sent to a
reservation south of San Francisco; Agent George Hanson removed from office. Governor
Stanford watched the problems closely and decided to leave the matter to the state legislature. The
legislature urged for volunteer corps. In February, the governor issued a proclamation for
enlistment of six companies of volunteer services for purpose of fighting against hostile Indians of
the Humboldt district. Citizens asked to organize the troops. In April, Hoopa and Redwood
Indians making various attacks on Indians that were peaceable, as well as whites. Indians also
showing up againt from Smith River Reservation. In June there were attacks at Trinidad, at the mill
and a men's lodging house. No lives were lost but people were alarmed at the still growing
problem. In July there was a firece attack on Redwood Creek. Six Indians were killed and several
whites were wounded. In Trinity, there was an attack at Cedar Flat in May. People down-river as
far as Taylor's Flat left the area. Their homes were burned. In September, two Indians killed some
whites. The army tracked them to a rancheria, hid under a well known tribe. The rancheria was
surrounded. Two to three tried to escape but were killed, and 115 surrendered.
Page 180: Information about action against hostile Indians. Information about troops.
Pages 183-186: In the year 1863. In October, all settlements between Hoopa and Big Bar were
destroyed. In November, there were attacks on Indians by the army. In counter-attacks, Indians
stole three mules with supplies. The Indians were pursued, found out they were South Fork and
Redwood Indians. After eight hours of fighting, two whites were wounded and the mules were
recovered. Most depredations were on cattle or isolated ranches. On Pilot Creek, few Indians were
involved, but were suspected of plotting with other tribes. In September, Colonel Whipple had four
full companies, and another two were due to arrive. Forts were set up and companies were in
position to protect trails. Still, Indians brought a lot of damage to the county. People were unable
to make profit off of property, and didn't know when the Indians would destroy it. Taxes were too
high, due to having to support the troops. In December, the Hoopas were ready to fight the troops.
They were trying to secure ammunitions and other tribes to be ready for the attack. Scounts found
Indians at Bald Mountain in an enclosure made by four strong log houses with a spring of water in
the middle. Army tried to attack the "fort" but was unable to, even with the assistance of a
howitzer. By the next day, the Indians had escaped. In January of 1864, a new company had
arrived. The Hoopas still attacked. Two trading posts were robbed and destroyed. They were
robbed to get ammunition and supplies. The army tried to get the Indians but were unable to.
Page 184: Captain Ousely with Co. B. was moved from Fort Gaston and placed on Redwood Creek
near the famous Camp Anderson, a position from which he could protect the Arcata - Hoopa trail as
well as watch the Indians of that region. Fort Baker was abandoned for a new location near Iaqua, a
position which could command the passes between Mad River and the Yager and Van Duesen. A
new post, Camp Grant, was established on the Eel River. Order given to Captain Simpson to
establish.(From Rebellion Records, no. 106, pages 642-643.) Fort Baker was abandoned for a new
location near Iaqua, a position which could command the passes between Mad River and the Yager
and Van Dusen.
Pages 187-192: In the year 1864. Col. H. M. Black took over from Colonel Whipple of February
4. Became the commander of the district. The upper Mattole Valley had continuous attacks from
November to February, as well as the lower Mattole Valley. Settlers started a meeting, and drew up
resolutions for addition military aid. Felt the valley was being depopulated because of the
destruction done by the Indians. In Spring of 1864, continuous problems in all of the valleys.
Many ranches were attacked for clothes, supplies, and ammunition. New set of tactics set up by the
army, with constant scounting in all dirrections giving the Indians no rest. Hearing this, a lot of
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Indians gave up. Many prisoners were taken in all the forts in the Humboldt district. In January of
1865, Lieutenant Middleton brought in 23 Trinity Indians, declaring they were the last of the hostile
Indians. In April of 1864, the two Indian districts were combined under one superintendent, Austin
Wiley. He was told to reduce the number of reservations down to four, but they had to be as free as
possible from the whites. They were also to watch their spending. Felt that the Smith River and
Mendocino Reservations could be abandoned, and to concentrate them at Round Valley. Another
good place he felt was on Catalina Island. Commissioner of Indians didn't like the idea of Catalina
Island. Felt instead that Round Valley would do just as well.
Page 190: Information about activity against hostile Indians.
Page 191: October 22, 1864 - On the upper Eel River, Captain Simpson and Co. "E" succeeded in
capturing 166 Indians which he took to Round Valley Reservation.
Pages 193-196: Hoopa Valley - In July Wiley went to Hoopa Valley to talk and maintain peace
with the Indians. In August he was able to sign a treaty with the Indians making Hoopa Valley as a
reservation. The land was set off for the Hoopa, S. Fork, Redwood and Grouse Creek Indians.
Women to be given instruction on household duties and the men were to learn agriculture; clothing
and blankets given to them regularly and a doctor would be there at al times. All white men not
allowed on the reservation unless they worked for the Government. Indians to give up their arms
but could use them for hunting purposes. All Indians were granted amnesty by the treaty. The
whites were furious that a reservations was set up so close to the settlements. Mass meeting were
held at Eureka, Mattole, and Orleans Bar to protect the reservation. The Government sided with
Wiley on his actions realizing that it would be the only way to keep the Indians happy. The land
was appraised at $60,000 and all the settlers were paid for their land. In Spetember 1866, the
government obtained full title to the lands. This ended most of the skirmishes with the Indians but
during 1865 there was some scattered bands still unsubdued. Hoopas kept to their treaty. Agent
Stockton and 3 others were killed by Indians in April 1867. Agent Pratt made the Indians feel good
about the reservations. Celebrated by burying a hatchet with symbolized their bad feelings towards
the whites. In 1866, Camp Iaqua and Camp Anderson shut down, no longer needed. In 1867,
Indians started to leave Smith's River to return to old haunts. Depredations started up again. In
July a settler was killed on the south fork of the Eel River. In 1868, More troops seemed
necessary. Government did not feel the need for more. Decided to solicit funds to maintain troops ,
but the tropps failed also. In March, small troop sent from Ft. Gaston to Yager Country. Indians
attacked the company. A fight on the upper Eel River defeated the Indians and a large amount of
ammunition found. This attack seemed to have stopped any other attacks from happening. In 1869,
Smith's River Reservation abandoned and Indians removed to Hoopa (about 250). In 1870, Ft.
Humboldt closed down.
Page 195: During the year 1866, the military posts at Camp Iaqua and Camp Anderson had been
abandoned as no longer necessary. Events proved that removal of the troops was somewhat
permanent. Humboldt Times: September 15, 1866; Marchg 30, 1867; July 13,20, 1867; July 12,
1868; August 7, 1868; November 21, 1869; January 9, 23, 1869; March 20, 1869; April 3, 10, 17,
1869; June 25, 1870; August 13, 1870.
Page 196: March 20, 1869, A detachment of troops sent out from Fort Gaston to the Yager Country
but the Indians were bold enough to attack the troopers pack train. Stephen Flemming , civilian
Indian Fighter, was hired to organize volunteers. He defeated the Indians in a fight on the Upper Eel
River and got their ammunition. This was the last big Indian fight.
Pages 197-199: A large district of land was abandoned that had a lot of valuable grazing and
agricultural value. Many times the Indians saw this and destroyed the crops, etc... Yager Creek
was most affected by the problems. Bear and Mattole Valleys became overstocked and full of
hostile banos. In the Redwood Creek and Mad River district, settlers were forced to seek protection
in a more populous area. The value of Humboldt Couty - 1,366,361 in 1860 and 1,105,175 in 1864.
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A loss of nearly 20%. In 1864 went back up to the value of 1860. A lot of grazing land was
abandoned. Arcata - took the worst of all the settlements.
131. Crawford, George Walker. Report of Secretary of War1849.
Notes: 31st Congress, 1st Session. Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 1, Pages 90-424. Serial Set No. 549.
Abstract: No. 6 Operation in California by R. Jones, Adj. Gen., U.S. Army.
Page 182: Pacific Division, Department No. 10, California. Post 30 miles from Sutter's fort, on the
Sacramento, 2 companies, Second Infantry.
Page 185: Intended an auxilary depot in direction of mining districts, and any post of the mines,
mountains, or country beyond, can be reached from them by the troops at almost any season. The
posts will also aid the Indian agents in preventing the oppression of the peaceable Indians in the
slopes of the Sierra Nevada by lawless white men and check the tubes lining on those slopes who
have manifested a decided hostility to the settlers.
Page 188: Military Post on the Sacramento, 30 miles from Sutter's Fort. Major Kingsbury, 6th Inf.,
perm. comdr. 2 companies, 2d Inf., 6 commanding officers, 108 enlisted men (NCDs, musicians,
artificers, privates.)
132. ———. Report of the Secretary of War 1849.
Abstract: States that Fort Far West was established as an auxiliary depot in the mining districts. It
was thought, perhaps, over optimistically that any part of the mines, mountains, or country beyond,
could be reached from that post "by the troops at almost any season." Far West was also expected
both to aid the Indian agents in protecting the peaceable Indians from the lawles white men and to
check those tribes which manigest a decided hostility to the settlers. This same Report, on page
188e listed Major Kingsbury, 6th Inf., as permanent commander. However, a letter from Bennett
Riley, Commanding, HQ., 10th military department, to Lt. Col. W.G. Freeman, Assistant Adjunct
General, HQ of the Army , dated October 1, 1849, states that Major Kingsbury had been arrested
and Captain Westcott will probably be promoted to command in his stead. See "California and New
Mexico; Message from the President.... 31st Congress.
133. Crawford, Lewis F. Rekindling Camp Fires: The Exploits of Ben Arnold. Bismark, N.D.: Capitol Book Co.,
1926.
134. Crook, General George W. General George Crook - His Autobiography. editor Martin F. Schmitt. Norman,
OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960.
Abstract: Page 6: Crook's first station in Pacific Coast was Benicia Barracks, where he was assigned
to Co. F, 4th Inf. Headquarters and one co. of 2d Inf., also at the barracks. Officers, as near as
Crook could later recollect, were Major Day, Captain Frazier, Lts. Steele, and Fighting Tom
Wright, 2d Inf., Scott and 2d Lt. Edward B. Underwood, 4th Inf. Except for Captain Frazier and Lt.
Steele, "...there was not a day passed but what these officers were drunk at least once, and mostly
until the wee hours in the morning. I never had seen such gambling and carousing before or since."
Crook's first day was as file closer at funeral to escort of Major Albert S. Miller, classmate of Day,
who had just die from effects of strong drink. Major Day, whose head was as white as teh driven
show, commanded the escort. When all of officers had assembled in room where corpse was lying,
he said "well, fellows, Old Miller is dead and he can't drink, so let us all take a drink." Crook: "I
was never more horrified in my life."
Page 13-14: Fort Jones named after Col. Roger Jones, Adj. General of the Army. Established
October 16, 1852 by Cos A and E, 1 Dragoons. Evac. of June 23, 1858, the site being abandoned in
1866. Posts, Campus, and Stations File, Army War College, Historical Section. Crook promoted to
full 2nd Lt., July 7, 1853 last of October 1853, in Co E, 4th Inf., then stationed at Fort Jones. In
travels from Fort Humbold, he traveled to SF in sailing vessel loaded with lumber. From SF to
Sacramento by steamboat. Was amused at rival hotel busses, or rather their drivers, blackguarding
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each other. The one who did not get me said I had better have myself wrapped in straw, or
otherwise I'd be rubbed to piece before reaching Fort Reading. There I met Lt. Underwood, 1st Lt.
of Co. D. Major Wright in command. Captain Morris, the regular Quartermaster and Asst. Surgeon
John Campbell. I was given a mule here, which I rode to Fort Jones, passing through Shasta City,
"one of the levelest places I had ever seen then. From here my route led up Trinity River. Reached
Fort Jones latter part of October. Fort Jones sct. on edge of a beautiful mountain valley called
Scott's Valley, with a beautiful river of the same name running through it." Yreka some 18 miles
distant. The post consisted of a few log hunts, built on the two pieces of a passage plan.
Page 14: The Commandant was Brevet Major "He! He! Be God! G. Washington Patten," Captain,
2nd Infantry. Captain B.R. Alden, whom I had left as Commandant at West Point, who was also
here. It seemed he had left his resignation with his wife before leaving the East to join his company.
When report of his having been wounded reached Washington, she handed in his resignation,
which, much to his disappointment, had been accepted. The notification had just been sent him
here. As he was strongly inbued with the military spirit, and the local notoriety which his being
wounded by the Indians gave him was pleasing to him, he was very loath to lave the service. He
fianally left that section of the country, where there were prospects for more service, with many
regrets, altho he was partially paralyzed from the effects of his wound. He never retained use of one
arm, and partially one side. Was unable to participate in our great war, but was most of time in
Europe trying to recover his health.
Page 15: Scattered over the country were a few Shasta Indians see Kroeber, Handbook 285-304.
[Small tribe. Government field census in 1851 yielded 24 towns on the Klamath, 7 on the Scott, and
19 on the Shasta. Inhabitants 2000.] Shastas generally will disposed, but more frequently forced to
take was path or sink all self-respect, by the outrages of the whites perpetuated upon them. The
country was over-run by people from all nations in search of the mighty nature of our goverment
there was little or no law that these people were bound to respect.
It was of no unfrequent occurrance for an Indian to be shot down in cold blood, or a squaw to be
raped by some brute. Such a thing as a white man to be punished for outraging an Indian was
unheard of...
"There were a good many Indians about Fort Jones and vicinity from whom I soon learned their
grievences. It is hard to believe now the wrongs these Indians had to suffer in those days." Indians
would confide in us as friends. We had to witness this unjust treatment without power to help
them. Then when they were pushed beyond endurance and would go on war path we had to fight
when our sympathies were with Indians.
Crook assigned to one of the ... not yet finished, neither ... nor fastening of any kind on my door.
One evening I was lying on my bunk, ruminating before lighting my candle. Pitch dark. Suddenly
door flew open. In walked large animal, "...judging from the clicking noise his claws made on the
floor as he stalked across the room to the fireplace. Shortly afterwards I heard him turn ground and
approach where I was lying. My first impulse was to save myself by flight. I reasoned that would
not do, as he could easily outrun me, especially as all was dark." Then remembered havin seen large
Newfoundland dog around the garrision during the day. Reached out and felt his shaggy coat.
When I realized the situation, "...he lost no time in getting out of my house." Shortly thereafter, I
came into my room one evening, soon after dark. Went up to mantel piece. Struck match to light my
candle. Suddenly felt whirl around my head and felt sensation of my scalp leaving my head. Soon
discovered it was owl who had undoubtedly flown in thru the door in my absence. Prob. blinded by
the light and in fright lit on my head, where needle like claws prod. pain in my scalp, as my hair
was cut close and there was not protection.
Pages 15-16: Crook mentions that the Shasta Indians were generally peaceful, yet were driven to
wartime activities by the whites. Indians were shot in "cold blood" and squaws were raped, yet
white men were never punished for such atrocities. The Indians confied in the army as friends, yet
when retaliating against the whites, would be forced to fight the army as well. Crook states that the
sympathies of the army were with the Indians even in times of battle.
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Pages 17-21: A party of white men were killed by Indians on the Klamath River approximately 20
miles north of Cottonwood. Crooks command consisted of approx. 20 men yet they were joined by
volunteers in Yreka and Cottonwood. Upon arrival at the site, the Indians were found to be
baracaded up in a cave above the river. Crook was sent to Fort Lane to obtain a howitzer, but upon
his return it was learned that the massacred whites had instigated the attack to steal ponies and
squaws. The attaack was forgotten much to the displeasure of the volunteers.
Page 31-54: Crook received orders to proceed with his command to Fort Lane in Oregon in March,
1856. During the winter of 1856-57, the Indians on Pit River were reported to have massacred all
whites living in Pit River Valley 100 miles east of Yreka. From this time until September 1, 1857,
Crook recalls the various attacks by his company upon the Indians at this area. He never lost a man
in any of the battles, but was wounded in the thigh from which the arrow was never extracted.
Page 175: Immediately after battle of Hungry Hill on Grave Creek, Major Fitzgerald proceeded to
Fort Vancouver and thence to the Dallas, where he rem. in garrison for the winter. Command at
Fort Lane thus reduced to single troop. Captain Smith agreed to meet the vols. at Grave Creek
house (Fort Bailey) about Nov. 9, prepared to puruse and fight the Indians. Meanwhile, scouts from
Bailey's co. were to find where Indians were hiding. Usual, after a bat they abandoned their position
silently and mysteriously, to reappear in some unexpected quarter. Before disappearing they
visited the reservation and burned or destroyed all the property of people on it. Soon after, a
number of houses on Jump-off-Joe Creek were furnished. Hearing of which, Martin's and Bruce's
commands, plus small force of regular from Fort Jones, pursued and fell in with a band at month of
Jump-off-Joe Creek, killing eight. On Nov. 19, Major Bruce, with part of his battalion marched up
applegate Creek in Co. with Captain Judah of Fort Jones, but finding no Indians, ret. to HQ on 20th.
On 21st Major Bruce ordered Capts. Williams and Alcorn and their cos. to proceed down west side
of Rogue River, while he, with Capts. Rice and wilkinson with their commands, marched down
opposite side via Grave Creek to the Meadows, accomp. by Captain Judah and Major Martin and
the several commands arrived vicinity of supposed HQ of enemy at daylight on 25th and sent out
spies to discover Indian camp. Late at night they reported Indians. 2 or 3 hundred of them, on a bar
six miles above and very difficult of access. On morning of 26th, Captain Judah with 46 regulars,
and Major Martin with 10 Dools. Marched to position opposite Indian Camp, where according to
plan of attack, they were to be joined by Major Bruce and Captains. Williams and Alcorn, with 286
vols. These were to cross river on a raft, surround enemy's camp, and give a signal, when Judah was
to open fire with howitzer.
135. Crouch, J. Carlliald. Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance, Lava Beds Monument . Lava Beds
National Park, CA: Lava Beds National Park, CA, 1936.
Abstract: Page 2: "Historical Background" - John C. Fremont and Party in 1846 were attacked on
the western edge of the Lava Beds by Indians. Two men were killed and several others were
wounded. Small wars continued on the Lava Beds until April 1873.
136. Cullum, George Washington. Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military
Academy at West Point, New York, From the Establishment in 1802 to 1890 . 3d. ed., revised and
extended ed., Vol. vol. 2. Boston, Mass.: Houghton, Mifflin, 1891-1910.
Notes: 5 vols.
Abstract: 1st Vol. Page 313: Day, Hannibal. Son of Dr. Sylvester Day, Asst. Surg. U.S.A. Cadet,
September 1, 1819 - July 1, 1823. 2nd Lt., 2nd Infantry. Ranked 23. Fort Brady, Michigan,
1823-28; on Topo. duty July 14, 1828- December 7, 1831. 1st Lt., 2nd Infantry April 4, 1832; in
Blackhawk Expedition 1832 but not at (page 251) seat of war; garrison Fort Dearbill(?) 1832-33;
Hancock Barracks, Me., 1833-36; Fort Indpendence, Mass. 1836 Recruiting service 1836-38;
Florida War 1836-39; sick leave 1839-41. Capatin July 7, 1838 Florida War 1841-42 garrison
Buffalo N.Y., 1842-44, 1844-45; district 1845-46 War with MExico 1846-47; Tampico, recruitting
service, 1847-48; garrison Fort Hamilton, N.Y., 1848; voyage to California 1848-49 frontier duty
Sutterville, CA, 1849, Bear Creek, CA 1849; Far West 1830-51 Benicia, CA 1852-53. Major 2nd
Infantry, February 23, 1852; Jefferson Barracks 1854; Fort Ridgely, Minn. 1834-55; Fort Ripley,
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Minn. 1855-56; Fort Randall, Dak, 1856-58; Fort Larimel, 1859-60; Fort Abercrombie, Dak,
1860-61; Lt. Col., 2nd Infantry, February 25, 1861.Commanded 2nd Infantry, Georgetown, D.C.,
August 10-December 16, 1861; Recruiting Service December 16, 1861 - June 28, 1863. Commad
of Brigade, 5th Corps, Army of Potomac, in Perina. Campaign, June 28, to July 1863, in battle of
Gettsyburg July 2-3, 1863; and march to Warrenton, VA. July 1863; Col. 6th Infantry, January 7,
1863; Command of Lt. Hamilton, N.Y., August 1, 1863 - June 8, 1864. Returned from active
service August 1, 1863 "on his own application, after forty consecutive years of service" Brevet
Brig. Gen. U.S. Army March 13, 1865 for long and active on mil. Commission's and Court Martial,
July 25, 1864 to June 15, 1869.
Vol. 4, 25 Died at Morristown, N.J. March 26, 1891, aged 87.
1st Vol. Page 544: Wyse, Francis O. 43 Class of 1837. Brevet 2nd Lt., 3rd artillery, July 1, 1837.
2nd Lt,. 3rd artillery, July 31, 1837 Fort Monroe, 11, 1837; Florida War 1837-38; Cherokee Nation
1838 white emig. Indians to west; 1st Lt. 3rd artillery July 31, 1838; Florida war 1838-40; drilling
recruits Fort Columbus, N.Y. 1840. Florida War 1840-42; Fort Mason, North Carolina, 1844;
Augusta, Ga arsenal, 1843-44 Fort Macen 1844; August arr. 1844-45; Fort Moultrie, S. Car
1845-46; Recruiting Division 1846, Fort Moultrie, 1846 Mexican War 1846-48. Captain 3rd
artillery March 3, 1847; Combat Calahosa River July 12, 1847; Brevet. Major July 12, 1847 for
gallentry and meritorious conduct affair with enemy at Calaboosa River, Mexico. Fort Monroe,
1848; leave absence Europe 1848-49. Garrison Fort Adams, R.I., 1849; Florida host. wtih Seminole
Indians 1849-50; on board to establish uniform, Washington D.C. 1850-51.Garrison Fort
Independence, Mass 1851-54; Fort Columbus, N.Y. 18554; Suspended 1854; Frontier duty at Fort
Reading 1855-56; Fort Jones, 1856 Benicia Barracks.1856; Fort Dallas, Oregon 1856; FOrt
Cascade Washington 1856-58; San Diego 1858; Fort Taylor; Washington 1858; Spokane
Expedition 1858; Fort Vancouver 1858-59, leave of absence 1860-61. Major: Hart May 14, 1861;
Lt. Col. 4th artillery Novemer 1, 1861. Detachment service Fort Monroe, Va, 1861. Served during
rebellion 1861-63; Recuiting sev. Baltimore December 3, 1861 Juen 8, 1862 mustering and
disbursing officers Baltimore March 22-June 18, 1862. Resigned July 25, 1863. Farmer near
Pikesville, Md, since 1863.
Hood, John B. Cadet 1849-53. Brevet 2nd Lt. of Infantry. July 1, 1853. Garrison Fort Columbus,
N.Y., 1853-54; Fort Jones, 1854-55 escorting Lt. Williamson's Topographical party 1855; Fort
Mason, Tex. 1856-57. Scouting 1857 (2nd Lt., 2 cos. March 3, 1855) being engaged in hand to
hand combat with Lipan and Comanche Indians. t head of Devil's Run, Tex, where he severely
wounded on July 20, 1857. Fort Mason Tex. 1857-58; Camp Cooper, Tex, 1858; Camp Colorado,
Tex, 1858-59; (1st Lt. 2 Cav. August 18, 1858) Camp Wood, Tex., 1859-60; leave of absence
1860-61. Resigned April 16, 1861. Joined is Rebellion of 1861-66. (III. 237: Engaged in insurance
business, New Orleans.)
Alden, Bradford R. Class of 1831(25) Brevet 2nd Lt. 4th Infantry, July 1, 1831; Born 1811, Died
1870. 1st Lt., 4th Infantry, September 13, 1836, Captain 4th Infantry, June 14, 1842. Resigned
September 29, 1853. 1831-33 served two years Florida; 7 years at Military Academy, Inter. French.
Math, tactics September 3, 1840 -January 14, 1852 Aide-de-camp to Major General Winfield Scott,
warmest friendship with latter and executor after death. June 14, 1842 promoted and ordered to
Jefferson Barracks, accomp. his regiment to Red River and in 1845 in military occupation Texas.
Aptd. Commandant of Cadets at West Point December 14, 1845- November 1, 1852. In 1853
commanded Fort Jones departing Indians near Jacksonville, Oregon, but severely wounded while
loading musket, ten. shoulder wound thru shoulder penetrating spine, wtih prod. partial paralysis.
Caused regignat. from Army September 25, 1853 and fin. terminated his life after 17 yers of
suffering. Traveled Europe in vain attempt to regain health. "His conversation, full of bright
thought, mellowed by mature meditation, steeped in tenderness and overflowing with the milk of
human kindness, claimed one listener."
While on visit to place of natinity, he became satisfied by his extensive exploration of the
abundance of petrolium. He commenced sinking oil wells by the artesean method, of which , under
his direction, 46 were bored to depths of 600 to 700 feet.
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Tried to reenter army in 1861, but his old chief and sincere friend refused him a commission, well
knowing that his zeal was greater than his strength to serve his country. At last joined staff of a
general office only to find that his wound prevented his riding horseback. Back in oil fields he
amassed a handsome fortune enabling him to spend remaining days among his books, in deeds of
generous charity, in comforting afflicted and is gracing wide circle of friend with brilliant
[dicussions of art and literature]
Page 29: Morris S. Miller. New York. 24 in Class of 1834 Military Academy, July 1, 1830 - July 1,
1834. Brevet 2nd Lt. 3rd Artillery, July 1, 1834. Garrison Fort Monroe, VA, 1834-35; Re. War
1835-36 2nd LT., 3rd Artillery December 28, 1835; Recr. Service 1836-37; Ordinance duty March
7, 1837 - June 19, 1838 1st Lt., 3rd Artillery August 19, 1837; Chief Quartermaster and Commisary
on Northern Frontier on Canada Barde, disturbances; in Flroida War 1839; aide-de-camp to Major
General McComb, General-in-chief January 1, 1839-June 25. (page 452) 1841; garrison Fort
McHenry, MD., 1841-43; Garrison Fort Moultrie, San. 1843-45; Quartermaster duty Charleston,
Star 1845-46; Captain: Staff-aide-Assistant Quartermaster September 23, 1845; War with Mexico,
1846; Philadelphia, Penn, 1847; N.Y.C. 1847-48; War with Mexico 1848; East Pascagoula; Mis.,
1848; San Antonio, TX, 1848-49, Savannah, GA; 1849-52 Pacific Division (CA) 1852-55 and
Washington D.C., Change of Clothing Bureau 1855-61; forwarding troops from Annapolis to
Washington April 1861; Quartermaster, Washington D.C., 1861-64; Member of Board for Exam of
Quartermasters, Department of Arkansas and Gulf, September 23, 1864 to March 21, 1865; Dept of
East and of Washington March 21, - June 9, 1866. Captain 3rd Artillery May 11 June 18, 1846;
Major Staff of Quartermaster, May 17, 1861. Brevet Lt. Col., Col. and Brevet General , March 13,
1865 for faith and ment serv. Quarter master during Rebellion. Asst. in Acting B. of Quartermaster
General's office, Washington, June 9, 1866 to March 5, 1869(Vol. III, page 102); Chief
Quartermaster Miltiary District of Texas April 19, 1869 to February 28, 1870. Died March 11, 1870
at New Orelans, Aged 56 years.
Page 97: Judah, Henry M. Born MD, N.Y. 35. Cadet 1839-43. Brevet 2nd Lt., 8th Infantry July 1,
1843. Served in garr. at Fort Marion, FL, 1843; Fort Brooke, FL, 1843-45; Military occupation,
Tex. 1845-46; War with Mexico 1846-48. 2nd Lt. 4th Infantry, April 19. 1846, Battle of Palo Alto,
May 8, 1846; Battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 6, 1846; Battle of Monterey, September 21-23,
1846, Siege of Vera Cruz, March 9-29, 1847, Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 17-18, 1847, Capture of
San Antonio August 20, 1847 - Battle of Churubusco, August 20, 1847, Battle of Molino del Ray,
September 8, 1847 - Battle of Chapultepec, September 13, 1847 and assult and capture of City of
Mexico, September 13-14, 1847. Brevet 1st Lt. September 8, 1847 for sal and ment. Conduct Battle
of Malino del Rey, Mexico, and Brevet Captain September 13, 1847 for gallant and ment conduct
in Battle of Chapultepec. (1st Lt, 4th Infantry September 26, 1847) In garrison at East Pascagoula,
Miss 48, Ft. Ontario, NY 1849-50; Plattsburg Barracks, N.Y. 1850-52; Fort Vancouver,
Washington 1853; Fort Jones 1853-54; Fort Humboldt 1854-55; Fort Jones, 1855; Scouting 1855.
Fort Jones, 1855-56; Scouting 1856; Fort Jones 1856-57, 57-58; Mar. to Oregon 1858; Fort
Vancouver 1858-59; Fort Steilacoom, Washington 1859-60; Fort Yuma, 1860-61. Captain 4th
Infantry September 29, 1853; Col. 4th Cavalry volunteers Sept 6, 1861. Served during Rebellion, in
Defenses of Washington December 19, 1861. March 10, 1862. Brig. Gen. U.S. Vols. March 21;
1862 Acting Insp. Gen. Army of the Tenn April 12, June 16, 1862 and in comm. of Div. May 1862,
being engaged in Advance upon and Siege of Corinth, April 12, May 30, 1862; sick leave June 16 August 23, 1862. Major 4th Infantry June 30, 1862; Acting Insp. GA, Army of the Ohio, October
10, 1862 - February 25, 1863. Command of 3rd Division of 23rd Army Corps, May-August 1863;
command of 2nd Division of 23rd Army Corps January 20-May 18, 1864, Command 1st Brig; 2nd
Separate Division, Department of the Cumberland, May 17-August 24, 1864. Mustered out of vol.
serv. August 24, 1865 in garrison at Fort Wood, N.Y. September 5 - October 31, 1865. Plattsburg
N.Y. October 31, 1865 - January 14, 1866. Died January 14, 1866 at Plattsburg, Aged 45.
Page 131: Radford, Richard, C.W., Fort Jones., VA. VA. 31. Cadet. Sept. 1, 1841 to July 1, 1845.
Brevet 2nd Lt., 1st Dragoon, July 1, 1845. Frontier duty at Evansville, Ark1845-46; Fort Smith,
Ark 1846-47; Fort Washita, I.T., 1847; Fort Scott, Kan, 1847; 2nd Lt., 1 Dragoon May 18, 1846;
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War with Mexico 1847-48; garrison at Carlisle, PA (School for Practice) 1848-49; sick leave
1849-52; Fort Jones,CA, 1853; 1st Lt., 1 Dragoon October 24, 1848. Scouting 1853, being engaged
with Illinois Indians near source of Illinois River, Or., October 24, 25 and at Fort Lane, OR,
1853-54 and Recr. Service 1854-56. Captain, 1 Dragoon, September 4, 1855; Resigned November
30, 1856; Farmer, Lynchburg,VA 1856-61. Joined in Rebellion 61-66 against U.S.
Page 145: Derby, George H. Mass. 7. MA 42-46. Brevet 2nd Lt. Ordinance, July 1, 1846.
Transferred to Topo. Eng. August 12, 1846. Asst. Topo. Eng. survey of New Bedford Harbor,
Mass, 1846; War with Mexico 1846-47, siege of Vera Cruz, March 9-29, 1847, Battle of Cerro
Gordo, April 17-18, 1847. Brevet 1st Lt., for gallantry and meritorious conduct latter battle, where
severely wounded. Diabled April 18-October 1847; Asst. in Topo Bur. Washington D.C., 1847-48;
explorations Minn. Territory 1848-49, Department of the Pacific, 1849-52, Department of Texas,
1852. In charge survey and Improvement San Diego Harbor, 1853-53. Coast Survey April 30- June
9, 1856; Lighthouse Engineer, May 15, 1857 to November 2, 1859, seek leave of absence
December 20, 1959 - May 15, 1861. Died New York City, May 15, 1861 aged 38. 2nd Lt. Topo.
Eng. August 4, 1851; 1st Lt. Topo. Eng. October 2, 1855.
Pages 157-158: Castor, Thomas F. Cadet, Military Academy, July 1, 1841 - July 1, 1846. Brevet
2nd Lt., 2nd Dragoon, July 1, 1846. War with Mexico in 1847-48, Siege of Vera Cruz, March 9-29,
1847, Battle of Cerro Gordo April 17-18, 1847, Battle of Contrenas, August 19-20, 1847 Brevet
Malino del Rey, September 8, 1847. Operational before and Capture City of MEn, September
13-14, 1847. Frontier day Crow Wing, Minn. 48 Fort Snelling, 1848-49. Fort Ripley, Min,
1849-50; Fort Snelling 50-51; Benicia 1852. 1st Lt. Dragoon October 1, 1851; Fort Reading 1852;
Fort Jones 1852-53; Fort Reading 1853; Fort Jones, 1853; Scouting 1853, against Illinois Indians in
skirmishes near source of Illinois River, Oregon, October 24, 1853; Fort lane, Oregon, 1853-54;
Benicia 1854, Fort Milly, 1854; Fort Tejon, 1854-55. Died September 8, 1855 at Fort Tejon, aged
33.
Page 161: George Stoneman, 2d Lt., 1 Dragoon. Scout to Sierra Nevada 1850, being engaged in
skirmishes on Clear Lake and Russian River, California. Sonoma, California 1850-51. Nathaniel
Lyon, Captain 2d Inf., p. 12. Expedition to Clear Lake and Russian River 850, being engaged in 2
skirmishes with hostile Indians. 2 m. day at San Diego 1850-51 (Captain 2d Inf., June, 51; bvt.
captain August 20, 47 for gall and merit conduct in battles of contreas and churubuses) 1st Lt, 2d
Inf., Feb. 16, 1847.
Pages 175 (298-300): Davis, Nelson H. 1850. Rank 49 of 59 class of 1846. Brevet 2d Lt., 3d Inf.,
July 1, 1846, 2d Lt, 2d Inf. February 16, 1847. Served in Mexican War, siege of Vera Cruz and
assault and capture of Mexico City. Brevet 1st Lt., August 20, 1847 for meritorious conduct Battles
of Contreras and Churubusco, Mex. 1st Lt, 2d Inf., June 8, 1847 on day Monterey, CA and Bear
Creek (Camp Far West 1847-50; in expedition Sierra Nevada, been engaged in actions on Clear
lake and Russian River and skirmishes on Pitt River, 1850; on frontier day Camp Far West,
1851-52; Fort Reading, 1852-53; Rouge River Expedition 1853 and Fort Reading 1854-55; frontier
day at Fort Columbus, N.Y., 1854; Detroit, Michigan, 1854; Recruiting service, 1854-55; frontier
day Fort Leavenworth, 1855-56; Captain 2d Inf., March 3, 1855; Fort Pierre, 1856; Fort Randall
1856-57; scouting 1857; Fort Ridgely, Minn. 1857-58; March to Red River of North 1858; Fort
Ambercrombie, Dak 1858-59; Fort Ripley, Minn 1859-60; Jeff Barracks, 1860-61 and Fort Ripley,
Minn, 1861. Col. H Mass vols., September 4 to November 12, 1861; Inspection day with army of
Potomac, November 61- April 62 and engaged in skirmishes near Warrenton Junction, Virginia.
Major Staff Asst. Inspector General November 12, 1861. Engaged in siege of Yorktown, Battle of
Williamsburg; skirmishes on the Chickahomeny, Battle of Fair Oaks; Battle of South brtn.
September 14, 1862; Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862; Rappahannock Company March May 1863. Battle of Chancellorsville May 2, 1863; Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863. Brevet Lt.
Col. July 3, 1863 for gallant and merit. service Battle of Gettysburg. Department of New Mexico,
November 1863-June 27, 1865 and District of New Mexico June 27, 1865 inspectors, special
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investing., explorations, location of military posts, scouting several skirmishes. In the expedition to
the Sierra Nevada, being engaged in actions on Clear Lake and Russian River and skirmishes on
Pitt River, 1850.. Frontier day at Camp Far West, 1851-52; Fort Reading, 1852-52; Rouge River
Expedition 1853; Fort Reading 1853-54; in garrison Fort Columbus, N.Y., Detroit, Michigan, 1854,
Recieved Service 1854-55; frontier day at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1855-56. Bvt. Lt. Col, July 3;
63 for gall and merit. Services at Battle of Gettysburg.
Pages 178-179: Russell, Edmund. Pa 56 in Class of 1846. Pa military acadamy July 1, 1842- July 1,
1846. Brevet 2nd Lt., 6th Infantry July 1, 1846. Frontier duty, Fort Smith, Arkansas, 1846-47 war
with Mexico 1847-48. 2nd Lt., 6th Infantry July 1, 1846. Engaged in capture of San Antonio
August 20, 1847 Battle of Churmbusco August 20, 1847, where wounded Battle of Molino del Ray,
September 8, 1847; and with heavy battery against Chapultepec. September 12-13, 1847; garrison
at East Parcagoula, Mis., 1848.; Fort Gratiot, March 1848-49; Fort Brady, Mich; 1849-51; Sacketts
Hrbor, NE, 1851; 1st Lt., January 31, 1850; Fort Reading, 1852-53; and Scouting 1853, being
engaged in skirmishes with hostile Indians near Red Bluff where killed March 24, 1813. Aged 31
years.
Page 222: Paine, Ferdinand. Class of 1848. Military Academy, July 1, 1849, July 1, 1848. Brevet
2d Lt, 4th Inf., July 1, 1848; 2d Lt. May 7, 1849. Garrison Ft. Magara,1848-49; Camp Far West,
1849-50; Expedition to Clear Lake, Ca, 1850; Camp Far West 1850-52, Fort Reading 1852-53;
Recruiting Service 1854, Garrison at Jeff Bhs. 1854, died at Jeff Bhs. mo. June 23, 1854. Age 26
years.
Page 231: Wright, George (Vt Vt 24) Cadet, 1818-22. 2nd Lt., 3rd Infantry, July 1, 1822; Fort
Howard, Wisconsin, 1822-24; recr. sevice 1824-26; Frontier day Fort Howard, Wisconsin, 1826;
Garrison Jeff Barracks 1826-28; Fort Leavenworth 1829; Jeff Barracks, 1829-31; ..., 3rd Infantry,
at Regim. HQs Feb 1, 1831 - October 30, 1836. Recr. service1837-38, 1st Lt., 3rd Infantry,
September 1823-27; Captain 3rd Infantry, October 30, 1836, on northern Fontier during Canada
border disturbances in recruiting, 1838; Sackett's Harbor; N.Y., 1838-40; Jeff Barracks 1840;
Florida Wr., 1840-41;41-42; garrison at Fort Broake, Florida 143, Key West, Florida 1843-44
(Brevet Major March 15, 1842 for merit conduct in zeal, energy, preserverance, in war against
Florida Indians. Recr. Serv. 1844-46; War with Mexico1846-48, being engaged in seige of Vera
Cruz, March 9-29, 1847, Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 17-18, 1847; Capture of San Antonio,
August 20, 1847, Battle of Churubusco, August 20, 1847; Battle v/ Molina del Rey September 8,
1847 where he commanded the storming party and was wounded (Brevet Lt. Col August 20, 1847
for gall and merit conduct in battles of Couteras and Churubusco, Mexoco. Brevet Col. September
8, 1847 for gall and merit conduct Battle of Molino del Rey.) mustering troops out of service, 1848
and garrison Fort Ontario, 1848-52. Fort Columbus, NY, 1852 (Major 4 Indians January 1, 1848)
Fort Columbus, NY, 1852, Benicia, 1852 Command of No. District of California, September 7,
1852 to May 19, 1955, HQ Fort Reading, garrison Fort Monroe, Virginia, 1855.
Page 287: Moore, Isaiah N., Pa No. 14. Cadet, July 1, 1847- July 1, 1851. Brevet 2nd Lt., 1st
Dragoon, July 1, 1851. Frontier day at Fort Reading, Ca., Fort Jones., Ca, 1853. 2nd Lt., 1st
Dragoon February 21, 1853; 1st Lt., 1st Dragoon, March 3, 1855. Los Lunas, New Mexico,
1853-56; Scouting 56 against Apache Indians, being engaged in skrimish near Aemargre
mountains, New Mexico, April 1856, Los Lunas, New Mixico 1856, scouting, 1856-57; Gila
Expedition, 1857, being engaged in skrimish west of Huachugua Mountains, New Mexico, March
11, 1858; Recr. serv. 1858-60, as member of board for trial of small arms, 1860; Fort Leavenworth
1860; Fort Buchanan, New Mexico, 1860; Fort Breckenridge, New Mexico, 1860-61 served in
operations in New Mexico, May 1861 to June 1862, being engaged in defense of Fort Craig. Died
January 16, 1862 at Fort Craig, New Mexico, aged 35.
Page 298-300: Davis, Nelson H, 1st Lt., 2d Infantry. June 8, 1849: Brevet 2d Lt., 3d Inf. July 1,
1846; 2d Lt., 2d Inf., Feb. 16, 1847. Bear Creek, Col (Camp Far West) 1849-50 in expedition to
Sierra Nevada, being engaged in actions on Clear Lake and Russian River and skirmishes on Pitt
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River, 1850. Frontier day at Camp Far West 1851-52; at Reading, 1852-53; Rouge River
Expedition 1853-54. For Columbus, NY 1854; Detroit, Michigan, 54.
Ranked 49 of 59 class of 1846. Brevet 2nd Lt., 3rd Infantry. July 1, 1846, 2nd Lt., 2nd Infantry.
February 16, 1847. Served in Mexican War, Siege of Vera Cruz and assult and capture of Mexico
City. Brevet 1st Lt., August 20, 1847 for meritorious conduct Battle of Contreras and Churubusco,
Mexico. 1st Lt., 2nd Infantry, June 8, 1847 on duty Monterey, Ca and Bear Creek. 6 Camp Far
West 1847-50; in expedition of Sierra Nevada; have engaged in action s on Clear Lake and Russian
River and skirmishes on Pitt River 1850; on frontier duty Camp Far West, 1851-52; Fort Reading,
1852-53; Rogue River Expedition 1853 and Fort Reading, 1853-54; garrisoned at Fort Columbus,
N.Y., 1854; Detroit, Michigan, 1854; Recruiting service, 1854-55; frontier futy Fort Leavenworth,
1855-56; Captain 2nd Infantry March 3, 1855; Fort Pierre, 1856; Fort Randall, 1856-57; scouting
1857; Fort Ridgely, Minnesota, 1857-58; march to Red River of North 1858; Fort Ambercrombie,
Dak 1858-59; Fort Ripley, Minnesota, 1859-60; Jeferson Barracks, 1960-61 and Fort Ripley, Minn,
1861. Col. 7th Mass. Vols., September 4 to November 12, 1861; Inspection duty with army of
Potomac, November 61- April 62 and engaged in skrimish near Warrenton Junction, VA. Major
Staff Asst. Inspector Gen. November 12, 1861, Engaged in siege of Yorktown, Battle of
Williamsburg; skirmishes on the Chickahomeny, Battle of Fair Oaks, Battle of South Mountain,
September 14, 1862; Battle of Antietem, September 17, 1862; Rappahannock Campaign, MarchMay 1863. Battle of Chancellorville May 2, 1863; Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863. Brevet Lt.
Col. July 3, 1863 for gallant meritorious service Battle of Gettysburg. Department of New Mexico,
November 1863- June 27, 1865 and Dist. New Mexico, June 27, 1865 inspections, special
investigation, explorations, loc. of military posts, scouting and several skirmishes.
(Vol. III: Page 182. Inspector General, Dist. of New Mexico, March 23, 1864. Inspector General
Department of Missouri, December 29, 1868 to November 1872. Inspector General Div. of the
Atlantic, June 9, 1876. Brig. Gen. and Insp. Gen. March 11, 1885 to September 20, 1885, when
retired, by operation of the law. Died May 15, 1890 at Governor's Island, N.Y.
Pages 231-330: Crook, George. Fort Jones. O.O. 38. Cadet. July 1, 1848-July 1, 1852. Brevet 2nd
Lt., 4th Infantry July 1, 1852. Fort Columbus, N.Y. 1852; Benicia, CA, 1852; Fort Humboldt 1853;
Fort Jones 1853-55. 2nd Lt., 4th InfantryJuly 7, 1853; Escort typogr. party 1855; Fort Jones
1855-56. Rogue River Expedition 1856, Fort Jones 1856-57; Command of Pitt River Expedition
1857; skirmish June 10, 1857, wounded, arrow and in actions July 2,26 1857; Fort Ter-waw,
1857-58; March to Vancouver 1858; Yakima Expedition1858; Fort Ter-waw 1858-60, 60-61
Captain 4th Infantry May 14, 1861. W. Va. operations September 61-August 62, at Summerville
Septembe 17, 1861-May 1, 1862; Col., 36 Ohio Volunteers, September 12, 1861; Command of 3rd
Provisional Brig., May 1-August 15, 1862 (Brevet Major U.S. Army May 22, 1862 for gallantry
and meritous service Battle of Lewisburg, VA. Participate in same battle, where wounded, in
northern Va Campaign August -September 1862; Maryland campaign, September-October 1862;
Battle of South Mountain September 14, 1862; Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. Brig.
General, U.S. Vols. September 7, 1862; Brevet Col. u.S.A. September 17, 1862 for gallentry and
meritous service. Battle of Antietam; Opers. in W.Va October 1862-63; Command of Independent
Div., Cathage, Tenn. March - June 1863; Tenn. Camp (Army of the Cumberland JUne -November
1863; comm. of 2nd Cavalry Division, July 1, 1863. Brevet Col. U.S.A. October 7, 1863 gallantry
and meritous service. Battle of Farmington, Tenn. Brevet Major General U.S. Vols. July 18, 1864
gallantry and distinctive services in W. Va; in General Sheridan's Shenendoah Camp August
-December 1864. Pursuit of regular army April 3-9, 1865 and in capital at Appom. C.H., April 9.
Command Dist. of Wilmington, N.C. September 1, 1865 - January 15, 1866. ... January 15-March
6, 1866; on Board at Washington D.C. to examine rifle tacts March 6, April 18, 1866; Command
Dist. of Owyhee, ID, January 27, 1867 to August 16, 1867; Dist. of the Lake to April 1868;
Department Columbia, May 23, 1868 to August 8, 1870; Member retiring Bd, SF, September 1870.
June 1, 1871, Department Arizona, 1871-75; Department of Platte April 25, 1875 - killing in field
in Big Horn Expedition February 17-April 2, 1876 and May 9, to June 13, 1877; Brig. Gen.
U.S.A.., October 29, 1873.
Page 362: Paine, Ferdinand. Brevet 2d Lt., 4th Infantry. Sec. Lt, 2d Inf., May 7, 1849. Fort
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Maquara, N. Y. garrison 1848-49. Frontier by Camp Far West 1849-50. Expedition to Clear Lake,
1850; Camp Far West 1850-52; Fort Reading 1853-54; Recruiting service 1854; garrison Jeff-Bhs.
mo. 54, Died Je. 26,54 at Jeff Bhs. aged 26.
Page 372: Deschler, James. Cadet. July 1, 1850 to July 1, 1854. 2nd Lt., 3rd artillery July 1, 1854.
Frontier duty to Benicia 1854 and Nome Lackee 1854-55; garrison Carlisle Barracks, 1855; 2nd Lt.,
10th Infantry March 3, 1855; frontier duty on Sioux Expedition 1855, being engaged in action of
Blue Water September 3, 1855 at Fort Laramie, Dak, 1855-56; Platte Bridge, ND 1856; Fort
Snelling 1856-57; Utah Expedition 1857-60; Fort Garland, CA 1860; 1st Lt. 10th Infantry
September 17, 1858; d.s. 1860-61; Fort Wise, CA, 1861; leave of absence 1861, which having
overstayed, he was dropped July 15, 1861. Joined in rebellion. Killed September 20, 1863 at Battle
of Chickmanges, GA, aged 30.
Pages 747-748: Scott, Henry L., N.C. 41. Cadet July 1, 1829 to July 1, 1833. Brevet 2nd Lt., 4th
Infantry, July 1, 1833; 2nd Lt., 4th Infantry January 31, 1836; 1st Lt., 4th Infantry March 1, 1838;
Captain 4th Infantry February 16, 1847; Brevet Major August 20, 1847 gallment conduct Battle of
Contreras, and Churubusco, New Mexico. Brevet Lt. Col., September 13, 1847 for same Battles of
Chapultepec; Lt. Col. Staff, Aide-de-Camp to Gen. in Chief, March 7, 1855; Col. Inspector General U.S. Army, May 14, 1861; Returned from action service October 30, 1861 for disable res.
from lang. and faithful service and from injuries and exposure in line of duty on lo. of absence in
Europe, Octob4er 30, 1861 to October 21, 1861, Resigned October 31, 1862. Author of "Military
Dictionary," 1861. Residence Elizabeth N.G. (later N.Y.C. III., 100)
Garrison Baton Rouge, LA, 1833-34 in Chicasaw Nation, Alabama, 1834;Bay of St. Dabis, Mis.
1835; New Orleans 1835-36; Florida War against Seminole Indians 1836-37; being engaged in
skrimishes at Camp Izard, February 27-29 and March 5, 1836. Action of Oloklinkaha, March 31,
1836; Combat of Thlonotosassa Creek, April 27, 1836; operations in Cherokee Nation, 1837-38
while emigrate Indians to the west; Adj. 4th Infantry 1838-40, Fort Bilson I.T., 1838-40. Recr. serv.
1840-42; Aide-de-camp to Gen-Scott, Gen-in-chief June 4, 1842 to July 4, 1848; War with Mexico
1847-48 as Chief of Staff on General in Chief 1847-48, being engaged in Siege of Vera Cruz,
March 9-29, 1847; Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 17-18, 1848. Pedregal August, 19, 1847; Battle of
Churubusco, August 20, 1847 and operations before and in cpature of City of Mexico, September
13-14, 1847; acting Judge Advocate Eastern Division September 1, 1848 to September 26, 1850;
Service aide-de-camp to Major General Scott September 26, 1850 to May 14, 1861; in command
NYC August 8, to October 30, 1861.
137. Currie, Anne H. A Maidu Story. Berkeley, CA: Brandes Printing Co., 1963.
Abstract: A short account of the action taken by Federal and State authorities to move all Butte
County Indians to the Nome Cult, or Round Valley Reservation: Although written in story form, it
is a factual account of the events which lead up to the move. Henry Azbill and R. D. Hunt are
acredidted with helping supply many of the historical facts within the book.
138. Curtin, Jeremiah. Myths of the Modocs: Indian Legends of the Northwest. New York: Benjamin Blom, Inc.,
1971.
Abstract: Various myths about the modocs including myths on death, sickness, marriage.
139. Curtis, Edward S. In a Sacred Manner We Live. Barre, Mass.: Barre Publishers, 1972.
Abstract: Discusses the Klamath Indians who lived in the Plat Eall Country of central and southern
Oregon. The Klamath ways and dealings. Pg 109: picture, in the forest (Klamath)
140. Dale, Edward Everett. The Indians of the Southwest. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1949.
Abstract: 1919 - Calamitous the epidemic - caused greatest mortality in proportion to the total
numbers of the population in the Indians of the Southwest. The numbers of deaths in California
doubled.
Page 26: April 1847 - "After some minor battles, the conquest was completed early in 1847, and in
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April, General Stephen Watts Kearney... appointed John A. Sutter Indian subagent for those tribes
and bands living on or near the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and M. G. Vallejo subagent on
charge of the Indians north of San Francisco Bay."
Pages 39-40: 1854 - Thomas J. Henley noted as establishing the Nome Lackee Indian Reservation.
In 1856 establishment of reservations noted in Mendocino and Klamath. Klamath extended along
the river of that name from the ocean for 20 miles. Mendocino lay between the Pacific Ocean and
the first range of mountains to the east.
Page 40: April 1858 - James Ross Browne, appointed to investigate the Indian Affairs conditions...
"A visit to Mendocino convinced him that conditions were very bad and that Henley and his
associates had been guilty of gross irregularities, involving the diversion to their own use of funds
appropriated for the Indians."
Page 41: "In September 1859, however, when McDuffie made a detailed report lising all reserves
in California, he included these five (Fresno, Mendocino, Nome Lackee, Tejon, and Klamath) and
three others - Nome Cult, Tule River, and Kings River." These latter reserves had apparently been
considered "farms" by Henley. In 1859, Conditions at Klamath were reported good, with some
2,000 Indians engaged chiefly in farming.
Pages 65-69 footnote: Tuberculosis Among the North American Indian.
Page 161: The reservation system was designed for the protection of both the Indians and the
whites. If it were to prove successful, the Indians must not be allowed to leave the territory set
aside for them except by special permission of the agents.... The commissioners in California and
most of the earliest agents gave the Indians presents consisting of food, clothing, and trinkets, to
induce them to sign treaties, or simply to prove the good will of the Great White Father in
Washington whose children they should now acknowledge themselves to be.
Pages 188-189: In 1897, Congress delcared that it was settled policy not to make appropriations in
the future for education in any sectarian school. In 1905 fund allocated revived, using tribal funds,
at the request of the Indians. The greater portion of the Indian children enrolled in mission schools
in the southwest were in mission boarding schools, althoug some were in day school.
Page 200: The Indian Appropriation Act approved August 18, 1856, carried an item for the pay of
doctors, smiths, and laborers on the California reservations and mentioned the employment of a
physician and the establishment of a hostpital in northern California in 1857. Indians had far
greater faith in the medicine man than in a Doctor. If a Doctor was summoned, the efforts of the
Medicine Man had failed, he was often too late to save the patient and the Doctor received the
blame for his death. Hospital refered to as "death house" - ghose of deceased lingered or evil
spirits caused death.
141. Dana, Julian. The Sacramento - River of Gold. Saint Clair Shore, Michigan: Scholarly Press, 1971.
Abstract: Pages 6-15: Surveyors spot Ishi in 1908 - shot at the next day - whites raid camp - 3 years
later Ishi appears in Oroville - Waterman - Ishi goes to San Francisco.
Pages 76-78: 1841, Walker party came from Oregon, camped under Mt. Shasta - Indians came in
to trade - target shooting for tabacco. Emmons wrote discription of the Indians - Pit River area "Genial and docile Indians visited the camp..."
Pages 254-255: 1855, Battle of Castle Crags miners and friendly Shastans foughts the Modocs destruction of River by miners caused great hardship for Indians.
142. Danziger, Edmund Jefferson Jr. Indians and Bureaucrats - Administering the Reservation Policy During the
Civil War. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1974.
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Abstract: Although brief, reference to appointment of Indian Agents and the reservation system in
California in 1863 can be found on pages 191-192. Danziger attempts to determine why the Indian
Affairs Office was unable to efficiently administer the reservation policy during the Civil War
period.
143. Davis, Jefferson. Report of the Secretary of War1855.
Notes: 34 Congress, 1 Session, Sen. Ex. Doc. 1. Serial Set. No. 811
Abstract: Ingalls, Rufus, Captain and Asst. Quartermaster to Major Thomas S. Jessup,
Quartermaster Gen., U.S. Army. Report of the Secretary of War, 1854-55. Ingalls was in command
of a detachment bringing horses overland to Oregon and California from Fort Leavenworth.
Page 166: "After remaining at Lane three days, I took all the surplus animals that were not wanted,
and left with my party, provided with packs, for Fort Reading. These animals were turned over
there on the 20th July; but, as I was responsible for the train that came with steptoe, and as it was
necessary to pay off and discharge the citizen employees, I left my party in Scott's Valley, and came
rapidly to this post, where I arrived on the 18th July...."
144. Davis, Lieutenant Nelson H. Letter to Hooker, Lieutenant Colonel J., 3 September 1851.
Notes: RG 98. 393. Pacific Division. Letters Received, Pages 49-53. Box 3. 1-51. D-31.
Abstract: Letter, Davis to Bvt. Lieutenant Colonel Hooker, AAG, Pacific Depatment, Cant. Far
West, September 3, 1851. Report that man calling himself Robert Reynolds surr. this day as
deserter from Co. "E", 2d Dragoon, at Los Angeles, his Co. being now in this country.
145. Davis, William Newell Jr. Sagebrush Corner - The Opening of California's North-East . American Indian
Ethnohistory - California and Basin-Plateau Indians, vol 5. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.,
1974.
Abstract: An excellent secondary account of the history of Fort Bidwell, Pages 112-113, Pages
119-138 of Sagebrush Corner
Page 8, paragraphs 1-2: 6 different tribes within boarder of Lassen - Modoc: Modoc, Pit River, Hat
Creek, Northern Paiute, Northeastern Maidu, Washo. Central California province - Pit River Basin
and the area west of Eagle Lake. Lutuami Province - Klamath Lake Basin and Tule Lake on the
North section. 5 different languages were spoken by 6 tribes in northeastern corner: Modoc Lutuamian, Pit River and Hat Creeks - Shastian , Northeastern Maidu - Maidu, Northern Paiute Shoshonean, Washo - Washoan.
Page 9: Modocs and Klamath Lake Indians formed the Lutumi or Lake People. In their tongue the
Klamath Lakes were "Eukshikni Maklaks" or Lake People. Modocs living below, "Moatokni
Maklaks" or South People. Both were lake dwellers and adept boatmen and fishermen. Seldom got
along politically, maintained a rivalry that time erupted into war. Modocs app. God upon arrival of
whites. Lived in region about Tule and Lower Klamath lakes and South to Pit River divide.
Pages 9-10: Pit River Indians - "Achomawi" of the Shasta Family. Their land holdings were
greater part of drainage basin of upper Pit, except Burnie and Nat creeks and Dixie Valley. River
and stream people of 9 seperate groups, made their homes close to waterways. Upper Pit river
Indians - South of Goose Lake, around the site of Alturas, South Fork Valley, west Hot spring
Valley, in Big and Round Valley where approximately 20 semi-independent bands lived, and Fall
River Valley. Closely afficiated with Pit River was 2 groups of Hat Creek Indians or the
"Atsugewi" of the Shasta family. They lived in Hat Creek and Dixie Valleys, ranged over
watershed of the Pit South to Lassen Peak and the country east to Eagle Lake. Est. 3,000 at time of
white entrance.
Page 10, paragraph 2: N.E. Maidu were members of the large tribe once occupying the drainage
basin of Feather and American Rivers - Est. #9,000 in 1800. Called Blue Skins or Digger Indians
by first white men. Lived about the North and Middle Forks of Feather River - Claimed the crest of
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Sierra extending from Lassen Peak past S. tip of Eagle Lake to Honey Lake.
Page 10, paragraph 3: N. Paiute - Sometimes called "Paviotso" or "Pah Ute," of the Shoshonean
family. Occupied strip of Lassen-Modoc running from Suprise Valley on North to Honey Lake on
South as well as N.W. Nevada and S.E. Oregon. "Lived in simplicity if not poverty." Est. 500
Paiutes on arrival of whites. 3 bands were residing on Eastern fringe of N.E. corner: "Kidütökado,"
Woodchuck eaters, in Suprise Valley; Kamödökadö," Jack Rabbit eaters, on Smoke Creek and Red
Rock; "Wadadökadö," the wasaseed waters, in Honey Lake Valley.
Page 11, paragraph 1: Washo, dwelt along eastern base of the Sierra, centered around Lake Tahoe
but ranged south to Carson valley and north to Honey lake. Washo were Great Basin tribe - Spoke
California language. A fusion of 2 cultures. Before the whites estimated 1,500. 1859 est. 900,
living in 3 bands equal sized. Est. 2,400 Indians lived within present Lassen-Modoc when whites
started coming.
Page 11, paragraphs 2-3: Life and habits of Lassen-Modoc Indians embodied desert, lake and river
cultures. Each tribe was a loosely knit unit of several communities scattered through their territory.
Among themselves and other tribes. Each tribe had a chief and each settlement of the tribe had a
sub-chief. Authority between the two hindered advanced tribal organization.
Page 13, paragraph 2: Indians were naturally capable boatmen - rush rafts were used on the lakes
and dugout canoes used on Pit River. Canoes were made of Pine and Cedar. Seines, nets, hooks,
and harpoons were the fishermans tools. Hunting used a bow and arrow, snare and noose. Salmon,
waterfoul, sagehens, rabbits, badgers, bear, elk, and deer were large part of the food supply. Chief
food of Modocs was wokas, a seed of the large yellow water lily. It was gathered from lakes in
quantities and dried, then ground into meal. N. Paiute and Washo depended at times upon seeds of
grasses, both stored pine nuts for winter use. Insects were also used, especially by Maidu and
Washo: Grasshoppers, crickets, worms, larve of yellow jackets....
Page 14, paragraphs 3-4: Ceremonial rites were held for girls going into womanhood. She
followed a planned program "to strengthen her faith in industry, modest deportment." Unlike other
tribes Pit River also had rites for boys somewhat like the girls. Pit Rivers, Modocs, and Maidu
purchased their wives. N. Paiutes and Washo hardly any formality was known, marriage was
recognized by living together. Women of most tribes had tattooed patters (usually lines) on their
chin and cheek. Men might wear a bar of shell or stone through a pierced septum of the nose.
Pages 16-17: In most tribes if the shaman or doctor didn't restore a person's health he was heavily
fined or was made to forfeit his life. Pit River shaman - if he lost 3 lives, attempts were made to kill
him. In Fall River Valley he survived several attempts on his life. He considered himself immune
to death. Convinced of this, he told a visiting white man that he could "spit out" any bullets
entering his body. He demanded a demonstration to prove it. The white man shot the shaman and
he dropped dead. The tribe thanked the white for his service.
Page 18: Indian warfare was usually done because of revenge, not for the fun of the game. Chief
battle weapon was a bow and arrow, and a rod-type and deersking body armor. The north-east
Indians normally killed strangers because they were intruders. This became a problem when the
white man came. There was also some inter-tribal raids. They were most common in the
Lassen-Modoc country, because of the slave traffic. Slave traffic was important to the Klamath
Lake Indians with the tribes living near the Dalles, Oregon. The Klamaths captured the slaves
themselves but usually a large amount of the slaves were supplied by the Modocs. The most
common source of supply for Modocs were the Pit River and Hat Creek Indians. The Pit Rivers
were feared by the Maidu; as late as 1851 the Pits raided Indian Valley in present Plumas County
and returned home with captive Maidu squaws.
Page 19, 1st paragraph: At times good reasons prevailed among tribes, especially between the Hat
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Creeks, Pit Rivers, and Maidu. During autumn, Pit River and Maidu would meet in Fall River
Valley, when the winter supply of salmon was being laid in. They would also do some trading,
usually fur and beads (shells). North-east Maidu would trade tobacco they harvested in Honey
Lake Valley. There was also an annual fair at Yainax Butte, east of Klamath Lake, 23 miles north
of California line, in October. The Klamaths, Modocs, Snakes, Warm Springs, Paiutes, Shastas,
and Pit Rivers would meet there every year trading, gambling, and competing in contests.
Page 20, 2nd paragraph: Modoc's legend of how old age came about - "Long ago five brothers set
forth on the war path and killed many peole. Coming to Komuchass - old age in the form of an
aged couple - the destroyers found they could not kill them. Dismayed, the brothers turned to flee
the scene, the Komuchass called 'we shall follow you; you cannot get away; wherever you go we
shall go.' Before long the five brothers, harried by old age, withered and died." The Modocs said
that had the brothers not molested Komuchass, there would be no old age. Pit Rivers explain how
the Squaw Rocks, along the present Alturals-Lakeview Highway came about - "One day, many
years ago, the Paiutes of Surprise Valley came over into the valley of the Pit and attacked their
neighbors. After losing many warriors the Paiutes fled toward Warner Range. Then the Pit River
chief stepped forward and punished the fleeing Indians by turning them to stone, and to this day
there they stand."
Page 34-35: Fremont and Kit Carson led an exploring party in Lassen-Modoc area in 1846. On
May 9, 1846, the party was attacked by Indians with arrows and axes. The Indians rushed into the
camp and killed three of Fremont's men. Carson's cry of alarm woke up and party and rifles started
shooting. The chief of the Indians was shot. The party threw their blankets over bushes the protect
themselves from oncoming arrows. The fighting lasted through the night. Greiving over the loss of
one of their brothers, the Delaware Indians scouts of the party blackened their faces and pondered a
plan of revenge. The main party broke camp a day or two later, and the Delwares stayed behind. A
while later, the scouts appeared with two fresh scalps. 80-90 canoes were burned on upper Klamath
Lake - a village of 50 lodges, containing fish tackle, camp equipage, and 10 wagon-loads of fish
was put to the torch. Fremont's men fought the Klamaths "from one extreme to the other," and
many Indians were killed. "The distrust was planted to crop up to plague both Indians and whites
for years to come."
Page 59: Peoples Party on October 21, 1849. Pit River indians attempted to capture stock but were
unsuccessful on first raid. On the second raid a "band of braves charged camp" at dawn on the 26th
and made off with all the cattle, but Peoples men recaptured all stock within the hour. On the night
of the 26th Peoples men, assuming another raid, attacked the Indians and killed six, and had no
more Indian troube that trip.
Page 66, 2nd paragraph: Bruff's notes for October 4, 1850: the day 5 white men rose into Honey
Lake Valley- "...soon after we met a small wrinkled old Indian, cry out, as he advanced,
'Pi-Hi...Pi-Hi' this is one of the murdering Piutes or Piutahs. He shook hands with us. Wore a
white deer skin mantle over one shoulder, and had on mocassins of the same. Quiver, bow and
arrows, and something tied up in an old white rag...we gave him a brass ring and piece of tobacco,
and proceeded.
Page 77, 1st paragraph: Most of the elers in the tribes preached patience and caution dealing with
white people. But the younger Indians were more for driving the whites away from the scene. The
first years between the whites and indians was mostly based on impulse. The war party was strong
during this time. "For apart from the threatening shadow over the land, atrocities against the indians
were numerous and there was a limit to what Indian pride could ensure.
Page 77:"Association with white men was not altogether alarming to the Indinas of Lassen-Modoc
at the start. Hudson's Bay trappers making their way along the upper Pit River in the 1830's found
the natives wild as the beasts but not unwilling to receive presents and to trade fish for trinkets."
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Page 78, 1st paragraph: The whites on the other hand felt the Indians were a natural obstacle that
had to be overcome. Alot of whites found that even though they were willing to respect the Indians
as human beings, after a few years of pioneering, their trust in Indians was almost nothing.
Page 78, 2nd and 3rd paragraphs: One wrong doing of an individual from one race easily
influenced the other race. Often one mistake led to indiscriminate retaliation against the first white
or Indian come on, innocent or guilty. Although both races were wrong many times, each showed
willingness to work toward justice. Each group always felt its cause was right and was determined
to let nothing stand in the way of that right. "The story is one of the head-on collision on 2
civilizations and of the unending struggle for survival."
Page 79, 2nd paragraph: Indian hostilities first flared up on the Applegate trail. The trail passed
through the heart of the country in which the Modoc found their main good supply. The area they
chose to attack, at northeast of Tule lake where the trail closed shut to the water by the neighboring
heights. (The area was known as Bloody Point). Hostilites did not reach to a higher poing until
several seasons of migration had passed.
Page 80, 2nd paragraph: "Alarmed at the growing encroachment, the Modocs began a studied
campaign to stop the newcomers." "I thought, if we killed all the white men we saw, that no more
would come," Chief Schonchin realated in later days. "We killed all we could; but they came more
and more, like new grass in the spring."
Pages 96-97: Indian-white relations at Round Mountain. In October of 1863, Richards and men
"took justice into their own hands, as frontiersmen often did, and coducted an indiscriminate raid of
retaliation against a thieving faction of natives. Innocent Indians were hunted. Captain Mellen had
his hands full calming the outraged tribesmen." Richardson warned that they were "jeapordizing
the lives and property of other settlers by their reakless conduct, that repetition of the offence would
bring quick arrests." Whties cried favoritism of Indians, but feelings that the "military coddled the
Indians" were held by others. The "Sage Brush" in Susanville said, "Nearly all murders and
depredations committed within the last two years have been within sight, if not within hearing, of
some military post." And one week later, "If we desire security from Indian outrage we want to get
as far from a military garrison as possible."
Pages 105-106: "Identification and punishment of Indian wrongdoes." Two marches to recaptured
sizable amounts of livestock stolen from settlers in February of 1866. 70 troops and 30 civilians
"followed a trail northeast of Surprise Valley... to a large number of hostile Indians entreanched in
the rocks just east of Guano Valley. Seven hours of fighting on the 15th left an estimated eightly of
the natives dead." In September of 1866, 20 head of horses were stolen by Indians. Action was
taken against Indians up a ravine but whites were driven back to wait for reinforcements. "... the
campaign that followed ended in the killing of fourteen Paiutes in southern Oregon."
Page 106: Captain Munson's Report. February 16, 1867. At 7 a.m. discovered a trail;...led into a
camp of Indians. We charged instantly; killed five, took two prisoners, (Squaw and boy) and
captured seven horses. More would have been killed but the cold was so great that it was difficult
for the men to use their arms. ...I destroyed the two wickirups with all their contents, and started for
those (some six in number) who had escaped..." ... " The Indians were at times made to suffer
severely. Understandably, some of them became thoroughly obsessed with the idea of striking back.
Page 108: Lt. Col. George Crook, 23rd Infantry discovered an illicit trade among the Indians in
stole arms, horses and ammunition. Army action to break up illicit trade in stolen arms. Attacking
force of 108 enlisted men and an officer, with warmy spring scouts took on Chief Si-e-ta and 75
Paiutes, 30 Pit Rivers and several Modocs. Battle of Infernal Caverns. The scouts found Indians in
arms 17 miles south of the present Modoc city of Alturas. 75 Paiutes, 30 Pit River, and several
Modocs, all under Chief Si-e-ta. A fight lasting two days and nights followed. One officer, three
on-commissioned and eleven privates lost their lves. This was the battle of Infernal Caverns. The
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Indians were deep in the caverns and couldn't be hit, while they could see whites to shoot upon
them. Then they "effected their escape by means of holes and crevices in the gound. They had
availed themselves of one of the sieve-like natural strong holds..." Crock's suspicions regarding the
trade of stolen property proved well-founded, for hidden among the nooks were quantities of
powder and caps of recent manufacture, and several rifles. The Battle of the Infernal Cavers was
the later Battle of the Lava Beds in miniature.
Pages 109-110: In 1868, action on Honey Lake Valley. Murder of the Thomas W. Pearsen Family.
Blame placed on the Pit River Indians. "The suspected Indians were tracked north to Secret Valley,
near which several articles belonging to the murdered settlers were recovered." Indians escaped
because the ravine was high and turbulent and dangerous to cross. Later Crook talked with Pit
River Indians "in which they confessed that none of their bad Indians ha dmassacred the Pearsen
Family last spring..."
Page 111: Conference in Big Valley. "The Indians were sternly wanred to cease their
depredations, and the headwater's country of the river, the haunt of renegades of many tribes, was
placed out of bounds to them. No longer could they range into Paiute territory, there to engage in
distructive acts, for which others received the blame."
Pages 115-16: Pit River or Maidu women were required to cut their hair to a stubble, and rub pitch
tar on their head and face at beginning of widowhood. She also had a ring of string lumps of the tar
substance around her neck. She would continue wearing this mask for 1 year or longer. The men
of the tribe would also do the same thing to mourn certain deaths. Modocs and Washos usually
cremated their dead; Northern Paiutes, Hat Creek, and Pit Rivers buired their dead. A way to
explain a person had died by the Maidu was; "His heart has gone away."
Page 120: Honey Lake Valley. Protection of the area rested chiefly on the settlers themselves. The
valley was surrounded by Indians, Washoes on the south, Pit Rivers on the north, and paiutes on the
east. In 1857 Weatherlow, leader of Honey Lake men, with the help of the Paiute Cheif
Winemucca, "made several effective expeditions northward against the friendless Pit River Indians,
who had turned to stealing livestock in the valley."
Page 121: In April of 1858, 15 Honey Lakers, in a retaliation, led a raid against the Pit River
Indians who had stolen five horses and three mules. Killed four encamped Hat Creek Indians, three
mules, and one man. "The victims were not connected with the party being sough, but it was
enough that they were members of the despised race."
Pages 121-122: On April 25, 1858, Honey Lakers met a party of Mormons who had just had their
horses stolen by Indians. Honey Lakers found the Indians and fought them all afternoon. "The fact
that the natives lacked firearms and fought almost entirely with bows and arrows saved the whites
from heavey losses, for the Indians were securely entrenched in one of the region's natural
fortresses." Eight of the stolen horses were retaken, but they returned "proudly displaying" the
scalps of 17 Pit Rivers. Captain Weatherlow "viewed his mission as one of teaching the Pit Rivers
fear and respect of the people of Honey lake, and after the matches of 1857 and 1858, the northern
Indians made fewer incursions into the southern area."
Page 122: October 1857, the Potato War. Some Wahoes helped themselves to a rancher's potato
crop and became "belligerent when ehy were immediately brought to task for it." A large force of
whites and Paiutes was raced. "The Washoes involved were given a severe lesson, several being
killed and many wounded."
Page 123: Murder of Denning, January 13, 1860, in Willow Creek Valley "set off a series of
skirmishes that led to the long-building Paitue Wars of Man 1860. Weatherlow's company
conducted a chase of the assailants, but they escaped. Whites went to Winnemuccah, but he "made
a demand of his own. He insisted that for the loss of Honey Lake Valley $16,000 be paid to his
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people. The white man was not the only possessor of complaints, the chief wanted it known."
Page 124: Winnemuccah and the Paiute War. "The heretofore tolerant Winnemuccah, resentful of
the malicious acts of irresponsible miners and adventurers recently arrived in the Great Basin, had
lost his enthusiasm for close association with the white men. Though he did not want war and
continued to advocate peace, the chief had undergone a change of mind that enabled the bellicose
element of his tribe to command new prestige. It was a passive attitude that Winnemuccah had
adopted. What his fellow tribesmen did in their relations with the other race was their own
business." "Governor" Issac Roop was working for peace between whites and Indians. "A man of
patience and blessed with a good common-sense philosophy, the 'governor' found his store of
optimism rapidly running out. On February 12, 1860, he wrote to military headquarters in San
Francisco 'war is now inevitable.'"
Pages 125-126: After the massacre of five men of Williams Road Station, militia from Carson City,
under the leadership of Major. W. M. Ormsby, decided to attack Paiutes at their base camp on
Pyramid Lake. The whites were attacked near the camp and forced to flee in unorganized retreat.
Major Ormsby and 45 men were killed. Before the end of May, 800 troops were in the field, 146 of
which were regulars. The Pyramid Lake Camps were overrun and the Indians scattered. The troops
ranged over a large portion of paiute domain "bent on killing as many of the unruly Indians as
possible."
Page 128: In July, 1860, fifty soldiers form the Presidio at San Francisco under command of Lt.
John Hamilton, 3d Artillery, moved into Honey Lake Valley and set up camp at the north end of
Soldier's Bridge on the Susan River. A detachment was maintained there until the following spring.
An armistice was arranged with yound Winnemucca's Paiutes. (Angel, Nevada, 164; Bancroft,
Nevada, 216; Fairfield's Prowler History, 233,234; F.W. Landu, Report of the Secretary of the
Interior, October 31, 1860, 34,35.)
When Indian difficulties were next reported in the vicinity of Honey Lake Valley, in April 1862,
Captain George F. Price was ordered to move his command, Co. M, 2nd Calvary from Sacramento
to Honey Lake.
Page 129: Price sent scouting parties toward Willow Creek Valley and toward the Pit River. When
Captain Price reached Susanville in June of 1862, he "found that the hard feelings between the races
had once again reached a dangerous leve." Since 1858, 11 whites had been killed and 3,000 head
of stock had been stolen by the Indians. "The stealing does not appear to be done by any one
particular tribe... but by a band of renegades who are gathered from the Paiutes, Pitts, Bannocks,
Modocs, and Shoshones." Price was going to remove his men but a mass meeting was held...
Page 130: In November 1862 - Eleven men attacked at Mud Flat, two slain and several. Captain
Millen and twenty men went out, joined at Susanville by Weatherlow and 26 civilians - found and
seven Indians at the headwaters of Pit River. "Mellen reported to San Francisco that had the party
rescuing the Vodies' followed the trail while it was fresh, or at least tried to ascertain the direction
the Indians had gone (neither of which was done), the scout might have had a more satisfactory
result." Price recommended that a military post be established in Honey lake Valley, but no
garrison was assigned there. The region retained the classification as "in the field." (See War of the
Rebellion, Ser. 1, Vol. L, part 1:1030; 1:50:1, 1071-1073; 1137-1138. Also George F. Price:
Across the continent with the 5th Calvary, N.Y., 1883.441.)
Page 131: On December 15, 1862, Mellen established Lt. H. W. Williams and 25 men at Smoke
Creek with these orders: "I have instructed Lieutenant Williams... to consider all Indians found in
arms, either on the raod or in its immediate vicinity, as hostile, and to kill them without any
reference to depredations committed, and I consider that they will not be found there unless they
mean mischief."
Page 132/151: In 1864 Mobile Units were employed to patrol the roads and settled areas of the
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Honey Lake Country. Captain Almond B. Well's Co. D., 1st Nevada Territory Cavalry, from Ft.
Churchill set up a base of operations near Susanville called Camp Johns from which it visited the
country north to Suprise Valley, west to the Sierra Summit on the Chico road, and east to Humboldt
County, Nevada, before returning to Fort Churchill on August 28 as Wells and his men moved from
the valley, a company of 1st Nevada Territory Infantry under Captain Malachi River. Hassett took
up a station near Susanville which it named Camp Susanville. Lt. Andrew J. Clase and 30 men of
same regiment were also scouting in the same area. Ill will that Hassett's company soon incurred at
Susanville illus. fact that during the years of the Civil War in areas where the only opposite to the
Union cause was vocal, sometimes stirred up more trouble than was allayed. In October the
company was ordered back to Fort Churchill.
HQ, Department of the Pacific, to Major Charles McDermit, 2nd Calvary, California Volunteers,
Fort Churchill, Nevada Territory, May 2, 1864, WWR 1:50:2, 838; Wells, to Major Charles
McDermit, Comdg., Fort Churchill, on September 1, 1864, WWR 1:50:1, 378-81; Hq, District of
California, to Captain H.B. Mellen, Comdg., Fort Crook, September 16, 1864, WWR, 1:50:2, 979;
Brig. General G. Wright, Comdg., Dist. of California. to Departmental HQ, S.F., October 27, 1864,
Ibid, 1032; HQ, Department of the Pacific, to Wright, October 27, 1864, Ibid, 1033; Wright
Department HQ., S.F. December 23, 1864, Ibid; 1105,1106.
Page 134: Trouble on the Humboldt. "'Indians are murdering men, women, and children from
Granite Creek, Surprise Valley road, to the head of the Humboldt.' Granite Creek Station burned
and attendents murdered. All stations between Smoke Creek and the Humboldt abandoned.
Message from Star City of 'Massacre in Pardise Valley. Six women, two men killed. Send
cartridges... there are 1,000 Indians on the warpath.' Travel to the Owyhe mines was imperiled by
'the roving Indian desperadoes.'"
Page 295: Bill naming Modoc county signed in February 1874. Irwin of Siskiyou said they named
it Modoc "because they thought it would be more proper, as the western line of the new conunty
would be just about where Captain Jack had his strong hold during the Modoc war, which made the
name famous.#1 There were some other views on the matter, however. The Indian-loathing
"Lassen Advocate" in Susanville thought the choices chould hardly be more ridiculous. 'While they
were about it,' the paper said in sarcastic remembrance of one of the few real culprits among the
Modoc, "they should have named it Shack Nasty Jim.'"
Pages 333-334: Traffic in pelts and hides. "A lone Modoc hunter must have set some kind of
record in the winter of 1875-1876 when he killed 632 deer for their skins."
Page 343: Wagon Roads through Sierras - "A direct wagon road from Indian Valley to Honey Lake
was not opened until 1867, at which time James Ford's crew of twenty 'full grown' Indians did the
job, and..."
Page 425: "In Adin in 1879... Ash Farrington was arrested for battery upon an Indian and fined, not
lightly, $40. Before many more years had passed by the Indians were even holding their own
courts and engaging in police work according to the precepts of their white neighbors."
146. de Massey, Ernst. A Frenchman in the Gold Rush. translator Marguerite Eyer Wilbur. San Francisco, CA:
California Historical Society, 1927.
Notes: also published in the California Historical Society Quarterly under the same title in, call
number Per F 865 C257
Abstract: Page 36: "The many Indians whom they had partially civilized and who lived nearby
tilling the mission lands, no longer having a guiding hand over them, returned to their state of
savagery."
Page 37: Met Indian who spoke broken French who offered to "act as my servant... lasso horses
and wild cattle, and tame them - all for the sum of thirty dollars a month." Good horses were sold
for $60.
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Page 56-62: Descriptions of Indian Rancherias in Humboldt Bay, of the Indians also.
Pages 70-75: At a camp somewhere inland from Trinity Bay they encountered a group of French
and Americans heading back because they had been robbed by Indians. Moored on island, found
another camp of French and Americans who had been robbed of everything, even guns, by the
Indians. Massey and companions proceedd and stopped near an Indian camp and traded for deer
meat. Went on but were followed. They camped but Indians approached offering to serve them by
carrying baggage. Finally the Indians jumped their goods but only a knife was stolen because they
fired on them. They feared an attack during the night so moved the camp to a more sheltered
location in the morning. Other Indians approached them and wanted to let them know that they
thief was not one of them. They made the Indians understand that any robbery or attempted one
would be quickly punished. The next day their supply caravan arrived and with 60 men they were
too big to warrant any more attempts at robbery.
Page 77: Made a side trip into an Indian village. Describes houses and states that the young men
"coveted everything we owned." They left to avoid being robbed. They bought enough salmon to
last for three days.
Page 100: At a Canadian camp the Indians stole some mules and horses. The whites et an Indian
village on fire and shot the Indians as they ran out of their huts. Spared only women and children.
Fourteen were killed. "Add this to the wanton destruction of one of their villages about a day's
march beyond Trinidad... you may readily see that any antipathy existing between white men and
the natives id largely provoked by the rapacity of the latter and the pride and the revengeful natures
of the former."
147. Delano, Alonzo. Life on the Plains and Among the Diggings. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms Inc.,
1966.
Abstract: Page 203: On his first inspection of the Sierra Nevada region, Delano was grazed by the
arrow of an Indian. He quickly fired in the direction of the departing Indians. Later examination
showed blood stains upon the rocks. No further sight of the Indians after this attack.
Pages 211-212: In 1848, probably in Modoc County, records an incident in which an Indian shot
an arrow into an ox, which had to be slaughtered.
Pages 214-216: Two incidents involving the theft of cattle and horses by Indians. The first episode
occured on the Humboldt and all the cattle belonging to a family were driven off. A party pursued
the Indians and in the ensuing battle all the Indians were killed. The second occurance, 19 cattle
and three horses were stolen. The party in pursuit turned back when they realized they were
outnumbered. The owner of the horses, however, traded the Indians his shirt for the horses return.
Pages 232-233: At Lassen's, Delano "found two or three small adobe buildings, one of which was
called by courtesy a store, having a little flower, whisky, and a few groceries for sale. Around the
trading post were lounging gangs of naked Indians, both sexes, drunken Mexicans, and weary
emigrants enjoying respite from excessive fatigue in the flowing bowl..."
Pages 239-240: The Indians on Pitt River were very hostile in 1850. In one night they stole 27
mules from one train, compelling the emigrants to leave their wagons and goods to be plundered by
the savages.
Page 240: A group of seven men in the Humboldt River area were surrounded by Indians, forced to
disrobe, and then chased into the river. The Indians then sent a "discharge" of arrows at them,
killing six and wounding the seventh. A couple of hunters in the area shot at some game, and the
Indians fled in alarm.
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Pages 293-294: On the Feather River in 1850, he reports an incident of his axe men taking some
logs Indians has selected as canoe stock. Delano is able to return the logs to the Indians. Indians
are pleased, saying in Spanish, "Bueno, bueno, bueno Americano."
Page 296: Heals an Indian's tumor in the Oleepa tribe.
Pages 297-309: Taciturn in conduct with whites, but laughter loving amongst themselves. Delano
describes their customs, food, lack of sanitary conditions, marriage customs.
Pages 307-311: A general observation of Indian-white conflicts led Delao to believe the whites to
be the antagonist. He cites several examples of white men's accusations and frontier justice where it
is later proven that the Indians accused was innocent. Living amongst them, Delano never lost a
thing to theft. He notes examples of unfair punishments by whites being bestowed upon entire
tribes, yet had the Indians attempted like revenge upon the whites "an exterminating warfare would
have ensued."
Pages 310-312: Indians would never steal from Delano, but would steal from passersby. Describes
incident on middle fork of Feather River in Spring 1850, when miners missed several oxen.
Proceded to a rancheria 12 miles distant where they killed 14 braves and demolished houses. On
the return home they saw their supposedly stolen oxen. Describes incident near Grass Valley
involving the Holt brothers and a dissolute miner who took a squaw for lustful purposes. Indians
revenged themselves, killing one of the Holts. Grass Valley men expected more trouble but it did
not materialize.
Pages 318-319: In Delano's extended absence (longer than arranged for with his Indians) they had
appropriated some of his property, which was returned when he reappeared.
Page 319: Delano thinks the character of the Indians is not well understood by the masses of
people and their goodwill might be gained from reconciliation, kindness, and justice; if they can be
kept from malign influences, principles of civilization could be instilled. "But this will never be."
Page 320: They learn vices but not virtues of whites through contact. Intemperance, disease, and
feuds will decimate them. Firewater and rifle will do their work of death. As was just remarked by
Governor Brnett in his annual message of 1851, "That a war of extermination will continue to be
waged between the two races, until the Indian becomes extinct, must be expected. While we cannot
anticipate this result but with painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power
or wisdom of man to avert."
148. Dellenbaugh, Frederick S. Fremont and '49... New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1914.
Abstract: "The story of a remarkable career and its relation to the exploration and development of
our western territory, especially in California."
149. DeNevi, Donald. Sketches of Early California. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.
Abstract: Book a series of short articles dealing with early California life.
Pages 6-12: Early California Indians and their life under Spanish settlers.
Pages 33-42: Indian Insurections and Treachery, Chapter Three, by William H. Davis - Spanish
Indian fighters described.
Pages 47-82: The First Emmigrant Train to California, Chapter Five, by John Bidwell - California
is a land of friendly Indians, travel description (p. 49). Description of Bidwell's meeting with
Humboldt Indians (p. 74). Walker Lake Indian contact (p. 76). Met Indians (p. 78). "Horse Thief
Indians" kill horses, take meat (p. 80).
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Page 84: "Indian cook"
Page 86: Indians in prison
Page 87: Fed by Indian boy
Page 91: Sutter's Indians
Page 93: Indian workers
Page104: Mexican married to Indian woman.
Pages 115-124: Marshalls own Account of the Gold Discovery, Chapter Seven, by Charles
Gillespie - Sutter's two Indian body servants (p. 122). Sutter and Coloma Indians meet (p. 123).
Pages 153-168: A Miner's Sunday in Coloma, Chapter Nine, by Charles B. Gillespie - Description
of Indians in mining town (p. 153).
150. Dennis, Henry C. The American Indian 1492-1976; A Chronology and Fact Book . Dobbs Ferry, NJ: Oceana
Publishers, Inc., 1977.
Abstract: Page 38: 1872-1873, "The Modoc War was started with an attempt to arrest Chief
Captain Jack for murdering a medicine man."
151. Densmore, Frances. Music of the Maidu Indians of California. Publication of the Frederick Webb Hodge
Anniversary Publication Fund, 7. Los Angeles, CA: Southwest Museum, 1958.
Abstract: A small book containing information on Maidu musical instruments; songs of cermonial
dances; songs of social dances; songs when gathering acorns and clover; songs of hand games;
songs of women's games; songs of girls adolescence; songs connected with stories; misc. songs;
misc. notes; structure of Maidu songs; and summaries
152. Derbec, Etienne. A French Journalist in the California Gold Rush: The Letters of Etienne Derbec . editor
Abraham Phineas Nasatir. Georgetown, CA: Talisman Press, 1964.
Abstract: Page 148: Description of "Sawich" (Savage), a white Indian chief.
Pages 153-162: Description of Indian appearance, food (acorn making), Indian wasp hunting,
Indian burning off valley grass, archery skill of, communistic life style. Incident where Indian ate
candle.
Pages 229-230: Detailed summary of white chief "Savage" life.
153. Derby, Lieutenant George Horatio. Letter to Canby, Major E. R. S., 5 September 1849.
Notes: RG 393 Records of the Department of the Army. Pacific Division, Letters Received,
1849-1853. Box 1.
Abstract: Letter from Derby to Major E. R. S. Canby, Adj. Gen. 10th Military Department. Report
of Lt. George H. Derby, 1st Lt. T.E., on the Sacramento Valley - Report on the Sacramento Valley.
Topographic Memoir accompanying map of Sacramento Valley. Report dated Monterey December
1, 1949. Derby's report include Canby's letters giving him orders. Derby's report states that he was
ordered to proceed with Major Kingsbury's command to Johnson's Rancho on Bear Creek to mark
out a one square mile reservation for the new military post; at a site seltected by Major Kingsbury.
He was to make a topographical sketch of the country, report on numbers of tame and wild Indians,
comparative advantages of different positions for military posts, including their healthfulness,
forage, building materials, etc. Following this he was to examine the Sacramento Valley up to
Latitude 39 degrees, 30', or the mouth of the Butte River, reporting on numbers of Indians, military
resorces. Derby was authorized to employ 3 assistants at average wage of the country and to
purchase necessary horses and pack animals.
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Derby says he immediately reported to Captain N. day who had relieved Major Kinsgbury in
command of the Batt. of 2d Inf. Designated to garrison the new post. Finding Captain Day about to
depart from Camp Anderson, and D's services being required in selection of the site of the new
post, D. purchased on credit such instruments, animals and at her indispensable. He also engaged
services of an assistant, three rodmen and a teamster, and his own servant. A gentleman named
Kemy, volunteered to accompany them as far as Bear Creek. Wagon drawn by his six miles for
transportation of instruments, subsistance stores, forage, etc. Also necessary riding animals for the
party. Wagon and mules experience because of scarcity created in Sacramento City by Major
Rucker purchased for his expedition to relieve the emigrants. Party left Sacramento at 2p.m. on
September 22 in advance of the Inf., to try out our mules who had never before worked togehter in
harness. Arrived at lower ford of the American at 5 p.m. Broke wagon, tongue repaired with ropes.
By night times Captain Day's command arrived at camp. Enroute they stopped at Ranch of
Nicolaus Altgeier at junction of Bear Creek and Feather River. Has been proved as Nicolas Ranch."
Has a 1/4 of a mile field enclosed. Two story adobe house quite imposing in the country of log huts
and Indian rancherias. About 100 wretched Indians, playfully termed Christian lived in vicinity of
bank of Feather, subsisting on acorns, baked into cake with roasted grasshoppers. Also eat salmon.
The more intelligent and docile of these creatures are brought up on the farm, where they eventually
become excellent vaqueros or herdsman. Are paid in food and clothing. The right hand main road is
the "Truckee Route" or emigrant trail from Salt Lake via the Truckee and Johnson's or Gillespie's
Ranch. The left is Lawson's Ranch or the emigrant trail entereing at head of Sacramento River at
headwaters of Feather River. Ten miles up Bear Creek, from the Nicholas house we encamped.
Derby and Day examined the country on September 25. Arrived at Johnson's Ranch, a small one
story adobe building. Were received by Mr. Gillespie, who accompanied them on a rccom. of ten or
twelve square miles in vicinity. On September 26 examined banks of Yuba River and adjoining
countrys where they found a company of 100 miners busily engaged, they having partially exposed
its bed by building an oblique dam nearly across the river, each underduel averaging 2 or 3 oz. per
day. Site for post selected was about half a mile about the house at Johnson's Ranch. The
reserve could include ground high enough to be out of flood plain. Rich bottom land on either side
of creek would afford excellent opportunity for gardening. Hills in vicinity afford wood for fires
and logs for houses. A species of sandstone nearby is suitable for construction of chimneys and
foundations of buildings.
The proximity to the ranchs assure a supply of fresh meat, water of creek healthy, cool, and
pleasant. Central position of site selected is its greatest advantage. Truckee Emigrant Route average
100 wagons and 200 emigrants perdiem; wagon road to Rose's Rancho on the Yuba; stucking
Lawson's route at a distance of 20 miles; and the path to the Bear Creek diggings - all intersect at
this point. Post is within a few hours ride of all the principal ranches and Indian rancherias in this
part of the valley. Other possible sites were deemed unhealthful, inquiry indicated little sickness on
Bear Creek during summer. Periodical fever at Sutter's Farm, on Feather River and at ranches on
the Yuba. Within three or four miles of site small quantities of gold are to be found in the ravines
running towards the creek. When not on duty soldiers can mine, a healthy and profitable recreation
for them. Will prevent many desertions which would otherwise occur. Morning of 27th discovered
that servant Manuel Montano had deserted, cutting a hole in back of D's tent and removed box
containing $35 in public funds, gold pencil, gold watch and chain, and a pistol. He cleaned out his
roommates and stole best horse we had along with best saddle and tack. On the 29th Derby began
to survey the new reserve one miles square on northwest bank of Bear Creek. Strip 200 yards wide
on other bank to prevent people from squatting or settling in immediate vicinity of the post. For
gardens and pasturage Captain Day included 1/4 mile on Southeast bank of the Creek. Erected
stake every furlong having mailed to board, each legibly marked "U.S. Reserve." On October 7 and
8th, Derby examined Bear Creek for about 25 miles from encampement. 9th and 10th heavy rain.
Made map of post, which he left with Captain Day. On 15th Derby marched north to examine the
portion of valley in his instructions. First night out camped on east bank of Feather opposite Sutter's
Hock Farm. Neat adobe house building and out building corrals, all surr. by wall, most ... crops of
wheat with very little labor. River filled with salmon. About 200 yeards above farmhouse a
rancheria of Indians, some 300. About 20 mud ovens, partly above and partly below ground (small
holes on side for egress.) Mostly naked. Indians suffered from prevalent fever as were occupants of
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farm house. Two of D's men caught the fever. Prodigiouse doses of quinine administered.
Returning from exploration of Sacramento Valley far as Butte River, they found Captain Day's
command confortably established at Camp Far West, with preperations being made for building.
Two sawmills in open, about 4 miles above the new post; from them sufficient supplies of pine
timber are available.
There are one Indian rancherias on the Sacramento, one on Butte Creek, three on Feather, one on
Bear Creek, 10 miles above post. Something under, 10,000 people in these taken together. Was told
there are some 2 or 3 thousand in hills on upper Feather and Yuba rivers. Does not know whether
all are of same tribes as those of valley. All appear equally ugly, harmless, and in offensive but
being perfectly brabarous and acting as I imagine more from instinct than reason, they are liable to
commit at any moment some unexpected outrage, for which neither themselves nor any one else can
assign a reason." Derby anticipates that the Feather River area will soon be thickly settled by whites
who can take care of themselves. Then it might be advisable to establish a station either farther
north in the valley "or in advance upon the Truckee road, according as either became finally the
main route for emigration..." Derby encloses map of Sacramento Valley from American River to
Butte Creek and a map of the new post.
154. ———. Letter to Townsend, Captain E. D., 25 January 1852.
Notes: RG 98 393. Pacific Division. Letters Recieved, 1849-1853. Box 4. D-7. 1-65
Abstract: Report of George H. Derby, Lt., Topographic Engineer, on the military posts and stations
of the Pacific Division. Benicia, January 25, 1852, addressed to Captain E. D. Townsend, AAG.
Camp Far West situated northern bank of Bear Creek, on mile above Johnson's Rancho, 12 miles
above Nicolaus, a village at junction of Bear Creek and Feather River. Bout 42 miles from
Sacramento City. Good wagon road, by which post is supplied, leads to Nicolaus and Sacramento
City, and from Nicolaus to at junction of Feather and Sacramento River. Reservation 1 by 1.5 miles
surveyed and marked, include both banks fo the creek. Established by General Perfisor F. Smith,
Fall of 1849. Country now thickly settled around itl Its importance as a miltiary post, if it ever
possessed any, is not entirely lost. Garrison at present consists of one Company of 2d Infantry
under Lt. N. H. Davis. Camp Far West has 3 officers and 19 enlisted men.
155. ———. Establishment of Fort Far West.
Notes: An account for the establishment of Fort Far West, can be found in U.S. 31st Congress, 1st
Session, Senate Exec. Doc. 47, Part 2, Pages 3-16. Serial Set No. 558.
Abstract: Lieutenant Derby said the site was on the Truckee emigrant trail, the wagon road to the
Yuba mines, the road to the Feather River "Day Diggings" and the trail to Rose's Rancho on the
Yuba. He also thought that since gold could be found fewer than three or four miles from the post,
desertions should not be a problem, for the soldiers can mine in their spare time.
156. ———. Phoenixiana: or, Sketches and Burlesques. 11th ed. ed. New York: D. Appleton , 1856.
Notes: Author pseud. John Phoenix. See George R. Stewart's "John Phoenix, Esq." Pages
3,22-23,73,123-130,141,170,171,197,201. OR Derby, "Topographical Memoir Accompanying
Maps of the Sacramento Valley" 31st Congress, 1st Session, Senate Exec. Doc. 47, 1850. 2-16.
Abstract: Pages 253-254: Goetzman describes 2d Lt. George Horatio Derby as "A medcafe of the
first order as well as an accomplished soldier - engineer..." "Derby managed, in the years he served
in California, to become one of the legendary characters as well as to most active engineer.
Originally from Medford, Massachusetts, he was a protege of John Quincy Adams at West Point."
Had gift for literary expression and some skill as artist. His wry sense of humor soon caused him to
be known throughout the Army as a wag who was incidentaly an engineer.
157. Dillon, Richard H. Siskiyou Trails - the Hudson Bay Fur Company Route to California . San Francisco, CA:
McGraw-Hill, 1975.
Abstract: Page 91: Smith cancelled his plans to go to Bodega and Fort Ross when two chiefs who
were to be his guides backed out. Although there were many Indians in the area, they were "meek"
rather than hostile.
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Page 92: Smith, awaiting the return of his comrads, began to worry when they were overdue. He
retained peace with the Indians by giving them sugar and tobacco. Finally he sent a party of
Indians in search of them, and they reported the men were well up the Sacramento Valley. The men
had casually deserted him, taking eleven traps and many beaver skins with them.
Page 94: Below the junction of the Yuba and Feather Rivers, Smith came upon a large rancheria,
which contained fifty lodges. He traded civilized goods with these naked natives (meat, beads and
flannel for feather headdresses, fishing nets and dishes). "When the Americans left, the Indians
were so sorry to see them go that they broke into what passed for weeping among that stoical
people."
Page 97: April 11, 1828 - Where today's Interstate 5 and Highway 99 are, Smith noticed the
children disappearing into small holes when they noticed the approaching strangers. On April 15,
his horse was shot through the neck, and upon his alarming the rest of the company, they were
under full attack by the Indians. Three warriors were shot in the battle, whereupon Smith and
company decided to leave the battle scene. The Indians gave up before they escaped.
Page 98: In Hay Fork Valley, Smith and Arthur Black were attacked by a dozen Indians on April
19, 1828. Smith attempted to regain peace with the Indians, however the later persisted in
harassing them. He finally posted a guard at night to guard the animals from night attacks. The
guard was dismissed at midnight, however, as Smith believed it too cold for the Indians to be
raiding after midnight.
Page 170: McLeod noted that "many beaver taken out of traps by natives but we never molested
them in consequence, taking for granted that starvation compelled them to do it. But when traps
were taken up, as was often done, we used every endeavor to get them back, but seldom suceeded.
Their numbers precluded a possibility of detecting the guilty." He was writing from the Pitt River
area.
Page 171: Alexander R. McLeod and his men shot and killed eleven Indians who had shot one
horse full of arrows and had run many other horses off. He stated his displeasure with having to
shoot them; however, they were ambushing the camp and thus "met their fate."
Pages 224-225: The entire Sacramento Valley was virtually depopulated of Indians by malaria.
Where villages had once housed thousands of Indian tribes, now were converted into graveyards.
Page 233: The explorers coming upon a group of Indians attempted to instigate a battle with them.
One of them men, Kelley, went up to the chief and asked him to leave before blood was shed. The
chief had his warriors retreat while he stood his ground. After the chief turned to go, a couple of
men in the group set out after him and returned a short while later with the bow and arrow of the
chief they had killed.
Pages 234-235: Two recollections of needless murders of Indians bearing gifts. The paranoia of
the trappers had become quite extensive, and all Indians were killed to prevent their return to their
tribes. The fear was that the Indians would return with warriors.
Page 326: While Titian R. Peale was out hunting alone, he was surrounded by six Indians. As it
was almost dark, he quickly returned to camp without attempting to talk with them.
158. Dnnis, Henry C. The American Indian, 1492-1976; A Chronology and Fact Book . Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana
Publications, Inc., 1977.
Abstract: Page 50: In 1915 "Congress passed the first appropriation act authorizing the Indian
Bureau to buy land for landless Indians in the State of California."
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159. Doerr, John E. Jr. and Don C. Fisher. Outline of Events in the History of the Modoc War. Lava Beds
National Park, CA: Lava Beds National Monument, 1937.
Notes: reprints of Nature Notes from Crater Lake National Park
Abstract: Pages 9-13: The first third of this outline on the Modoc War covers the years 1846-1870.
Among the major events listed by the authors as having an influence upon the resulting Modoc War
are: South Emigrant Trail established in 1846; Modocs attack emigrants on Applegate trail in
1847-1851; massacre of whites at Bloody Point in 1852; continued harassment of whites on trail by
Modocs in 1853-1855; Ben Wright massacre in 1856; continued harassment of whites on trail in
1857-1862; Fort Klamath established in 1863; treaty between U.S. and Modocs resulting in the
establishment of Klamath Reservation in 1864; Captain McGregor attempts to get Captain Jack and
his followers to go to the reservation in1865; Lindsay Applegate fails to get Captain Jack in 1866;
J. W. Peret Huntington is also unsuccessful in moving Jack's band to the reservation in 1867; Jack
and his followers move onto the reservation in 1869; Jack and his band leave the reservation to
return to Lost River due to continued harassment by the Klamaths in 1870.
Pages 21-29: The second third of the outline of major events that resulted in the Modoc War as
listed by the authors are: Superintendent A. B. Meacham recommends a separate reservation for
Jack and his Modoc Indians to avoid harassment by the Klamath tribe in 1871; the settlers of Clear
Lake area petition Meacham to move the Modocs back to the Klamath Reservaion in January 1872;
Meacham requests help from the army and receives reinforcements in March 1872; Major Elmor
Otis holds a meeting with Captain Jack to arrange a peaceful settlement with no results in April
1872; another attempt at council was made but Jack refused to meet in May 1872; by July orders
were received from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Washington to remove the band by
force if necessary; on November 27 troops were dispatched to move Captain Jack and friends to the
reservation; Movember 29 the first battle of the war began; by January 1873 the U. S. Army had
lost 400 troops involved in the field near the Lava Beds; On January 25, 1873, a peace commission
was appointed and numerous attempts at a council were made through April of that year; April 11,
1873, murder of commissioners Canby and Reverend Thomas at the peace tent. All efforts for a
peceful settlement ended on this day.
Pages 39-41: This part concludes the outline of major events of the Modoc War. The time span
covered in this portion is April 12 to October 3 of 1873. In April of 1873 the army advanced on
Captain Jack's "stronghold" only to find it abandoned. April 26, 1873 was the Thomas Wright
massacre. In May there was a skirmish at Scorpion Point and the Battle of Dry Lake. In June of
1873 Captain Jack was captured in Langell's Valley. In July the Modoc prisoners arrived at Fort
Klamath, were tried and sentenced to death in September. They were hanged on October 3, 1873.
Brancho and Slolux were sentenced to life in prison while Jack, John Schonchin, Black Jim, and
Boston Charley were hanged.
160. Doughtery, Captain William. Post Return of Camp on Round Valley Indian Reservation Near Covelo,CA .
Washington D.C.: United States National Archive, 1892.
Abstract: This is the only post return with this named location. No mention of Indian activity.
161. Doughty, Captain James C. Post Return of Detachment of 2nd Regiment of Cavalry. Returns From U.S.
Military Posts, 1800-19161864.
Abstract: August 15 - Sergeant O'Keefle and ten men sent to Cottonwood Creek in Tehama Co. to
investigate "the number and nature of Indians in the area." Returned 19th. Traveled 120 miles.
August 23: Lt. Livergood and 20 men to Oroville and returned the 26th bringing 3 deseters. Captain
Doughty and detachment of 21 men left on August 1, to scout in the mountains in the direction of
Honey Lake. Returned August 9. Sergeant McFarnahan and Private Rice left camp Ausust 14 on
secret service keeping watch of a party of seccessionists.
162. Douglas, Captain Charles D. Post Return From Fort Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts,
1800-1916. Fort Anderson, CA: 1862.
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Abstract: Co. left Post support 10 March, 1862 per orders, Hq., 2nd Inf., Cal., Vol., Fort Humboldt
for purpose of establishing the post. Reports establishment of Fort Anderson "which is situated on
Redwood Creek about 1 mile below Minors Ranch and about 23 miles north east from Union
Town..." (Arcata) Humboldt County. 2nd Inf., CA., Vol., "F". Douglas, Captain Charles D.
163. Douglas, Captain Charles. D. Post Return From Fort Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts,
1800-1916. Washington D. C.: National Archives, 1862.
Abstract: Douglas, Captain Charles D. 2nd Infantry, California, Vol. "I." This Co. left post Lippett
on 10 March 1862 per order, Hq. 2nd Inf., Cal., Bol., Fort Humboldt for purpose of establish this
post.
164. Douglas, Captain Charles D. Post Return From Fort Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts,
1800-19161862.
Abstract: Douglas, Captain Charles D. 2nd Inf., CA., Vol., "F"
165. ———. Post Return From Fort Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161862.
Abstract: July 28, 1862: "Indians in considerable number attacked a house known ats Whitneys
about 4 miles below this post and killed Private Campbell... and two citizens..." It is believed these
are Indians that shot at two other Privates. 2nd Inf., Ca., Vol., "F."
166. ———. Post Return From Fort Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161962.
Abstract: Douglas, Captain Charles D. 2nd Inf., CA., Vol., "F"
167. ———. Post Return of Camp Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161862.
Abstract: Douglas, Captain Charles D., 2nd Inf., Ca., vol., "F." 1st Lieut W.H. Noyes. Comdg.
posts and comp. since August 13, 1862. Detachment of Co. "H" 2nd Inf., CA., vol., under command
of Lt. Monholland arrived 5, August 1862. Ret. Co. H. left for Fort Gaston 11, August 1862.
168. Downs, James F. The Two Worlds of the Washo, an Indian Tribe of California and Nevada . New York:
Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1966.
Abstract: Pages 1-71: Examines the Washo culture, their social, cultural, and subsistance patterns
before white contact.
Pages 72-111: Describe the impact of the white man and his culture on the Washo way of life. In
this second half the authors discusses changes that took place in Washo economic and subsistance
patters, social structure, religious activities (The Ghost Dance, Peyote Culture,) and the eventual
disintegration of the native culture.
169. Downy, Joseph T. Filings From an Old Saw. San Francisco: John Howell, 1956.
Abstract: Death of Indian serving Spanish forces in war (pages 122-123).
170. Dunn, J. P. Massacres of the Mountains - A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West . New York:
Capricorn Books, 1969.
171. Dusley, Captain George. Post Return of Camp Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161864.
Abstract: Location of Camp Anderson. "Camp Anderson is situated on the site of old Fort Anderson
on Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, CA 25 miles from Camp Curtis on the main trail to Fort
Gaston, CA and 18 miles from the last names place. Best means of communication via Arcata. 13
EM on det. serv. at Orleans Bar with 2nd Lt. Edward Hale. 31 EM on det. serv. with Lt. Issac W.
Hempfield at Fort Gaston. 4 EM on det. serv. at Camp Curtis.
172. Dyer, Ruth C. The Indians' Land Title in California: A Case in Federal Equity, 1851 - 1942 . San Francisco,
CA: R and E Research Assoc., 1975.
Abstract: Pages 3-5: During Teddy Roosevelt's campaign for President the Indians were allowed to
present their "plight." The Northern California Indian Association petitioned Congress - resulted
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in an item in the Indian Appropriation Act of 1906 - to investigate conditions among California's
Indian population. Finally in January 1905 the "injunction of secrecy" was taken from the 18
California treaties made with the Indians.
Page 6 - 20: Gives background of the assignment of 3 men to come to California to make treaties
with the Indians for the sessation of their lands. The Comm. divided the state into 3 areas. An
example of one meeting, taken from a journal. The terms of the treaties briefly given. Foundering
Commission Beale appointed Supt. of Indian Affairs in California. $924,259,65 appropriated to
pay debts to California but none for the Indians who signed Treaties in good faith and who received
nothing for their land.
Page 27-31: The California Legislature and special interests tried their best to prevent the
ratification of the 18 treaties - succeeded the government took posession of the ceeded Indian lands
and opened it for white settlers. A land claims comm. was established to hand land grant claims,
"they were legally barred from any right, title and interest in land in California. 1914 half of
California Indians were squatters mostly on forest land northern California and Ass. petitioned
congress to provide homes for the Indians. The assoc. was granted $150,000 to buy land but
ownership was to remain in the hands of the government. 4,300 Indians were housed. Medical
neglection of Indians. California State Supreme Court decision 1917 non-reservation Indians was
California citizen although he was a ward of the U.S. government but still argued whose
responsibility it was to give relief to them.
Page 34: 1920 Indian appropriation provided for representitives of the board of Indian commission
were sent to California to investigate conditions among the non reservation Indians the
recommended that "before any more appropriations were made... those claims which arose out of
the eighteen treaties of 1851- 1852 should be settled."
The rest of the chapter concerns bills introduced and some passed which occured after 1920 up to
1940. 1928 - California Indians Jurisdictional Act 1928. The history of these acts and their actions.
Pages 48-51: Chapter 5, concerns "settlement to date [1944] of the California Indian claims."
173. Eastman, Charles. The Indian Today - The Past and Future of the First American . The American Books - A
Library of Good Citizenship. New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1915.
Notes: reprint under same title by AMS Press in New York in 1975 at CSU, Chico's Meriam
Library, call number E77 E12 1975
Abstract: Page 33: December 1890 - Ghost dances- Wounded Knee massacre.
Page 40: 1848 - "The natives of California were a peaceable people and scarcely made any
resistance to the invaders, a fact which resulted in their rapid decline and extreme poverty."
Page 52: In 1870 President Grant placed all Indian agencies under the control of the various
churches and missionary organizations, which had hitherto been practically the sole channels of
educational or uplifting work among the tribes."
Page 183: In 1915, list of California Indian Reservations. (Compiled by the Office of Indian
Affairs.) Digger, Hupa Valley, Mission (28 reserves), Round Valley, Tule River, Yuma.
174. Eastman, Elaine Goodale. Pratt, the Red Man's Moses. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1935.
Abstract: Bibliography and supplementary list on page 277-278
175. Eaton, Major E. B. Letter to Townsend, Captain E. D., 21 April 1852.
Notes: RG 98 393 Pacific Division. Letters Received 1849-1853. Box 4. E-18. 1-74.
Abstract: Letter from E. B. Eaton, Commissary of Subsistence, San Francisoc, to Captain E. D.
Townsend, April 21, 1852
Has given necessary intruction for dispostion of subsistence stores now at Canton. Far West, viz., to
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sell at public aution all supllies not pperfectly good, and also a surplus of hard bread, about 16
pounds of old pork, 3293 pounds., old vocon; 311 pounds band hams, 50 bush dried apples, 60
gallons lime juice, and 5000 pounds of hard bread. Says he is furnishing the years supplies for Fort
Reading, called for by Lt. Davis, viz., 20000 complete reations with extra quarterly of a few
articles, as follows:
From Subsistence department at Benicia:
Pork - 14400
rations
Salt Beef - 800 rations
Flour - 11022 rations
Beans - 9600 rations
Rice - 5000
rations
Coffee - 3416 rations
Sugar - 14808
Salt - 11200
Molasses - 2 bbl.
Pickles - 20 kegs
Kraut - 24 Kegs
Dried Peaches - 3 bbls.
Dried Apples - 6 bb;s.
From Cantonment Far West
Flour - 4029
Hard Bread - 5000
Beans - 5400
Coffee - 16583
Sugar - 9358
Salt - 8800
Total
Meat - 15200
Bread stuffs - 20051
Rations - 20000
Coffee - 19999
Sugar - 24162
Salt - 20000
2/7 meat reation omitted. Fresh beef to be obtained at Fort Reading.
176. Elkins, Stephen B. Report of the Secretary of War1890.
Notes: 51st Congress, 2d Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II. 2831-2837
Abstract: Page 61: Report of the Adj. - Gen. "Exceprt for Forts Bidwell and Gaston, children attend
public schools in the cities near which the posts are located." In the Department of California, there
are seven post schools. School attendance. Enlisted men, 168; children of officers, 3; children of
enlisted men, 9; children of civilians, 1.
Page 76: Fort Gaston, Captain W. E. Dougherty, 1st Inf., 1 company, 1st Inf., 1 medical officer, 1
captain, 1 subalterns. 47 enlisted men.
Notes: 52d Congress, 1st Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, part II. 5 vol, in 10 parts. 2921-2929
Abstract: Page 16: Secretary of War Report. "Abandonment of small posts." 28 abandoned since
June 1, 1889. 10 or 12 more can be abandoned as soon as suitable shelter for the troops is probided
at more central points. The troops should be assembeled by regiments, or at least protection against
possible Indian depredations. Even for this purpose experience has shown that troops stationed at
convenient railroad centers are more available than those at points nearer the scene of trouble but
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now on the railway.
Page 108: Position and distribution of troops. Fort B. omitted. Fort Gaston, Captain F. H. Edwards,
1st Inf., 1 company, 1st Inf., 1 captain, 2 subalterns, 49 enlisted men.
Page 114: Department of California Brig - General Thomas H. Ruger, Comdg.
Page 159: Mentions that except for Co. "F" at Fort Gaston and a detachment at Fort B., the 1st Inf.,
went to the Division of Missouri for field duty relative to the Sioux Trouble. Returned March 4,
1891.
Pages 159-161: Report of Brig - General Thomas H. Ruger.
Page 161: Reports of chiefs of the various staff departments omitted from printed report.
Notes: 52 Congress, 2d Session. House Ex. Document 1, Part II, H. Vols. in 8 parts. 3077-3084.
Abstract: Page 104-105: In accord with directions of January 11, 1892, based upon the request of
the Secretary of the Interior, Co. B., 1st Infantry, Angel Island, and a Department of the 4th
Cavalry, the Presidio proceeded on March 8, 1892, Captain William E. Dougherty, 1st Inf.,
Commanding, proceeded to the Round Valley Reservation to assist the Indians Agent, if necessary,
in removing intruders from the Reservation. "This duty was performed effectively and with good
judgement, the command returning to their station on the 30th of April."
Notes: 52 Congress, 2d Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II, 3077-3084. 4 vol in 8 parts.
Abstract: Page 105: In conformity to instructions in General Orders No. 14, Hq. of the Army, the
post of Fort Gaston, California discontinued on June 29 last, the garrison, Co. F, 1st Inf., was
withdrawn and the military reservation wholly transfered on that date, to the interior department.
The company was assigned to Benecia Barracks, Ca, arriving there on June 30.
180. Elliott, Wallace W. History of Humboldt County, California : With Illustrations Descriptive of Its
Scenery, Farms, Residences, Public Buildings, Factories, Hotels, Business Houses,
Schools, Churches, Etc., From Original Drawings, Including Biographical Sketches. Fresno,
CA: Mid-Cal Publishers, 197-.
Abstract: Page 183: Fort Humboldt, CA
181. Ellison, Joseph. California and the Nation, 1850-1869: A Study of the Relations of a Frontier Community
With the Federal Government. Berkeley, CA: Univeristy of California Press, 1927.
Abstract: Page 79: Activated by the fear of starvation and frequently provoked by reckless whites,
the Indians often resorted to stealing and robbing the frontier settlements."
"... adventurous white settlers and miners in a short time penetrated the whole territory and partly
destroyed the Indian's means of subsistence, which had never been too plentiful."
Page 80: "Col. Mason and Gen. Riley, finding themselves powerless to prevent disturbances on
such an extended frontier, adopted the policy of issuing arms and ammunition to the Americans
who were exposed to Indian attacks, and told them to fight the Indians themselves." [See H. Ex.
Doc. 17, 31st Congress, 1st Session, 556,557,642,645,682,936. ] In August 1849 there were about
650 officers and men in California. 12,927 members of the Army in 1849-1850.
Page 90: California. Senate. Journal, 1852 pages 703-704 for memorial submitted to Governor by
repres. of northern counties in the Legislature.
Page 91: In response to appeal of northern counties for military aid, Governor Bigler addressed a
letter to General Hitchcock complaining that neglect of general government to provide adequate
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protection for citizens of California was responsible for loss of many lives - He suggested to Gen.
Hitchcock that volunteer forces could be immediately enrolled if the Gen. was authorized to state
that the national government would assume expense of such a force. (Senate Journal, 1852,
705-506) Hitchcock replied that he was doing his best to afford every protection possible, but
because of nature of the settlements and inadequate supply of troops, his earnest efforts could not
always prevent disturbances. War Department reluctant to send more troops to west coast because
of temptation to deserters. Thought useless to send them. Re militia, he told Gov. such force could
be recognized only when called into service by Pres. (California Senate Journal, 1852, 706-709)
Federal authorities had little sympathy with idea of employing volunteers for punitive expeditions
against Indians.
Page 96: Supt. Beale began to experiement with a new plan. He congreg. about a thousand Indians
on a small reservation and put them to work, thus making the colony self-supporting. Satisfied with
success of his experiment, he recommended to Indian Commissioner establish number small
reservations on which Indians were to be collected. These tracts of land were to be regarded as
military reservation, each to be garrisoned by military post. Commissioner Lea approved and law
passed in 1853 authorization established five reservations in California, New Mexico, and Utah,
each to contain not over 25000 acres. Stat. at Large X, 699, May 1853. Also Act of July 31, 1854
provided two additional reservations not to exceed 25000 acres.
Page 102: Fresh disturbances in northern counties. In response, Legislature authorize Gov. to call
out volunteer company of fifty men. Knowing it difficult to induce Congress to assume the war
debt, Governor Johnson decided to appeal first to General Wool, who promised to do all he could to
protect the frontier settlers. (California Assembly, 1856 p. 327-328, Wool to Johnson, January 21,
1856, said, 328-329.) Governor Johnson then decided to resort to volunteer, whom he thought
would prove more effective than reg. troops of U.S. Army.
Page 103-105: Promises which system of military reservation held out were not realized. Only
small percentage of Indians were on reservation. Nor were the reservations self-supporting as
expected. Indian Department attributes this to mismanagements of government employees on
reservation, to interference of white settlers and to indolence of Indians. In 1855 the Alta pron.
reservation policy a failure, as did Sacramento Union and SF Herald. Alta October 13, 1855; Union
January 26, 1855; Assembly journal, 1857, 25-26. System neither protected whites nor Indians.
Legislature wanted federal government to cede to state entire jurisdiction over Indians and Indian
affairs, but Congress doubted wisdom of this policy. Under act of June 19, 1860, Congress divided
California into two Indian districts, northern and southern with supt. agent for each district.
Page 107: Moralists and humanitarians who personally had never experienced any Indian trouble
were apt to criticize too harshly the bellicous frontiersman.
Page 191: Examination of the several party platforms and the popular vote of the state cast in the
gubernatorial and presidential elections seems to indicate that more than 2/3 of the voters were fully
in accordance with the war policy. Of the remaining third, which came mainly from the southern
counters, probably half were lukewarm Unionists, Loyalists, with conditions.
Page 196-198: Military authority arrested and confined in Fort Alcatraz, a number of persons
because of alleged treasonable expressions. Some of most notable persons arrested for treasonable
utterances were Bishop Kavanaugh of Methodist Church south, Col. Kewen, assemblyman from
LA, Senator Baker of Visalia; Major Gibbs, ed. of LA Star and Visalia Exposition,, Dr. Gwin and
C.L. Weller, chairman of Democratic State Committee. Dr. Gwin was arrested by Gen. Sumner,
who believed that Gwin was on his way to meet Slidell in Cuva. Weller was arrested and lodged at
Alcatraz on July 25, 1864 on charge that an address delivered by him in SF had appealed to
southern sentiments and had urged people to arm themselves "to resist the high arm of the military
tyranny in California." Democrats held an indignation meeting and adopted resolutions condemning
the acts of the military authority and practices of imprisoning men without trial. Weller was
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released after taking the oath of allegiance to the Federal Government, and giving bond for $25,000
[Alta August 3, 1864; Records of the Rebellion, ser. 1, vol. L, part II, 948.]
Page 198: It was reported that at Colusa a number of "seceshs", "secqeshes" celebrated the
assassination of Lincoln by cheers and the firing of guns [Records of the Rebellion, ser. 1, vol. L,
part II., 1012-1020.] A number of persons were imprisoned at Fort Alcatraz for alleged rejoicing
over the assassinatino of Pres. Lincoln. At their state convention the Democrats protested against
the military arrests. (Davis, Political Conventions in California, 212.)
Page 203: General Wright was more moderate than had been Gen. Sumner. Wright believed in
taking strict measures to suppress any disturbances but he did not believe in being unduly harsh.
For instance, upon the arrival of the news of the assassination of Pres. Lincoln, he ordered the
officers to be prepared for any emergency; but when he was informed that a number of men had
been arrested by individual members of the provost guard without any authority whatever, simply
on the principle that the arrested ones had been pointed out by some irresponsible person as
sympathizers with the cause of the south, he strongly disapproved of such conduct. [Record of the
War of Rebellions, ser. 1, vol. L, part II, page 1210] His lenient attitude was approved by those
accused of disloyalty and by majority of Union men who had not been carried away by the war
excitement. But ultra loyalists accused him of catering to the secessionists. They petitioned War
Department to remove Gen. Wright and asked Gen. McDowell, who succeeded Gen. Wright, to
institute a proper inquiry into the matter. See Wright's defense in Records of the Rebellions, ser. 1,
vol. L, part II, 846-847, in which he claimed that his policy was fully endorsed by the sensible
portion of the community. Said if he were guided by dictates of the radical press he would crowd
his forts with men charged with disloyalty and keep the country in constant ferment. Said the
radicals thought it his [Wright's] special duty to arrest every person whose sentiments do not
exactly coincide with the Government.
182. Ellison, William Henry. The Federal Indian Policy in California, 1846-1860. San Francisco, CA: R & E
Research, 1974.
Abstract: This study attempts to do three things: First, to give a fairly detailed and comprehensive
account of Indian affairs in California between 1846 and 1860; secondly, and primarily, to state the
Indian problem faced by the federal government on the new frontier, to show how the United States
endeavored to handle the problem, and to point out the results of the efforts put forth for its
solution; and thirdly, to relate the United States Indian policy in California to the general Indian
policy of our government.
The first two chapters of the present study are introductory. The first chapter summarizes the
general Indian policy of the United States up to the date of the Americn occupation of California....
The second chapter states briefly the history of the California natives up to 1846, with an
appraisement of the effects of that history on the Indian problem faced in Calfironia from that date.
The main body of the work falls into three parts: first, that covering the period from the American
occupation to the admission of California; secondly, that dealing with the work of the
commissioners sent to California to treat with the Indians, the date being roughly 1850 to 1853; and
thirdly, that covering the years 1853 to 1860, or the period when the military reservation policy of
Beale had its beginnings and its end. The first period was marked by Indian depredations, watchful
waiting on the part of the quasi-military government, and the beginnings by the general
government, of plans for securing information on the California Indian situation. In the second
period, the full effects of the rapidly shifting frontier wre seen in homeless, hungry Indians, with
resulting hostilities between Indians and whites. This period was most noted as the one in which
commissioners sent by the government to treat with the Indians made some eighteen treaties with
the Indians, set apart 7% of the total area of the State for reservations, involved the government in
large debts for contracts, most of which were never paid, and had their treaties rejected. In the third
period, an attempt was made to set apart military reservations of small area, on which Indians
should go, not by treaty, but by simple agreements, and where it was expected they would duplicate
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the work done at the old missions. These had a fairly successful beginning but failed in the end,
through the unwillingness of the Indians to take up the new life or to profit by it, and the
mismanagement and dishonesty of officials.
Chapter 3: Number of Indians in California is debated - A. L. Kroeber states 150,000 while C. Hart
Merriam states 260,000 upon the white man's arrivan. It is agreed, however, that there was a great
reduction in the Indian population between the secularization of the missions and 1860. The major
causes for this was the small-pox epidemics in 1833, 1837, 1838, and 1844; the coming of the Gold
Rush; deminished sources of food supply due to loss of land to settlers; and massacres.
Pages 35-37: Dr. Merriam believes that due to disease and conflict with the whites, the native
population in California declined from 210,000 in 1834 to 100,000 in 1850, and to 35,000 by 1860.
Taking into account written reports by Beale of total population in 1852 as 75-100,000, and
Henley's report in 1854 (50-100,000 natives) and a 1856 Henley report of 61,600 Indians, it may
well be assumed that by 1864 there were 100,000-125,000 Indians living in California.
Pages 37-38: The first policies toward the Indians in California is exemplified by statements made
by Stockton, governor of California, and John B. Montgomery., Commander-in-Chief on San
Francisco. Stockton announced the existance of "mounted riflemen" to remain on duty to "prevent
and punish the aggressions by the Indians or any other person..." Montgomery's proclomation of
September 15, 1846 ordered the release of Indians being held against their will in service to the
whites.
Pages 88-90: Major General Green of the California Militia made a treaty with several non-warlike
tribes in the area of Fort Far West. Adam Johnson, Indian agent, was of the opinion that the
government could not approve this treaty. Adam Johnson, knowing Sutter had declined his
nomination as sub-agent began to familiarize himself with Sutters territory. He found that Major
General J. Green of the California Militia had entered into a treaty that could not be approved. With
several non-warlike tribes. After traveling through the country in which the treaty was made (Camp
Far West), Johnson "returned to the mouth of the Yuba River and from there went up the Feather
River." In his travels he visited seven tribes along the river an observed their pathetic situation. The
coming of the whites had led to the destruction of the California Indians through disease,
competition for land and massacres. The Indians were "inoffensive" people but attacks by the
whites had led them to commit revenge. In another trip, Johnson traveled over 800 miles through
the Sacramento valley visiting 10 tribes. The cutoms among the tribes were similar, and not one
possessed war items other than bows and arrow. Johnson urged it in his reports that the Indians be
provided with subsistance items to compensate for their losses to the whites.
Chapter 9: Treaties Negotiated by Wozencraft - pages 137-139, this treaty made with the Indians
within the bounds of the Yuba River on the north; the Sierra Nevada range on the east, and the
Mokolumne River on the south, was signed at Camp Union on the Yuba River. The treaty involved
4,000 Indians who were to be set upon a reservation along the Yuba River and supplied with
subsistence. The treaty called for formal recognition of the U.S. as having complete sovereignty
over them.
Page 135: Dr. O. M. Wozencraft's efforts to bring the Indinas into conference
resulted finally in an assembly at Camp Union on Yuba River. Representatives of following tribes
or bands gathered there: The Das-pia, Ya-ma-do, Yol-la-mer, Wai-de-pa-can, On-n-po-ma,
Mon-e-da, Wan-muck, Nem-shaw, Bem-pi, Ya-cum-na treaty conclusion with the 10 tribes
represented on July 18, 1851, when these Indians formally recognize sovereignty of U.S. over them
and a greed to accept promises of U.S. Commissioner for their future welfare. Acr. accepted by
Indians for their future home described as: "Commencing an Bear River, at the western line or
boundaries of Camp Far West; from thence up said stream twelve miles in due line; from thence on
a line due north one to the Yuba River; thence down said stream twelve miles on a due line of the
River; from thence south to the place of beginning." Lard was partly within the foothills and embr.
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too small valleys suitable for grazing stock and for aggressive purposes. Unfortunatly several
improvements had to be included as well as some land containing gold. Number of Indians
embraced in treaty was bet. 3900 and 4000 mules.
Page 139-140: Wozencraft Commissioner - A treaty made near Bidwell's Ranch in Chico under the
same provisions as other treaties, (i.e. giving them land) however this land was virtually worthless
except for a few valley areas. Bidwell was given special permission to trade with the Indians at his
reservation and there were hopes that he would bring other troublesome mountain tribes to the
reservation area.
Page 140: A treaty with the Indians of the Pit River area made by Wozencraft, giving the Indians of
this area a portion of the country from the mouth of Ash Creek at the Sacramento River 25 miles up
to the "Pit fork of the Pit River." This was also intented to be the reservation of the Indians of the
Shasta, Nevada, and Coast ranges. The actual supplies however, would only be in proportion to the
number of Indians actually living on the reservation. A treaty between Wozencraft and Indians
living near Camp Colus, was written up September 2 on the Sacramento River. Eight tribes agreed
to the treaty which gave them land along the Sacramento River beginning at the northern line of
"Sutter's claim;" 3 miles due east; then 15 miles southeast; and then west, back to the point of origin.
Page 141: The second and last treaty made by Wozencraft in the Central District was signed
September 18. Four tribes were involved in this agreement, which was signed on the Consumnes
River. Between May and September 30, 1851, Wozencraft entered into six treaties with the Indians
in his northern California district. All of the reservations alloted by Wozencraft were on the eastern
side of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers mainly in the foothill area ( with the exception of
the Colusa treaty in which the tribes would not move from the area.) Wozencraft somewhat
overestimated the number of Indians involved in these treaties as somewhere in the range of
75,000- 80,000.
Page 142: By September 30, 1851, the total amount of claims promised to the Indians in the six
treaties were: 1. beef cattle - $60,060 2. Claim of Samuel Norris for work oxen killed for Indians $494 3. Payment to each reservation for taking charge of cattle and stock - $1,000 4. Estimate of
charges to fulfill promised stipulations in the treaties - $346, 125.
Pages 155-156: "The abstract of liabilities incurred on account of the United States by O.M.
Wozencraft from May 1, 1851 to June 30, 1852.
Pages 159-166: Treaties made by McKee; First treaty - near Clear Lake Area (Augdo) Second
treaty - Fernando Felix's Ranch along Russian River (August 21-22) Third treaty - at junction of
Klamath and Trinity Rivers (October 6) Fourth treaty - at Shasta Butte City, signed only after a
committee of five had been assigned to try all cases of conflict between Indians and whites
(November 4.)
Pages 186-199: Rejection of the treaties; 1. Opposition in California to the work of the
Commissioners. 2. Rejection of the treaties by the Senate of the United States. 3. Disposition of the
claims under the treaties, also included is the repayment of expenses incurred by those who
rendered services to the Indians and the commissioners (ex: Fremont for cattle...)
Pages 204-207: Edward F. Beale - Superintendent of Indian Affairs in California, appointed March
1852 by an act of Congress. A budget of $14,000 for expenses and $100,000 for providing supplies
and presents for the Indians was appropriated. He arrived in San Francisco and began his duties
September 16 of that year.
A proposed new policy; Beale found the Indians in the Russian River and Clear Lake area to be
peaceful as long as they were left alone. He proposed the use of military posts on the reservations to
protect the Indians. This was recommended by Hitchcock and Major Reading as a good and
necessary measure, however, once they chose their employer they were to follow the agreements in
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their contracts, "unless given permission in writing to leave." Should any Indian be found
"wandering" about, "they were liable to arrest and punishment by labor on the public works at the
direction of the magistrate." Such a statement was merely declaring U.S. "sovereignty" over all
California Indians "and the territory occupied by them."
Pages 208-214: Beale proposed the use of reservations in California in person at a congressional
hearing in Washington. His plan is accepted in which 25,000 acres per reservation is alloted. His
appeal that the Indian Agencies in California be abolished was also approved, yet upon his return to
California, he found that the sub-agencies that were to replace the agencies themselves had not been
established which left him without officers necessary for his policy.
Pages 214-220: The new policy under Beale; Beale established one reservation, yet neglected his
communications with the department in Washington. With $250,000 unaccounted for, the Senate
ammended the original bill and made the following adjustments: Appropriations were reduced
from $200,000 to $125,000, the number of reservations was cut from five to three - all of which
had to be in California; the inclusive acreage was to contain no less than 5,000 nor more than
60,000 acres, where previously the allotment per reservation was 25,000 acres. During this time,
Beale was removed form office.
Pages 227-230: Failure of the Military Reservation System under Henely; Henely established the
second reservation at Nome Lacke before the end of September. By January he submitted a
proposal to increase the reservations to five - one of which would be located east of the Sierra
Nevadas to which all the California Indians would eventually be removed. The proposal was
accepted increasing the number of reservations to five and alloting an additional $150,000 for
subsistance and removal of the Indians. The sum of all appropriations for Indian affairs in
California for th e1855-1856 year was $360,300. The government had confidence in Henley.
Pages 231-234: Criticism and controversy with few signs of progress, 1855-1858; Contradicting
reports on the success of the reservation system in California were being received by Washington.
Army officials were hostile towards Henley's tactics and sighted such offences as refusing to feed
Indians at designated places, although the money was being spent. Henley's reports however
sighted "splendid progress," and appropriations for the 1857-1858 year were based upon his 1856
report.
Pages 235-239: The verdict of failure on the system; The reservation system in California was
established in 1853 under the guidance of Mr. Beale. Up to 1858, the only reports received by the
Indian department were written by agents and superintendents. Thus in 1858, Godard Bailey was
appointed special agent and was instructed to go to California and report on the workings of the
Reservations and their value to the Indian's of California. His reports were discouraging - the
condition reservations were outrageous. Decayed, delapidated buildings which housed scarcely
clad natives who often could not be distinguished from their "wild brethern." Based upon these
reports, Henley was replaced by Jas. Y. McDuffie in 1859, and allocations were severly reduced
from $125,000 to $50,000. McDuffie's plan, which was enacted in 1860, was to divide the state
into Northern and Southern Districts and appoint two super-intending agents. Although this was
done, no system of administration was ever effected for dealing with the Indians of California.
183. ———. A Self-Governing Dominion: California, 1894-1860 . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
1950.
Abstract: Pages 140-141: General Kearny was governor of California on March 1, 1847. He tried
conciliatory methods in dealing with the Indians. He tried giving them presents to maintain peace.
John A. Sutter was subagent for the Indians on and near the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers.
Various punishments for Indians, the Black Codes, results of selling liquor to the Indians.
Pages 144-163: Redrick McKee is mentioned, discusses the Indian depredations. Appointment of
commissioner of the Northern district of California and also the middle district of California.
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Colonel Barbour is mentioned. September 1856, four premanent reservations had been established:
the Tejon, Nome Lackee, Klamath, and the Mendocino.
Pages 163-165: The conditions of the Indian reservations: most were in a "dilapidated state."
Special laws were repealed authorizing the appointment of a superintendent and agents in
California.
184. Endicott, William C. Annual Report of Secretary of War (Ute, Apache, Geronimo, California Indians_ 1886.
Notes: 49th Congress, 1st Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II. 2369-2375.
Abstract: Page 166: Report of Major General Pope, Division of the Pacific and Department of
California. "The Indians in California and Nevada have continued, and are likely to remain,
perfectly quiet." "It would seem very desirable that some arragement be made to break up the
Indian reservations near Fort Gaston, and assign the lands in cluded in them, in seceralty, to the
Indians now occupying them. These Indians are sufficietly civilized to understand and appreciate
such a distribution among them of these extensive lands. And I have no doubt this arrangement
would be both satisfactory and profitable to them and beneficial to the public interests.
Notes: 50th Congress, 1st Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, part II. 3 vol. in 6 parts. 2533-2538.
Abstract: Page 75: "No Indian hostilities have occurred in the departments of Columbia or
California, and in the slight difficulties that in several instances have required the interweaving of a
military force the Army has only been employed in preserving to the Indians their rights, which
were encroached upon by trespassers, or by the effect of their presence alone in quieting
disturbances among them."
Pages 94-95: Position and disturbances of troops. Fort B., Major D. S. Gordon, 2d Cavalry, 2
companies, but only 2d Cavalry listed. 1 medical officer, 1 chaplain, 1 major, 2 captains, 3
subalterns, 132 enlisted men. Fort Gaston, Captain E. W. Dougherty, 1st Inf., 1 co. 1st Inf., 1
medical officer, 1 captain, 2 subalterns, 36 enlisted men.
Page 155: In Major General Howard's report. Because he needed a speedy report concerning Hoopa
Valley Indians, esp. with regard to some trouble arising from their risheries on the Klamath River,
Howard directed Major Morgan, his chief commissary of subsistence, to make a full investigation
of the facts. In Morgan's report he says: " I do no recommend that the post of Fort Gaston be
abandoned at present, as I consider that the visible presence of the power of the government is
necessary for the protection of the Indians from encroachments of white men, from the mouth of the
Klamath River up to and including those on the Hoopa Valley Reservation. In this opinion I concur.
The time has not yet arrived for with drawing the garrision of this post."
Notes: 50th Congress, 2 Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II. 4 Vol. in 6 parts. 2628-2633.
Abstract: Page 84: Fort Gaston, Captain W. E. Dougherty, 1st Lt., 1 company, 1st Infantry, 1
medical officer, 1 captain, 1 subalterns. 43 enlisted men.
Page 123: Report of General O.O. Howard, Indians in this division during the past year have
generally been at peace.
188. Fairfield, Asa M. Fairfield's Pioneer History of Lassen County, CA. San Francisco, CA: H. S. Crocker Co.,
1916.
Abstract: Full title: Fairfield's Pioneer History of Lassen County, California, Containing
Everything that can be Learned about it from the Beginning of the World to the Year of Our Lord
1870, the Chronicles of a Border County Settled Without Law, Harassed by Savages, and Infested
by Outlaws. Also, Much of the Pioneer History of the State of Nevada, Showing the Efforts of the
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Settlers to Obtain Freedom from Mormon Rule, the History of Lassen's Trail, Roop's Settlement,
the Murder of Harry Gordier and the Hanging of Snow, Edwards and "Lucky Bill" told in Full for
the First Time; the Biographies of Governor Isaac N. Roop and Peter Lassen, the Ormsby Massacre,
the Boundry Line War, the Pearson Massacre, and Many Stories of Indian Warfare Never Before
Published.
Chapter One, pages 3-29: 1848-1856 - Early history of Honey Lake Valley, the Indians, Dr.
McClay killed by an Indian
Chapter Three, pages 55-96: 1857 - Indian troubles, the Potato War, the pursuit of the Indians who
stole Vary's Cattle
Chapter Four, pages 97-148: 1858 - Indian troubles, treaty with the Smoke Creek Pi Utahs Indians,
expedition to Cold Springs in pursuit of Indians, Captain Weatherlow's fight with the Indians,
Crawford killed by and Indian, the trip to Goose Lake Valley in pursuit of Indians, another Indian
Hunt
Chapter Five, pages 106-107: Copy of treaty owned by family of late John F. Hulsman in which
Smoke Creek Indians, named Winnemorhas, agree to remain at peace with Honey Lake Valley
vicinity settlers and to refrain from stealing stock or anything in return for blankets, clothing, etc.
(list included)
Chapter Five, pages 109-111: Captain Weatherlow's - While in pursuit of some stolen horses the
men spotted the Indian camp fires at night all went back except Weatherlow who later encountered
two Indians, one with a bow and arrow, the other with a gun. They questioned him, he said he was
hunting antelope and left them but they followed, suspecting them he looked back to see one about
to shoot him with an arrow. He shot him with his pistol and the other one, who was too close to use
his gun, jumped him and they wrestled for over a half hour, the Indian all the time trying for his
knife finally a companion returned and shot the Indian.
Chapter Five, pages 149-187: 1859 - Indian troubles, life and death of Peter Lassen, trouble with
Pit River Indians
Chapter Six, pages 188-138: 1860 - Indian troubles, the murder of Dexter E. Demming, Caddy, and
Blodgett killed by Indians, the Pah-ute War, the Battle of Pyramid Lake (Generally Called "The
Ormsby Massacre), movements of the Never Sweats, Weatherlow's expeditions against the
Pah-utes, Utt's escape from the Indians, Colonel Lander's talk with young Winnemucca, young
Winnemucca's talk with the Never Sweats
Chapter Seven, pages 239-256: 1861 - Indian troubles
Chapter Eight, pages 257-304: 1862 - the pursuit of the Indians who stole the cattle of William B.
Long and two others, two Indians killed at the Lanthrop and Bradley Ranch, fight with the Indians
at the Lanthrop Ranch, the burning of the Mud Flat Station, horses and cattle stolen by the Indians
from Susanville, two Indians shot near Bankhead's, four men attacked by the Indians near the
Shaffer Ranch, an attack by the Indians on Mud Flat, the pursuit of the Indians, a complaint from
Susanville about the Indians, soldiers promised to Honey Lake.
Pages 272: Depredations committed mainly at Honey Lake Valley by Pitt River Indians and
renegade Piutes under Smoke Creek Sam. Clerk at Trading Post (Deep Hole Springs) carried off
and murdered.
Page 274: Pursuit of Indians who stole cattle of William B. Fong and Others. Mutilated cattle.
Page 280: Two Indians killed at Lathrop and Bradley Ranch.
Page 281: Fight with Indians at Lathrop Ranch
Page 284: Hall's Trip to the Humboldt. Indians dug up grave up Clerk from Deep Hole Springs,
were pursued, one was killed. Continually fighting on and off for three years.
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Page 285: The Burning of the Mud Flats Station
Page 286: Horses and Cattle Stolen by Indians from Susanville
Page 287:Murder of James Bailey and William Cook
Page 289: Two Indians shot near Bankheads'
Chapter Nine, pages 305-337: 1863 - Indian troubles, one of old Winnemucca's escapes from
Susanville
Page 330: A quieter year - Spring. A permanent military post established at Smoke Creek and kept
for several years. While under command of Captain (later Major) Smith did some good Indian
fighting. Whenever there were Indian uprisings, soldiers would camp at Soldier Bridge or at the
foot of the bluff above Susanville. One of Old Winnemucca's escapes from Susanville, Page 331.
Rudiments of masonry become familes to many Indians. Examples given - including Winnemucca
who made Masonic signs. 1864 - Peaceful year.
Chapter Ten, pages 338-363: 1864 - the Never Sweats
Chapter Twelve, pages 389-406: 1866 - Indian troubles, fight with the Indians at Guano Valley,
Streshly, Mulroney, and Hough's mules stolen by Indians, cattle stolen from Honey Lakers at
Soldier Meadows, Nevada, Indians killed at Papoose Valley, Edward Mulroney wounded by the
Indians, Drake and Tussler's fight with the Indians.
Pages 391-93: Indians raids into Paradise valley - "Humboldt Register" of March 17, 1866 - a
source for information here. Major Smith from Smoke Creek and 36 men of Company I were joined
at Fort Bidwell by 41 men from Company D and F and 19 citizens of Suprise Valley. February 15 encounter with Indians in Guano Valley, Nevada. ( A little out of range of people of Lassen Co.,
but recordered because it was said to be the last fight ever made by some of our old Indian
acquaintances,) Seven hour flight, believed to be 200-250 Indians. 80 warriors and 35 squaws
killed, squaws dressed and fpigt as bucks. Whites recovered 60 horses. They catured and turned
loose nine squaws and ten children and destroyed three tons of dried beef. One white was killed and
Major Smith and six privates were wounded. Smoke Creek Sam was killed here. During the fight,
with both legs broken, he still pulled himself up with his gun and encouraged his men. He was
wounded 14 times and died after the fight and his was scapled by Matney ("Tulsdad"). Heard his
band probably did more devilment in a small way than any other band of this section.
Page 410: O. Winnemucca came to Susanville to ask for a leave to hunt in the Eagle Lake area. He
had a letter stating his intention prepared by his Reservation Agent. The Town was so hostile they
armed themselves and took after his braves, about fifteen who had remained out the edge of town.
No one was hurt, but Winnemucca was put in the jail for his own safety, later moved to Roop's
house and finely escorted to Fort Bidwell. Charles League had been killed by Pit's in western
Nevada, but the killing was layed to the Paiutes, a white friend of O.W. saw some tracks and sent to
O.W. to tell him he had better find C.L.'s killers or the Honey Lakes would wipe out the Paiutes they were found in Dry Valley and a group of whites - nine men killed women and children
captured and horses stolen from Willow Creek Valley. December 7th, Indians weren't caught but
found a slaughtered mare.
Chapter Thirteen, pages 407-440: 1867 - Indian troubles, Gaddy shot at by an Indian, old
Winnemucca pays Susanville another visit, the murder of Charles League, Indians shot in Dry
Valley. Old Winnecmucca was taken from Susanville to Fort Bidwell by soldiers.
Chapter Fourteen, pages 441-465: 1868 - Notes that Fall River and Suprise Valley were settled
before Big Valley, because of presence of Fort Crook and Fort Bidwell, respectively, in the two
valleys. Indian troubles in Big Valley, John L. Crow's horses stolen by Indians (Soldiers from Fort
Bidwell assist John L. Crow in following Indians who had stolen his horses. In Steens Mountains
County the Indians shot poisoned arrows into their horses. The Indians escaped), the massacre of
the Pearson Family and Samuel C. Cooper (Indian who supposedly killed the Pearson Family and
Cooper were delivered to Susanville for trial by Captain Munson of Fort Bidwell. Nothing was
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proved against them. They were set gree only to be hanged in Susanville by mob.) and the persuit of
the Indians who killed them, an Indian scare in Long Valley, Indians hanged for the Pearson
Massacre.
Chapter Fourteen, page 442: Indian Troubles in Big Valley, 1868 - Several brief accounts of
massacres which there was evidence of but no first hand accounts. In 1864 a group of men who
entered Big Valley were met by 30-40 savages who ordered them out - they left. Several heads of
horses were stolen from Honey Lake area and a group of men went out to recover them. As they
neared them they shot the horses with poisoned arrows. Two Indians had been killed by hunters
later as the Pearson family was moving from their ranch - a man named Cooper from another ranch
helped them - Cooper was mutilated and the Pearsons were all killed. Nine Indians and various
reasons were given. Pursuit of Pearson's killers two stories about one party of men went out, one
from Susanville, and one from Long valley - did not get any Indians. Later an Indian scare had men
running all over the on rumor but one man notices some Indians of foot near his place - he
questioned them four said they were "good" Indian Paiutes and he let them by - one showed fear
and they fought hand to hand one "good" Indian picked up the rifle and shot the "bad" Pit Indian to
save the white man.
Page 462: The extermenators were formed as a result of the Pearson Massacre. It was a regular
lodge of men who swore to kill all Indians. Excerpt from "The Butte Record" September 5, 1868 contains letters from Gen. Crook on interview he had in Pit River Camp - some of the older
principal men confessed that 9 Pits killed the Pearson party. Capt. Munson was able to bring 3 of
them for trial but they were hung - they had been set free for lack of evidence.
Chapter Fifteen, pages 466-484: 1869 - Indian troubles, the murder of Partridge and Coburn, three
Indians killed for the murder of Partridge and Coburn, another Indian hanged in Susanville
Chapter Sixteen, pages 485-506: In conclusion - Winnemucca's death, the death roll of the
pioneers. Old Winnemucca died near Coppersmith's ranch on the South Side of Suprise Valley,
Octover 21, 1882. Young Winnemucca died in Nevada, November 5, 1871
189. Fay, George E. The Indian Tribes of California - Part VII. Charters, Constitutions, and By-Laws of the
Indian Tribes of North America, vol 8. Grrley, CO: University of Northern Colorado, 1970.
Abstract: Page 1: Territory - Hoopa Valley tribe boundary extends to all land within the Hoopa
Valley Reservation. Boundaries established by Executive Order June 23, 1876.
190. Foner, Jack D. The United States Soldier Between Two Wars: Army Life and Reforms, 1865-1898 . New
York: Humanities Press, 1970.
Abstract: Page 6-7: Of the "three d's" of the service - discharge, death and desertion, the last was the
greatest drain on military manpower. By no means a new phenomenon. During gold fever of 50's
companies in west sometime found themselves with only a handful of men in their companies.
From Army whose enlisted strength was 54,138 in 1867; 14,068 deserted that year. By 1871
desertions reached 8,800, almost 1/3 of enlisted strength that year. Declined to 1,678 in 1878; 3,072
in 1884, then felloff. 2,835 deserted in 1889. Figures for 1880's show that loss of men resulting
from desertion arranged about 40% of gain from recruiting.
Page 7: Causes of Desertion: Des. not only removed deserters from ranks, but also tended to
demoralize those who remained, for burden of extra work fell on them. Many deserting occurred
before the men had rendered any appre. service. Hence expense of transportation, clothing,
equipping, feeding, and training was largely wasted.
Causes: Underlying restlessness of American people. Enlistment as way of getting free troops
westward, where took off for mines, railroads, other fields of operation. Tony's haphazard recruiting
system. Recruiting .. usual location in back allys of larger cities where a high proportion of misfits
congregated.
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Page 8: Grievences of enlisted men re. army life: poor housing, improper clothing, bad diet, labor of
non military character, monotony of routine duties, frontier isolation. Gen. O.O. Howard said in
1888 that system of selling portion of soldiers rations to save money to purchase item not provided
by the government was a major cause of desertion. General Schofield in 1890 said that poor
housing, limited clothing and allowance, inferior meat, absence of vegetables at some posts were
great causes of discontent and probably of desertion. In 1889 AG J.C. Kelton said desertion almost
wholly one of administration. Description of a kind in which interests of soldiers are little
considered, or too abrupt and rigid for Army of U.S. and desertion go together.
Page 10: Two distinct movements for reform of Army, first in early 1800's and again in late 80's
and early 90's. Led to improvements in diet, clothing, and housing, some advance in legal system
and in method of promotion from ranks. Modist reforms of early 1880 did not have much effect on
desertion rate. Desertion rate did decline form 1883 to 1888, but his was also a period of economic
recession. Hence hard to estimate whether reforms or depression had greater effect on desertion
rate. Desertions fell off 1889-1892 when economic condition were relatively good. AG, J.C. Kelton
preferred to attribute that decline a sign of increasing contentment with army life.
In July 1870, Congress reduced pay of enlisted men from $16 to $13 a month, effective June 30,
1871. Probably led to high rate of desertion in fiscal 1871.
Page 15: Disgruntled soldiers informed their officers that since Government had broken its contract
with them they no longer felt obligated to remain in service. In his annual report for 1871, General
E.O.C., Order, Comdg, Department California said "I am satisfied that the reduction in pay has lost,
and may yet lose to the Government many excellent soldiers by preventing reenlistments and by
increasing desertions."
Page 16: Beginning in 1866 soldiers det. for more than ten consecutive days in QM, commissary or
some other Department were entitled to extra pay according to work preformed. Men employed as
mechanics received extra .35 cents per day, laborers, .20 cents. In 1884 raised to .50 cents for
mechanics, artisans, school teachers, and .35 cents for clerks, teamsters, laborers and others.
However, sometimes the extra pay not forthcoming because men were det. for ten days or less at a
time, thereby depriving them of the extra allowance.
Page 19-20: From 1865 - 1872 the uniform issued to the soldier was usually a Civil War leftover.
Men complained that requisitioning officers took whatever clothing the QM had on hand and
passed it out without any attention to proper fit. Since it was difficult for the men to wear the
uniform as issued, it became customary for the soldiers to have their clothing altered by the
company tailor. Alteration was done at the soldier's expense and the cost was deducted from his
pay. One officer estimated that it cost the enlisted men of the Army about $200,000 a year to alter
their uniforms, which he felt was an exceeding heavy tax "for the priv. of finishing the work of the
clothing department."
On 1872, army announced that the new uniform would be made according to revised sizes and
patterns and would not require an alteration. However, soldiers continued to complain about fit of
costs, trousers and blouses. Standard wool uniform was same for all locations and seasons - it was
too heavy for summer and did not provide enough warmth for cold weather. Regulation shoe leather stiff and unyielding, soles were fastened with brass screws which were not only
uncomfortable but acted as conductors of heat and cold.
Page 20: Food ration uniform throughout the Army, regardless of duty or locality. Principal staples
were beef, salt pork, bread, coffee, and beans. Men complained they were served too little beef and
too much salt pork. Quality of beef suffered because Subsistence Department was required by law
to accept the lowest bid for it.
Fresh vegetables, milk, butter, cheese, eggs, and other items that wouild give variety to a mess were
totally absent from the legal ration. Regulations provided for establishment of post gardens, with
seperate patch of land allotted to each company to provide it with vegetables. These vegetable
gardents helped supplement bill of fare at posts where climate, water and soil made such cultivation
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possible. Instead of providing for trained cooks Army regulation req. that privates of a company be
det. as cooks in rotation, with each serving a period of ten days. This procedure instituted to prep.
men for field serving where they might be dependent upon own resources. "It is no wonder that
soldiers commented grimly that cooks distroyed more men than the Indians."
Page 21: One aspect of mess system that prod. consid. controversy was authorization for
establishment of post, regimental and co. funds, made up, for most part of proceeds ... from sale of
portion of rations. Thus, while AP prescr. daily ration of either flour, or bread, by issuing it in farm
of flour, about 1/3 could be saved or sold.
These funds were used to provide the men with either suppl. foods, or our, of recreational, educ, or
other facilities not furnished by government. Post fund for example, was used for expenses of post
bakehouse, garden, library, reading room, gym, and school.
Critics said ration was two meager to allow for any reduction and that it was responsible of goat to
provide the facilities and services for which these funds were being used.
Page 22-23: Company funds arising from economic use of rations of the company, excepting the
saving of flour mill company fund, which kept in hands of the captain, could be used for 1.
Improvement of soldiers table fare; 1. For garden seeds and utensils; 3. amuseument. Critics
asserted that company mess furniture, stoves, cooking utensils, no less than vegetable and dairy
products, should be provided by Government. Soldiers apparently had to purchase knives, forks,
spoons, and plates.
Soldiers complained that company fund system left too much to discretion to company commander,
both as to amount of food to be earned and purpose for which fund was to be expended.
Page 31: The most serious cases required the convening of a general court martial wh. could until
1884 be convened by a general comdg. a division or department. In 1884 authority to convene
extended to Co. Comdg., departments. Such a court was to be made up of 13 officers, unless
demands of the service prevented that number from assembling. In no case less than 5.
Trials of enlisted men for minor offences were handled by regimental or, in vast majority of cases,
by garrison court martial of three members. Maximum sentence which these courts could impose
was one month's hard labor or forfeiture of pay for similar period. If accused believed a member
prejudiced against him he could challenge. The court then decided validity of challenge.
Page 32: In minor courts it was customary for one of junior members to perform duties of trial
judge -advocate. Judge-advocate not challengeable. Army officers could prefer charges against
enlisted men and order him confined under guard at same time officer had to deliver signed
statement of offense with which accused was charged. All prisoners against whom no written
charges had been made were to be released by OD at guard mount, unless Co ordered him held
accused man's CO was to determine whether there was sufficient evidence to support the arrest. He
could either dismiss the charge or institute Court Martial proceedings. If Co. thought that the
offensive warranted trial he formally prepared the changes, which consisted of two parts - the
charge proper and the specification, which set forth the facts concerning the offense. In general
court martial CO. or PC forwarded .. to department commander with request for trial.
Page 33: Territory extent of military departments and ... of communication led to serious delays in
acting upon charges forwarded from various posts.
A soldier could be brought before a military court martial for such offenses as missing a roll-call
thru oversleeping, or appearing at parade with a wilted collar or unbottoned blouse.
Page 35: When court finally assembled for trial the fate of accused soldier rested with group of
officers selected without regard for their qualification for the duty. They heard testimony, ruled on
all questions of law, determined guilty or innocence of the defendent and if convicted, pronounced
sentence. Officer detailed as trial judge advocate acted as prosecutor, recorder of proceedings and
legal adviser both to court and accused.
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Page 36: Judge Advocate was usually the youngest and least experienced subaltern.
Page 38: Articles of War required a simple, majority in all cases, except for the death sentence,
which required a 2/3 vote. Decision of court martial, i.e., the proceedings, findings, and sentence
were subject to review by officers who had ordered the trial and appointed the court.
Page 44: Rev. of art of war in 1874. In a few cases it indicated precisely the amount or nature of
punishment to be imposed by court martial. But 32 of the 34 article under which enlisted men could
be tried left the extent of the punishment to the discretion of the court.
Page 46-47: In the 1874 revisions of the Articles of War the punishments of branding, tattooing and
flogging, already abolished by acts of Congress. Several articles authorized the death sentence but
the court, in the discretion, might impose such other punishment, limited by the customs of the
service, as it deemed proper.
Page 48: Punishment meted out by the minor courts was usually in form of fines ranging from five
dollars to a month's pay, or confinement to hard labor under the supervision of the post guard for a
period of up to a month's time or both. A soldier who made thirteen dollars a month was not likely
to find the Army attractive whenhe was fined as much as ten dollars for failing to stand at attention,
being a minute late for roll-call.
Page 49-50: Proceedings, findings, and sentence of a court martial did not become effective until
acted upon by the commander who had convened the court martial. Sole exception was sentence of
death which, in time of peace, could not be executed without confirmation by the President. In
many cases where the sentence was approved, the revealing off. exercised his power to pardon
offenders or reduce punishment. Fact that a soldier had been held under arrest for an unreasonably
long period before trial was often cited as a ground for the reduction of sentences. Reviewing off.
could not increase the punishment set by a court.
Page 61: "...soldiers complained that company commander too often appointed as
non-commissioned officers men who did not hesitate to use the severest measure to keep the
soldiers in line."
Page 69: Difficulty in achieving a commission was also a source of complaint for enlisted men. The
act of 1854 auth. granting of comissions as 2nd Lts., to NCOs who were found qualified upon
exam, by .. of officers General Orders issued same year as the initial legislation directed that 1/4 of
annual vacancies should be filled from among the non-commissioned grades. Same formula ordered
by Secretary of War in 1867. Despite this, the number of enlisted men receiving commissions did
not reach the 25 % called for. From 1867-1878, exclusions of West Point Grade. 295 men aptd. 2nd
Lt., of these only 36 were enlisted men, remainder being 559 civilians with or without previous
military service.
Page 70: In response to enlisted men complaint Congress passed Act on June 18, 1878 providing
for promotion of meritous NCO to rank of 2nd Lt. Law stipulate that NCO who had rendered
outstanding service for at least two years should receive priority, immediately after graduating class
of Military Academy in filling officer vacancies. Recommend for promotion of eligability NCO
were to be forwarded from Co. Comdr. to regim. commander and then to Department Comdr. Latter
was to convene ... of five officers annually for purpose of examamination of candidates as to gen.
fitness for advancement. Report of this board was to be forwarded to Secretary of War by June 1 of
each year. Law limited candidates to unmarried men between 21 and 30 years of age.
Page 72-73: No provision for purchase of discharge as there was in European armies. Han.
dicharged prior to expiration of five year enlistmen could be obtained only thru physical certificate
of disability or by order of President, Secretary of War, or CO of Department, usually upon
application of a senator or congressman. The few who could obtain discharge by "pulling strings"
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only served to aggravate discontent of the many who had not such influence. For them, desertion
was only means of escape.
Since opportunities for promotion to NCO were also limited, many potentially qualified privates
were prevented from even applying for commissions.
Page 74: Sympathy of my civilians so completely on side of deserters that they even assisted him by
protecting him, despite the $30 reward offered for his apprehension and delivery.
Page 77: Starting in 1880, largely thru efforts of Adj. General R.C. Drum new attempts made to
improve conditions of enlisted men. To begin with recruits were kept at depots for longer periods
and were thus better prepared to assume their duties when they joined perm. units. This made it
possible to discharge undesirable recruits or those who had been improperly enlisted before going
to expense of sending them to distant stations.
Page 78: In 1881, oil lamps replaced candles in barracks and reading rooms... other efforts were
made to improve the conditions of enlisted men. They were encouraged to participate in sports,
such as baseball, football, and lacrosse. "In 1881, the N.Y. Herald reported that Col. J.C. Kelton of
military Division of Pacific was taking steps to introduce " a series of athletic sports" throughout
the duration and expressed the hope that these admirable efforts would, before long, be felt
throughout the entire Army." N.Y. Herald, quoted in ANJ, October 1, 1881; ANJ, October 9, 1880,
September 3, 1881.
In 1881 a GO was issued directly that certain specified articles considered necessary for comfort
and cleanliness of the men - clothes, hairbrush, combs, towels, needles and thread - should be
available for sale to troops by subsistence Department at all military posts. At recruiting depots
newly enlisted men were also able to purchase plates, cups, knives, forks, buttonsticks, and brushes.
In April 1882 another order provided that suspenders, handkerchiefs and toilet articles were to be
sold to recruits on credit at depots by Subsistence Department.
Page 79: Movement to promote temperance in the Army seemed to have received powerful impetus
by order issued February 1881 by outgoing President Rutherford B. Hayes prohibited sales of
intoxicating liquor at military posts and stations. Post traders succeeded in having it clarified to
permit sale of light wine, cider, beer and ale. Many soldiers opposed temperance order of Hayes.
Said it was unfair to impose total abstinence on enlisted men while others were under no such
restrictions. In several posts temperance societies were founded.
Page 85: Boon to enlisted men was appointment of Samuel B. Holabird as QM, Gen, on July 1,
1883. Introduced many changes in various articles of clothing and equipment. Interlined canvas
overcoats, caps and gloves, arctic overshoes and woolen mittens were issued to men at northern
posts. Suspenders, field jackets, and trousers were added to the clothing allowance. A sewed shoe
of two kinds, one for dress or garrison duty, another for active field service, replaced the unpopular
brass screwed shoes and sewed boots of revised pattern issued to mounted men. Overcoats
improved in style and provided with detachable hoods.
In 1884, a Soldier's Handbook, prepared under supervision of Adj. Gen. Drum, was issued to
enlisted men. It contained extensive extracts from the Regulations and Article of War, indicating
what was required of the soldier under his contract of enlistment.
Page 86: General Holabird also tried to achieve greater comfort for men in their quarters. Bunks
were equipped with wire mesh springs - decided improvements over old-style slats. Mattresses, hair
pillows, sheets, pillow cases replaced hay-filled bed sacks, and pillows. Lockers were furnished in
which men could store their belongings. Chairs and tables provided for their further convenience.
Improved water and sewage systems, at several station facilities were provided for year round
bathing.
Page 89: On June 18, 1889 an allowance of tableware and kitchen utensils, provided for under
Paragraph 277 of the new regulations, was officially announced in a general order issued the troops.
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Page 97: Another source of general dissatisfaction in the ranks was removed in January 1889, when
a general order from Army HQ abolished post and regimental funds. QM Department was now
charged with duty of buring hooks, papers, and periodicals for post libraries and instruments for
regimental bands.
Page 110: On March 18, 1890 a general order was issued directing that in all general court martial
cases, the accused soldier would, upon his request, have a suitable officer assigned to him as
defense counsel. On October 1, 1890 Pres. Harrison signed bill which instructed summary courts
for trial of minor offenses in time of peace. Under its provisions within 24 hours after arrest,
enlisted men charged with offenses previously under jurisdiction of garrison or regimental court
martial were to be brought before a court consisting of officers 2nd in command at post. Accused
could request a regimental or general court martial if he wished.
Page 111: "An act to prevent desertion and for other purposes." Two important features 1.
additional pound of vegetables to daily ration of enlisted men; 2. for first time, that a soldier could
purchase his discharge after serving for at least one year. Amoung required varied with his length of
service. At end of three years, he was entitled to a three month furlough and the right to claim a free
discharge. Act also prov. for retention, until end of his enlistment of $4 per month from his pay.
This was to be returned with interest on day of discharge if he served faithfully.
Page 117: On May 22, 1892, Comdg., General Schofield announced that thereafter right to
purchase discharge limited to men who had served for at least 18 months. THis nt very effective
"d", year later Secretary of War Elkins issued order stating that requests for such discharge would
not be granted unless based on valid reasons verified by officers.
Page 157: In 1891 AG Kelton reported that 88,475 or 1/3 of men recruited between January 1867
and 1891 had deserted. 51st Congress, 1st Session House. Exec. Doc. No. 1, part II, 64.
191. Forbes, Jack D. Native Americans of California and Nevada. Happy Camp, CA: Naturegraph Publishers,
1982.
Abstract: Page 42: This book gives a detailed account of the Indian response to the whiteman's
invasion.
Page 59: An article entitled "The Conquest: Powerless and Poverty," gives a detailed description of
the beginning of intense discrimination. Other areas covered in the book are treaties, Indian agents,
native survival, and the next 40 years, 1880-1920.
192. Fort Crook Historical Society. Centennial for Benefit of Museum Commemorating the Establishment of Ft.
Crook, 1857. Fall River Mills, CA: Fort Crook Historical Society, 1957.
Abstract: Typical Indian wigwans in the 1880s. Pit River baskets for babies called ya Beda.
Photograph of Indians involved in stick gamble game on July 4, 1910. Photo of Burney Mountain.
Photo of Burney Falls as well, named after Samuel Burney who was killed by the Indians.
193. Frazer, Robert W. Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios and Posts Commonly Called Forts, West
of the Mississippi River to 1898. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.
Abstract: Page 29: Fort Reading, established May 26, 1852, by 1st Lt. Nelson H. Davis, 2nd
Infantry to protect mining district from Indian depredations. Location on west side of Cow Creek,
tribe of Sacramento River, mile and a half above its mouth at present town of Redding. Established
by and of Col. Ethan Allen Hitchcock, 2nd Infantry commanding the department named for Major
Pierson B. Reading, paymaster, California Volunteer. During Mexican War and pioneer settler in
California. Garrison withheld April 1, 1856, but post occassionally occuped until June 13, 1867.
Completely abandoned April 6, 1870. Buildings sold. On February 15, 1881, military residents
restored to public domain.
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Page 33: Fort Vose does not apear on any of the official lists of location distribution of troops.
Prob. that this is same as agency for Nome Lackee Indian Reservation, some 20 miles west of
Tehama in Tehama County. First garrison January 4, 1855 by troops commanded by 2nd Lt. John
Edwards, 3rd U.S. Art. Evacuation April 21, 1858.
194. ———, editor. Mansfield on the Condition of the Western Forts, 1853-54. The American Exploration and
Travel Series. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
Abstract: Pages 159-162: Fort Reading - 18H to 21T July. A very indepth report on an inspection of
the fort. This includes all artilleries, money, food, agriculture, animals, officers, privates, etc... The
pros and cons of the position the fort is located on the basis of Indian depredations and healthy
conditions. It also lists the funds for different departments and white population within 50 miles.
There was great concern due to having 25 % of the men sick which included the asst. surgeon.
Pages 167-170: Fort Lane - 10 H - 12 H August. This report is basically concerned with the
progress of the Fort. There is an itemized list of things that the camp has and how much money is
left over.
Page 169: Discussion of the reservation and the agent H. S. Cucver. There is a short explanation of
a treaty made with the Indians on April 12, 1854, but was not ratified by Congress until February 5,
1855. There is an estimate that within a 50 mile radius, about 180 warriors with guns about half a
what there was the year before.
195. Freed, Stanley A. and Ruth S. "A Configuration of Aborigenal Washo Culture." The Washo Indians of
California and Nevada., 201. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1963.
Notes: pages 41-55
Abstract: Tells of Washo beliefs in supernatural power and ghosts, analyzes the functions of these
two elements in all culture patterns where they can.
196. ———. "The Persistence of Aboriginal Ceremonies Among the Washo Indians." The Washo Indians of
California and Nevada., 201. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1963.
Notes: pages 25-40
Abstract: Tells of many ceremonies of the Washo including birth ceremonies, girls' puberty dance,
death ceremonies, shaman's airing rite and the pine nut dance and the Washo's ability and
persistence to preserve.
197. ———. "A Reconstruction of Aboriginal Washo Social Organization." The Washo Indians of California
and Nevada., 201. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1963.
Notes: pages 8-24
Abstract: Describes kinship terminology, residence rules, marriage patterns and other categories of
analysis of social organization of the Washo.
198. Fremont, John C. Narrative of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842 and to
Oregon and North California in the Years 1843-1844 . Washington, D. C.: Taylor, Wilde, and Co.,
1845.
Abstract: The first half of the book is a description by Fremont about the expedition he led to the
Rocky Mountains in 1842.
The second section of the book is a description by Fremont of an expedition he led from St. Louis
to Oregon in 1843 down the eastern Cascades and Sierra Nevada to Pyramid Lake, then crossed the
Sierras and visited Captain Sutter, then to New Helvetia, and back to the Missouri River, leaving
California by a southern route.
Northern California Indians are encountered on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada before
crossing the pass and again as the expedition dropped down into the valley - Sacramento River area.
There were no violent encounters with the Indians. The expedition took or traded for food of the
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Indians (acros, leaves, deer meat), especially once crossing the Sierras and entering the valley. No
tribes or groups of Indians were named that they encountered.
Captain Fremont often was able to get directions from Indians and often followed Indian parties.
Northern California Indians are encountered between about January 30, 1844 and April 9, 1844
(this covers pages 210-236 in the book). Fremont also used information from Indians about origins
of rivers, drainage of lakes, and other geographical information.
On page 230 Fremont gives a good description of Captain Sutter's exploitation of the Indians.
Fremont says "agricultural operations are entirely work of these for which they receive a very
moderate compensation." Also describes Sutter's Fort where a garrison of 40 Indians in uniform
worked. Fremont was also interested in the uses of plants and trees by the Indians. Fremont
mentions passing camping groups of Indians, and tracks of Indians.
199. French, Gertrude P. Early History Stories of Modoc County. Alturas, CA: Alturas Plaindeater, 193.
Abstract: A collection of short reminiscences of life as a pioneer in Modoc County. Among the
accounts are (1) "Events in the Early History of Modoc County" by George Turner, Pioneer, (2)
"Operations Against Hostile Indians with General George Crook in 1867-1868," Battle of the
Infernal Cave, (3) "The Lookout Lynching" by William Thompson, and (4) "The Modoc War."
200. French, R. A. A Historical, Biographical, and Pictorial Magazine Devoted to Modoc County . Alturas, CA:
1912.
Abstract: Fort Bidwell, Indian School at abandoned fort.
Pages 24, 35, 54, 78.
201. Friends Society of American Friends Service Committee. Indians of California: Past and Present. San
Francisco, CA: American Friends Service Committee, 1960.
Abstract: Spanish had always recognized the Indian's native right to the land; even the mission
farms were considered as being held "in trust" for the Indians. When Mexico took over California
from Spain she continued this trust and also recognized Indians as citizens.
1848 California became part of the U.S. - a treaty was signed which had a statement in it which
Indians were to become citizens with liberty and property rights and full protection under laws of
their new government. The U.S. failed to live up to those terms. Gold rush came... the Americans
overwhelmed the Indians and took over their lands. The Spanish accepted mixed marriages as
equals, the American treated any person with mixed blood as slightly less than humans. Indians
were hunted, shot and lynched so often that newspapers did not bother to record the mistreatment.
The land was ruined. Slit clogged streams and filled valleys, fish and salmon could not reach it
spawning ground. Animals were driven off their grounds irragation lowered water tables - plants
grew poorly. Pigs and cows ate acorns and grasses that were used for food. Whites often settled on
village sites and drove the Indians from thier wild seed plots.
Page 3: To Convert and Civilize, "...Tribes that were completely devoted to mission life are gone.
Many are wholly extinct. The most fortunate may amount to one-hundereth of their origianl
number." (A. L. Kroeber, 'The Handbook of the Indians of California,; pg. 188 (Bulletin 78, Bureau
of American Ethnology, 1925.)) Mission life brought a whole new change in the native world. It
disrupted family ties and moral codes. Institutionalized religion and forced the Indians to forget
their culture and religion. Disease spread. Only one doctor for all the 21 missions. Deaths
outnumbered births, between 1779 and 1833: 62,000 deaths - 29,000 births. Total loss has been
estimated on basis of Padre's records at 72%. (S. F. Cook, 'The Conflict Between California
Indians and White Civilization' II, Ibero-America: 22, University of California Press, 1943,
Berkeley, pg. 31.) 1834 Missions closed by order of Mexican Government, many married Mexican
settlers.
Page 7: The Guardian's Trust..., The Senators of California said the state would lose over
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100,000,000 in taxes, although it was admitted the poorest land available. 1852 at the instigation of
the California Legislature, the U. S. Sentate refused to ratify the treaties and the reserved lands were
open to "the energetic and zealous miner." It was 50 years before the Indians found out they had to
treaty rights or any legal contract with the Federal Government. Which the U.S. took care of Indian
land was by setting up a land commission in 1851 to decide all cases of lands claimed by mission
Indians under provisions of the Treaty of Gudaplupe Hidalgo. The Indians were not told so none of
them showed to protest. The lands were made of public domain - opened to settlement or kept by
the government. 1852 1st California Indian Superintendent arrived with orders to preserve peace
by moving Indians on reservations. 1850-1860 Congress spent $2,000,000 on four reservations in
California but the Superintendents wre dismissed because of trouble in accounting for their funds.
"The 1st reservations established by Federal Officers were little else than bull pens. They wre
founded on the principle, not of attempting to do something for the native, but of getting him out of
the white man's way as cheaply and hurriedly as possible." - Kroeber, pg, 890.
Page 7: The Guardian's Trust..., "A treaty of peace and friendship made and entered into at... 'This
treaty to be binding on the contracting parties when ratified and confirmed by the President and the
Senate of the U.S.A.' The beginning and ending of a treaty drawn with 12 California Indian
Grounds by Commissioner G.W. Barbour representing the United States, 1851- Quoted in 'History
and proposed settlement, claims of California Indians: Att. Gen. of California, 1944, pg 14. In early
1850's the U.S. setteled at the California Indian land problems in three ways, none of them
advantageous to the Indians. Three U.S. commissioners were sent to make treaties with California
tribes. 18 treaties were neg. but less than 1/2 of the Indians were included. For giving up their
claims to the land - the Government was to give 8,500,000 acres of land reserved from public
domain plus some clothing, food, and education to teach them the 'art of civilization.' Members of
the State Legislature protested '... rich and inexhaustable veins of gold-bearing quartz... have, in the
wisdom of these Indians agents, been considered eligable locations for the untutored tribes of the
wilderness, and have accordingly been set apart for that purpose, and the energetic and zealous
miner has been rudely ordered by these agents to abandon their claims and obey the limits of the
reservations." Quoted in "Commonwealth Club Transactions", page 144.
Page 8: The Long Years, "Now all this time, from 1860 until now, or we will say 1920 app. 60
years, the Indians were afraid of the white people. They lived away from the white people and then
gradually came in and those pioneers eventually hired the Indian." "Rober Cromwell, Paiute, Before
State Senate Interium Commissioner on California Indian Affairs, 1954." It is almost impossible to
learn about Indians in California after 1860 from history books. In some parts fears and hates
generated by the gold rush remained strong,. From 1860-1920 were years of greaty poverty, and
bitter memories for Indians. It was hard to find jobs and the ones they did find were usually
seasonal farm work. Some Indians got enough money together and buy their own land. Indians
drifted into towns where they took up residence "Indian town" slums. These groups usually had a
"Captain Tom" who did all the dealings with settlers. He knew who could be trusted and counted
upon for good advice or loans. Unitl 1875 no Indian in California was allowed to homestead. 1887
Congress passed the General Allotment Act allowing reservation lands to be broken into individual
lots and if the Indians would adopt the ways of "civilized" life they could become citizens. Only 2
3 of Indian lands throughout the nation left Indian ownership.
202. Fritz, Henry E. The Movement for Indian Assimilation, 1860-1890. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 1963.
Abstract: Page 94: A brief discussion of the "Peace Policy" as a struggle for power between the
Catholic Bureau and the Protestant factions. Also noted is that Hoopa Valley was under the charge
of Methodists.
Pages 95-96: The Department of the Interior refused a request by Archbishop J. S. Alemany to
build a mission at Round Valley. The reason for this decision was that the Indians there opposed
establishment of a Catholic church. They were under the supervision of the Methodists at the time.
At Round Valley, agent J. L. Burchard removed a Mexican priest "on grounds of insubordination."
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Page 110: The problem of settlers and cattlemen trespassing on the Round Valley Reservation.
Suit was brought against them in 1876 by agent Burchard, yet "the use of the range would more
than pay the expense of keeping the cases in court."
Page 139: Round Valley in California was overrun in 1873 by lawless men, and agent J. L
Burchard had neither law nor books nor means of enforcing his authority.
Pages 155-156: John L. Burchard, the Methodist agent at Round Valley, California, was
denounced and relieved, and his successor was appointed without consultation with the Methodist
Mission Board.
Page 161: Agent J. L. Broaddus of Hoopa Valley in California despaired at the prospect of Indians
harvesting their own farm crops, and was convinced that the wheat would "be threshed before it
was cut." In making fencing materials during the winter, the production of his wards had fallen
short of the cost of beef and flour to feed them.
203. Gabriel, Ralph Henry, editor. The Pagent of America, a Pictorial History of the United States. New Haven,
Conn: Yale University Press, 1929.
204. Garcia, Jesse and Philip J. Webster. Location and Character of Indian Lands in California. Washington:
1937.
Abstract: This book includes the following information:
1) The location and character of Indian lands in California
2) The state summary
3) The jurisdiction of areas (5 in all)
4) Index to individual reservations
5) Descriptions of Indian Reservations in California.
205. Gayton, A. H. The Ghost Dance of 1870 in South-Central California . University of California Publications
in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol 28. New York: Kraus Reprint Corp., 1930-1931.
Abstract: This paper deals with ghost dance of 1870 among the Yokuts and Western Mono tribes.
Page 64: Describes the spread of the Kuksu form of the ghost dance in north -central California
from south to north.
Pages 79-80: The dream or visionary aspect of the ghost dance in northern California did not occur
in southern California. Other comparisons to ghost dance in northern California are described.
206. General of the Army. Annual Report of the General of the Army to the Secretary of War, for the Year 1878 .
Washington, D.C.: 1878.
207. Genzoli, Andrew M. and Wallace E. Martin. Redwood Pioneer; A Frontier Remembered. Eureka, CA:
Schooner Features, 1972.
Abstract: Page 5: In 1850, Captain Buhne was greeted by friendly Indians when he landed near
Humboldt Bay.
Page 7: Captain Buhne asks Indians for directional assistance. Buhne is afraid Indians will kill him.
Page 25: In 1862, "Humboldt Military District emphasized protective measures for the Indians."
Lietenant Noges and 20 soldiers were attacked by a band of Indians near the head of Redwood
Creek and wiped out.
Page 29: In 1862, "Indian war combat in NW California was unpleasant duty for both regular
government troops and the California volunteers during the final critical years 1860 to 1865."
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Page 32: In 1862, two white men reported to be selling guns, ammunition and alcohol to Indians.
Page 33: Brief description of Indian-white warfare (raids) in Humboldt and Klamath counties.
Describes attack by Capt. Ousley on Indian camp.
Page 42: In 1863, a description of Indians killing whites in Humboldt County of Samuel Minor,
Wesley Sumpton, and Van Aernam.
pg. 46 - In 1955 a mass grave was found near Bogus Creek (38 mi. out of Yreka) and it is believed
to be the remains of Indians from a battle between Modoc and Shasta tribes between 1863-1866.
Page 79: In 1892, the military left Fort Humboldt.
208. Geoff, Harry R. et al. Indians of California. San Francisco, CA: Book Club of California, 1973.
Abstract: Short one or two page articles about the following individuals, groups of California
Indians: the Mission Indians, the Luiseńos and Diegueńos, Steven Miranda, the Miwok, the
Mechoopda Legends and Myths, the Nisenan, the Maidu and Konkow, the Wintun, the Pomo, the
Modoc, the Indian basketry, and the Yurok, Karok, and Hupa.
209. Gifford, Edward Winslow. Yana. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and
Ethnology, vol. 37, no. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1936.
Notes: Published in New York by Kraus Reprint Corp. in 1965.
Abstract: An in depth account of the ethnography of the central and northern Yana.
210. Gifford, Edward Winslow and A. L. Kroeber . PomoBerkeley, University of the California Press, 1937.
Abstract: Data on the culture element distributions of the Pomo Indians
211. Glassley, Ray H. Pacific Northwest Indian Wars. Portland, OR: Binfords and Mort, 1953.
Abstract: "Ben Wright Affair" - volunteers went on punitive expeditions, invited Indians in under
truce flag and killed 40, some escaped. 1855, Joaquin MIller, (later poet of the Sierras) fought in a
battle between whites and Shastas against Modocs. Wounded, nursed by Shasta Indian girl whose 2
brothers killed in battle. In 1864 Elijah Steele of Yreka, acting Supt. of Indian Affairs for Northern
California made an informal treaty with the Modocs. At treaty council Steele gave Kientepoos
name "Captain Jack." Treaty invalad as Old Schonchin and Captain Jack lived on Oregon side.
Oregon Supt. negotiated for Klamaths and Modocs to occupy Klamath Reservation jointly. Captain
Jack with part of tribe returned to Lost River homeland. Steele wrote Washington on Jacks behalf
stating Jack's belief treaty misrepresented to him.
Pages 67-68: Tule Lake rout subject to Modoc Indian attacks on emmigrant trains. Bloody Point,
where the rout passed between cliffs and lake, was a favorite spot for attacks. One hundred men,
women, and children were killed in 1852. Story of 40 volunteers under Captain Charles McDermit
raised at Yreka to escort emmigrants through Modoc land. Two guides were wounded in a fight
with Indians, one Indian's head was shot, and rest fled. Story of the Tolman wagon train. Detailed
account of Modoc efforts to overcome the wagon train. August 23, Tolman's train met by suvivor
of a party of 8 attacked by Indians. Survivor became completely demented.
Page 68: Yreka citizens raised a second company of volunteers after the Tolman wagon train came
in. Volunteers went to Tule Lake and found Modocs fighting a wagon train (two whites wounded).
Wright's volunteers escorted the wagon train beyond danger. They discovered the bodies of a
group of whites attacked and three men from McDermit's volunteers who attacked as guides to the
emmigrant trains. Company huntd the Indians and killed 30 at Tule Lake. Jacksonville sent out a
third group of volunteers under John Ross. Wright attempted to make a treaty with the Indians to
effect the release of two white women captured by Indians. The Indians returned from a party with
45 warriors, Wright had 18. Wright put the Indians off and attacked at daybreak, killing 40 Indians.
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Four of Wright's men were wounded.
Pages 70-72: Chief Taylor and braves killed seven whites. White women reported as held captive
at Table Rock (unture). Settlers angry, in June 1852 Taylor and three braves captured by a
Jacksonville posse and hung. The posse continued to Table Rock and killed six Indians. Skinner
had resigned as an Indian agent, and Joel Palmer took over. Fort Orford and Fort Jones were the
nearest miltary. On August 4th, R. Edward was killed at his home in Rogue River Valley by
Indians. On August 5th, two whites were killed and two were wounded. Volunteers organized to
protect and to punish. On August 7th, two Shastas were captured in war paint and hung, a third
Indian (innocent) was also hung. Six Indians were killed near Ashland. A week later Indians killed
two whites and wounded four at the same place.
Pages 72-75: Running account of volunteers raised ans skirmishes fought between whites and
Indians. A major battle recounted in which three whites were killed, three whites wounded, eight
Indians killed, and twenty Indians wounded. Treaty arranged. Later two soldiers were killed in a
fight with Rogue River Indians. Captain Owens induced Indians into his camp and killed them. R.
Williams killed twelve Indians, one white killed. Settler shot one Indian in cold blood, ambushed
by Indians later. Treaty established. Millers volunteers wiped out Modoc familes hiding at Tule
Lake and wearing the clothes of dead immigrants. In 1853, 100 whites were killed in indefinite
Oregon-California border area.
Pages 76-78: On October 5th, T. Wills, a Jacksonville merchang, was killed. On October 6th, his
partner J. Kyle was killed. Two Indians were caught and convicted for murders, later executed. On
January 18, 1854, Chief Bill led Rogues, Shastas, and Modocs in horse thieving from Cottonwood
Creek. Volunteers persued, ambushed by Indians, four whites killed. Volunteers and regulars
joined together. Soldiers paryleyed and Indians released. Indians claimed miners mistreated their
women, causing problems. June 15, 1854, 15 whites were killed in Siskiyou by Indians. On June
24, two whites were killed near Klamath by Indians. Two whites were killed by Modocs and/or Pit
River Indians in June, 1 white in September by the same. General Wool disliked volunteers,
requested additional troops to protect Indians from whites. He was denied.
Pages 83-108: Conflicts between Indians and white regulars and volunteers related. Dealing with
Rogue River Wars. Chief John and son were leaders of the Rogue River Wars, were sent to
Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. Attempted escape from a ship along the way. The son was
shot and his leg was amputated. A pardon was granted after several years.
Pages 151-152: The Modoc War. Modocs (Maklaks "the people). Captain Jack (Kientepoos) was
leader of coastal tribe Lalocas of Lutuamian linguistic stock. Occupied Klamath Lakes, Lost River
basin area. Country extends 300 miles inland from the coase, includes parts of Curry, Josephine,
Jackson, and Klamath in Oregon and Del Norte, Siskiyou Counties in California. Tribe divided in
the late 1700s into two tribes, Klamaths and Modocs. Indian nation divided into tribes, tribes into
lands. Trouble between Modocs and whites for 20 years previous to the 1873 war. Whites didn't
distinguish between Modocs, Snakes, Pit River Indians. Articles stolen from whites were traded
from guilty to innocent tribes, and innocents were blamed. September 1852, a wagon train with 65
men, women, and children on Tule Lake was attacked. 62 whites killed. Two 12 and 14 year old
girls were taken hostage and survived several years. Became known as Bloody Point.
Page 154: In 1865 and 1866 attempts were made to return Captain Jack and the Modocs to the
reservation, but were unsuccessful and nonviolent. In 1867 A Meacham, Superintended of Indian
Affairs in Oregon, contacted Captain Jack. A detailed account is given. Frank Riddle, married to
Modoc girl Tobey, helped Meacham negotiate. Drunken soldiers disrupted Jack and the chief's
pow-wow. Modocs fled. Jack's sister, "Mary, queen of the Modocs," said she would go and ask
Jack to return, there was no danger. Messages exchanged. Jack returned to the reservation.
Friendship ceremony between the Modocs and the Klamaths. Klamaths hassle the Modocs and the
Modocs left the reservation for Lost River in 1870.
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Page 168: Modoc War. Two Ranchers with Indians living on their land indeavored to help Modoc
families to the safety of the Klamath Reservation. Overhearing white threats, friendly Modocs fled
to the renegades.
Page 169: The War in the Lava Beds. Lava Beds between Tule and Clear Lake on the border.
Captain Jack's stronghold was on the northern edge. On January 17th, a battle between 400 soldiers
(35 of whom were killed) and 52 Modocs, not one of whom was hit. Two whites met with jack but
had no power to come to an agreement. A series of meetings between the peace commissioners and
the Modoc leaders, leading up to Canby killing given.
Pages 182-188: Detailed account of the peace commissioners murder.
Pages 190-206: Account in detail of battles and skirmishes leading up to Captain Jack's capture and
of his trial and subsequent hanging of renegade Indians.
212. Gluckman, Arcadi. United States Muskets, Rifles, and Carbines. Buffalo, N.Y.: O. Ulbrich Co., 1948.
Notes: Page 167-169, 181-182, 213-216, 221-223, 227-229
Abstract: Page 27: Fort troops in early 50's continue to carry the 69 caliber percussion smoothborne
musket adopted in 1842. Mtd. Riflemen used the famed Miss. or "Yager" rifle popularized by Col.
Jeff Davis. Miss. rifles in Mexican War - the 54 caliber U.S. Percussion Rifle, model 1841. Rifles
offered superior range, accuracy and velocity, but deffic. seating ball made them slow to load. In
1850, French officer mastered the problem by devices that explosion drove into the lead, forcing it
to fill the grooves of the bore. Adapting maniprin in 1855, U.S. armories began to turn out U.S.
Rifles and U.S. Rifled musket, model 1855, both .58 caliber and bayonet. 1841 rifles and 1842
muskets were turned in for alteration to new caliber. 1842 musket was 9 pounds, 3 oz., was 57 3/4"
long.
213. Goddard, Pliny Earle. The Bear River Dialect of Athapascan. Publications in American Archaeology and
Ethnology, vol 24, no 5. Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1965.
Notes: pages 249-324; published in New York by Kraus Reprint Corp.
Abstract: Tells of Athapascan-speaking people, of Bear River, their customs, language with some
interesting ethnological notes.
214. Goetzmann, William H. Army Exporation of the American West, 1803-1863. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale
Abstract: Page 20: "It was thus as a complez instruction having a political, a military, a scientific
and even a romantic significance that the Corps of Topographical Engineers entered the West. Its
officers were 21, a new type of explorer, self-consciously carrying the burden of civilization to the
wildernewss and the lessons of the wilderness back into civilization."
Page 255: On September 5, 1849, Derby was ordered to accompany Major Kingsbury of the 2d
Infantry to establish a military reservation on Bear Creek, a tribe of the Feather River. He was also
to make a general reconnisance of the country traversed, noting the resources, means of
communication and number and kinds of Indians. He was to extend his survey northward as far as
39 degree, 20 latitude, or the mouth of Butte River, where it formed the Sacramento River. This was
Derby's first in dep. command. His force consisted of an assistant, three roadmen, a teamster, a
servant, and a mission. At 2 p.m. on September 22, they marched out of Sacramento City, and at 5
p.m. reached the American River. With much labor they crossed the American River and followed
the road north thru Nicholas' Rancho to the vicinity of Johnson's Rancho on Bear Creek. There they
made camp and surveyed the reservation. It was so placed as to command both the Truckee
emigrant route coming over the Mountains from a point north of west, and Lassen's route coming
down from the Pit River country far to the north. In addition the post was in heart of gold country,
with a little stream nearby where the soldiers would prevent many desertions. While near the gold
diggings, Derby's servant, Manuel, deserted, taking $425 in public funds, many personal
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possessions of the Lt., and the best house in camp. Kemp volunteer to go after him. Neither was
heard from again.
Page 436: On July 1, 1848 Robert S. Williamson was appointed Brevet 2nd Lt., Corps of
Topographical Engineers.
215. Graves, Charles Summer. Before the White Man Came. Yreka, CA: The Siskiyou news, 1934.
Abstract: Charles S. Graves was Supervisor of Attendance and Probation Officer for Siskiyou
County. This book is his first hand account of the lifestyels, dances, and stories of the Shasta and
Klamath Indians. His work is based upon 63 years of contact with the Indians of Northern
California, since 1876. Among his accounts of Indian life before the whiteman are illustrations, and
explanations of early Indian costumes vs. the later dress involving white influence; sweathouses;
baskets; jump dance costumes; geographical pictures of ceremonial locations; and the White Deer
Skin Dance.
216. Graves, Charles Summer. Lore and Legends of the Klamath River Indians. Ureka: Press of the Times, 1929.
Abstract: A book containing 13 chapters of legends relating to religion, morals and natural history
of the Klamath River Indians. Although the legends are not in relation to Indian/white contact,
reference is made to the effects of white civilization upon the Native American in the introduction.
217. Green, Will S. History of Colusa County. San Francisco, CA: Elliott & Moore, 1950.
Abstract: "...The Indian, too, in fact decaying under the barbarious influence of the civilized white
man. In his natural state, the Digger appeared happy, for his wants were few, and easily satisfied the grass seed grew in the plains - the acorns that grew on the oaks, and the fish that sported in the
river, were all he required for food - for raiment he needed nothing. Without a murmer he stood in
the winds of winter, the sun of summer and worse than all, the mosquitos of spring. The tale made
his house, his boat, and his mat to sleep on."
Will S. Green's description of the Sacramento Valley in an article in the "Out West" Magazine of
April 1902 - his first impressions - has been called a classic. "... here too, found primitive man. He
had not progressed even to the fig leaf. Some people wonder why he had not progressed with all
these advantages; but why should he? It is not advantages that make men progress and go forward,
Necessity is the mother of invention, and poverty and trial and struggle are the mothers of progress.
This Digger Indian had but to gather the grass, seed, and acorns that grew in such an abundance, for
bread; he had but to set his nets to catch the finest fish in the world; but to bend his bow to kill all
sorts of game. The climate was so even and mild that he felt no necessity for clothes, and so he
lived on, and was as happy as Adam could have been before be had knowledge of good and evil..."
Page 29: Sioc, Indian chief, invites whites to dinner. They swam across the river to see him, which
pleased him. However, he was not pleased when the white men were unable to smoke his pipe of
wild tobacco and refused his acorn soup. The visit was saved by an offer of perch cooked (without
cleaning) under hot ashes or coas, which was very good according to the white guests. Chief Sioc
was pleased.
Page 31: Although Indians did steal, they never committed a breach of trust and wagoneers could
trust an Indian to guard his goods if he had a breakdown. Stolen goods were always recovered by
appealing to Chief Sioc until an incidnet in 1851 humiliated Sioc in front of his people and
destroyed his trust. A coat containing a bag of gold dust was stolen from U. P. Monroe. Sioc found
the guilty Indian and returned the coat and gold to Monroe, and told him to give the Indian 20
lashes. Monroe continued after 20 and the punished Indian ran, still under the lash of Monroe.
Sioc was furious for he had attempted justice and he told the white that he would never attempt to
recover stolen articles for strangers. An article on theft and brech of trust among the Indians of
Colusa.
Pages 32-33: An article on the chief of the Colus tribe and his candid opinion of the white man in
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1851.
Page 32: Description of Sioc, a remarkable man, who understood the arrival of whites spelled
doom for his people. He warned his people of vices of white men, but knew that they must seek
whites frienship or be destroyed. As Colusa grew, Sioc became depressed and usually stayed at
rancheria. Green recalls one occasion after not seeing him for months, he met him on street in front
of Colusa House and Sioc was so happy to see him that he embraced him hartily. He then told him
his people were going bad, his authority was broken, his women were no longer virtuous, and he
was sick. He asked him to see to his small child when he was gone - his other children having
already died. He died in 1852 - broken-hearted. Then the Indians with no restraint indulged in
vices and died rapidly. A squaw was paid to care for the child until Dr. Semple's family came to
Colusa in 1853 and took her to raise.
Page 33: Wy-Cow is proper name of these Indians although they were called Cortinas, the name of
the creek by which they lived. Early Spanish horse thieves who hid horses along that creek were
probably responsible for the name Cortina. Their chief was Jot, who was a good friend of Sioc.
Boundaries of this tribe not definitely known, but included the foot-hills and did not go north of
Freshwater creek. The Wy-Cows were the only Coast mountain Indians on friendly terms with the
Colus. Stonycreek Indians belonged to the Nome Lacke tribe and further back in mountains were
called Nome Cult. An article on the destruction of the Indians by plague.
Few left in the county - perhaps less than half as many as there were of the Colus in 1849. Some of
the men work as tolerable harvest hands. The Wy-cows in the foothills have done more in
agriculture than others "and tried to hold a small tract of land, but there seemed to be no law for it
and they are entirely homeless - that is, what they have is by sufferance only. It is so, too, with the
remnant of the Colus. Golonel George Hagar permits then to live upon his land, and as long as his
lives on or owns the land, they will probably have a home; but in another decade they will not, in all
probability, be enough left to require a rancheria."
Page 33: Colonel J. J. Warner, of Los Angeles, was with the Owing Young party on a trapping
expedition in Sacramento Valley 1832-1833. His description of plague which wiped out most of
the Indian population is quoted here.
Page 152: Chapman went to Honey Lake in 1858. Under command of Captain Withlow with 14
other volunteers, he pursued Pit River Indians who had been stealing stock and murdering
stockmen. They were pursued to Goose Lake and folowed a battle between 15 men and 300
Indians for three hours. 100 Indians were killed and five Americans were wounded, including
Chapman, but only after killing many Indians. [See Fairfield's "Pioneer History of Lassen County"
for Goose Lake Battle details.]
Page 190: D. Shepardson reelected District Attorney Colusa County. 457 votes to J.L. Howard, 270.
The book discusses early settlement in Colusa County with reference to the Indian being rather
sporatic.
218. Greenway, John. Folklore of the Great West. Palo Alto, CA: American West Publishing Company, 1969.
Abstract: Shaman rites and initiations of the Shasta, Achomawi, and Maidu tribes, with emphasis
placed on the diversity of these rites.
219. Gridley, Marion E. Indians of Today. Fourth ed. Indiana: R. R. Donnelley and Sons, 1971.
220. Grinnell, George Bird. The Indians of Today. New York: Duffield and Company, 1911.
Abstract: Page 116: Author notes that the "Kulanapan" family includes those Indians living back
from the shores of the Pacific Ocean, some by the Russian River in northern California. Also, the
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two tribes of the "Lutuamian" family are the Klamath and Modoc.
Page 142: Brief note that the Yukian family resides at Round Valley.
Pages 159-162: Author reports that several thousand Indians, not under an agent, are scattered
throughout California, and that very few of them live on reserves. To June 30, 1910, he says the
government has purchased 5,339 acres for miscellaneous bands in California. He says little is
known about these Indians except that they support themselves as best they can by all kinds of
irregular labor. Under the jurisdiction of Superintendent of Upper Lake School, California, he says
are 840 "Digger" Indians; at Pelter Valley 55; at Ukiah 135; and at Upper Lake 650. He says the
principle industry is farm work done for white ranchers. He reports the school population at 168
and says there are three government day schools. The most prevelant disease is typhoid fever, he
says; about 15% suffer from TB; and 35% of malaria.
Pages 203-205: Gives the acres of Hoopa Valley as 128,142 acres. He gives the population as
1,500 and breaks this down into 436 Hoopas and 745 Klamaths. Says they are law-abiding and that
activities include hunting, fishing, and mining. He also says English is the favored language and
not a few of the Indians have bank accounts. He reports 220 children enrolled in school.
Pages 281-282: Reports of Round Valley. Population 607: 183 Concow, 99 Little Lake, 94
Nomelaki and Pit River, 237 Yuki and Wailoki. Acres of reservation: 42,106 with 7/8 classified as
grazing land. 94 allotments leased to whites bring annual income of $1,600. School population is
178. One boarding school was mentioned. General health conditions good, he says. He says
drunkeness is unusual but that liquor is available three miles away at Covelo.
221. Gudde, Erwin G. Sutter's Own Story. New York: Putnam, 1936.
Abstract: Pages 25, 28, 34, and 42-47: Descriptions of Sutter's Sacramento Valley Indians.
Page 54: Incidents between Indians and Sutter. Sutters employment and payment of Indians. Fight
against Indians using Indian soldiers.
Pages 67-68: Sutter's Indian guards.
Page 70: River names derived from Indian names.
Page 72: Visiting whites impress Indians.
Pages 90-91: Pictures of Indian dance, Fort Sutter.
Page 98: Donner Party described.
Page 161: Fremont stole Indian horses.
Page 177: Sutter's Fort is half white and half Indian.
Page 178: Encampment of war-like Walla-walla Indians by the Feather River. They fought the
Spanish and stole from California Indians.
Page 194: Indians bring curiousities to Sutter.
Page 210: Sutter takes Indians to mine gold.
222. Guinn, James Miller. History of the State of California and Biographical Record of the Sacramento Valley,
CA. Chicago, IL: Chapman Publishing Co., 1906.
Abstract: Page 227: Indian Island Massacre in Humboldt Bay. Feburary 25, 1860, was an annual
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gathering, including mainland Indians. There was a surprise attack on the sleeping Indians by
whites. Out of 200 Indians, only four escaped by swimming to the mainland. The same night 100
Indians were slaughtered at the rancheria at the entrace ot Humboldt Bay and another at the mouth
of Eel River. Those who attacked belonged to a secret organization and no investigation was ever
made to find out who they were. The grand jurty mildly condemned the outrage and there the
matter ended.
Page 228: Governor Stanford issued a proclamation in 1863 to enlist six companies of volunteers
from the six northwestern counties of the state. These recruits were organized into the Mountaineer
battalion under Liutenant Stephan G. Whipple. "Two Years War" ensued and the Indians' power
was broken. In February of 1865, the fragments of the various tribes were gathered into the Hoopa
Valley Reservation.
Pages 228-229: Massacre of immigrant train of 65 people from Oregon. Reprisal by whites under
Benjamin Wright at pow-wow, killing 41 Indians. Modocs gathered at Lava Beds near Rhett Lake.
Follows highlights of Modoc War and disposition of remaining Modocs.
Pages 1067-1068: Robert A. Anderson arrived in California in 1857 and bought claims of 320
acres on Deer Creek, Tehama County, in partnership with Mr. Roundtree and began farming and
stock raising. Mill Creek seige of 1858-1865. In 1859 six men, including Anderson and Good,
were detailed by settlers to hunt down Indians. After a two month campaign Indians were defeated
at Captain Morris' place, and 40 Indians were killed. Andersonn was burned out during this raid.
In 1865 he was elected captain of a party chasing Indians on a two day hung, which overtook the
savages at Little Butte, killing all but 3-4 of the Mill Creeks, leaving about 50 dead lying on the
field. It was principally through Anderson's efforts that this was accomplished, as he was an expert
Indian fighter and was thoroughly conversant with habits, language, and signs of the Mill Creeks
and could trail them through mountains where ordinary frontiersmen could not. The troops set up
earlier had filed at this, nor could they endure the hardships. In May of 1863, Anderson persued the
Indians who had stolen his father-in-law's horse with two other men. His companions became too
frightened to lend him aid and he single handedly fought 27 Indians. He killed seven and recovered
the horse. Mr. Anderson's friend, Hi Good, was killed by an Indian boy whom he had taken when
an infant, after the Little Butte fight, and reared in his home.
Pages 1322-1323: Sim Moak locates in Oregon Gulch and, with his brother, took charge of Mr.
Sendecker's ranch, who was forced to leave by savages. Moak suffered subsequently from savages
(the Mill Creeks) who made many raids on his ranch and his neighbors and he had many narrow
escapes. Following Indian attacks on Lewis, Workman, and Sylva families, Moak and 13 neighbors
pursued them. Group included Billy Boness, Jack Reed, Bob Anderson, two Gore Boys, Mrs.
Bolivar, Sim Moak, Sylva and hired man. After three days and nights of untold harships, they
found the Indians, killed a majority of them, and recovered a great deal of stolen property.
223. Hale, Edward. Field Returns of Camp Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161864.
Abstract: 2ndLieut. Edward Hale. Co "B" 1st Battalion Mt. CA., vol. Captain G. W. Ousley Co. "B"
1st Battalion mts., C. V. left October 7, 1864 for Camp Curtis. Leaving a garrison of 20 men and
2nd Lieut Edward Hale to garrison this camp in accord with special order no. 495? Citizen Surg. P.
Moffatt left here en route for Fort Gaston in obed. to special order no. 58, Humboldt District,
October 19, 1864.
224. Halkett, John. Historical Notes Respecting the Indians of North America: With Remarks on the Attempts
Made to Convert and Civilize Them. London: A. Constable and Co., 1825.
225. Hanson, Nicholas Wilson. As I Remember. Chico, CA: 1944.
Abstract: Author's uncle Rufus was killed by Indians. He had enlisted with a company of soldiers
at Marysville and gone to Modoc county. He was in the process of burning wigwams when shot by
old Indian with a musket he had rescued from massacred white settlers.
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226. ———. "Indian Mary, Faithful Servant." As I Remember.Chico, CA: 1944.
Abstract: Pages 112-115: About 1865, two miners were returning to Red Bluff after prospecting
through mountains in north-eastern California. They came upon a recent massacre of several
Indians and discovered a small boy and girl. The Indian boy escaped, but they captured the girl and
brought her on to Red Bluff, where they left her in the care of George W. Hoag, the blacksmith.
The Hoag family cared for the child, whom they named Mary, and she soon became reconciled and
happy, faithful and obedient. She stayed with the family and learned household chores, and cared
for the baby. Mary gave her whole life to caring for the Hoags. She never did learn to wear shoes.
Mary never married, lived to be an old woman, and died about 1930.
227. Hardie, Lieutenant John. Post Return Fort Gaston. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161868.
Abstract: Hardie, 1st Lieutenant, 9th Inf., Co. "E" and "K." Party of men sent to Fort Baker, 90
miles from Fort Gaston to protect "citizens from Indians."
228. ———. Post Return Fort Gaston. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161868.
Abstract: Hardie, 1st Lieutenant, 9th Inf., Co. "E" and "K." July 10 - Scouting party for Indians at
Klamath Bluffs since murder of a white man.
July 19 - Reinforcement sent to Klamath Bluffs to insure saftey of citizens from hostile Indians.
229. Harlow, Neal. California Conquered: War and Peace on the Pacific, 1846-1850 . Berkeley, CA: University
of California Press, 1982.
Abstract: Page 284: Mason wrote to Boggo in Sonoma that he was not prepared to define extent of
an alcalde's authority and jurisdiction. But for time being he was to be governed by the customs and
laws of the country as far as he could as certain them and by them and his "own good sense and
sound discretion." Observe laws and usages "as they have heretofore existed" until others were
established. Alcalde's authority was between citizens; but when soldiers were concerned, the
military took precedence, the mason yielded in minor cases when the civil authorities evinced the
proper motives.
Page 285: As commander of military force, Mason instructed his officers to give alcalde such
assistance as might be necessary. They were to make arrests but not on their own authority.
Page 286: Military were to oblige only when alcalde could not enforce their own decress. When
taking charge of a criminal they were to be responsible only for his saftey, not for executing the
sentence. Officers committed by soldiers against civilians were to be tried by military commissions,
but in dealings between citizens and soldiers, civil law was to take its course.
230. Harmon, George Dewey. Sixty Years of Indian Affairs, Political, Economic, and Diplomatic, 1789-1850 .
N.Y: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969.
231. Hart, Herbert M. Old Forts of the Far West. Seattle, Washington: Superior Publishing Co., 1965.
Notes: See Heitman, Franis. B. Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army,
1789-1903. V.2, page 498.
Abstract: Pages 138-139: Cantonment Far West. Turn eastward in center of Wheatland. Go 1.5
miles to E. Clemens Horts Ranch. At dirt road follow signs to right to Camp Far West Resevoir.
Also known as Far West barracks.
Captain Hannibal Day, Comdr., Mission is to protect emigrant trails and wagon roads to the mines.
One captain and 27 enlisted men deserted to the mines in last half of 1849. Then the teamster detail
followed suit. Cabins built by mid January 1850. Scurvy harassed the garrison. Miners and settlers
reported Indian skirmishes. Rifles of settlers and miners outmatched Indian bows and arrows. Day
said the aggression was on port of whites against Indians. Apparently some whites attacked Indian
cmap in mistaken belief cattle had been rustled by these Indians. Strayed cattle returned, but did not
bring back the warriors mustangs killed. Indians struck nearest available white men. Day said he
did not have enough men to send ten a mile from camp on any duty whatever. He suggested that an
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Indian agent visit the natives and tell them their probable fate unsless they discontinued theiving
and submit with better grace to bring shot down. Known variously as fort, camp, cantonment, but
the last appears most frequent in official correspondence from the post.
Page 138: Canotnment of Far West: Gold Rush days in early California posed a series of
contradictions, as far as Captain Hannibal Day was concerned. As commanding officer of
Cantonment Far West, a temporary camp that lasted three years, he noted that the hardy and well
armed miner was being defended by an under-fed and scurvy-weakened soldier from "a miserable
race of savages...armed only with the bow and arrow."
Despite his post's mission to protect the emigrant trails and wagon roads to the mines, Day reported,
"So far as the defence of the territory is concerned, no better force could be needed than the present
population for the mines, armed and equipped as they very generally are."
At least two problems were at the root of the situation, however. Desertion that weakened every
California fort of 1850 touched Far West equally. One captain and 27 enlisted men had taken off
for the mines in the last half of 1849. Then the entire teamster detail following suit, first hampering
pursuit by driving off the post's mounts. Day asked department headquarters what they had in mind
for the officers to do, "when we shall have no rank and fileleft, which, I fancy, will not be a very
distant period of time."
One staff officer at headquarters commented that the California regiments soon would be at the
stage characterized by a senior officer as "terrestial happiness: an Army without soldiers."
The second problem faced by Day was the makeshift situation at Far West. "As for hard service in
this territory with all imaginable deprivations and uncomfortable position," he complained, "I will
not yield to anyone of the regiment."
His place at Far West was a small plateau of high ground near Bear Creek, a tributary of the
Sacramento river. It was founded in 1849 as an overnight camp on land owned by a cousin of
William T. Sherman, then an aide to the departmental commander, and was considered as little
more than temporary during its whole career.
Northern Californi'a autumn being less than tropical, however, within a month Day reported four
soldiers had died. He said that the post surgeon predicted more fatalities unless "we can shelter
ourselves from the winter rains" and noted that a saw mill 20 miles from the post would sell lumber
for buildings. He thought the Army should take advantage of this source of shelter, not only to do
"justice to a command already reduced by desertion," but because "more attention is due to the
comfort of those who 'stand by their colors.'"
On December 16 he was able to report that a log cabin hospital was finished "and other similar
structures are in progress of completion for the two companies."
No sooner had the first of the log cabin finished that Day was told that his lumber requisiton had
arrived and was at Vernon, the head of navigation of the river. "I was somewhat apprehensive that
our previous outlay for log cabins and a beginning of shingles might prove unnecessary and
extravagant," he commented, "but on discharging the transport, it was found that we had but about
12,000 feet of boards... some 8,000 feet were landed at Vernon and in use there for building but for
whom and by whose authority does not appear."
Work was pushed on two 20- by 40- foot barracks. Winter set in before both could be completed.
One with a shingle roof served for troops while one with a canvas top was appropriated as a supply
warehouse. Officer's quarters were log cabins or floor-boarded tents while a tent had to serve for a
guardhouse.
By mid-January, 1850, Cantonment Far West was becoming more comfortable, "By extraordinary
exertion between the heavy falls of rain," the commader reported, "we have succeeded in
completing our main cabin with shingle road, and said stores are this moment being placed therein,
being the first moment such a thing has been possible and the companies are ordered to occupy
their cabin."
Scurvy continued to harass the garrison. In February a boat arrived but it turned out whatever was
aboard was private property. It was for sale "on private account of some one." Of course the post
had no money or authority to buy.
When the winter of 1849-1850 began to break up in March, Day immediately sent his quartermaster
with requisitons for vinegar, sugarm garden hoses, scythes, and a half dozen ball and chain sets. He
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found that many of his requisitions had been filled, but without boats to negotiate the creek he had
no way to get them over the primative road to his post.
By April, the soil was firm enough for supply movement - and other movement. Miners and other
settlers reported Indian skirmishes, but the miners' rifles outmatched the Indians "in which their
skill in archery ws found quite inefficient." Day said that at one point the miners planned to send a
deputation to petition for Army protection, "but probably a 'sober second through' seemed to shame
them of the transaction.... From all the information I can gather, the aggression was rather on the
part of the whites towards the natives."
His theory was reinforced the next month when two settlers were attacked by Indians, despite a
reputation of having "been all winter on the most friendly terms with the Indians and even more
have treated them kindly and hospitably." Apparently some white men had attcked an Indian camp
earlier in some belief that missing cattle had been rustled by them. The return of the accidentaly
strayed stock did nothing to resurrect two slain braves, and the tribesmen struck out at the nearest
white men "as the most available victims and considering after such outrages all white men were
equally at fault."
Day's comments, made in 1850, were appropriate for the remaining two years of the post:
"With the present reduced state of my command," he said, "a military station here or at any other
poing in this valley seems but as the merest pretense of protection or aid of any kind to the
inhabitants, as I have not the force or ablility to send ten bayonets a mile from camp on any duty
whatever. So far as the mining population is concerned, they are competent for their own
protection..."
He suggested that the Indian agent visit the tribes and notify them "of what will be their probable
fate unless they discontinue their theiving and submit with a better grace to being shot down,
although it may seem strange to them to be thus intruded upon by the whites... and they must vacate
their hunting grounds in favor of our gold-diggers."
Slight Slope marks the site of Cantonment Far West and stonefenced cemetery on location. Post
commander considered it a "Botany Bar" place, after Australian convict colony, in his official
correspondence, but he defended it in letters to subordinates. When lieutenant asked for
reassignment, C.O. rejected request with comment, "Wiser heads than ours, or at least those of
superior rank, have placed us in this peculiarly uncomfortable position and we must take care of
ourselves with such means and appliances as are available." Discipline at post was continual
problem, records of 1850 showing that private was found guilty of stealing gold dust from civilians.
Sentenced to 200 lashes, he confessed after 20 and told where $1200 worth of dust was hidden.
Commander asked premission to dishonorably discharge him, "branded as he is with infamy and
disgrace by the lashes, so deservedly inflicted." Settlers were not lily white either. Post commander
in 1851 complained he could no re-enlist soldier because local justice of peace was "obliged to run
from the sheriff under an indictment of grand jury."This left the area with no one to give the
reenlistment oath.
Cantonment Far West is marked by graveyard and vanalyzed monument erected by the Native
Daughters of the Golden West. Known variously as camp, fort, and cantonment, the latter appears
most frequent in offical correspondence from post.
232. ———. Old Forts of the Northwest. Seattle, Washington: Superior Publishing Co., 1963.
Abstract: Page 21: Fort Humboldt.
Pages 192-193: Fort Bidwell is briefly described, with three photographs. Gives interesting facts
not readily available elsewhere. Interesting details concerning Major Andrew S. Burt, Commandant,
1882 to 1886. Burt was a leading sharpshooter of the Army in 1885. He was author of two
professional stage plays and micellaneous other works. In addition, he had a distinguished Civil
War record.
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233. ———. Pioneer Forts of the West. Seattle, Washington: Superior Publishing Co., 1968.
Abstract: Pages 6-7: Fort Jones - In Scott Valley, 145 miles southwest of Yreka; 1.5 miles south of
west town boundry of town of Fort Jones. Established October 16, 1852, evacuated June 25, 1858.
Pages 21-23: Fort Ross - "Three blankets, two axes, three hoes, and an assortment of beads
convinced the Indians to turn over 1,000 acres of coastal land to the Russian-American Fur
Company. Some accounts add that three pairs of trousers were thrown in for good measure." Wife
of the last commandant, Princess Helena Gagarin, fascinated the Indians to the point of wanting to
kidnap her. She also had a glass conservatory, which was the first that the Indians had seen. In
1841 Captain John Sutter bargained for the fort. He bout it for $30,000 with a downpayment of
only $2,000. The rest was to be paid in wheat. Wheat was to be delivered to San Francisoco once a
year at Sutter's expense. He stripped down the fort and dismantled the buildings, taking them to
Sacramento only to find that no one could re-assemble the fort.
Page 39: Fort Gaston - Fort Gaston almost was the scene of a Hollywood type extravaganza back in
1861. That was when the District Commander decided to gather all the Indians to the post, then
stage a demonstration of drilling and firepower that would convince the redmen that they should be
good Indians.
He planned to fire blank cartridges and the mountain howitzers. The idea fell through when he
suggested to the Presidio that he would need six companies of infantry for the show.
This came at a time when troops were being pulled from the forts in the Humbodlt. Gaston's
commander protested that the transfer oaf any more men might have dire consequences.
"The excitement among the Indians has been great," he wrote. "Although I did not apprehend an
attack from the Indians, I took the neccessary precaution by issuing ammunition to my men and
doubling my guards."
He said the local settlers were building a blockhouse, but would abandon their valley if any more
troops were withdrawn. To complicate maters, he was the only officer at the post and was in such
bad health he could not leave his room.
Gaston had its troubles from the day it was established in 1858. It was in the Hoopa Valley, a
rugged deep slash in the redwood forests of Northern California, and the woods came right to the
edge of the open fort.
Ambushes of mail carriers and stages were common. At least twice, the horses of the mailman and
his escort returned to the fort without riders. Once a settler found a note left by the carrier that he
was "shot and mortally wounded." When his escort was located, there was a knife through his neck
and his nose and flesh cut from his face.
On Christmas Day, 1863, a reverse type of battle with the Indians took place near Gaston. The
Indians holed up in serveral log buildings, firing at troops from rifle ports, while the Army blasted
them with the howitzers. Artillery accuracy was no too good and most of the first rounds went
wild. By night fall the buildings were in ruins, but in the darkness the Indians were able to steal
away.
Peace was finally signed with the Indians in 1865. Gaston, alternating betweem being called a fort
and a camp, stayed in business until 1892 when it was abandoned. With Pictures and map: States
district Commander planned to gather all Indians together and stage a demonstration of drilling and
firepower. However, he needed six companies of troops and could not get them.
Page 118: Fort Reading: 2nd Lt. Phil Sheridan was stationed at Fort Reading in 1855, but not quite
long enough to learn about the disadvantages of the place. His tour there lasted only 24 hours, just
long enough for him to be told that he was supposed to be somewhere else.
The Williamson Railroad Survey expedition had left a few days before his arrival, Sheridan learned,
with West Point classmate John B. Hood handling the cavalry escort and another West Point
associate, George Crook, in charge of supplies. Sheridan was supposed to have Hood's assignment
in command of the cavalry.
"The commanding officer at Fort Reading seemed reluctant to let me go on to relieve Lt. Hood, as
the country to be passed over was infested by the Pit River Indians, known to be hostile to white
people and especially to small parties," wrote Sheridan in his "Personal Memoirs." "I was very
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anxious to proceed, however, and willing to take the changes; so, consent being finally obtained, I
started with a corporal and two mounted men, through a wild and unihabited region."
On the first night the Sheridan party camped in a cabin. Here they found a sick soldier left behind
by the main party "with instructions to make his way back to Fort Reading as best he could when he
recovered."
The soldier insisted that he was better. Sheridan agreed to take him along on the condition that "if
he became unable to keep up with me, and I should be obliged to abandon him, the reponsibility
would be his and not mine. This increased my number to give, and was quite a reinforcement
should we run across any hostile Indians."
By noon the next day, Sheridan's force was down to three men. The soldier was sick again and had
to be left behind. "One of my men volunteered to remain with him until he died," said Sheridan,
who could not bring himself to carry out the threat to abandon the soldier.
Four hours later Sheridan heard voices and thought he had overtaken the Williamson party.
Fortuntely he refused to let his men fire their muskets in celebration. The noise was from thirty
Indians who were shadowing the Williamson party.
Sheridan stayed a respectful distance behind the unwanted group and spent the night "somewhat
nervous, so I allowed no fires to be built." Supper and breakfast consisted of hard bread without
coffee.
The confrontation came the next day. Happily for Sheridan, his unexpected apperance behind the
Indians disconcerted them. He moved boldly amidst them, his confidence being bolstered when he
spotted the Williamsons camp a short distance away.
The expedition continued to Fort Vancouver with little incidence. Sheridan's 50 man cavalry escort
dissuaded most hostile observers; the discretion of the soldiers prevented an incident that could
have been fatal. This took place when the troops cmaped next to a hastily abandoned Indian village,
posted guards to insure that the tepees would not be disturbed, and fortunately, convinced a lone
Indian visitor that no harm was intended.
The soldiers soon realized that the result might have been bloody had they disturbed the village.
Almost 400 braves rose out of the grass "like a swarm of locusts and soon overran our camp in
search of food." Sheridan was glad that the intentions were friendly - and the Army force was large.
The Williamson Expedition was one of the major events for Fort Reading. The post was founded in
1852 to control the Indians for 200 miles in every direction but soon appeared to be too isolated to
do the job. The hostilities were elsewhere and the other posts which Reading was to supply were
too distant.
Reading's location presented two more diadvantages. The site was so unhealthy that sickness was
common. The 1852 Inspector General visit found a quarter of the men - including the surgeon - ill
with "intermittent fever." The 1854 inspector said that the troops were so frequently ill that they
"are powerless in the field with broken constitutions." Only Brevet Lt. Colonel George Wright, the
post commander, seemed to be spared, added the inspector, "but he tells me that he always takes
quinine pills when he feels the attack coming on."
The other complaint about the post was a frequent one for many California Camps. Although the
creek next to the post was fine for summertime bathing, it often hit flood stage during the rainy
season. Not only did the parade ground resemble a lake on these occasions, but the soldiers had to
resort to bridges to move between buildings.
In 1856 the Army agreed that there were better sites than at Fort Reading. The garrison was
withdrawn and the buildings used only occasionally until they were sold in 1867.
In 1865 a petition for protection was received from the settlers around Tehama, 30 miles south of
the abandoned post. District headquarters suggested that Fort Reading, "at which place we have
quarters and a fine stable," would be better than locating at Tehama. The recommendation was not
entirely unexpected, considering that by this time the district commander was Brigadier General
George Wright, for three years the quinine-taking commander at Fort Reading.
Fort Reading was still unfinished when inspected in 1854, but reported stated, "Quarters are good,
and there is an excellent stable and the store houses, etc, ample." Unhealty area and isolated
location caused inspector to lament, " It is to be regretted so much labour and expense has been put
on a post situated as it is." Rainy season floods came from Cow Creek, causing soldiers to build
bridge to connect barracks with kitchens (bridge is large unmarked rectangular behind barracks.)
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(redrawn from Manfield Report, 1854.)
Two company post of Fort Reading at this site had 91 men present in 1854, representing Companies
D from both 3rd Artillery and 4th Infantry. Each company also has two laundressess. Post was
considered pleasant with "great harmony" among the officers despite 1854 inspection note that
artillery commander was under arrest.
Pages 120-121: Fort Jones: 2nd Lt. George Crook's first food bill at Fort Jones told him that
something drastic would have to be done or starvation would be his lot. Streching his $64 monthly
pay was one thing, he knew, but when that sum was even less than the food cost, the answer was
more than just stretching.
The answer was a merger of the funds and talents of Crook, a versitile hunter; 2nd lt. John B. Hood,
an experienced farmer; Asst. Surgeon Francis Sorrel, a businessman; and 1st Lt. John C.
Bonnycastle.
Their "plan to get along in this country of gold and extravagance" was described by Hood in his
autobiographical "Advance and Retreat." The futre Confederate genreal desrived how the four
organized their own mess and "as we were fond of hutning ang game was plentiful [we were able]
to suppply our own table with every variety thereof and to send the suprlus to market for sale. This
financial plan worked admirably."
Crook's "Autobiography" goes into greater detail, noting, "I did most of hunting. At the end of the
month the mess was able to declare dividends. For over a year we ever had any meat on our table
except game."
Sorrel arranged for the sale of game in Yreka, 16 miles from Fort Jones, and the revenue helped the
partnership to meet their other bills. This was particularly helpful when found they could buy
ammunition cheapter on the civilian market in San Francisco than through the quartermaster, who
had to assess a transportaion cost to the basic price.
Hood did some hunting, Crook noted, but was a greater asset when "we engaged in ranching
together."
"Crook and I were led to secure land and sow a large crop of wheat," Hood wrote. As far as he was
concerned, the project was successful even though he was transfered before harvest time. "If my
memory betray me not," Hood added, "I received a draft for about one thousand dollars in gold, as
my share of the profit in the wheat crop."
Crook had a different opinion of the farm experiment. Although Hood "sold out on leaving in the
spring, and made money," Crook commented, "I held on and lost money."
Farming and hunting were not the main reason that the two young officers were at Fort Jones, but
these supplied their means of livelihood there. Described by Crook as "a few log huts built on two
pieces of a passage plan," Fort Jones was established in October, 1852, a year before Crook's arrival.
Jones was Crook's first frontier fort. Having been filled with tales of Indian fighting and wild
animals, the new officer "was prepared to believe many of these stories of bear coming into camp,
chewing people, pulling off their blankets when the were asleep... the treachery and cruely of the
Indians... I was constantly on the 'que vive' to meet some of these adventures."
Crook wrote that his quarters was "one of the pens that was not yet finished. There were neither
latches nor fastenng of any kind on my door." He quickly corrected this after being awkward one
night by a "visiting bear" - that turned out to be the post's mascot Newfoundland dog - and another
night by a "stalking Indian."
"The sensation of my scalp leaving my head" was revealed by candlelight to be an equally
disconcerted owl that "in its fright lit on my head," Crook found. "His needle like claws produced
the pain in my scalp, as my hair was cut close, and there was no protection."
These imaginary threats to Crook's well being soon were replaced by the actual problem of Indian
fighting. He found that this was complicated by his senior officer's love of strong drink, both in
garrison and while on patrol.
A two-company post when Crook arrived, Fort Jones soon reduced to a single company of 30 men,
Captain Henry M Judah's company E, 4th Inf., "better known as 'The forty Theives'," according to
Crook. This officer was a West Point classmate of U.S. Grant and served as a brigadier general in
the Civil war, but Judah's combat abilities left Crook unimpressed.
When the command took to the field in January, 1854, leaving a detachment under a
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non-commissioned officer in command of Fort Jones, Crook led the advance guard. Judah remained
with a rear guard, composed mainly of volunteers from Yreka. Crook soon discovered that the
volunteers were well fortified with "courage."
"It seemed that the rear guard had gotten some whiskey, and were all drunk, and scattered for at
least 10 miles back," he wrote. "Judah was so drunk that he had to be liefted from his horse" when
the rear guard straggled into camp. The next day he "was sick all day with the delirium tremens."
Indians were found foled up in a barricaded cave near where they had killed a party of white men.
Judah's plan to charge the cave, with Crook and Bonnycastle in the lead, was countermanded by the
arrival of a company from Fort Lane, Oregon. Captain - later Major General - Andrew J. Smith
took charge, learned in a parley with the Indians that they had killed in self-defense, and permitted
them to escape.
Crook said, "Our part of the grand farce returned to our place of abode" where there was talk of
preferring charges against Judah. The matter was dropped when Judah promised to arrange a
transfer.
"On the edge of a beautiful mountain valley called Scott's Valley, with a beautiful river of the same
name running through it," Fort Jones favorably impressed George Crook when he arrived in 1853.
Two companies of 2nd Inf., were present then, each led by unusualy officers. In command was
Brevet major George F. Patten, known familiarly as "He! He! be God! Patten!" because of speech
mannerism, who lost most of his left hand in Mexican War. Captain Bradford R. Alden, company
commander, had been Crook's Commandant of Cadets at West Point. When he left East, Alden
gave letter of resignation to wife which she submittte to War Department as soon as she heard he
had been wounded at Fort Jones. He was shocked but unable to reverse decision upon receiving
notification that he had "been resigned." Flagpole (above) marks site on which collapsed building
(below) was landmark for years after fort's abandonment.
Ths short article is concerned mainly with art of survival being in the army. It was quite humorous
and interesting at the same time. Though there was a few lines suggesting the fear of Indians it was
basically just dealing with the army. (see Hood, James B., 'Advance and retreat'. Crook, George,
'Autobiography', Captain Henry M. Judah's, Co. E, 4th Inf., also known as "The forth theives",
remained after one company was "shipped out."
Page 126: Fort Terwaw. If the Indians around Fort Terwaw thought they were dealing with
amateurs their misconception was set straight before the new camp was a week old. George Crook
and his Company "D", 4th Inf., were quick to demonstrate that they were old hands at keeping
Indians in line.
Crook tells about it in his "Autobiography."
"My men were scattered, more or less, collecting materials for building purposes," he wrote of the
October 17, 1857, incident when word was received that the nearby Indian agent had been killed.
"I at once had the 'long roll' beaten, and in less than half an hour I was at the agency with all of my
company except two. We made short work of the disaffected Indians, killing several of them."
Crook's men were not about to be left behind when action called: the two who missed the boat
swam across the river, fully clothed and armed, to catch up with their Lieutenant.
Apparently the Indians had tried to trap the agent. In the confucsion of their attack the agent was
able to hold off his position until help came. Crook estimated that 10 warriors were killed and "this
put an end to their trouble."
Actually Crook had expected trouble from another direction. Shortly after arriving at the new fort
site he had been alerted by friendly Indians that the local tribe was going to make an attack on his
life.
"These Indians got up a conspiracy to murder me and destroy the boats that ferried the river, and
then kill the agent and his employees, sack the place, and then return to their own country," he
wrote. "They reasoned that if I was killed, the soldiers would be without a head,and they would
have nothing to fear from them."
Crook devised a one-man defense. "I laid my rifle on one side of men , and my shotgun on the
other, with my pistol and bowie knife under my head... I felt so confident that I would be more than
a match for them that I hoped they would make the attack."
The Army's bold response at the agency convinced the Indians that this was not the best place to
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pick a fight. The warriors ran away.
Crook was able to concentrate on completing the post which he called "Terwaw" after the Indian
name for the site. The barracks went up first, a garden was planted, and the remainder of the
buildings were almost finished when Company "D" was called to the Coeur d'Alene War in 1858.
Co. "B" took over the post temporarily while Crook's company vigorously campaigned in eastern
Washington and Idaho.
Four months later Crook returned to Terwaw to find Company "B" had pushed the building of the
quarters fairly, but the garden that we had expected so much from was a failure." Crook seemed to
be jinxed on the matter of gardens; he always had one planted, and as consistently, was unable to
reap a worthwhile harvest.
Once the post was built, the troopers had little to do. "It was the happiest part of my life," Crook
remembered, "and never in my life enjoyed myself so much." Crook could stay abreast of what was
happeneing by talking to Indians who were frequent visitors to the post, and by observing the
canoes passing on the Klamath River.
Inspector General Joseph Mansfield visited Terwaw in May, 859, calling it "very creditable to Lt.
Crook ... it was well commanded and he is a highly meritorious officer." He was pleased with
everything that he saw - troops at drill, the financial records and the other items with which he
found much fault at other posts. His only complaint was that his canoe capsized enroute to the post,
"and I lost my sword, rifle, and allmy baggage except a small carpet bag containing my uniform."
Terwaw was abandoned June, 1861. The citizens immediately called for its reestablishment, citing
that most of their men had gone to the gold fields, leaving their families unprotected.
On August 31, Co. "C", 4th Inf., returned to find the barracks and garden in good order. It was
even able to buy back some of the property disposed of when Crook left.
The future was not happy for Terwaw. Four times during the next rainy season it was underwater,
and 17 buildings were lost. In March, 1862, Co. "G" , 2d Inf., reported, "The post will require an
immense amount of labor and material for rebuild." The Indians caught on, and refused to work
unless paid well, even charging four cents per man each way to row the soldiers across the river.
With the decision that a new post had to be established 20 miles north near a new Indian
reservation, it became obvious that Fort Terwaw had served its purpose. On July 11, 1862, it was
ordered to be abandoned for good.
(Fort Terwaw was described by Inspector General Mansfield after 1859 visit: "The men were
confortably quartered in a log barrack shingled, and slept in double bunks two tiers high; and had a
good mess room and kitchen also built of logs and shingles; and they appeared cheerful and
contented." Noting bend-of-river location, Mansfield predicted, "the parade will be covered with
water" in high water, somewhat of an understatement, Redrawn from Mansfield Report, 1859.)
Pages 128-130: 1857, Fort Bragg was established on Mendocino Reservation. 1859, A detachment
of men arrived at the fort to make it harder for the Indians to attack the fort. A small detachment
was sent to Round Valley, 40 miles northeast of Fort Ross. 1861, Settlers fearing that Indians were
plotting to exterminate. Fort Bragg was ordered to take to the field. Got 30 volunteers to sign up for
three months. Also ran into problems with the whites stealing and selling Indian children - reported
Lt. Edward Dillon. There was mixed emotions about the volunteer troops. Since they were
untrained soldiers and not officially in the Army, it was hard to control them.Also white civilians
could not be prevented from committing depredations agiainst the Indians and sqaws and their
children. 1884, Post was abandoned.
Page 141: Camp Lincoln - When the gold fever ran high, off to the "get rich quick" fields went
some men of Northern California in 1862, creating a tempting situation for the Indians. Farms and
families were left unprotected at the same time the Indians were being re-settled in the Smith's
River Valley. This brewed a situation that bubbled and near-exploded many times.
Petitions for troops to protect the families, were not readily appreciated by the Army, already
stretched thin in keeping open the stage lines.
General Wright, commanding the Department of the Pacific, considered "a very poor argument"
that the men "have gone to mines and left the women and children to the mercy of the Indians."
His feelings were definite: "There is either no danger from Indians or the men who will thus
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abandon their wives and the little ones for the gold fields deserve death," he concluded.
In the long run, through, the settlers one out. Fort Terwaw, four miles from Klamath, Ca, was wiped
out by the flood of 1862, and its troops moved to a temporary Camp Lincoln at the Agency
headquarters near Crescent City.
Major James F. Curtis arrived at Camp Lincoln on August 21 and almost immediately announced
that it was to be moved six miles north of Crescent City at 1 p.m. on September 11, 1862.
This would put the troops between the whites and Indians and "will prevent any molestation on the
part of the whites and yet be a good position from which to act against thse tribes should they
commence hostilities," he said.
"The camp is upon dry, sloping ground, an opening in a redwood forest, and upon the main road
between Crescent City and the Indian reservation." Curtis reported. "Good water, wood, and
grazing abundance... the name Camp Lincoln is retained and the postoffice address not changed."
Wihle Curtis was in the process of building a small post of two barracks and a like number of
officers' quarters, most of his attention was distracted by the aggravations in white-Indian relations.
Settlers felt the government should either buy Smith's River Valley, or get the Indians out. With the
government not indicating steps to do the former, the civilians took the latter in hand. The fact that
many of the settlers had seccessionist leanings did not help matters.
Indian crops were burned and stock run off. The Indians were told to get out or be killed. The
400-500 members of the Con Cow and Hat Creek bands decided that the reservation existed no
longer and left. The 1,500 who stayed did so only because of Curtis' troops.
One of his two companions pursued the Indians, but the redwood forests swallowed them up.
It wook martial law and companies of militia to bring an unsettled peace across the valley
temporarily. Indians and whites persisted in mutual harrasment, and the Army had a continual task
to keep the combatants seperated.
June 11, 1869, Camp Lincoln was deserted and in May 1870, it was officially closed. The final
peace had not yet come, but the postwar Army could not afford the luxury of many small posts
inadequately manned, and Lincoln was one of those to feel the axe.
Page 144: Fort Lincoln: (Has map) Major James R. Curtis moved Fort Lincoln to six miles north of
Crescent City. Says camp is day with abundent wood, grazing and water. Had problems with white
Indian relationships because many settlers were seccessionalists. Indian crops were burned and
stock ran off. 400-500 Con Cow and Hat Creek Indians left. 1500 stayed only because of Curtis.
Closed June 11, 1869.
Page 177: Fort Baker: Was almost overwhelmed by the success of its first assignment, both
overwhelmed and overcrowded. Ordered to gather the Indians for movement to reservations, the
garrision was outnumbered with 217 prisioners by August, 1862.
The Prisoners were the results of a series of successful patrols in Northern California's mountainous
forests between the Mad River and "Van Dusens Fork of the Eel River." A temporary post built by
the soldiers with whatever was available, Fort Baker was one of three camps founded in March,
1862. Definitely it was no designed to house an assembly of prisoners. The problem was recognized
before things got out of hand and the prisoners were moved to the coast.
Baker's problems were waiting for it, as the first commander, Captain Thomas E. Ketcham of the 3d
California Volunteer Infantry's Company A, found upon arrival. On April 3, 1862, he described one
of them to the district commander.
"I deem it my duty to report to you that a party of whites (citizens) have been out hunting Indians in
the vicinity of Eel River, and they say that 17 bucks were killed by the party and the women and
children were turned loose," Ketchum wrote. Other citizens, he added, made a living of killing the
bucks whenever they can find them and selling the women and children into slavery."
"One person is said to have made $15,000 last season in the business," the captain charged, at an
average price of $37.50 a piece.
During Baker's 20 month history the activities were so intense that little more was said of the slave
trade. The post was considered the most important pivot of operations against the Indians in its
district and captured 750 of the 835 Indians sent to the reservation during its history.
The post's first successful patrol started on April 23, 1862, with Ketcham taking 25 troopers to a
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ranch which Indians reportedly had fortified "by felling trees around it." The "fort" was reached in
three days, but the Indians had left. A day later the hostiles were found encamped in a ravine. In the
fight that followed, three bucks and one squaw were killed and 24 women and children captured.
Three Indians escaped.
Ketcham apologized for the death of the squaw, who had been mistaken for a man. He also
appealed for the lives of two captured boys, "respectively 16 and 18 years of age, who were found
secreted after the firing ceased, and were without weapons," he explained. "...I would respectively
request that their lives be spared as it would likely have a tendency to induce others to surrender."
The intensity of operations did not reduce Indian depredations immediately. In July , 1862, four
settlers were attacked while moving a herd to town. The soldiers arrived to find one body had been
stripped of its clothes, the throat slashed, and the heart cut out.
Humboldt County natives of Company A, 1st Mountaineer Battalion, took over Fort Baker in June,
1863, shortly after one of the garrison's most successful patrols killed 46 Indians.
Twenty tribesmen exacted a measure of revenge from the departing soldiers by ambushing their
baggage train, killing one of the guards, and taking the trunks of two lieutenants. The losses
included "full dress uniform... three swords... four sashes, a valuable gold watch," but not the
quartermaster and commissary papers in one of the trunks. These were found discarded near the
ambush spot.
Page 178: Fort Anderson: If the men of Fort Anderson expected the citizens to be grateful for the
new post's first patrol, they were dissapointed. A public meeting drew up two resolutions that
charged the troopers with killing peacable Indians which "will only bring upon us all the horrors of
an Indian war," and ridiculed "the madness and folly... of attempting the subjugation of 3,000
well-armed Indians by a force of 25 soliders."
The citizens charged a Fort Anderson patrol with "killing one old man and wounding another
belonging to a ranch occupied by three male Indians who have always been of an inoffensive
character."
Investegation suggested that the settlers were less than accurate in their facts. "The Indians spoken
of as an old man was between 35 and 40 years of age." it was announced, and his death occurred
when the three braves "attempted to escape after being fully warned of the consequences."
The Fort Anderson patrol had been tipped off that a band of 200 hostile Indians were at the mouth
of Redwood Creek and "very properly went in pursuit of them," according to the report. The three
Indians were noticed going in the same direction, so the soldiers arrested them to prevent the band
from being alerted. The "old man" was killed and a second brave wounded in an escape attempt.
The absence of citizen appreciation did not deter the Fort Anderson garrison from its duties during
the seven months of operation in 1862. When the Humboldt county natives of Company B., 1st
Mountaineers, reestablished the post as "Camp Anderson" for eight months in 1864, they, too, were
unmoved by their fellow citizens' feelings of gratitude or criticism.
On a wide, flat field next to Redwood Creek, Fort Anderson was charged with keeping the peace
from that creek, on the south, to the Klamath River on the north. With the abandonment of
short-lived Fort Lyon, established midway between Anderson and Fort Baker by the same order in
February, 1862, Anderson's area of responsibility was moved south to meet that of Fort Baker.
The vast territory caused Capatin Charles D. Douglas to complain, "I have my company in so many
placed that I have no force to scout with at present." He said that he "had but ten men able to do
duty; the rest are sick."
Little sympathy was forthcoming, although disrict headquarters promised to return an 11-man
detachment. "The colonel commanding regrets that he has no men to send you at present," the
district adjunct wrote. "... You will furnish escorts from your post... for all trains with Government
supplies, all military expresses, all U.S. mail riders, and so far as practicable for private trains... So
far as possible you will take care to keep always one-half of your effective men at the post."
Douglas took the 50 per cent rule to mean that the other half were to be busy patrolling. This they
did with energy, despite the savage terrain that doubled the distance each patrol traveled considering the up and down mileage.
Fifteen men on a scout in May, 1862, went for seven days without seeing a single Indian and then
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were attacked by 50 while eating dinner. Pursuit was futile when the forests swallowed up the
hostiles.
A week later the patrol chased an Indian to a river which he crossed on a dike. He broke the dike so
the troopers could not follow, but a fire fight was waged across the water, seven Indians being
killed.
A number of ranches in the vicinity of Fort Anderson were provided with troop detachment's until a
series of massacres in August, 1862, showed the system to be unsuccessful. Whitney's Ranch, four
miles from the post, was attacked on July 28. Whitney, a soldier, and a hired man were killed while
other troopers and an Indian boy "bravely held the house (on which 50 bullet holes were afterward
counted, continuing to return the Indians' fire till their departure." the official report said.
The next day two express riders were ambused, but escaped to Fort Anderson with one man and a
horse wounded. Two more ranches were attacked and burned the day after. The resident of one
ranch was wounded and his wife and child killed.
The district commander, Colonel Francis J. Lippitt, decided to take matters into his own hands and
led a company of the 2nd CA infantry on a seven-day scout over 80 miles "fully equal to 140 miles
over ordinary roads." No Indians were spotted, but there was one casualty when a member of the
rear guard failed to answer a challenge and was shot by his sergeant.
After fall, 1862, Fort Anderson was not regularly garrisoned until February, 1864, when the
Mountaineers arrived. Their wide-ranging patrols met little action, the few Indians remaining off
the reservation being too wily by that time. A 10-man scout trailed signs of an Indian cattle drive in
August, 1864, in the direction of the post, but noted that it left the trail two miles away in order to
miss the Army.
A May, 1864, patrol thought it had captured six Indians, but were disappointed to be handed a pass
that permitted the braves to return to their camp and talk other Indians into surrendering.
Redwood Ranch, so called both for its location and building material, is near Fort Anderson site.
On road between Fort Gaston, in Hoopa Valley, and coast, it was important way station burned by
Indians in February, 1863. Humboldt Times reported, "Mr. Minor informs us that all his buildings
together with such other improvements as could be burned, were destroyed last week by Indians.
They finished their work on the north side of Mad River. From the head of Redwood Creek to its
mouth not a building is left. Mr. Minor's house was the halfway house between Fort Gaston and
Arcata." This was during period when Army had abandoned Fort Anderson.
Page 178-179: 12 miles east of Blue Lake on US 299 turn north on gravelled road, go four miles to
Redwood Creek to site of fort. Established March 6, 1862; recommended for abandonment
September 7, 1863; to be replaced by Fort Faqua.
Page 180: Fort Wright, The Civil War battles at Fort Wright were more vocal than physical and
usually were fought between the Army and the Indian Bureau. With few exceptions, tribesmen
were on the sidelines.
The welfare of the redman was at stake at this post in Round Valley, Mendocino County, when
soldiers were dispatched there in 1862. The situation seemed not unlike that of 1858 when troops
first camped in the valley, their mission to keep the Indians pacified - and safe from the
self-appointed state volunteers who blazed a massacre trail through Northern California.
A detachment of the 6th U.S. Infantry wathced over the valley's Nome Cult Agency until 1860, at
the same time supervising the cattle herds grazing there from the coast forts. No sooner did the
soldiers leave in September, 1861, than rumors of Indian misdeeds filtered into headquarters.
In October, 1862, it was reported that squatters were forcing the Indians from their reservation
lands. A quarter of the 2,000 Indians in Round Valley supposedly fled after 22 alleged Indian
rustlers were massacred by whites. The Agency Supervisor reported he was fired on twice while in
bed.
Captain Charles D. Douglas and his Company F, 2d California Infantry, were ordered to the valley.
This former garrison of abandoned Fort Anderson arrived in December 1862.
Doulgas' first official act was to close the valley's only saloon. He was told that it was the
"headquarters of the disloyal men of the valley, and to prevent trouble between my men and them
just now I thought it was best to close house," he reported. "The order was obeyed without a word."
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Armed with a declaration of martial law, Douglas investigated the earlier reports. The results were
not quite what he expected. Apparently the massacred Indians had been camping near the house of
one of the Agency Supervisor's sons and everyone but the victims knew what was planned. One son
loaned his pistol for use in the massacre, another son moved his family to his father's house "to
prevent his wife from being frightened during the affray."
The settlers claimed that they killed the "wild and hostile band" in self defense to protect the
peaceful occupants of the valley.
The matter of the supervisor being shot at by the settlers also had an explanation. The two shootings
were not anonymous threats against the supervisor, Douglas found, but the work of two men who
were unhappy: "because the supervisor took their squaws away from them."
Douglas' first report charged that the agency employees "were grossly neglecting their duties."
"I will here state that the mismanagement of Indian affairs in this valley has brought the
Government into discreadit, so much so that the settlers of the valley will not sell a pound of
provisions without cash in hand," Douglas said. He added that one citizen pledged his personal
bond so that the Indians could be given 2,500 bushels of corn to stave off starvation.
Charges followed charges in the next few months while Douglas did his best to protect the Indians
and build quarters for his 70-man company. He said that the agent had no idea how many Indians
were in his custody, but that this was not necessary because he did nothing for them anyway. The
keys to the government storehouse were left with a squaw when the agent left on personal business,
Douglas noted.
Every attempt by the Indians to better their lot was frustrated by the agent, Douglas explained.
When they tried to build fences to protect crops from the settlers' wandering - and illegal - cattle,
the Indians were assigned unless jobs elsewhere. "Utter neglect of duty" is how Douglas summed
up the Indian Agency's performance at Round Valley.
Convinced that the fault lay with the agency rather than the Indians and the settlers, in February,
1863, Douglas revoked martial law, except for the matter of selling liquor. For awhile he tried to
concentrate on building his post, naming it Fort Wright after the department commander without
regard for possible confusion with the Oak Grove Camp Wright.
A murder four miles north of Round Valley in April , 1863, took Douglas on one of the few patrols
fielded by the garrison. He led 15 men out of the valley after dark, "to conceal my movements from
the every watchful enemy," and marched a day through a driving snowstorm. Two stragglers from
the pursued band of Indians were captured the first night and the main camp was located the next
morning.
" I dendeavored to make them all prisoners,but could not, as they would not surrender, but fight,"
Douglas reported. "I therefore gave the order to fire and the entire party were killed, except two old
squaws who gave themselves up. Six bucks were here killed, not one of the whole party getting
away."
Douglas' methods were effective, but drastic, during the tour. He wasted no time when he learned
that a barn burning in July, 1863, was the first step in a plot by the Ukie tribe "to kill all the white
men they could, burn property, and then go into the mountains."
One patrol killed four or five Indians who were routing settlers from their homes. Two Indians
including the pricipal chief, were killed while trying to murder a settler. With the aid of testimony
of both settlers and Indians, Douglas was able to identify of all Indians in the valley, the five were
hung at the new Army post on July 21, 1863.
Douglas was convinced that his firm actions "will have a good effect on the whole tribe," he
explained. "It has already restored quiet among them."
The war with the agency contintued, however. In September, 1863, Douglas evicted the Agency
Supervisor and appointed another in his place. Soon he was told by headquarters to keep out of
Indian Bureau Business and to concentrate on preventing escapes from the valley. He responded
that the agent never reported any escapes, and he was unable to learn of any because of rules
against the troopers visiting the agency.
In April, 1864, the antimosity between agency and Army hit a peak. District headquarters was told
to replace the garrison at Fort Wright with another company. The shift was postponed upon the
request of the district commander, and then cancelled when the Indian Superintendent for California
visited Round Valley. The Agency was reorganized. On the superintendent's recommendation, the
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fort's garrison was enlarged with a company of Native California Cavalry.
Finally in a position to keep the peace without undue problems with the Supervising Agent,
Douglas and his men stayed at Fort Wright until May, 1866, when they were mustered out of
service.
Pages 180-182: Fort Wright. 1858: Troops sent to keep the Indians peaceful. Stayed until 1860 Watched cattle grazing that came from the coast fort.
1862 - Squatters forced Indians into leaving the reservation. Estimated 2,000 Indians left the
reservation after 22 Indian rustlers were killed by whites.
1865 - Declared Martial Law on the reservation. The only saloon in valley was shut down.
Attempted massacre to kill the agent and Indians but it was soon halted after a few rounds of
shooting settlers. Settlers backed up their reasoning for defense, "to protect the peaceful occupants
of the valley." The employees of the agency were neglecting their jobs. Two men were unhappy
because their squaws were taken away from them by their supervisor. To add to the problem, the
government was not trusted by the settlers so they would not sell any provisions without money on
hand. The agent had no idea of how many Indians were on the reservation. The keys to the
warehouse was given to an Indian woman when the agent left on business. Any work the Indians
did were torn down by the settlers. There were various fights and patrols that the army had led,
most was due to trying to round up Indians to put them on the reservation. Detachments of 6th U.S.
Inf., until 1960. Troops just camped in valley to keep Indians pacified and protect them from
self-appointed state volunteers. Captain Charles D. Doulgas, Co. "F", 2d Ca, Inf., arrived from
abandoned Fort Anderson, Dece. 1862. The co. and the Commander stayed until May 1866 when
mustered out.
234. ———. Tour Guide to Old Western Forts. Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Publishing Co., 1980.
Abstract: Page 21: Camp J. W. Anderson, 1849, short time post occupied by two companies of 2d
Infantry until founding of Cantonment Far West. It was at Sutterville, 3 miles south of Sutter's Fort
on east bank of Sacramento River.
Page 27: Fort Jones, 1852-58; 1964. Crook fought Indians from this log cabin type post, his first
duty station in California Post named short time in 1864 by California Mountaineer Battalion. From
center of Fort Jones go south on California 3 to East Side Road. Site of fort is half a mile south of
town on left side of East Side Road.
Page 30: Camp Nome Lackee 1855-58, Fort Voser. Protected Nome Lackee Indian Agency.
Located four miles north of Flournoy.
235. Hastings, Lansford W. (The Emigrants' Guide to Oregon and California). New Jersey: Princeton University
Press, 1932.
Abstract: Chapters 1 and 2: Scenes and incidents of a party of Oregon emigrants, page 6: Violation
of Indian rights
Chapters 1-2, pages 11-17: Capture of emigrants by Indians
Chatpers 1-2, pages 17-18: Trade with the Indians
Chapters 1-2, page 19: Fear of the Blackfeet.
Chapters 1-2, page 21: Sermon given to Indians at mission. Trade with the Indians.
Chapter 5: A description of Oregon, page 46: Raising horses by Indians.
Chapter 5, pages 47-48: Indians use of fish for own needs, and to supply settlers. Indian methods
of catching fish. The taking of oysters and whales by Indians.
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Chapter 5, page 49: Bird feathers can be obtained from the Indians.
Chapter 5, pages 49-50: Forts established for trade with the Indians.
Chapter 5, page 51: Employment of Indians on farms.
Chapter 6: A description of Oregon, page 54: Indian school where English and Chirstian religion
are taught.
Chapter 6, page 55: Indians in missionary stations.
Chapter 6, page 57: Indian population figures (approx. 20,000)
Chapter 6, pages 58-61: Naming of Indian tribes and character in different sections of U.S.
Chapter 7: Scenes and incidents of a party of California emigrants, page 65: Indians aiding
emigrants in crossing Rouge River - Indian attempts to rob baggage and horses.
Chapter 7, page 66: Fear of hostile Indians; Indians attempt to steal cow.
Chapter 7, page 67: Attacked by Indians on Chasty River. Problems with several hundred Indians
near Sacramento River.
Chapter 7, page 68: Indian lamentation and howling over dead.
Chapter 9: A description of California. On page 90, the employment of Indians to gather wild
fruits.
Chapter 10, page 96: Indians helping to catch cattle.
Chapter 10, page 100; Employment of Indians to catch salmon.
Chapter 10, page 100-101: Fish and oysters principal diet of Indians.
Chapter 11: A description of California, page 105: Indians as solders. Missionary stations
established for the purpose of christianizing the Indians.
Chapter 11, page 106: Indians in the missions
Chapter 11, page 110-111: Indians employed to guard crops and build "adobies."
Chapter 12: A description of California, page 112: Population of upper California including the
Indians.
Chapter 12, pages 113-114: Two classes of Indians
Chapter 12, pages 116-118: General life style of California Indians.
Chapter 13: A description of California, page 126: Indians as lower order of the Mexicans.
Chapter 13, page 132: Indians employed in industry.
Chapter 14: A description of the dfferent routes, page 135: Hostility of the Pawnees, comanches,
and Sioux.
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Chapter 14, page 136: Trade with Indians at forts.
Chapter 14, page 137: Names of tribes of Indians on route from Fort Laramie to Fort Hall.
Chapter 15: The equipment, supplies, and method of traveling, page 143: Rifle needed if assalted
by Indians.
Chapter 15, page 145: Possibility of Indians taking or killing mules and horses.
Chapter 15, pages 148-149: Method of travel through hostile Indian territory.
Chapter 15, page 149: Ability of Indians to approach encampment of whites in disguise or by
using other deceptive methods.
Chapter 15, page 150: Fear of danger from Indians.
236. Heap, G. H. Central Route to the Pacific: From the Valley of the Mississippi to California. Philadelphia,
Penn: Lippincott, Grambo, and Co., 1854.
Notes: Eight volumes?
Abstract: Journal of the expedition of E. F. Beale, Superintendent of Indian Affairs in California,
and
G. H. Heap, from Missouri to California in 1853.
237. Heizer, Robert F. The California Indians; a Souce Book. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1971.
Abstract: Although this book is probably one of the most complete reference books on California
Indians, much of it discusses culture, habitat, etc... Two chapters at the end of the book specifically
deal with the problems of Indian-white relations.
Chapter 1: Migration and Urbanization of the Indian in California, page 551: Covers the altered
living patterns of the natives as a direct result of the influence and supression of the white culture.
Tables on 556.
Chapter 1, pages 559-560: Examine the change in patterns of migration (article by S. F. Cook.)
Chapter 2: Conflict between the California Indians and White Civilization, pages 562-571: Covers
the time span from 1848-1870. This article is in part taken from Cook's book, "Conflict betwwn the
California Indian and White Civilization III."
238. ———, editor. Collected Documents on the Causes and Events in the Bloody Island Massacre of 1850 .
Berkeley, CA: Department of Anthropology, 1973.
Abstract: Included are official reports by Lt. J. W. Davidson, Captain N. Lyon, General Persifor
Smith, John McKee, George Gibbs, Peter Campbell; newspaper accounts from Alta California,
Sacramento Daily Transcript; historical versions by C. A. Menelee, L L. Palmer, A. Carpenter and
P. Millberry; Indian accounts by Chief Augustine, Pomo informants, Stephen Knight, William R.
Benson; and other version by T. Knight, C. H. Merriam, E. A. Sherman, H. Altschule, and G.
Yount.
239. ———, editor. The Destruction of California Indians, A Collection of Documents From 1847 to 1865 . Santa
Barbara, CA: Peregrene Smith, Inc., 1974.
Abstract: A collection of primary documents which provides detailed evidence of the destruction of
California Indians between 1847-1865. The documents are two types: 1. letters written by U.S.
Army or government officials in California to their superiors and 2. early California newspaper
accounts which give reports on conditions of Indian life, and various actions taken against the
Indians during the first two decades of American California.
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Pages 19-21: (To Thomas J. Henley, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California, From Wilham
McDaniel and Special Deputy William McQueen, October 4, 1854) From report on conditions in
Clear Lake area made by two special agents in 1854. Recommended the area immediately in the
Clear Lake area as being very suitable for an Indian reservation. They found 800 Indians already
living in the area "...whom we found cultivating the soil and living in abundance, contented and
happy... The country is eminently adapted to their wants, abounding in fish, grass, and game." At
Bariessa Valley, on Penta [Putah] Creek he found about 150 "Indians whose condition is that of
slavery." "...a valley situated fifty miles north of Bariessa valley on Peuta Creek, which has been
mentioned as a suitable place for an Indian Reservation, and from whence the Bariessa's and their
confederates drive in the Indians when they want them to harvest their grain, build their fences, and
their homes, or for other purposes. This valley, from the best information we can procure, is not of
sufficient body of good land to warrent a reservation. Found 150 Indians in slavery. Found the
"Bariesia" family in possession of a numerous gang of Indians at work on their Ranch of different
tribes, all of whom had been driven in from the valley and mountains of Stoney Creek by violence
and they and certain Sonora mexicans living with them are constantly in the practice of selling the
young Indians, both male and female to whomsoever will purchase them. And we have ascertained
to whom they have sold several of them, which testimoney can be had to prosecute to conviction of
the crime..."
Pages 24-25: (Letter from Thomas J. Henley, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, to G. W.
Manypenny, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, December 8, 1854) Letter details the lack of game
and salmon to the Trinity Indians, which has left them starving. Also "the warriors of the Shasta
tribe are almost exterminated, leaving a large number of women and children, some old men and
women, some blind and crippled, and all in a helpless condition." He furnished them with about
2000 lbs of beef at 17 cents per pound.
Pages 25-27: (quotes from Letter of M. C. Dougherty to Thomas J. Henley; U. S. National
Archives OIA RG75; letters received in California in 1854, doc. no H776) Dougherty - Indian
Agent brought 300-400 Indians from Russian River and Ukiah, Sanel, and Massatakia Valleys
down to work on the settlers ranches. Worked from September to November 1854. "They returned
home perfectly satisfied, all having received clothing such as they required consisint principally of
blankets, pantaloons, shirts, etc. And in addition they took home with them hoes, picks, shovels,
hatchets, axes, and other articles of necessity. Under my management, they earned between three
and four thousand dollars, every cent expended upon themselves." On arriving there, the Indians
freely distributed among their friends the proceeds of their labor. There are about 4000 Indians in
the above mentioned locations.
Pages 27-29: (Letter, 1855) Discusses the need to make provisions available to the Indians Cow
Creeek area- they were starving rather than steal from the whites yet as the situation was becoming
more desperate some had stolen to feed families "... and for every offense one must be hung or even
a whole Ranch surprised and shot" Letter ask power to establish 2 reservations for the Indians one
in Pitt River section.
Pages 35-36: (from the newspaper editorials, Sacramento, 1855. Indian War (of extermination))
The editorial treats Indians with sympathy and understanding and indites the white population and
the State for inadequate provisions for the Indians survival.
Page 39: (Newspaper article, Sacramento Union; August 29, 1859) Describes the situation of the
Clear Lake Indians who have cultivated their lands and more or less adopted white customs of dress
and disrespect of the old members of their community. The Clear Lake tribe has dwindled from
10,000 in 1849 to about 500 in all.
Pages 42-44: An important function of the troops of Captain Day's command was to quiet the unrest
among the many foothill Indians which resulted in the spril on 1850 in an Indian raid on the Holt
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Brothers sawmill in the Wolf Creek section of Nevada County. Samuel Holt was killed in the raid
and his brother George was severely wounded. The mill and their cabin were looted and burned.
Captain Day's account of the murders and Far West's role in quieting the Indians may be found in
his report to the Assistant Adjunct General, HQ, 10th Military Department, May 16, 1850. See also
Kinyon, Edmund, "Editorial Correspondence." Grass Valley Morning Union, April 22, 1939, page
1/2; pg. 5/3 and Morse, Edwin Franklin
Page 50: [From copy of newspaper clipping referred to in preceeding letter.] Decrying the cost of
housing the Indians until civil authorities could come to try them. Commends its citizens for thier
law abiding comduct but "In the absence of a court house and a secure jail as is the case in the
county, there exists a recessity for the organization of a committee of citizens to aid our officers in
the arrest and safe keeping of criminals."
Pages 53-54: [Letter J.C. Bonnycastle, 1st Lt, 4th Inf,. Comdg. Fort Jones to Col. G. Wright
Comdg. North Military District California at Fort Reading, March 26, 1854. USNA, RWD, RG98,
letter received, Department of Pacific, 1854, Box. 4, Doc. no. W32.]From letter march 26, 1854 detailing action taken in response to a request from a band of Indians living in a cave near the
Klamath River for protection from the whites of Cottonwood. After a personal interview with the
Chief Bill who sais his people were too sick to go to Fort Jones with the officer informed him that
there was party of soldiers at Klamath Ferry there for protection of Indians from whites. Indian Bill
promised that his people would molest the whites in no way. Officer found in reaching Klamath
ferry that party of low whites were there on the way to attack Indians but military presence stopped.
Pages 69-71: Letter written by F. Sorrel, Asst. Surgeon, Comdg. Fort Jones in absence of Captain
Judah to Brecet Major E.D. Townsend, Asst. Adj. Gen., Department of Pacific, August 2, 1855.
USNA, RWD, RG98, Letters received, Department of the Pacific, 1855, Box 3, Doc. No. J16.
Whites were becomming very hostile and murdering Indians. Sorrel went to Scott Valley Indians
and pursuaded them to come with him to the Miltiary reservation around F.E. Jones - for their
protection. He was undertaking to feed them with beef and flour as supplies allowed as it was
dangerous to think to hunt their own food. Requests an Indian agent "with full power and means to
make suitable provisions for the well disposed Indians here." Says Scott Valley Indians have long
lived in peaceful continuity to the whites.'
Pages 73-74: Letter to Henry M. Judah, Captain 4th Inf., Comdg., Fort Jones to Major E.d.
Townsend, Asst. Adj. Gen. Department of Pacific, August 23, 1855. Letters Received, Depeartment
of the Pacific. Box 3. Doc. J18. Letter from Fort Jones discussing the whites in the area which
continuously attempt to harrass the Indian living under the preoction of the fort and how a guard of
soldiers must be set over their camp at night to keep whites from slaughtering innocent, peacable
and disarmed Indians.
Page 79-84: Commander Fort Jones wrote two leters. November 1, 1855 and December 15, 1855
detailing the desparate conditon of the Scott's Valley Indians camped roused theft and requesting
their removal to reservation for their protection and adequate shelter as they had none and he could
not provded them with any. 3rd letter from Indian agent answering him (December 29) he had
ordered their removal and expected it done sometime in the fall but General Wool failed to do it,
then the 2nd request was not forwarded to him until th 29th of December and has now taken action
to remedy the situation by removing them to a reservation.
Pages 84-86: Letter January 31, 1856 small band of Shastas holed up in a cave near Cottonwood
Army there to get them out as men of the area claim them to be dangerous hostiles in fact they had
taken shelter there from attacks made upon them by rosdies from Cottonwood Army used howitzer
to blast them out of the cave. Chief wanted peace but his women were illtuated when he camped
near whites. Told chief to remain in cave for the presence "feeling assured that the ill - disposed
portion of the community would massacre indiscrininately men, women and chidren if brought out.
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Pages 95-97: Memorandum on the Pit River War and General Kibbe, Pit River Valley, January 15,
1860, from San Francisco Bulletin, January 21, 1860. From newspaper article addressed to the
editor of the "Bulletin" corrects several inacuracies it found in a recent publication about Pit River
"War". Reason McElroy was killed, he killed one Indian, a squaw and wounded a third. Callahan
was killed bcaue he had lived with a man to whom the Indian had attributed many murders.
McElroy's body was not mutulated as the "B's" witness said. Mr. Kibbe, the "B's" witness said they
had killed women and children in a rancheria in the excitment. The truth is the Indians were on
Rob's ranch during the sneek attack. Nine men were killed, the rest escaped, but the women trusting
they would not be killed stayed. Kibbe et all spent the day seeking out the children as they killed
and butchererd them in this way. Over 40 women and chidlren were murdered. Correspondent
leaves very unfavorable impression of General Kibbe.
Page 106: Semi-monthly report from Nome Lackee Reserve on September 1, 1857. Stock of wheat
is sufficient for winter. Yuba Indians not happy - run away in squads. Reasons for this discontent:
were used to having money they earned, were furnished with flour and clothes (no meat, must hunt
for that), a lack of water for accustomed recreation, no inducement to work no pay for the work
they do. Sickness in the reservation and amongst the white community.
Page 108: Semi-monthly report from Nome Lackee Reserve on September 15, 1857. 150 Yuba
Indians returned from Oroville by the foreman of the reservation - it was necessary to hire wagons
and white guards (to protect them from worthless whites) to get them here. A great number of
Indians in mountains gathering acorns for the winter. Sickness: the Trinity Indians moved to
Thorn's Creek in hopes of reducing their mortality rate.
Page 109: December 25, 1857 - letter - a party of bad whites about Crescent City and vicinity, who
have been living with squaws and sibsisting off the Indians. They, with a few head men of the
Smith River tribe, have been telling the Indians that they will be ill treated on a reservation.
Predicts these white men will cause a war if they aren't controlled. "The Indians now number in
Smith River between 6 and 700. They have not as here before laid up their winter supply of food,
and without it they must either steal or starve."
Page 111: Letter from H.D. Heintzelman Sub Indian agent. His opinion in the Smith Reiner Indian
problem of getting them back on the reservation, "To state that in my opinion the only method that
will ever have the least tendancy towards effecting that object will be to follow them to their old
haunts and severly punish them.
Page 137: Letter from Tehama County citizens to the Secretary of the Interior complaining about
the location of the Nome Lackee Reservation. (1) Indians in reservation beaceful but kill hogs and
calves. (2) Lands of reservation are the best in the state and could be used by white settlers. (3)
Indians would be able to support themselves if they were allowed to work for wages. (4) Object to
the nature of the way the reservation is spread out over large area. (5) Whites can't settle within
one mile of reservation, causing much land to be wasted. (6) Under the present management, the
place has beomce a "disgrace and a nuisance." (7) That the present manager is living with a
prostitute and his men are forcing Indian squaws in the presence of their husbands, the reservation
has earned the name "the Government's Whore House." Ask for his immediate removal.
Pages 154-157: April 30, 1862 - Letter to Hon. Thomas P. Hendricks, Commissioner of Indian
Affairs, from G[abriel] J[ones] Raines, Major 4th Inf., Commanding Fort Humboldt. Reports that
Indian agent D.E. Buell, contrary to Laws of State of California, forcibly removed Indians from
homes on lower Mad River. Made it necessary for Raines to induce Indians in vicinity of Fort
Humboldt and on Eel River to migrate to Klamath Reservation. goes on to comment upon activities
of the volunteers mustered into state service who shipped some 350 Indians to Mendocino
Reservation. Some Indians stealing cattle for subsistance. Reported on massacre of Indians on
February 25, 1860, on Indian Island. Raines says that Indians were the most inoffensive he had ever
seen.
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Pages 164-166: From newspaper articel in 1861 reporting on condition in northern California
reservations. Mr. Hanson, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Northern California toured the
reservations. Finds: reservations poorly managed; in charge of persons who don't appreciate the
humane designs of the government; agents used government for personal gain; misuse of the Indian
women. Hansen proposes that married men should be hired to do the work; their wives and
daughters will be encouraged to teach the more "tractable" Indians in the household arts. Finds that
the Indians' desertion of the reservations is due to neglect or unkindness. Presence of soldiers is
demoralizing; all troops will be removed except where they are needed to prevent depredeations.
Also, Hanson thinks more reservations are needed.
Page 176-183: Letter written by Captain H. Day - giving reasons why he opposed a treaty just
signed with several Indian tribes in the Sierra Foothills - one of the provisions is to annually pay
money to the tribes. Whites opposed it because they do not understand money - and suggest rather
that an agreement be made to supply them semi annually with clothing, blankets and provisions.
Discusses also - eye-for-an-eye-concept and says that he has not heard of trouble between Indians
and whites that could not be ultimately traced back to some hasty action by the whites - given
examples.
Page 183: Letter from S. Woodbridge Jr. to President taylor "Memorial in Behalf of the Indians of
California." Briefly details some of the wrongs being done to the Sierra Nevada Indians. Then asks
that "tere most esposed in California [be collected] , into ranches of their own, seperate from the
presence of the white community. That goodmen, farmers, teachers, etc. be placed at the head of
these ranches, ... that... missionary societies be encouraged to assist in carrying out this project."
Woodbridge was Pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Benicia at the time of this letter.
Pages 185-188: Letter from Peter Campbell- To Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 1, 1851.
Letter is the writers general observations of the INdians he has through his work been associated
with- a general condemnation of the m as being lazy, liers, chaters, etc. but he says they are docisle
and willing to be educated and taught such things as husbandry and things which would in general
be of a civilizing nature to their behavior.
Page 197: Letter from J.A. Dreibelbis requesting care for the Indians of his area from the
Superintendent of Indian Affairs Henley (n.d.) but it is included in Henley's letter of 1854.
Complains of the depredations made on them and their stock by Indians inhabiting the Pitt River
area. Thirteen people have been murdered for their provisions - he believes that they are doing this
because are hungry details loss of of natural game. He says within a 90 miles circumfrance some
15,000 Indians live - suggests that 2 bushells of barley or wheat should be issued to each individual
soon and he feels that they having their needs supplied would more off and leave the settlers alone.
"It is certain should they get no help from the settlers, that from starvations and punishment for
theft one half of their present numbers will have perished by next spring."
Letter from Henely, Supt. Indian Affairs, to Com. of Indian affairs December 22, 1854. Re: Feeding
Indians in their locations rather than on reservation. He says in answer to a request for him to do so
from a white citizen of the North state that it is not in his power to do so. "Though it must be
admitted that the Indian suffer immensely, and hundred dies every winter from actual starvation, I
am still of the opinion that any attempt to feed them in their rancherias would be attended with a
heavy expense and would result in little benefit. to them."
Pages 208-209: From San Francisco Newspaper article 1858. Tells of letter by G.W. Taylor to the
Yreka Union and publisher part of the letter. The complaint is that the remnant of the Shasta Indians
and Scott Indians were collected at Fort Jones for their protection - they turned over their weapons
and were fed and cared for by the Army - then the Army abandoned the fort making no provisions
for the Indians and did not return their weapons, they now have no means of providing for
themselves.
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Page 210: San Francisco newspaper article "Calaveras Asking that its Indians be Slaughtered, no
Fed!", 1860. "Senator Bradely of Calaveras county, presented a petition from some of his
constituents, complaing of annoyances from a febble remnant of the Alveno tirbe of Indianas
remaning in the neighborhood of Clay's Bar. The memorial did not ask for a company of
volunteers, nor for Kibbe, no Jasboe nor a war; but asked that the Indians might be fed! All houn to
the men of Calaveras. This is said to be the first ray of humanity, in respect to the Native
Americans of this State, which ever illuminated a California Legislature."
Pages 211-215: A San Francisco Newspaper article "The Expatriation of Guiltless Indian at
Humboldt Bay Eureka, California," April 23, 1860. A letter to the editor, "The friendly
aborigines, in number of 450 , have been removed from Humboldt County. Thre on Mad River,
about 120 in number, were first forcibly expelled from their residences, herded like cattle, and all,
under the fear of death, had to leave their homes, as dead to them, as ours are to us." Moving letter
in defense of these people and pointing out the violation of state laws for the protection of the
Indians. Says the claim they had "beef" is false since it was seal which in its smoked state
resembles beef. Disprove other arguments used to justify their removal.
Pages 213-215: A San Francisco Newspaper article "The Case of our Northern Indians" 1861.
Discussing a letter published on the same day as this editorial: Letter contains a description of the
troubles the Indians are giving Humboldt county. Because of these troubles a feeling is rising
among the people for the extermination of all Indians is the only saftey for the whites. The only
remedy as seen by the editor is for the Government to do something for the protection of these
Indians.
Page 240: San Francisco. 1861. Newspaper article. "Apprenticing Indians" quoted in full. "This law
works beautifully. A few days ago U.E. Geiger, formerly Indian agent, had some 80 apprenticed to
him, and proposed to emigrate to Washoe with them as soon as he can cross the mountains. We
hera of many other who are having them bound in numbers to suit. What a pity the provisions of the
law are not extended to Jreaser, Kanakax, and Ariatics. It would be so convient to carry on a farm
or mine, when all the hard and dirty work is performed by apprentices.
Page 241: From San Francisco Newspaper article "Kidnapping Indian Children in Mendoino
County", 1861. G. H. Woodman accused - says he did it at the request and concent of their
relatives. He took a headman of the tribe down to see that they were going to a good place.
Reasoning that more children taken from the tribes the less stock will be killed to feed them.
Pages 246-247: Statement by Thomas Knight (original in Bancroft Library). Kelseys would get
50-60 or a hundred Indians to work for them - they treated them bad and didn't feed them well. So
they occasionally killed a steer to eat. Kelsey would take any Indian and punish him by hanging
him by his thumbs for 2-3 days, sometimes would kill and Indian "for some small offence." Also in
bringing them down to work they would kill any old or inferm and leave them on the road. Kelsey
drove 80 Indians to Red Bluff to work mines then abandoned them there in hostile country with no
way to get home and nothing to eat; only some 8-10 made it back. The Indians then killed Andy
Kelsey - the troops come and killed a large number of Indians and the two other Kelsey brothers
were arrested for their inhumane treatment of the Indians, but they escaped punishment through
"some flaw in the law."
Pages 271-284: This is the chapter dealing with disease, liquor, and sexual exploitation of Indian
women. Contains letters and newspaper articles on these subjects.
Pages 274-275: A brief newspaper article from Sacramento. In 1851 sickness prevailed among the
Indians in the Upper Sacramento area. In 1853 there was small pox among the Indians.
Pages 275-278: Newspaper articles on drinking and the Indians. Butte 1856 - "A villianous
Outrage" and "Good." San Francisco 1858 - "Digger Killed in a Drunken Brawl, Verdict by an
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Indian Jury." San Joaquin Valley 1858 - "Indian Fight."
Pages 278-279: Two newspaper articles. A 1856 San Francisco article on prostiution of Indian
squaws in reservations. A 1857 San Francisco article "Looking after the Squaws" about incident on
Butte Creek concerning Indian squaws captured by General Kibbe's command - a miner with a mob
came to claim one of the squaws as his own. "I am of the opinion that the only motive of the mob
was to secure the squaws and keep them on the creek."
Page 280: Nevada City Newspaper article, 1858, regarding squaws as observed by the Shasta
"Courier." It says the squaws are forced to prostitute themselves to obtain their bread and clothing.
Pages 288-289: San Joaquin Valley article in 1858 - Article a Digger... Chinese working men.
Also tells of their having bottles of brandy.
Pages 304-305: Sacramento Valley Union 1865. Article about the punishment given an Indian
slave by his owner.
Page 310-313: This passage contains a series of newspaper articles about Indians used as the butts
of jokes.
240. ———. Elizabethan California. Ramona, CA: Ballena Press, 1974.
Abstract: Heizer tells of Sir Francis Drake's travels, including San Francisco and other parts of
California. His meetings with one Indians, which includes the Pomo and Coast Miwok cultures.
241. ———. The Indians of California: a Critical Bibliography. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press,
1976.
Abstract: one volume in a series of five bibliographies on North American Indians. This
bibliography is divided into two parts: The first part is an essay on the California Indians from
aboriginal times to the present. The second half is an alphabetical listing of all references used. An
excellent source book for culture studies and history.
242. ———. The Indians of California: Anthropology XB 137: a Syllabus . Berkeley, CA: 1951.
Notes: Published in Berkeley by the University of California Extension Division- Department of
Correspondence Instruction
Abstract: A Syllabus containing:
1. A list and description of illustrations
2. Key to lecture material illustrated
3. Pronunciation of California Indian names
4. Bibliography of books and articles on California Indians.
243. ———, editor. Notes on the McCloud River Wintu and Selected Excerpts From Alexander S. Taylor's
"Indianology of California.". Berkeley, CA: Archaeological Research Facility, 1973.
Abstract: Pages 1-22: The first article is edited notes of Livingston Stone, who set up a salmon fish
hatchery on the McCloud River for the U.S. Government in 1872. Livingston describes
Indian-white hostilities in the 1870's and aspects of Wintun culture. The second article is a
collection of Mr. Taylors notes on Indians in Southern California.
Page 3: "We pass naturally from the Indians to the soldiers, although this year the soldiers were not
needed to protect us from the Indians they were, however, needed, and indeed, a military guard is
needed here every year on general principles. It is not so much what the soldiers do when they are
here that makes them available as it is their presence is a great help, because it prevents tresspasses
from being committed, and, on the principle that a remedy which was the disease, it is an excellent
thing to have soldiers on the reservation." Indian killed spawing salmon before the soldiers arrived.
A corner post of the reservation was torn up twice by white settlers before the soldiers arrived. An
Indian horse was shot on the reservation. One settler drew a shot gun on another. A settler
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attempted to build a fence on the reservation. Timber of the reservation was in discriminately cut
before soldiers arrived.
Page 4: Nothing of the sort has occurred since the soldiers arrived. Stone thanks General McDowell
for sending the military guard to the reservation.
244. ———. The Other Californians; Prejudice and Discrimination Under Spain, Mexico, and the United States
to 1920. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1971.
Abstract: This book provides excellent firsthand reference about the Indian-white relations.
Included in the chapters are documents, letters and mission records describing the sentiments
towards and treatment of the California Indians between 1840-1920. Chapters 1-5 and 9 deal
specifically with ethnic conflict, constitutional legislations, reservations, hostilities, and
Indian-white relations. The pages are too numerous to list, but specific subtitles can be found in the
index. The summary on page 195 preceded a list of 19 documents with relations to
communicaitons between Indian agents, government acts, and ammendments and treaties.
245. ———, editor. They Were Only Diggers - A Collection of California Newspapers, 1851-1866, on Indian
and White Relations. Ramona, CA: Ballena Press, 1974.
Abstract: Chapter I - Kindnapping, selling, and indenturing Indians, beginning page 1
Chapter II - Reservation conditions and affairs, beginning page 4
Chapter III - Indian-White conflict, beginning page 23
Chapter IV - Indian social events, beginning page 58
Chapter V - Indians in towns, beginning page 65
Chapter VI - Editorial and public observations on the Indian problem, beginning page 71
Chapter VII - Indians vs. Chinese, beginning page 99
Chapter VIII - Condition of Indians, beginning page 104
From the Sacramento Union, March 5, 1852 - Young man murdered near Shasta City by Indians
with whom no treaty formed. Treaties must be made. Indians hunting grounds are being cut off steps must be taken to put stop to Indians revenger and ravages. We hope there shall be no need for
war of extermination. (editorial)
From Sacramento Union, September 6, 1853 - Indians in Towns - Indians remnant of a tribe, pick
up cast of clothing, from the streets, wearing add assortments of ludicrous looking cast offs.
From Sacramento Unoin, February 27, 1855 - 20 Indians were sitting on the levee drinking,
singing, carousing. Who sold the whiskey?
From the San Francisco Bulletin, April 23, 1858 - Indians of the Grass Valley area deserted their
regular campground. A cow was killed and residents feared an uprising. The Indians were meeting
in Penn Valley to gather cloves and to settle disagreements between various tribes.
From Mariposea Star, February 1, 1859 - Judge-agent M.B. Lewis asserts Fresno Indian agency not
guilty of money discrepancys. Clerk to M.B. Lewis asserts Lewis is a good agent giving council
and provision to the Indians under his care at Fresno Farm. Millerton merchant, L.G. Hughes
asserts Judge Lewis purchases and issued to various tribes of Indians on or south of S. Joaquin
river good and clothing of $1000 per quarter. (Lewis answered Mr. Burford of Millerton's
accusatoin of Inidan agents wrong doing.)
From San Francisco, November 14, 1859 - Four soldiers abused an Indian woman at Hoopa.
Resisting the women stabbed as man fatally.
From San Francisco Bulletin on July 12, 1862 - Colonel Lippitt has ten companies of infantry and
one cavalry to maintain Indian/ white peace in Humboldt area. 300 Indians collected at Fort
Humboldt. Three comapanies will be sent o Fort Humboldt to help in effort to subdue Indians.
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(Letter of General Wirght in answer to Eureka citizens protest of military inefficieny.) A letter
from a volunteer lists the difficulties, problems, and effort of hunting Indian mauraders in the north
state due to terrain. Conflicting citizens protests. says 70-80 Indian have been killed. (page 51-55)
From the Yreka Weekly Journal on February 3, 1864 - Klamath residents suffering under Indian
hostilities. Military under "move slow" order with Indians.(editorial)
From Yreka Semi Weekly Union on february 6, 1864 - Klamath Co. Petition. 12 days ago 17
Indians attacked citizens of South Forks and Forks of Salmon River killed 5 white men, wounded 2,
pillaged and removed plunder to Hoopa Valley 1mile from Fort Gaston. Col. Whipple did not
chastise them. request his replacement.
From the Sacramento Union on September 15, 1866 - Humboldt Journal reports 25 to 30 Indians
have returned to Humboldt from the Smith River Reservation (which is being abandoned) as they
were starving there.
Chapter II: From the Sacramento Union on June 26, 1855 - Indian agent often absent, has no
authority to punish white employees who commit outrages against Indian women and girls. Indians
have no way to air grivances save through physical retribution. Indian agent should reside with
Indians in order to preserve order and empowered with military authority.
Chapter II, page 2: From Marysville Weekly Express, March 5, 1859 - In Fresno county Indians
imprisoned are sold to highest bidder for labor for time of imprisonment.
Chapter II, Page 4: From Humboldt Times on May 5, 1855 - Indian children stolen from reservation
and sold for $50.00 to $250.00 in agricultural counties.
Chapter II, Page 6-7: From Sacramento Union on September 15, 1856 - Indians kicked off King's
river land and fled to mountains. No reservation has been set aside through Col Henley rented a
farm on Kings River for them to cultivate. Winter season coming and Indians will be descending on
Valley to avoid starvation.
Chapter II, page 7: From the Daily State Sentinel on November 1, 1857 - Agent Heintzelman
induced Indians of Smith River onto a reservation and told them to "work or starve." The Indians
fled. Heintzelman threatens to have them shot by Fort Jones troops if they don't return.
Chapter II, pages 11-12: From the Marysville Appeal on June 26, 1860 - Bear River and Eel River
Indians (20) escaped from reserve and were overtaken 25 miles south of Klamath by Col. Buel who
shot at the ringleader to make the Indians halt, killing an Indian boy.
Chapter II, page 12: From the Red Bluff Tri Weekly Independent on August 3, 1861 - A
superintendent's tour of several Indian reservations reaveals poor management. Profit taken at
Indians' expense. Neglect of duty, familiarity with Indian women, apprenticeship of Indian children
by employees.
Chapter II, pages 13-14: From the San Francisco Bulletin on November 3, 1862 - George Z.
Hansen, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, writes an open letter asking for donations of old clothing
for California Indian reservations, as the war has cut allowance by government for Indians.
Chapter II, page 15: From the Sacramento Union on November 1, 1862: Settlers turning stock
onto Round Valley Reservation and committing other outrages, resulting in Indians escaping from
the reservation. Brig. Gen. Wright recommends two reservations be maintained, one at Round
Valley for interior Indians and one at Smith River for coast Indians. Col. Lippett has declared
martial law at Round Valley to protect government property.
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Page 34: From the Marysville Weekly Express, August 21, 1858 - White and black men have been
abducting Indian women and the Humboldt, Klamath, Scott River, and lower Trinity River Indians
are declaring war on whites in consequence. Redwood and Upper Mad River Indians declare
hostility. Battle at Three Creeks. Major Winslett wounded - Cauncey Miller killed. Mattole Valley
citizens threatened to drive off "squaw men" if they don't drive off Indian wives. Indian "wife" cut
throat of white "husband," ["Buckskin Jack," Jack Mann] who had killed her brother. White man
survived and killed the woman.
Page 35: From the Sacramento Union, October 1, 1858 - Long time resident of Klamath river
country reorts that Indian hostilities are result of low character whites committing out - rages on
Indian women. When indians revenge by shooting aggressors - mass white retaliation results.
Page 49: From the San Francisco Bulletin on April 22, 1862 - From the Humboldt Times, Indians
robbed Cooper's Mills while guarded by U. S. troops. Plunder recovered or destroyed. Indians
escaped. Three lagoon Indian prisoners attempted escape. One was shot, one was wounded, and
the other escaped.
Page 57: From the Yreka Weekly Union on January 30, 1864 - Klamath County full of unrest.
Orleans Bar people have forted up. Need help or will have to abandon their mines, settlements.
Page 61: From the Sacramento Union, August 11, 1856 - For 50 cents admission outsiders watched
4-500 Sacramento Yuba Indians hold a festival at their ranchero below the city. Indian women
changed and naked men danced. No liquor allowed. No drunk Indians there.
Page 63: From the San Francisco Bulletin, September 23, 1858 - Tuolumne, Stanislaus, Calaveras
Indians met for a fandango of 6th Septermber near Columbia. Capt. Day states these festivals keep
the communication links between various tribes.
Page 66: From Sacramento Union on June 16, 1856 - 100 spectators watched two Indians fight on
Front Street beween I and J.
Page 67: From the San Joaquin Republican, 1858 - Indians have been begging, borrowing, stealing
from residents in remote parts of Stockton when husbands are at work.
From Chief Express (reprint by California Farmer, October 17, 1860) nin 1857 - A dozen Indians
have been shotting around Marysville for several days back. Women were in mens shirts and ankle
length calico shirts. One Indian brough a new skirt for his wife. Some of the group drinking.
Page 68: From Nevada Journal on November 12, 1858: Indian women are streetwalking to obtain
food and clothing. Attention from the agent at Nome Lackee Reservation is needed.
Page 69: From San Francisco Bulletin, March 12, 1860 - Digger have moved into town as food
supply in country given out. They are harmless scavengers and should be left alone.
From Sacramento Union on July 24, 1858 - An Indian woman dressed in style and clean was seen
yesterday.
From Sacramento Union on May 9, 1859 - Pi-Ute Indians have attitude of superiority to Digger
Indians. Pi-Ute stole digger Indian hat and gave as explanation "Hangtown Injun nothing but
damned root digger." Pi-Ute attended church and behaved decoursoulsy on Sunday.
Page 70: From Marysville Appeal, August 6, 1863 - Indian came to newspaper with story of Chief
of Yuba Indians being poisoned by Sacramento Indians. Yuba chief was friend to Appeal editor.
Indian reporting given 10 cents to buy watermelon.
Page 72: From Marysville Herald on November 1856 - In no way Indians of Yuba city can be made
useful to themselves and to whites. At this time General Sutter reports there exist of Yuba Indians
near Hock Farm - 20 of the Hock tribe, 12 of the Yukulmeys, 20 of Olashes. (editorial)
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Page 74: From the Sacramento Daily Union, October 18, 1858 - Klamath county citizens on behalf
of hoopa Valley have asked Govrnor to establish a military post for protection in that vicinity and to
remove Hoopa Valley Indians.
Page 75: From the Sacramento Daily Union, January 19, 1860 - Bill needed to re-imburse citizens
for services and lost property in Indian battles. Most loses belong to North State citizens. (editorial)
From Sacramento Union on September 20, 1858 - Removal of Indians necessary for their own
protection. Civilized diseases are threatening Indian extinction. (editorial)
Page 78: From San Francisco Bulletin on March 12, 1860 - Petaluma Journal. March 9th. An Indian
pack train picking up supplies for I.D. Cross seen in town. Kipoomah tribe Indians. Indians honest,
trustworthy when treated well. Indian blamed too often for white crimes.
Page 79: From the San Francisco Bulletin, March 28, 1860 - Northern California (pub. at Union,
Humboldt Bay) white and Indian cannot live together. Indians are not honest, industrious, but
some mode other them extermination must be used to remove them. (editorial)
Page 80: From the Sacramento Union, May 14, 1860 - Having gotten rid of Indian problem will
turn North state into more settled region and agriculturally prosperous one.
Pages 85-87: From the Marysville Appeal, December 6, 1861 - Humboldt Times States: White
men must abandon area or Indians got rid of. Advocates giving Reservation system a chance and
end of Indian flesh peddling. (editorial)
Page 88: From Sacramento Union on June 9, and June 13, 1862 - Fort Yuma Indians better than
Diggers. Living at Fort are versed in white ways, wearing cast off clothes from whites, circulating
freely thru Fort. Eureka citizens held mass meeting. Will no longer tolerate white men living with
squaws.
Page 93: From the Yreka Weekly Union, June 22, 1864 - Digger warfare about played out. All
quiet in Klamath. Indians will never attempt to use again, their numbers are rapidly decreasing.
(editorial)
Page 94-95: From the Yuba Semi Weekly Union on Septermber 28, 1864 - Letter to General
Bidwell (abolitionist.) If against slavery why not find feed his own slaves. General Bidwell paid
$75,000 for feeding 400 Indians 6 weeks. General Bidwell accused of tying hand and feet of Indian
across barrell andn beating him with club. (Letter to editor)
Page 95: From the Yreka Weekly Union on January 14, 1865 - Father Beeson, an aged gentleman,
proposes to change the reservation system and establish Indian nations.
Page 97: From the Sacramento Union, January 31, 1865 - 23 Indians passed through Eureka on
way to Pernisula outside Fort Humboldt. Trinity county is cleared of all Indians living in ranches.
General desire that no Indian be allowed back.
Page 97-98: From the Sacramento Union, July 12, 1865 - Letter to editor, Northern state hedged in
by hostile Indians. Troops need to be stationed throughout Indian are until savages are entirely
gone.
Page 99: From the Sacramento Union on June 6, 1853 - Six Digger Indians demanded a "poll tax"
from six Chinese. Refused. Indians shot at one. Chinese paid $18.00.
Page 99: From the Sacramento Union on May 28, 1856 - A chinaman was murdered on Stanislaus
and another driven into the river and drowned. Sheriff started in pursuit and came upon 600 armed
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Indians. Held council and agreement to turn over guilty Indian, who was brought into Sonora.
Page 101: From the Sacramento Union on May 27, 1859 - Drunken Indian demanded whiskey
from Chinese. Refused. He shot two of them and was arrested.
Page 103: From the Marysville Appeal on July 30, 1865 - Eight Indians visited Fairfield Bar on the
Middle Feather River demanded a poll tax from two old Chinese. Took all ther valuables when the
Chinese couldn't pay.
Page 105: From the Sacramento Union on November 5, 1851 - A Dr. is informed that many Upper
Sacramento Indians are dying of the small pox.
Page 106: From the Sacramento Union, September 20, 1852 - Indians on South fork of Trinity
have quit the mountains and desire to make peace so they can hunt and fish in the vicinity.
Page 107: From the Sacramento Union on May 28, 1853 - 400 Indians have died of Small pox this
season says Nevada Journal.
From Nevada Journal (From Marysville Herald) on April 14, 1854 - An Indian fight at Yuba City
left one Indian dead and 12 wounded. Drink was the cause.
Page 112: From the Butte Record on November 29, 1856 - A 10 year old Indian boy was drunk on
Sunday afternoon. A judge had charge of him. Chinese man fined $75.00 for selling liquor to
Indian boy. First case of conviction of selling liquor to Indians since the law had passed.
Page 113: From the Mariposa Gazette, December 1857 - Indian women have made excellent wifes
for white men in Fresno County.
Page 113-114: From the San Joaquin Republican, Septermber, 1858 - Fresno Indians have been
killing their medicine men for not stopping sickness or drought. One Indian took refuge with a
white man but was caught later and killed.
Page 114-115: From San Francisco Bulletin on June 22, 1858 - Drunk Indians held a fight outside
the Penn Valley. Nevada Co. Taylor home. One sober Indian told the Taylors to lock doors and stay
inside. One Indian killed.
Page 116: From the San Francisco Bulletin, May 31, 1859 - A white man [Downs] at Spanishtown,
Butte County, is causing trouble with Indians of Shields Gulch. The man lived with an Indian who
had his child. She returned to her tribe but he wants her back. Miners have had to forcibly prevent
the man from kidnapping the Indian woman.
From San Francisco Bulletin on September 23, 1858 - Indians of El Dorado, Amador, Calaveras are
neglected. Pestilena, drunkeness abound. (editorial)
Page 117: From the Sacramento Union on August 29, 1859 - Clear Lake tribe has dwindled from
10,000 in 1849 to 500 now. 150 Indians have 100 acres under cultivation. Indian land hemmed in
by settlers. Young Indians work on rancherias and live well dressing American style. Others have
no food, no clothes.
Pages 117-118: From the San Francisco Bulletin on October 17, 1859 - Government is leaving the
Indians in want. San Francisco citizens asked to help Indians on Mendocino Indian Reservation
with clothing cast-offs.
Page 122: From the California Farmer on October 26, 1860 - Indian women taken away from their
white husbands to reservation escape and return. Editorial description of the conditions of Indians
in Trinity County.
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Page 125: From the Marysville Appeal on March 27, 1864 - Yubas Indian Chief visited Marysville
Appeal editor for a handout for a said story and a weather report. Chief says no more rain and was
given 25 cents.
Page 126: From Yreka Union on December 15, 1866 - Indian met on Yreka road had wounds from
encounter with other drunken Indians. Where do they get whiskey?
246. Hendrix, Louise Butts. The Maidu of Histum Yani (Sutter Buttes). Chico, CA: 1976.
Abstract: This text written for the ANCRR collection contest. Is a description of the aboriginal
culture of the Maidu located in the Sutter Buttes area. The paper is poorly written, yet does
describe some instances as to how local whites treated the Indians in the area (e.g. page 46 - Sutter
fd Indians in troughs).
247. Heyman, Max L. Jr. Prudent Soldier: A Biography of Major General E. R. S. Canby . Glendale, CA: Aruther
H. Clarke Jr., 1915.
Abstract: "With the Command in California." Canby took over duties in the Adjunct General's
office on February 27, 1848 in California. Orders were issued for prompt investigations of all
crimes committed by or upon Indians was to be made and reported to department headquarters.
"Between 1846 and 1850 there was nothing that could in any repote way be considered an Indian
policy in California." Government safeguarded Indian Rights - Army preserved peace on the
frontier. "Indians Last - The Modocs." Brief description of the Modoc War. The Modoc tribe
under Captain Jack traveled from Oregon to the Lava Beds of northern California. They were
escaping from General Canby's proposal to them, that they be temporarily removed to Angel Island
in San Francisco Bay, and then on to a reservation in Arizona. The Modocs did not want to leave
their home lands. Battle erupted between the settlers and Captain Jack's tribe. The stronghold of
the Lava Beds proved helpful to the Indians. The Indians stayed in the lava beds from January to
April of 1873. Many negotiations were made with the Indians, but they rejected everything as to
terms and place of meeting (2/23/73). Again on (3/4/73) the Modocs rejected all offers and
propositions. They offered a counter proposal to meet in the lava beds, in full force, A. B.
Meacham, Peace Commissioner, the rest of the commission, interpreter Frank Riddle and his wife
Toby, (Riddle registered a formal protest they not go.) and Canby went to meet the Modocs
unarmed. Much debate went on before the meeting took place. Secretary Delano thought the
Modocs intended no treachery. Meacham believed taht every method of securing peace had been
exhausted. He did not want to meet with the Modocs. The interior secretary gave Canby charge of
the commission. Canby met with Captain jack and learned that the Indians wanted amnesty for all
and a home on Lost River. They agreed to settle on the lava beds. On April 11th, the
commissioners kept their meeting with Captain Jack and what was supposed to be six unarmed
Indians. Instead, they found eight armed Indians. The meeting started normally, Canby assured
them he was there for their peace and protection, Captain Jack demanded the troops be removed
from the area. Canby explained that the troops were under the command of the president, he could
not withdraw them. Captain Jack then rose and shot Canby in the face. Canby was then shot in the
back by Ellen's Buck. Commissioner Dyar escaped and Meacham was left for dead. All the others
were killed. Reaction was strong to the killings. The president gave instructions to make the attack
so strong with persistence that their fate may be commensurate with the crime. They would be fully
justified in their extermination. Feelings varried among newspapers. Most were horrified by the
action. Canby buried with great honor and ceremony. Indians eventually captured. Captain Jack
and three accomplices were hung.
Page 345:
Page 371:
Page 353:
Page 372:
Picture of Captain Jack.
Map of Lava Beds in northern California.
Picture of General Canby
Picture of Canby's cairn on Lava Beds.
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248. Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches. New York: Clearwater
Publishers, 1974.
Abstract: Pages 19-27: A brief historical outline of how the reservation started in California and
how each reservation had begun. The reservations discussed are Nome Lackee, Klamath,
Mendocino, Smith River, Hoopa Valley, and Round Valley. On pages 24-27 there are lists of
"agents before the establishement of the California superintendency;" superintendents from
1852-1860; superintendeint agents for the northern district; and agents for each reservation with the
dates when they were in office. Some tribes included in California - Hupa, Yuki, Klamath, and
Wappo.
249. Hittell, Theodore Henry. History of California, Vol. vol 2. San Francisco, CA: N. J. Stone & Company,
1898.
Abstract: Pages 420-421: Fremont returned south to relieve Gillespie from danger of hostile
Indians. Fremont's camp attacked at night. They repulsed the attack, killing the leaders of the
Indians.
250. ———. History of California, Vol. vol 3. San Francisco, CA: N. J. Stone & Company, 1898.
Abstract: Pages 819-820: Discusses the expeditions (Gregg's) to discover Humboldt Bay and the
encounter with Indians who had never seen whites before, and their subsequent shooting exhibition
to frighten them and gain their cooperation.
Pages 887-888: But many of the Americans, who poured into the country after 1845, either as
soldiers or squatters, paid little or no respect to the Indians or their rights. They not only pursued
Indian agressors and on such occasions killed all the Indians they could meet, but they frequently
murdered in a spirit of wanton cruelty without having received any injury whatever. It can not be
doubted that in some cases there were genuine Indian agressions and depredations; there were
unquestionably cases in which Indians, not in a spirit of retaliation but with the sole object of
plunder and fiendishness, committed thefts and robberies and even murders. But in general no
Indians ever attacked whites without cause, and none certainly ever exhibited such an uter want of
feeling and humanity as some of the whites. There were particularly some of the frontiersmen, and
especially certain Oregonians, who seemed to look upon Indians as no better than wildcats and
coyotes and shot them down whenever they got a safe opportunity. Well-authenticated instances of
this kind of conduct on the part of the whites were plentiful, while hardly a single case of reported
aggression on the part of the Indians did not turn out on investigation to be largely if not entirely
false.
Pages 892-893: Contains a summary of an account from Alonzo Delano about some miners on the
Middle Fork of the Feather who when they missed several head of oxen attacked a small rancheria
they thought responsible for the theft. They destroyed the village and killed 14, and on their return
to their own camp found all of their oxen peacefully grazing in an isolated valley where they had
wandered in search of grass.
Page 908: In an Eel River incident, a couple of men were murdered on the Eel River and their
house had been robbed. The whites assumed it had been done by Indians and formed into a group
and raided an Indian camp near Eureka and slaughtered them, then went to the Eel River and killed
more Indians who had not even been suspected of the killing. A couple of weeks later they shot
some more Indians whom they suspect. In another incident, an Indian boy was deliberately shot by
a Captain G. R. Tompkins. His Indian friends protested and the whites of the neighborhood
marched on their camp and shot every one of them and burned their houses. Then they proceeded
up river and attacked another camp with the same results.
Pages 912-913: Discusses a series of incidents. In one incident, a man named Anderson was
murdered and his cattle driven away. A company of volunteers from Weaverville went hunting for
the killers (presumed Indians) and camp upon a camp where meat was being cooked. They shot all
but two; 130-140 men, women, and children. "A snake is a snake, thought but an inch long." In
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another incident, five men were murdered at Blackburn's Ferry. Miners destroyed the entire village.
Pages 913-916: Takes accounts from Bledsoe's "Indian Wars of the Northwest." Wigmore killing,
Indian Billy's head brought in by Indians, two confessed murderers brought in by Captain Judah but
released after a jurisdiction squabble. Red Cap refuse to turn over their guns and the Red Cap war.
In 1856 numerous small expeditions against Indians in Eel River and Humboldt Bay region.
Rounding up of Indians and their transportation to reservations out of the area. The number of
Indians on reservations in the state and those outside estimated.
Pages 917-936: Taken from Bledsoe's "Indian Wars of the Northwest." Wintoon War. White
slaughter of Indians in May of 1858, killing all they found; near the mouth of the Eel River whites
killed in May were Vandall on the Klamath River, Ellison on Yeager Creek; in June Thorton was
killed; at the end of the year two whites killed in Mattole Valely. Massacre on Indian Island on
February 25, 1860, and the massacre of two rancherias in the area. Removal of 315 Indians to
Klamath Reservation for their protection, which was poorly managaed and the Indians were
allowed to return. Release of white man from murder charge because only witnesses were Indians;
caused frustration among Indians; the Hoopa War. Daby's Ferry on Mad River attacked. Millitary
actions against Indians with volunteer units. Stone Lagoon tribe murdered by Indians because they
refused to join them in war with the whites (Hoopas and Wintoons responsible). The "Two Years
War," its battles recounted.
Pages 937-981: The Modoc War summarized. Discusses series of wagon trains attacked and/or
destroyed while going through Modoc country. Reservation period and Jack's subsequent leaving
and its causes. The attempts to get him to return. Meacham raises hope of reservation on Lost
River. Attack on Modoc Cap November 30, 1872. Losses to volunteers in battle. Modoc rampage
killing men of the area. Oregon Volunteers called out. Military preoccupations and negotiations
with Jack and first attack on stronghold. Peace commissioners. Jack's maneauvering in
negotiations. New commissioners and Canby's camp moved closer to the stronghold. Riddle and
Wi-ne-ma's warnings unheaded. Jack's meeting with Meacham. Wi-ne-ma warned by one of the
Modocs and she warned the peace commission but not believed. The murder of the peace
commissioners. Jack opposed the murder but was forced into it by others. Modocs escape the
stronghold. Thomas Massacre. The division of Jack's band - the betrayal and Jack's capture. The
trial and executions.
251. ———. History of California, Vol. vol 4. San Francisco, CA: N. J. Stone & Company, 1898.
Abstract: Pages 262-265: Governor Downey condeming the extravagance in wagin Indian wars
allowed by Governor Weller and General Kibbe. Tehama County war in 1859 cost 70 thousand.
War action allowed because the governor had been swayed by petitions from the area's citizens.
Downy not so easily swayed by similar complaints from citizens in Mendocino County in 1860
concerning trouble at Round Valley. It turned out that the reports were unfounded. A company of
volunteers under Jarboe were engaging in a war of extermination of the local Indians and federal
troops had to be sent in to protect the Indians. Finally the legislature stopped appropriating funds
for the exterminations of the state's Indian population.
252. Hogue, Helen Steadman. Peaceful Now the Trails. Shasta, CA: Shasta Historical Society, 1948.
Notes: Book re-published and extended by author as "Wintu Trails" in 1977 by Shasta Historical
Society. Currently located at CSU, Chico - Meriam Library, call number NE Cal E 99 W79 H63
1977.
Abstract: Pages 1-14: Wintu- The People
Divisions- Wai-Mok, Pui-Mok, Num-Mok, Nori-Mok
Indian boundaries- South to Colusa, North Scott mountain and Mount Shasta, West to Hayfork and
Burnt Ranch, East to Miluiue.
687 Indians living - mix and full blooded
Puberty- Girl stays in Tepee for 3 days. Dancing by other members of the tribe, day and night.
Special diet. Girl joins dancers, carries stick with deer hooves and shells. Dances with no one.
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Dance not observed by all tribes.
Mrs. Pearl Bass Moriarty- Living Wintu during the writing of the book, may still be living.
Major Reading - 1st white settler 1845. Indians no problem, except Nozis.
Problems for Miners at Clear Creek - East side to miners, west for Indians.
North Fork - Whites could not cross with out violence.
1850 - whites organized and moved up toward divide of north fork and Mitchell Gulch and Indians
collecting in divide near head of Dungan Basin. Abraham Cunningham opposed to going into
Dungan Canyon. Indians drove all game away so whites could not hunt.
J. Coshee and Tomlinson - Started talks for a treaty. Indians talked of the injustices the whites had
done. Whites assured them they would do anything to see justice done if Indians would cease
hostilities.
1st treaty - made in Shasta Co. in 1849 after treaty was signed a hunting party got 3 deers with
Indian's help.
Pages 19-20: Potato Dig - bakers place. Indians had stole some potatoes. Heacock's wife saw
them. A small trial by Doc. Baker started. Found guilty. Punishement was whipping and bodily
abuse. Sent home with broken bones, bruises, and few potatoes. Told to be back in morning. 10
years after Indians attacked and killed Mrs. Dersch and Mrs. Allen. Indians were constantly hired
for work from Reading. Helped build his home. 1846, the house got destroyed by Indians although it was rebuilt by Indians in '47. 1855-1856, nine rooms were added, Indians did the work.
Pages 30-31: "An Extenuating Circumstance" - An account of the Dersch and Allen murders.
Some Indians had been accused of stealing potatoes. Men took two of them after having passed
sentance on them and beat them for the crime. Ten years later the Indians struck out at a person
living in the ranch where they had been abused and killed Mrs. Dersch, who had nothing to do with
the original action.
Pages 32-34: Kindled Fires - "The Exploration of Samwell Cave" by E. L. Furlong, American
Journal of Science in 1906. Legend of Indian girl dying in a sacred cave. Found and buried by an
aunt of the dead. In 1942 the grave was dug up and moved to a government provided cemetery
near Central Valley, Shasta County, CA. Some problems with the government when the Indians
wanted to move it. Cave was called "cave of spirit waters."
Pages 35-40: Ellen Melee Thomas born on McCloud River, 100 yrs old. Mother's name Y
Houasmit, father's No-da-taukie. She gold mined with the settlers. Henry Thomas, born Lewiston,
CA, approximately 1865. Full blooded Indian. A little senile. Author unable to get much
information because of his deafness.
Pages 42-47: Grant: second son of Chief Towendolly. Grandson of Chief Lockaharus. Mother was
Jennie Actobas. He was born November 1873.
Remembers: Upper Soda Springs, Washington Bailey, Ross McCloud, and Brother George.
George was father of Mrs. John Masson.
Educated: By lawyer- Highton. 1889 took Grant to San Fransisco. Ended up going to school in
Acuaradd, California (for his health). Lawyer lost all his money and Grant education stopped,
wanted to be a lawyer or doctor. Also learned the arts of being a Wintu Indian. Interested: In
cases between Indian and government controveries.
Lilly: Spoke only Wintu to Author. Does weaving in basketry.
253. Holmes, Kenneth L. Ewing Young: Master Trapper. Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1967.
Abstract: Pages 83-84: Ewing Young and his companions found the valleys of California to be
sprinkled with Indian villages in the winter of 1832-33. Estimates of the population of each village
ranged between 1,000 to 1,500. As noted, means of subsistence were mainly found to be from
hunting and a minimal amount of agriculture (ie, the gathering of various types of vegetation). The
only contact thta proved to be troublesome was when two Indians stole some horses. The men were
caught and their feet chained to one another. The tribe brought back the horses, but the Indians
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attempted to escape in the night and drowned crossing a river.
Page 89: When Ewing Young and his men explored the "Great Valley" in the summer of 1833, he
wrote of a plauge of malaria that had wiped out the population of the central valley. "From the head
of the Sacramento, to the great bend and slough of the San Joaquin, we did not see more than six or
eight live Indians..."
Pages 100-101: While camping along the north side of the American River, Young and his men
noted the Indian village across the river. During the night, seven of the party's horses were killed
and revenge was called for. Kelly, one of the men, blamed the Indians they passed a few days
before. The party of trappers had cold bloodly shot the chief; however, Young and his men insisted
it was the Indians across the river. Much to their surprise, seven braves appeared, bearing gifts
from the village. Command was given and all the Indians were shot down in retaliation.
Page 129: "Although the days were hot, they found the nights to be cool. Young, Turner, and the
other trappers reminisced about their experiences in the great valley. Young described the terrible
ravages of the malaria epidemic among the valley Indians, how he say 'hundreds lying dead in one
village, forsaken by a few survivors, and birds preying upon the uncovered carcasses.'"
Pages 132-133: While camping in the Shasta Valley, three of the men in the party began to talk of
shooting an Indian in relatiation for some troubles they had with Rogue River Indians in 1834.
When a couple of friendly Indians entered their camp, one of these men shot on of the Indians at a
distance of ten feet. They justified this act as "avenging the death of Americans."
254. Hoober, Mildred Brook and Hero and Ethel Rensch. Historic Spots in California. Stanford, CA: Stanford
Abstract: Tells of different historical spots throughout California. Tribes include Yuba (pgs 201,
206-7), Kaewean (Tulare County, pg 189), General Bidwell and Indians of Butte County (pg 73),
and Modoc Indians (pg 176-177).
255. Hood, John Bell. Advance and Retreat. New Orleans: G.T. Beauregard, 1880.
Abstract: Pages 6-7: Brevet 2nd Lt, 4th Inf., sailed from New York in November to join regiment in
California, via. Panama. Landed in San Francisco, - a small city built on sandhills and mud flats,
and foggy. Wanted to take carriage to hotel but driver wanted $20 in gold, could not afford it on
$60 a month pay.
Stationed at Benicia Barracks and them sent to report to Captain Judah at Fort Jones in Scott
Valley. Col. Buchanan was in command of the regiment with Captain U.S. Grant as the
quartermaster. Became good friend wth Lt. George Crook, the renowned Indian fighter.
Pay was so small that Hood and Crook associated themselves with Dr. Sorrell and Lt. Bonnycastle
to provide their own mess, and with game so plentiful, it worked well. Even got land and sowed
wheat, but was put in command of a detachment of dragoons and ordered to escort a Lt. Williamson
of the Topographical Engineers to Salt Lake.
256. Hoopes, Alban W. Indian Affairs and Their Administration With Special Reference to the Far West.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1932.
Abstract: This book, as the title implies, mainly covers Indian Affairs and their Administration
between the years of 1849-1860. Reference to the following can be found in this book:
Page 9: California, population in 1849, in 1850
Pages 27, 47: Indian Superintendency created in
Pages 28, 67: Superintendency abolished
Pages 35-68: Indian policy in
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Page 36: Indian sub-agents in, appointed by military authority
Page 39: Wilson appointed Indian agent. Adam Johnston, appointed sub-agent
Pages 39-40: Thomas B. King
Pages 40-41: Appointment of 3 commissioners to negotiate treaties
Pages 41-46: Work of commissioners
Page 46: Commissioner remain as agents
Page 47-56: Beale as superintendent of Indians
Page 51: Reservation system
page 56-65: Henley as superintendent
Pages 65-67: McDuffie as superintendent
Page 68: Cont. of CA for nation of Indian policy
257. Hoover, Mildred Brooke. Historic Spots in California. 5th ed. ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
2002.
Abstract: Page 134: Fort Humboldt, CA
258. Hostler, Patricia. History of the Hoopa Tribe. Hoopa, CA: Hoopa Valley Bussiness Council, Hoopa Valley
Tribe, 1967.
Abstract: This booklet gives a brief history of the Klamath River Reservation, Hoopa Valley
Reservation, and the Hoopa Extension Reservation.
259. Howard, Oliver Otis. Famous Indian Chiefs I Have Known. New York: Century Company, 1908.
Abstract: Pages 149-165: Captain Jack and the Modoc War
260. Howard, Oliver Otis. My Life and Experiences Among Our Hostile Indians. New York: Da Capo Press, 1972.
Abstract: Pages 226-231: Howard gives a two page description of the events leading to the Modoc
War (e.g. hostilities between Klamath and Modocs on the new Klamath Reservation) and then very
briefly describes some of the major events of the Modoc War.
261. Humfreville, J. Lee. Twenty Years Among Out Hostile Indians... Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002.
262. Hunt, Aurora. The Army of the Pacific... Glendale, Ca: Arthur H. Clark Company, 2004.
Abstract: References to Fort Bidwell are to be found on pages 238, 252, 253. Indicates that a fort
was needed to protect the roads from Chico and Red Bluff to Susanville and thence to the mining
district of the Owyhee River in Idaho. On page 252, Ernest M. Woodman, Co. K, 2nd Cavalry,
relates some of his own experiences while on patrol duty on the Idaho Road. See also Oroville
Weekly Union Record, September 2, 1865.
Page 187: In 1861, the 3d Inf., C.V. was sent to the Humboldt Military District to garrison Fort
Bragg, Humboldt, Terwaw, and Gaston.
Page 239: Winter rains deluged Fort Humboldt so that Colonel Lippitt had to move his troops to the
new town of Bucksport where they could be sheltered from the heavy downpour.
Fort Ter-waw on north back of Klamath River about six miles from its mouth was completely
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destryoed from winter floods. It was one of oldest in the destruct and 17 buildings had been cost
for troops and government stores. According to one soldier, Terwaw is an Indian word meaning
"beautiful spot." He said it is 30 miles from Crescent City "amidst the grandest old forest my eyes
have ever beheld." (quoted from Calaveras Chronicle, Makelumne Hill, April 26, 1862)
Page 240: Lippitt's policy was to avoid bloodshed if possible. He invited the Indians to a "field
day" at Fort Gaston after concentrating his troops there. He asked Gen. Wright for a additional
troops but was denied them, as was his plan to move the Indians to either Fort Tejon or to Santa
Barbara Islands.
Pages 240,245: Col. Lippitt made plans to concentrate the soldiers and Indians at the Fort for a
"field day." His plan was to show all the Indian different weapons including the howitzwer , they
would become frighten and peacefully colunteer to live on the reservation. He needed to have six
extra companyto complete the plan. He also suggested they be sent to Fort Tejon or Santa Barbara
islands so they could not return home. General Wright would not allow Lippitt to continue with
his plans. " The removal of the Indians and the establishment of reservation is a matter belonging
entirely to the Indian bureau." July 31, 1863, Lt. Col. Whipple took over the command of the
Humboldt District the HQ were located at Fort Gaston.
Page 241: Fort Baker was built in the spring of 1852. Spring of 1862, Lippitt ordered estab. of Ft.
Baker, 28 miles east of Hydesville on northside of Van Dusen fork of Neil's Ranch. (War of the
Rebellion., ser 1, vol.L,. part 1, page 915-916) Spring of 1862, Lippitt ordered Fort Lyon
established, north side of Mad River at Brehmer's ranch opposite the Blue Slide and about 20 miles
east of Arcata (war of rebellion, ser. 1, vol 1, part 1, page 906-910.) Spring og 1862, Lippitt ordered
establishement of Fort Anderson north bank of Redwood Creek, about one miles from Minor's
Ranch (War of Rebellion, Ser. 1, Vol., 1, Pt., 1, page 169, 175.)
Page 244: Fort Wright. Captain Douglas selected a site for the fort in the middle of Round Valley
and named it after General Wright. In late 1862/early 1863, Co. "F", 2d Inf., under Captain Charles
Douglas was ordered to Round Valley to suppress Indian attacks in the district. Fort Wright was
built in the center of the valley. Order was soon restored and the sale of liquor prohibited on the
Mendocino Indian Reservation.
Pages 244-245: Round Valley - Due to so many problems with the interactions of the white people,
Captain Charles D. Doulgas had to declare martial law on the valley. Doulgas selected a sight in
the center of the valley for the fort naming it in honor of General Wright. All of the buildings were
made bullet and arrow proof. Soon he was able to restore laws and the sale of liquor was prohibited
on the reservation and the martial law was discontinued.
Page 245: HQ of Humboldt District were at Fort Gaston about 40 miles from Arcata on west bank
of Trinity and 14 miles aboce junction of Klamath and Trinity. Fort Gaston, established December
1858 by Capt. E. Underwood, 4th Inf., named in honor of 2d Lt. William Gaston, 1st Dragoons, 24
years old, W. P. grad. Killed may 17, 1858, during Spokane expedition. Lt. Col. Whipple's
headquarters while he was in command of the Mountain Battalion was at Fort Gaston in Hoopa
Valley. After a years campaign against the northern tribes. Lt. Col. Whipple began negotiations for
peace by arranging for a "talk" with Seranaltin John (chief of the Redwood and Hoopa Indians)
who promised to also bring in Big Jim (leader of the Trinity Indians.) Camp Gilmore established
by Lieutenant Stephen G. Whipple, 3-4 miles north of Trinidad to protect mail route and huts built
to shelter troops. Camp Gilmore was 50 miles south of Fort Humboldt on Eel River. Whipple
established Camp Grant, located to protect road betwen south part of Humboldt and north
Mendocino County.
Page 245-246: Fort Gaston in Hoopa Valley about 40 miles from Arcata on west bank of the
Trinity about 14 miles above the junction with the Klamath. Lt. Col. Whipple's headquarters while
was in command of the Mountain Battalion was at Fort Gaston in Hoopa Valley. After a years
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campaign against the northern tribes. Lt. Col. Whipple began negotiating for peace by arranging for
a "talk" with Seranaltin John (Chief of the Redwood and Hoopa Indians) who promised to also
bring in Big Jim (leader of the Trinity Indians.)
Page 246: Fort Gaston. Big Jim (leader of the Trinity Indians) arrived at Fort Gaston on April 27,
1864 to make peace. He said his people had no homes, no food, and no place of safety. Big Jim
returned to his people and induced Handsome Billy to visit Fort Gaston and make peace. The
results of Whipple's "big talk" with the northern tribes were good. He stated, "the last lot of Indians
of the upper-Trinity River... Curly headed Tom's band arrived..." to make peace. This band had
been the ringleaders of all the depredations around Humboldt Bay.
Pages 246-247: April 27, 1864 - "The Seranaltin Ranch takes its name from Seranaltin John... who
for bravery, daring, intelligence, has no equal in Northern California. For many years he has been
Chief and Head of the Redwood and Hoopa Indians. He is quite tall, dark, and of very light build.
When excited he has a strange wildness of expression in his eyes and an odd twitching of the head."
He acknowledges that he and his tribes were tired of living in the mountains. They had no homes,
food, or place for saftey. He brought his tribe to Fort Gaston and desired to remain there.
Page 248: Major John Schmidt replaced Black in command of the Humboldt district and remained
there with a force of 334 men until June 27, 1865. War like Indians had been subdued and placed
on reservations.
Page 253: Fort Reading the first army fort built in northern California. Old adobe fort named in
honor of Major Pierson Baston Reading, early pioneer on Northern California for 14 years served
purposes of army when occassion demanded. Old fort seldom used by California volunteers but in
1865 citizens of Shasta and Temama counties petitioned General Wright to send a company of
soldiers to Black Rock on Mill Creek, but he judged Fort Reading to be more central location and
ordered company of cavalry out form Fort Union. No longer used after 1866. Four years later the
buildings were sold.
Page 254: Fort Jones occupied for brief time in January 1864 when trouble arose between Indians
and settlers on Salmon River. Just 25 men were ordered to the valley to maintain peace. Yreka
Union. May 4, 1861? No fort or blockhouse guarded valley between Fort Redding and Fort Miller.
Page 360: Camp Lincoln, near Crescent City, Co. "C", 6th Inf., C.V. was stationed at Camp Lincoln
at the time of General Wright's death by drowning. One eyewitness account by Emory Wing, Co.
"C", 6th Inf. C.V. in Oroville Weekly Union Record, August 12, 1865, page three,col. 2-3.
Page 361: Emory Wing, Co. 6, 6th Infantry, C.V., stationed at Camp Lincoln, near Crescent City at
time of wreck of Brother Johnathan (Oroville Weekly Union Record, August 12, 1865, page 3/col.
2-3.) General Wright stood on quarter deck with Captain as the ship went down off the coast of
Crescent City. Six weeks later General Wright's body was recovered at Bay Flat, Shelter Cove,
Mendocino County. Funeral Services were held for General and Mis. W., at S.F., October 21.
Bodies then carried to Sacramento by steamer where they lay in state at Sen. Chamber until
military funeral held at First Congressional Church on 6th Street. At old city Cemetary tall marble
shaft marks resting place the valiant general and his wife. Here too lies soldier's son, Colonel
Thomas F. Wright, killed in Modoc War April 26, 1873. Monument is in Cross Family Plot.
Page 252: General Bidwell; Needed a new fort to protect roads from Chico to Susanville-from Red
Bluff to Fort Crook to Owyhee River to Idaho, form Humboldt River to South part of Oregon.
Chose northern end of Surprise Valley. Named after General Bidwell-Fort Bidwell.
Page 252: Fort Bidwell; Order issued to establish Fort Bidwell by Major General Irvin McDowell
on "the same day Lincoln died." Built to protect roads from Chico via Susanville to Surprise
Valley; from Red Bluff through Fort Crook and the road from Humboldt River to South Oregon.
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Named in honor of Chico pioneer John Bidwell. Sacramento Rangers, Company "F", 2nd Cavalry
was garrisoned at Fort Bidwell until May 31, 1866 when they were recalled to be mustered out.
Page 149: Knight Life and Manners of the Frontier Army; Throughout the West, Army posts had
amateur troupes with such names as the Fort Shaw (Montana) Comedy Company, the Fort Sully
Minstrel and Variety Troupe.... some were composed entirely of officers and ladies, others of
enlisted men. They seldom if ever mixed on the boards, but they all mixed in the audience.
263. Hunt, Rockwell D. John Bidwell, Prince of California Pioneeers. Coldwell, Ida.: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1942.
Abstract: The major portion of references to the California Indian can be found in chapter 7 entitled
"A Friend of the Indian." Aside from sporatic references throughout the book in relation to the
rancheria and the Mechoopda tribe, specific Northern California tribes are examined on pages
78-79, 138, 157-159, 317-318, 388-393, 403, 456, 455.
Pages 133-143, plus other passages in the biography which are listed in the index, provide
information on the relations of the Bidwells with the Indians.
264. ———. A Short History of California. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1929.
Abstract: Chapter 6: The Indian, pages 73--86: Gives a fairly composet picture of the California
Indian from the time of Spanish rule, up until early American settlement.
Pages 84, 262: Destruction of white settlers
Page 120: Sierran opposition to whites
Pages 123, 125, 202, 214, 215, 271, 274: Revolts and uprisings
Page 215: Military ability
Page 239: Treatment of by Mexican Governor
Page 570: Treatment of by Americans
Page 572: Commission of 1850
Page 574-575: Reservation system
Page 575: Two Years War
Page 576: Modoc War
265. Hurst, Robert. Indians, Stories Based Upon Legends and History of the Deer Creek and Mill Creek Tribes in
Northern California. Richardson Springs, CA: Richardson Mineral Springs.
Notes: Fiction and Non-Fictional book
Abstract: Description of Deer and Mill Creek Indians relations with whites.
266. Hutchinson, William H. California. Palo Alto, CA: American West Publishing Company, 1969.
Abstract: Briefly stated on pages 124-125 is a clear-cut analysis of the effects of the 1840's Gold
Rush upon the California Indian.
267. Hyman, Frank J. Historic Writings..., Vol. 34 pages. Ukaih, CA: Panpipes Press, 1966.
Abstract: Pages 3-4: In 1855, Indians burnt down 1st Mill built on Noyo River. In 1856, military
post for Mendocino Indian Reservation decided on. In 1857, 1st Lt. H. G. Gibson and soldiers
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established military post on reservation 1 mile north of Noyo River and named by Gibson, Fort
Bragg, in honor of former company commander Braxton Bragg. In 1867 reservation abandoned .
Mendocino Indian Reservation (supervised by Thomas J. Henley) 24,938.46 acres. 4 stations on
Reservation with approx. 2,000 Indians quartered in all. Military post established to gather Indians
into reservation. Indians taken to Covelo Reservation when Mendocino Reservation abandoned in
1867. Each summer Valley Indians journeyed to coast to catch-dry fish abalonies, kelp. Indians
were peaceably industrious, self-supporting. (photo on page 6.)
Page 7: 1914 author going deer hunting guided by Indians camping at Shelter Cove to Beg. Flat
over the Humbodlt Trail. (Picture of Indians, houses, and authors wife leaving for trail.)
268. Irvine, Leigh. History of Humboldt County, California, With Biographical Sketches of the Leading Men and
Women of the County Who Have Been Identified With Its Growth and Development From Its Early
Days to the Present. Los Angeles, CA: Historic Record Company, 1915.
269. Jackson, Helen Marin Fiske Hunt. A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the U.S. Government's Dealings With
Some of the Indians. Minnealolis: Ross and Haines, 1964.
Abstract: A documented history book of the treaties made between American Indians and the U.S.
government. Most of the reference to California tribes deals with those of the South, although
pages 448-451, 454, 455, 456, 457, 474-477, 513 and 514 do contain various references to
Northern California tribes (ex: Hoopa, Modoc, Klamath.)
270. Jewell, Donald B. A Report on the Archaeological Findings at Fort Humboldt State Monument, California .
271. Jocelyn, Stephen P. Mostly Alkali: A Biography. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1953.
Abstract: A biography of Brigadier General Stephen Perry Jocelyn, 1843-1920 by his son. Contains
notes from his diary of the overland march from Reno to Camp Bidwell, pages 400-403, with a map
of the line of march on page 167. The march and life at the post are also discussed on pages
166-169. References to Camp Bidwell's role in the Modoc War are to be found on pages 172-173.
272. Johnson, Captain Edward. Post Return Fort Weller. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916.
Washington D.C.: United States National Archives.
Abstract: January 1859: Johnson, Captain Edward, 6th Inf., Co. "D", Fort Weller a new fort
established at the head of Russian River.
February 1859: Johnson, Captain Edward, 6th Inf., Co. "D".
March 1859: No changes in Co. and no events noted.
April 1859: No changes in Co. and no events noted.
May 1859: No changes in Co. and no events noted.
June 1859: No changes in Co. and no events noted.
July 1859: No changes in Co. and no events noted.
August 1859: No changes in Co. and no events noted.
September 1859: No changes in Co. and no events noted.
273. Johnson, Kenneth M. K-344 or the Indian of California Vs. the United States. Los Angeles, CA: Dawson's
Book Shop, 1966.
Abstract: This book tells the story of the fight of the California Indians for reimbursement for the
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lands they occupied and lost at the time of and after the American Aquisition of California through
the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. K-344 is the landmark case in this area.
274. Keithley, George. The Donner Party. New York: George Braziller, 1972.
Abstract: page 226: Foster took Eddy's gun and shot the two Indian guides to provide food for the
rest of the party.
page 236: After the Donner children had been rescued, the Indians of the territory came close to
camp to inspect the situation. Seeing the partial remains of the corpses, they left, ignoring Tamsen's
plea for help.
275. Kelsey, C. Census of Non-Reservation California Indians, 1905-1906 . Berkeley, CA: Archaeological
Research Facility, Department of Anthropology, 1971.
Abstract: This book contains a census by county lines within California in respect to
non-reservation Indians. Of the northern California areas, the only area not surveyed was
Sacramento County, in which the census used in this case was from 1900. 45 counties in all - 36 of
which census were taken in 1905-1906, 9 of which were taken in 1900.
276. Kelsey, Rayner Wickersham. Friends and the Indians (Modoc). Philadelphia, Penn: 1917.
277. Kenny, Robert W. History and Proposed Settlement Claims of California Indians. Sacramento, CA: George
H. Moore State Printer, 1944.
Abstract: A brief account of proposed treaties between the California government and the Indians,
the their respective results. The various attempts of Robert Kenny, Attorney General of California,
to receive due re-payment for both treaty and non-treaty Indians. Included in this book are
Congressional Acts, Federal Policies, Proposed Settlements, schedules of value of various
properties, and a copy of an original Indian treaty. Years covered are 1851-1944.
278. Keyes, Erasmus Darwin. From West Point to California. Oakland, CA: Biobooks, 1950.
Abstract: Page 62: Col. George Wright, Commander of our expedition [in Washington Territory]
was native of Vermont and a graduate of Military Academy, Class of 1822. "...was every inch a
soldier and a gentleman." In 1838 I heard Col. Worth say of Wright, Who was then a Major, that
he was entitled by his soldierly qualities to be advanced two grades. General Dandy, brtd'd four
times during the rebellion, and who was my subaltern in 1858, considered Wright best company he
had served under.
Page 63: On Spokane plains he enforced extremely rigid and severe disciplines.
279. Kibbe, General William C. "Report of the Expedition Against the Indians in the Northern Part of the State ."
Reprints of Various Papers on California Archaeology, Ethnology and Indian History . editor
Robert F. Heizer, 139. Berkeley, CA: Archaeological Research Facility, Department of
Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 1973.
Notes: pages 54-60
Abstract: This chapter is a letter to Governor Downey from Kibbe reporting on the successful
campaign against the Indians in the area extending from Butte Creek on the south to the Pitt River
on the north.
280. Kinnaird, Lawrence. History of the Greater San Francisco Bay Region, Vol. 3. New York: Lewis Historical
Publishing Company, 1966.
Abstract: Vol. 3., Page 251: Under sketch of Walter Augustus Starr, son of William McKendry
Starr, born in San Francisco March 14, 1877 his father had come west in 1863 to join older brother
Abraham Dubois Starr, who arrived in Sacramento Valley in gold rush of 1849. He became
successful trader by supplying mining camps in mountains with food and other needs by means of
wagons and pack animals and pioneered in growing and milling of wheat with two partners. A. D.
Starr built Buckeye Mill at Marysville in 1853, one of very first in state. In 1868 he began
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construction of flour mill at South Vallejo Camp 2200 bbls per day and exported most of its product
to England and Ireland via Camp Horn. Later he was joined in this venture by brothers William M
Starr and Captain Augustus Starr, and open under name of Starr and Co. Old mill today is part of
much larger plant of General Mills.
281. Kniffen, Fred Bowerman. Achomawi Geography. University of California Publications in American
Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 23, no. 5. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1928.
Abstract: This is a good reference book for the various Achomawi tribal locations, political life,
social institutions, and culture. Included in the book are interesting plates of the Achomawi area.
282. Knight, Oliver. Life and Manners in the Frontier Army. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.
Abstract: Page 128: Only strikers and Chinese made satisfactory servants, as a general thing. A
striker was an enlisted man who worked for an officer until 1881 when Army regulations- citing an
unenforced law of 1870 - prohibited officers from empolying soldiers in private service. Before
that, many enlisted men were happy to work for the extra five dollars a month paid by an officer, to
live in private quarters, to eat better than in company messes, and to be excused from guard duties,
drills, and roll calls. For a few years thereafter the rule against soldiers as servants was enforced,
but the striker never did disappear entirely.
283. Kober, Dr. George M. Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1783-1917.
Notes: Record Group 94. 106: 131-147
Abstract: Kober, George M., attending Surgeon, Special Report in compliance with GO No. 5, HQ.,
of the Army, AGO, 1893. Gymnasium - 100' by 30' with side addition 100' by 8'. 14 windows.
Stage for dramatic and literary. Has following apparatus for gymnastic exercises: one horizontal
bar, one set of rings, one set of parallel bars, two wooden horse, one vaulting apparatus, Indian
clubs, dumbbells. Command uses it freely. Promotes physical and moral culture of employees.
In February, 1885, Congress finally passed retirement law for sm. lender its provisions, any man
who had served 30 years could, upon his own application to Pre., be placed upon retired list with
ranks held at retirement. Thereof, would receive 3/4 of his pay and allowances.
284. Kroeber, Alfred L. California Indian Population About 1910, Vol. 47. Vol 47, No 3, Publications in
American Archaeology and Ethnology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1959.
Abstract: Tells of Indian population about 1910, including the population of individual tribes
(Pomo, Yurok, Miwok, etc.)
285. ———. Elements of Culture in Native California. University of California Publications in American
Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 13, no. 8. Berkeley, CA: University Press, 1922.
286. ———. "Ghost Dance in California." Journal of American Folklore vol. 17 (1904).
Notes: Published in Boston for the American Folklore Society by Houston, Mifflin and Co. c. 1888.
Abstract: Pages 32- 35: Among the Yurok and Karok Indians the writer learned of a ghost dance
that occurred about 30 years before his expedition. The Karok got it from the Shastas, dance could
be moved from area to area since it was not a native dance tied to a location. Dance was to bring
back the dead. Discusses Modoc ghost dance belief that they would get power and their dead would
sweep the whites from the earth.
287. Laird, Irma W. The Modoc Country. Alturas, CA: Designed and Printed by Lawton and Alfred Kennedy,
1971.
Abstract: On page 56 Fort Bidwell's abandonment is mentioned, and is given as 1892. Actually the
post was not abandoned until October 21, 1893. The new role of the fort as an Indian school,
1898-1934, is briefly noted. Between pages 108 and 109 is a photograph of the main buildings of
the fort as they were in 1892.
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288. Latta, Milly. Glenn County Yesterdays. Willows, CA: Glenn County Schools Office, 1965.
Abstract: Early Spanish discovers.
Chapter 2: The Primitive and Gentle People. Summary of lifestyle, work, religion, etc. of Indians
of Glenn County.
Chapter 4: Story of Smith fighting Indians. 1832 smallpox.
Chapter 5: Indians work for early settlers.
Chapter 6: Bidwell swims in front of Indians (1844). Made friends with Indians.
Chapter 8: 1845 population estimate of North Valley by Bidwell 19,500 Indians and 82 whites.
Story of Bidwell's Mexican servant hunting wife and finding gold on Bear Creek.
Chapter 10: Colusa founded on Indian rancheria. Story of Indian guide and steamboat captain.
Chapter 17: The plight of the Indians. 1840 were 10,000 Indians. 1870 were 424 Indians in
Colusa County. Starvation and disease for Indians. Indian reservations. Colus and Mechoopda
Indians die off. Foothill Indian fights against the whites discussed. White massacre of Indians.
Page 100: Diseases of whites massed to Indians (malaria and smallpox).
Page 101: Mention of Nome Lackee reservation in Tehama County.
Page 102: Joseph James and a Captain Williams in 1855 went to a rancheria on Salt Creek went of
Reb Creek to try to persuade Indians to go to Nome Lackee Reservation. Indians killed Williams'
mule and wounded James. The two white men fought free, leaving several dead Indians. In 1862 a
band of about 30 Indians from Round Valley, under Hat Creek, seize raided raches along Little
Stony Creek. Several such raids.
Page 103: Tom McClanahan found two Indian girls hiding in the brush. He found a family to take
care of them. They learned to speak English and to keep house. Later, McClanahan married one of
the girls. Rancheria near mouth of Grindstone Creek.
289. Leis, Philip E. "Washo Witchcraft: A Test of the Frustration-Agression Hypothesis ." The Washo Indians of
California and Nevada.Vol. no 67. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, 1963.
Notes: pages 57-68
Abstract: Tells of the possible link between frustration-agression and witchcraft and of the Washo's
beliefs in witchcraft. Analyzes the frustration-agression and witchcraft by citing examples. For
example, once able to release aggression through warfare until government controls. Then the use
of witchcraft increased.
290. Levene, Bruce. Mendocino County Remembered (An Oral History), Vol. vol 1. Fort Bragg, CA: Mendocino
County Historical Society, 1976.
Abstract: Pages 15-18: Elise Allen (b. 1899) - Indian women speaks of year of her birth as bad for
her people. Baptized Elsie Comanche at Catholic Church in Santa Rosa. Carried Pomo beliefs into
Catholic Church - fasting examples suffered white diseases - had measles at 5 years old. Given hot
turtle blood to drink by her grandfather, an Indian singing doctor. At Indian school at Covelo best
friend died of tuberculosis. Mother remarried half-Pomo, half-English Mr. Richard Burke. Mother
used to make her hide when whites came by as feared she might be kidnapped. Was forced to
speak only English at school and punished when didn't understand. When 13, opened school for
Indians near Hopland. Sisters of St. Dominick came to school to teach faith. Worked in Hops then
in San Francisco as nurses aide. Got the flue. In 1919 married another Pomo, Arthur Allen. First
child Genvicoe born July 31, 1920. Illustrations of Indian Hop pickers (photos) at Hopland. Didn't
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destroy mother's baskets when died as mother said not to. Teaches basket making at Mendocino
Art Center - trying to carry on past heritage.
Pages 27-30: Alta Ballou - "My mother used to have an Indian... real fat... named Daisey." She did
wash for my mother once a week. Wore a lot of petticoats and carried things in tied bandana. She
took lots of food home with her. Pomo Indians, they were always good people. Liked to come to
town Saturdays. Indians had band, played in front of courthouse, called Keller's Band. Blocked off
street. Whites came, too. Carried babies bound in baskets. Babes never cried. Indians attacked a
Mrs. Foster in early times; stabbed her and left her for dead. Her stepfather's father was shot by
Indian when he went as a Deputy Sheriff to arrest an Indian for killing another Indian.
Pages 31-37: Bey Barnwell - Lots of Indians around, but not wild. Big reservation in Covelo
1913-1915 closed around 1920. Called Indian schools rancherias. Indians have high cheeck bones,
black sleek hair.
Pages 44-47: Estle Beard - Story of Indian sent out to see if could kill grizzly killing sheep. Found
later next to dead bear. Bear lived long enough to kill Indian. Reservation land homsteading
discussed.
Pages 53-56: Eva Biaggi (b. 1890) - Miss Brown used to teach Indians in Manchester Area.
Played organ for singing at Reservation Methodist S. School. Eva Biaggi went to school with
Indians at Bush Creek. Family hired Indians to do chores, help with wash. Old Mr. Laiwa would
button up Eva's dress in morning. Eva used to visit Indians at home. Usually wigweam with hole
in roof for smoke. San Francisco missionaries sent barrels of clothes. Indians really washed
clothes given as said whites smelled bad. Indians gave birth anyplace. Had lice and eye trouble.
Indians had Roundhouse near river, danced around fire hitting two pieces of wood together.
Pages 60-63: Chester Bishop (b. 1896 on Garcia River.) Had an Indian wet nurse Louisa. Had
caste marks across forehear (tatoos) Pomo. Clean and nice person. Used to hire Indians during
haying. Had a barrell of beer in fields. One Indian drew a knife when one of the hands (white)
started playing around with him. Indians got hold of wine and decided to have tong war started
shooting at each other. Remembers Indians gathering soap root. Coming and stripping beef
carcass, gathering clover. Indians had sweat houses they would used then jump in the river.
Pages 70-72: Harold Bolder - Pomo Indians lived just southwest betwen Fort Bragg and highway
There was an imcampment at west end of Fir Street, west of railroad track. Fraziers, Campbells,
Coopers were early Indian families. Tells tall tales of early 1900's of supposed Indian attacks on
government surveyors.
Page 79: Beverly Broaddus (b. 1900.) - Came Mendocino 1909, 9 years old. Broaddus remembers
Indians as good people, great ball players. There were several Indians on Talmage baseball team Henry Campbell, Raphael Elliot. Indians had their own Ukiah valley team. Granfather Hames L.
Broaddus was minister, teacher, and Indian agent to Hoopa in Humboldt Co. and was active on
Covelo Reservation later (1760-1970.) Near Howard Ranch (Willets) was old oak tree called
hangman's tree. According to story an Indian raped a white women and was hung on tree.
Pages 86-89: Blanche Brown (b. 1892 in Philo) - Early memory of Indians (late 90s). Was running
to watch Indians pass on trek to coast. Whites children laughed at Indian children and visa versa.
Men carried guns, women carried big bundles on backs. Cooked kelp for storage. Her father
hunted with an Indian -Calti. Indians were peaceful in Philo area. Indians worked for local
ranchers, often adopting name of rancher they worked for. Indian Bill Ball worked for white J. D.
Ball. Indian took his employers name.
Pages 92-92: Flora Buchanan (b. 1888) - Born at Cuffey's Cove. Indians used to camp where
school is now. Would gather fish and kelp. As child would go with group of white children and sit
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in Indian camp and watch. Indian women would walk down street and sit on porches. Did not beg
but would take anything given them. Donohue ranch had full time Indian employee (Bill the
Indian.) Big Indian Capitell used to walk up and down street.
Pages 94-95: Della Campbell (Indian, 84 years old in 1976) - Last Pomo Indian basket maker on
coast. Born in Sherwood Valley. Describes making baskets. No one wants to get in mud for
willows. Talks of making baskets for family members. Learned to sew on flour sacks - taught by
whites. Went to school at Sherwood Valley - whites taught some things she liked learning. Picture
of Pomo Indians Joseppa and Jeff Dick in front of their home. Most Pomos work on farms.
Remembers father going 2-3 times a year to coast for low tide food gathering. Remembers parents
liked bacon and hog fat but Indians gradually developed taste for lard (white man's food).
Pages 101-103: Burt Chapman - Remembers Indians at De Haven. Was an Indian graveyard
between De Haven and Wage's Creek on west side of highway. Remember Indians sitting around
court house at Ukiah. Nancy Darr (Indian) lived at Bald Hill Ranch (up Pudding Creek - monument
there). Nancy inherited ranch. Lived with white husband and would come to town with two dogs
and get drunk.
PAges 104- 110: At Ukiah Theater Indians had to sit in the gallery "nigger heaven." That was
practice for years. People were afraid in Indians, but harmless unless drinking.
Pages 110-111: Bertha Cook - Tells of Long Valley and Jack Farley (old Indian hunter). Used to
hoe his garden with his gun neary - on the alert for Indians. Was friendly fellow. Had two Indian
scalps on either side of his fireplace. Had charis laced with Indian skin. As child would go in and
listen to his Indian stories. He was one of who killed Indians at Bloody Run. Captured a 13/14
year old Indian girl at Bloody Run. She was raised by Baechtolds, was taught to be a seamstress
and cook. Dave Woodland married her, she died in childbirth. The child, Ruby, was a childhood
friend of Bertha Cook. Ruby was raised and adopted by Dr. Burns, moved to San Francisco and
married a lawyer.
Pages 112-114: Ed Corbett - Indians used to work in the hop field as did whites. Indians would
pick on one group and whites in another. They didn't allow any Indians in Little Lake Valley.
Pages 117-120: Milton DeVilbiss - Indians worked on Mr. DeVilbiss's father's ranch. Remembers
Indians crossing valley on way to ocean. Mr. DeVilbiss's father used to say you could trust a full
blood Indian, but mixed blood Indians would steal, etc. Remembers an Indian man and women
who worked for his father and had three children. His father took the pair to Justice of the Peace as
he didn't think it right to raise a family without getting married.
Pages 126-128: Ed Downing - Indians used to fight on reservation when drinking. One Indian,
Cabaser Jim was sewed up by whites after his stomach was cut open by another Indian. Indians
took name of early settlers. Remembers in his grandfather William Poes time Indians stole horses
from whites in Laytonville Valley. Whites chased them and killed all except some chldren who
were adopted by whites. Caught up with Indians at creek known sice then as Bloody Run. No
whites killed but 15-20 Indians. Remembers an Indian catching a 90 pound salmon and trading it
for a sack of flour.
Page 128: Alice Elliot - Born in Hopland - not on reservation. (1896) Worked hop picking from
10 years old. Lived with grandparents Louise and Jim. Used to buy clothes and good in town as
Reservation had no stores. Used to go on treks over to coast for seaweed, dried abalone, etc. to
Bodega Bay or Point Arena. White people would stare but they were nice - at least they never said
anything. We would stay a week.
Pages 132-133: Nannie Escola - Taught on an Indian school on the reservation at Manchester.
Substituted for an 80 year old National teacher. She said to bring cookies to bribe kids to school,
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but it never did. I treated them like people and those children learned, they were bright. That other
teacher hadn't taught them, didn't get to school til noon. Nobody would have believed the Indians if
they complained against her. It was a dirty shame to destroy the Indian culture. The government
took children away from their parents and made them go to Government schools. Indians coulndn't
go to regular schools unless the Government school was miles away.
Pages 134-136: Ruth Evans - Remembers Indian ladies coming to Ukiah with their babies to listen
to Ukiah band. Had an Indian woman who helped with wash. Indians would only accept money in
quarter or fifty cent pieces. When Evans was a baby her mother left her asleep in crib and went
across street to see her neighbor. Baby woke and started crying and the Indian washing lady tried
to quiet her, but baby was afraid of stranger. When mother returned, Indian woman said wouldn't
work for her anymore (was mad), said "Indian women never leave babies to go across street."
Page 158: Lura Frati - Taught in one-room school at Round Valley Reservation. School given
second-hand desks from Covelo Elementary when they got new. Remembers leaving town with an
Indian and riding together to reservation. Some people were shocked, thought he was too friendly
with Indians. Reservation Indians had a lot of sewing machines they didn't know how to use.
Result of persuasive salesman.
Pages 159-160: Victoria Frazier - Born in Trinity County. Grandfather helped drive Indians into
Round Valley Reservation. Went to reservation school. Her grandmother was Indian but never
went around her people after she married. Never spoke Indian language around children. Indians
all seemed happy and friendly on reservation. Picture of Pomo Indian family on page 159.
Pages 174-179: Aldine Gorman - She was brought up on the coast by her grandparents. Her
husband's grandmother was born in 1860 in Cuffey's Cove. Children would go to Rancheria to
visit. Were given things to eat "sweet as a nut." Grandmother climbed up to top of sweat house to
get view of interior. Indians would dance til they were tired, then water was poured on them. Then
as they left Indian women pelted them with beads or something. A story of an Indian prowler
given. Remembers giggling Indian women (Pomo) in calico skirts and shawls at Mayday
celebrations. Pomo loved children.
Pages 182-184: Cecil Gowan - His father raised hops. Would go get a truckload of Indians from
Manchester Reservation to help pick when needed. Indians and whites kept to their own parts of
the field and got along fine. He knew a lot of Indians on first name basis.
Pages 185-188: Edna Guerrero (Pomo) - Family was strength for Indians. In marriage all members
of groom's family would give to bride's family. Recounts an Indian wedding she saw. Tells of a
Mrs. Chambers starting an Indian school. Talks about brothers and sisters sent to Government
schools. If you had an older relative he or she taught you the preparation of foods. Women could
be "head" women. Told of competition in basket making. She is Northern Pomo. Learned
language from women born 1820. Tells of how her grandparents escaped from Round Valley
Reservation and returned to Potter Valley. Indians lived for years in sheds on land where ranchers
said they could stay. In 1892 group of 14 Indians brough 11 acres from whites B. Mott and
Newfield. There are only 5 direct descendants of those 14. Was 22 before ever heard of Bureau of
Indian Affairs. In 1910, government added 16 acres to 11. Speaks on difficulties over land because
of lack of records. Speaks of large government grants from which Indians got small gain. 29.1
million to 44,000 Indians. Remember learning dances, language, customs, from parents and
relations.
Pages 191-193: Florence Halliday - Remembers Indians building tepe in their driveway and fathe
ordering them to take it down. Their ranch was five miles from an Indian reservation near Point
Arena. Remembers an Indian celebration for dedicating a building. Remembers Miss Brown was a
teacher on the reservation.
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Pages 194-197: Whit Ham - Dad was sheep rancher. Had old Indian sheepshearers. Indians taught
sheep-shearing. If Indians liked you, they'd be "gerat to fool with you." Indians lived on
reservation on north end of Covelo. Indians' mind wouldn't absorb beyond eighth grade. Indians
burned reservation building in 1900 and two times since.
Pages 202-205: Jessie Hildreth - Remembers Indians picking hops on her fathers ranch. Her father
loaned them money to live on while they were there and would pay them the balance at the end of
the season. They would have parties, play grass games, and stick gambling. Sometimes play all
night then pick all day.
Pages 209-212: Ruth Hood - Went to school with Indians from Rancherias behind Little River Inn.
Remembers Indians going from Ukiah to ocean for seaweed and abalone. Used to offer whites
cooked seaweed to eat. People would go down on the beach in summer to call on the Indian. Used
to be man show in Ukiah to watch Indians in Courthouse lawn with their babies. Indians good
workers. One John Miller worked for her father for years.
Page 213: Harry Hopper - Rembers a very old Indian visiting his parents telling them story of two
Chinamen who drifted into Indian rancheria. The Indians thought they were devils and burned
them up. Indian said story had been passed down five generations. Writer's grandfather John
Hopper remembers seeing 200 Indians in war regalia mark dividing line between their hostile tribes
with pile of stones in 1864 on what is now Potter Valley football field.
Pages 214-216: Otto Hughes - Remembers Indians as friendly and nice. Used to have Indians cut
wood for them. Family had a grape vineyard and Indians would come and ask to pick the grapes
after the first frost.
Pages 217-220: Matt Hurt - Indian reservation shipped in purebred Durhams in 1895. U.S.
Government sent 1000 soldiers to "herd" Indians when Indians first brought to reservation. Indians
and whites ran cattle togeher. Many whites (names given) took Indian wives. Indians and whites
had their own ways to settle brawls. Born on Reservation in Covelo in 1888. Phil Deuel first
farmer on Indian reservation. Tells of homsteaders removed from reservation land in 1892. Never
had trouble with Indians. Mother fed them sourdough bisquits when they visited. Worked on
reservation branding cattle. At end of 25 years, fee patents signed by Pres. Cleaveland and land
bought. Mixture of tribes on reservation cuased lots of fighting. Brought Nomelaki from Shasta to
Sacramento, then by boat to Ft. Bragg. Nomelaki scounts saw Mt. Shasta from Leach Lake and the
tribe packed up and went back. Phil Deuel went over and marched them back. The young Indians
said the older Indians that gave out were killed and left. Fells of saloon fight where white cut up an
Indian but another Indian took the rap. Indian Deep Dick killed Tom Steele with a gun when they
were fighting.
Pages 225-257: Melissa Kendrick (b. 1895) - Remembers picking hops - hot, dirty work but good
atmosphere. Indians picked. Everyone picked. Her husband's aunt married Dr. J. W. Hudson,
worked for Field Columbian Museum, collecting artifacts of California Indians. Kendrick has
papers Hudson wrote which were unpublished (Smithsonian wants them). Pomo's were Hudson's
field of interest. Grace (Carpenter) Hudson was Indian artist. Illustration of her surrounded by
Indian artifacts (pg. 256).
Pages 232-236: Jane Jameson (b. 1880s) "Indians took names of folks they lived with. Some of the
old timers saw a pretty Indian girl, they'd fell 'em." The Indians used to wash for us. One was
named Tom Jameson. He was a good wood cutter. His cords of wood would still be 8 feet long
and 4 feet high when dried. Tom would go to the Indian rancheria at Pinolville, where he would
gamble and lose his money. Later, he went to Lake County where he drank quite a lot. "The Indian
burned over Redwood Valley every year so there was no brush only larger trees and wild oats tall
as men. Early settlers kept Indians. One Mr. Mallory was hiking with Indian, saw an eagle. Indian
begged Mallory not to shoot eagle as Indian would die, but Mallory did. Indian ran home, laid
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down, and eventually died. Indians washed for family. Had an Indian named Tom Jameson. Cut
wood, was very honest, but lost his earnings gambling on weekend with other Indians.
Pages 237-243: Dan Jensen (b. 1881) - Remembers a fishing trip at river where came upon an
Indian camp. Two whites shared whiskey with Indian (Old Sea Lion who was also fishing salmon had 3-4 women to clean and smoke them). Hired Indians to weed carrots. When 13/14 Jensen
asked an Indian for "piece of poke and pnchey," she said "no" and threatened to tell his mother. He
said he'd sic the dog on her if she came to the house.
Pages 245-249: Effie Johnson (b. late 1800's , 189....) - Above E. J. 's fathrs ranch in Manchester
was an Indian rancheria. Indians used to work for her father doing odd chores. Jeff Davis and
George Frank were two of the Indians. E. J. has Indian baskets that were given to her mother.
Susie an Indian women who helped with wash gave them to her. Father used to take her to
Rancheria.
Pages 265-271: Art Lemos (b. early 1900s) - Gives explanation of why Fury Town called Fury
Town. Quite a number of Indians lived in Grindle Park below Furty Town. Mendocino men after a
saloon Saturday night would tease and raise havoc with Indians. One day was a big fight and a man
(white or Indian) was killed. Indians from Ukiah would go to Pt. Arena where they would camp
anf fish for two or three weeks. Each Indian family would select a family in Mendocino where they
would camp. The the white family would give them clothes and some food. The Indians would
give them white people some of their dried abalones and mussels. The Indians were all very nice
people. They came from the Hopland area.
Pages 287-290: Earl Long (interview) - Born in 1895. Tells of his uncle stationed at Nome Lackie
Indian Reservation. Indian headquarters out west of Covelo, Camp Wright. Poonkinney Canyon
Road heavily populated with Indians before removal to reservation. Long says controlled some,
killed most of Indians. Indians acted as scouts to help round up - if Indians didn't surrender, they
were shot like at Bloody Run at Clear Lake. Describes reservation as well-run, prosperous - but
Indians unhappy. Was an Indian boarding school but was burned down a lot as was unpopular.
Whites gave Indians liquor on 4th of July. Indians would fight among themselves but not with
whites.
291. Lewis, E. J. History of Tehama County California With Illustrations. San Francisco, CA: Elliott and Moore,
1880.
Abstract: This is an personal historical narrative of the first white settlers in Tehama County.
Pages 43-50: Detail of the Indians in Tehama County. The author describes a smallpox or cholera
epidemic that Indians in North Sacramento River contracted from white trappers in the 1830's.
Much of the section describes the Indians (Colus) culture (beads, food, houses)
Page 44: Indian theft of white cattle and murders of whites by Indians. Author states that few
Indians remain in Tehama Co.
292. Lewis, Oscar. The Autobiography of the West. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1958.
Abstract: Pages 43-47 tell about John C. Fremont's experience during his expedition to Oregon
country, Nevada, and California. He discusses various problems and encounters with Indians.
From pages 97-103, gives details about John Bidwell's journey on coming west. Bidwell was in his
early 20s. The only encounter he had with Indians were at the plains of the Sierra Nevada. They
were not Indians as Bidwell thought, but men who had deserted their party.
293. ———. California Heritage. New York: Thomas & Cromwell Co., 1949.
Abstract: Pages 28-37: Tells of life of California Indians on missions, including religion,
education, character, and lifestyle.
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294. Lieutenant Nelson H. Davis. Letter to Townsend, Captain E. D., 31 January 1852.
Notes: RG 98 393 Pacific Division. Letters Received 1849-1853. Box 4. 1-66. D-9
Abstract: Lt. Nelson H. Davis, 16 1/4 miles northeast of Nicolaus to Captain E. D. Townsend,
AAG, Pacific Division, January 31, 1852. Submits Post Returns for month. Enclosed copy of
comm. received from Adjunct General rel. to Private James McAuley, Co. E, 1st Dragoon, and
Private Robert Reynolds, Co. E, 2d Dragoon. Respectfully asks how they would be mustered out.
Enclosed letter for Comanding officer, Co. E, 1st Dragoon, whose address is unknown. Assistant
Surgon requisitioned medicines, 30 September last and repeated instead they have not been
received.
295. Lincoln, Robert Todd. Report of the Secretary of War1882.
Notes: 47 Congress, 2 Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II, 4 vol. in 6 parts. 2091-2096
Abstract: Pages 40-41: Fort Gaston, Captain Charles Porter, 8th Inf., 1 company, 8th Inf., 1 captain,
1 subalterns. 45 enlisted men.
Notes: 48th Congress, 1st Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II. 4 vol. in 6 parts. 2182-2187.
Abstract: Adj. Gen. Report. Position and distribution of troops.
Page 68: Fort B., Captain D. T. Wells, 8th Inf., 2 comapnies, 1st Cavalry, 8th Inf., 2 captains, 3
subalterns, 93 enlisted men. Fort Gaston, Captain Charles Porter, 8th Inf., 1 company, 8th Inf., 1
captain, 1 subaltern, 40 enlisted men.
Page 74: Fort B., daily stage from Reno, Nevada on CPRR, distance 200 miles.
P.O. and telegraph station same. Fort Gaston, P. O. Hoopa valley, telegraph station Arcata, weekly
steamer, San Francisco to Arcata, 284 miles. Thence by saddle animal (mountain trail) 42 miles.
Page 157-159: Report of Major General J. M. Schofield, Comdg., Military Division of the Pacific
and Department of California.
Page 159: "The condition of the troops of this division in respect to discipline and instruction is all
that could be expected of small and widely dispersed detachments. To improve their discipline,
perfect their instructions, and, above all, to greatly increase their effective strength for service in the
field, they should be concentrated into as few and as large garrisions as possible. In the department
of California this may now be done without the sacrifice of any important interest. The large
majority of the troops in the department should now be concentrated at the Presidio of San
Francisco..."
Notes: 48th Congress, 2d Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, part II. 4 Vol. in 7 parts. 2277-2283
Abstract: Page 66: Fort B. Major A. S. Burt, 8th Inf., 2100. 2d Cavalry, 8th Inf., 1 major, 2
subalterns, 2 captains. 100 enlisted men. Fort Gaston. Captain Chas. Porter, 8th Inf., 1 Co. 8th Inf.,
1 captain, 1 subaltern. 41 enlisted men.
Page 128-130: Report of Major General Jno. Pope, Division of the Pacific and Department of
California.
Page 128: "The Indians of California and Nevada have continued and are likely to remain perfectly
quiet..." "It would seem very desirable that some arrangement be soon made to break up the Indian
reservations near Fort Gaston and assign the lands included in them, in severalty, to the Indians now
occupying them. These Indians are sufficiently civilized to understand and appreciate such a
distribution among them of these extensive lands, and I have no doubt this arrangement would be
both satisfactory and profitable to them and beneficial to the public interstate."
298. Lindquists, Gustavus Elmer Emanuel. The Redman in the United States. New York: Ged. H. Doran Comp.,
1923.
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Abstract: Page 33: Grant's Peace Policy - An explanation of the message to congress on December
6, 1869, known as the "Peace Policy."
Pages 34-35: The Segregation Idea - "... administering the 'Peace Policy' failed not only to
understand the Indian nature, but were ready to ignore existing treaties and agreements, to attempt
experiments that past experience had conclusively proved to be unjust and inhuman. There was
added to the policy, about 1873, the 'steady concentration of the smaller bands of Indians upon the
larger reservations... to be more conomical.'" This concentration led to the Modoc War of
1872-1873.
Page 37: Population as of 1920 - Present population to 1921 Annual Report of Commissioner of
Indian Affairs. 340,838 in the U.S. Supplemented by information from the 1920 cnesus. No
Indian office representative. Has increase of approximately 13,500 in last ten years.
Page 38: Administration and Education - Department of the Interior's (started in 1849) function
was to stand between Indian and white man and to explain to Indians the ways of white man's life to
prepare for full citizenship. "Approximately 1/3 of the employees of Indian service are Indians."
Originally it was an agency for welfare activities: education, distribution of rations, suppression of
liquor and maintaining laws, handling Indian's money, etc.
Page 361: Non-reservation Indians - Scattered over 40 counties, 1920 population of 14, 497.
Divided into three groups: (1) homsteaders; (2) living on small tracts of land purchased by the
government; (3) "squatters" who stay on a ranch until told to leave. Housing conditions. Upwards
for group 1, but slow improvements for 2 and 3. Trachoma and tuberculosis very low for groups 1
and 2, but group 3 has a high percentage of 20% for trachoma and 25% for tuberculosis.
Page 362: Notes on John and Annie Bidwell and Chico - "For certain bands, lands have been
provided by philanthropic and religious associations, the settlement of Chico, on the ranch of the
late General Bidwell, left to the charge of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions by Mrs.
Bidwell, being the most noteworthy example."
Pages 364-365: Reservation Indians - These two pages have examples of larger reservations - how
many acres, what tribes, population, income, natural resources, poverty, housing conditions,
diseases, hostpital facilities, and the practicing of religion.
Page 415: Graph of the non-reservation Indians in 1920 - Graph includes counties and the Indian
population not living on a reservation and the tribes.
Pages 436-441: The Legal Status of the Indian and Indian Citizenship - Section 441 of the Revisted
Status provides that "the Secretary of the Interior is charged with the suppresion of public business
relating to **** the Indians." Pages 436-439 are on various federal laws and actions of the Indians.
An example of these laws is the above quotation. Indian citizenship and all the legal stages
involved. It shows the development and stages of citizenship from about 1866 to 1921 on pages
440-441.
299. Lippitt, Francis J. Reminiscences of Francis J. Lippitt, Written for His Family, His Near Relatives, and
Intimate Friends. Providence, R.I.: Preston and Rounds, Co., 1902.
Abstract: Chapter XXII, Pages 108-111: Two regiments for the war,
Pages 108-112: Lippitt does his part to hold California for the Union. Lippitt comm. Col. of 2d
Inf., Comdr. Humboldt Military District, San Francisco to Oregon boarder - Coast range and Pacific
Ocean. During past ten years, occassional massacres of settlers by Indians, but could not end them.
Never more than two companies at Fort Humboldt. On March 13, 1865, Lippitt commiss. Brevet
Brig. Generals, U.S. Volunteers.
Chapter XXIII, Pages 112-115: Recom. on taking command of escorted by 12 cavalry men,
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blockton, his faithful servant. At Fort Humboldt bad whiskey out great ... especially amongst the
many Irishmen in the command. One Shanahan moved his saloon from Eureka and set up along
side the post. Lippitt posted sentinal to keep his men away, but liquor deposited in a hole on the
premises and secretly carried away by out men at night. Lippitt absent in S. F., Lt. Col. Olney
reported Indian had attacked settlers near Arcata. He started with one of the two companies, the
other 2/3 of them drunk in guardhouse. Had Shanahan arrested and would not free him until he
signed a bond to move his saloon away. Next day Lippitt arrested by sheriff for false imprisonment.
It had been tried the Co. Judge and successionist. Lippitt's lawyer settled with Shanahan for $120 in
gold, which cost Lippitt $300 in greenbacks. Lippitt duty to inspect Round Valley reservation, ...
reservation in California with thousands of Indians. Numerous Pitt River Indians on it. Young
squaws of 18 or 20 years, their queen spoke no english. Face refined and beautiful, graceful and
dignified hearing. Light skin. Bevy of young squaws danced for him. Once had 1100 Indian
prisoners at Fort Humboldt. Not enough soldiers to guard them. Sat them across bay to end of a
sandy peninsula so that one company there could guard them. The Indians wre perfectly subdued.
State flag earned by his regiment as taht one which first engaged an enemy. Late Lippitt... after the
war until 1869 in Rhode Island.
Page 117: Prep work on Criminal Law for Houghton Mifflin in 1875. Move to Washington in 1875.
300. Lipps, Oscar Hiram. The Case of the California Indians. Chemawa, OR: U.S. Indian School print shop, 1932.
Abstract: This book begins with an examination of the history of Indian/white relations beginning
with the discovery of gold in California. The first three chapters; "The Curse of Gold" (pgs 1-4),
"The Great Error" (pgs 5-7), and "Their Condition Today" (pgs 8-11), all deal specifically with the
treatment of the California Indians by white settlers. The succeeding chapters discuss the need for
corrective measures and the specific incidents of mistreatment between 1840-1920.
301. Mack, Colonel O. A. Post Return Fort Gaston. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161868.
Abstract: Mack, Colonel O.A., 9th Inf., Co. "E" and "K." Smith River Indians escorted to Hoopa
Reservations. Colonel Mack, assumed command December 19, 1868.
Abstract: Mack, Major O.A., 9th Inf., Co. "E" and "K." Party sent to Arcata to belonging to the
Hoopa Reserve, back to reserve.
Abstract: February 14, 1869 - Small-pox reported broken out among Indians at Klamath Bluffs,
Men sent to vacinate other military men there.
February 15, 1869 - Detachment returned from Arcata with 95 Indians for Hoopa Reserve.
Abstract: Mack, Colonel O. A. , 9th Inf., Co. "E" and "K." 15 military men and 11 Indians out on
scouting party.
Abstract: Mack, Colonel O. A. , 9th Inf., Co. "E" and "K." Scouting party in vicinity of Ft. Iaqua,
one private killed in a skirmish with hostile Indians.
306. Magoon, Jason. The Life of Major-General John C. Fremont. London: A. A. Bieber, 1919.
Abstract: "Narrative of journey to California, Oregon, and West. Adventure against the Indians,
attack on Indian villages."
307. Man, Coyote. The Destruction of the People. Berkeley, CA: Brother William Press, 1973.
Abstract: This book covers a personal account of the settlement of the white people, and the
resulting effects upon the California Indian's life. It is told in more of a story/legend form than that
of a historical outline.
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308. Mansfield, George C. History of Butte County. Los Angeles: Historic Record Company, 1918.
Abstract: Pages 24-35: Primative Indian Life in the Butte County Area - A brief discription of
Indians by General Bidwell and a long exerpt from Powell's book on the Indians published in the
reports of the U.S. Geography and Geological Survey. Discusses the tribes of the Maidu Nation:
location and description of villages, hunting birds, dances, character and customs, songs, the
Bidwell Indians, Powell's estimate of Indian population, physical and mental characteristics,
peronal habits, the Maidu Peaceable RAce, position of women, not race of hunters, fatal weakness
in character, not poetic, their morals, athletic prowess, diet and health, a life of boredom.
Pages 31-32: "were proud to group themselves about some prominent pioneer and call themselves
by his name. They frequently accounted it a greater honor to be called Bidwell's Indians or
Reading's Indians ,or so, than Wintun, or whatever the venacular title might happen to be."
Physical characteristics of the Indians were superior to the Chinese, can endue labor better.
Mentally weak due to consumption of fish and bitter acorns perhaps old pioneers recall seeing
giants in early days often from 180-250 pounds. Magnificent specimens, but old people are wasted.
Personal habits include filthy homes and apparal, yet had white teeth and sweet breath. Bathed
frequently with a capacity for prolonged submegence.
Pages 33-34: Position of women (men shared in some of the work; a kind of secret league among
the men and practices of diabolical orgies to terrorize women into obedience, this shows a struggle
among the women toward equality), not a race of hunters (few weapons, but showed extraordinary
ingenuity in making snares and traps, 4/5 diet was vegetable), fatal weakness in character (lack of
leaders, while shrewd, lacking in boldness; in competition, while exerting themselves fully, they do
it for physical enjoyment, not for winning), not poetic (literature consists of animal fables), morals
(complete sexual freedom in unmarried, great thieves, miserly and hoard treasure, revengefulness
and capacity for hatred).
Pages 34-35: athletic prowress (superior, a herald in upper Sacramento Valley would run about 50
miles between 10:00-11:00 to sunrise in September. Could dance all night for days, sometimes
weeks, remarkable endurance in childbirth), diet and health (irregular eating habits, if free from
disease he lives a long time), life of boredom (mostly unsociable, hours in silence, sleep for 14 to
16 hours a day).
Page 189: weapons of the Indians (deer liver bitten by rattlesnakes used to poison arrows, jasper
and flint used for spears, knives and arrows were obtained from a cave near Oroville), Bulletin of
the American Museum of Natural History ("Near Oroville was one of the best known spots for
getting flint, from a cave on or near Table Mountain. The opening of the cave was very small, but,
once in the size was such that a man could stand upright. A person going to get flint was crawl in,
and then throw ahead of him beads or dried meat as offerings to the spirits for the flint he was about
to take. One was allowed to take. One was allowed to take only so much flint as he could break off
at a single blow. The flint obtained, the person had to crawl out backwards. If the regulations were
not complied with the person would have bad luck, the flint would not chip well, or would fail to
kill.").
Page 189: Policy of Deportation. First reservation established west of Tehama and several Indians
taken there in 1854. During next decade many were sent to Round Valley. Butte Record,
November 29, 1856: (Yuba Indians being sent to Nome Lackee) "A more miserable race of beings
can hardly be imagined than the Indians in this neighborhood. Now that they are induced to quiet
their old habits of living together in rancherias and gaining a subsistance by hunting and fishing,
and depend in a great measure upon the charity of the whites for food and shelter, they are not only
rendering themselves miserable, but are an eyesore to the community, and, like other paupers,
should be provided with a home."
Pages 190-191: Charles D. Woodman's reminicsences of Gleason's Pictoral - a paper - Septermber
2, 1853 (Boston, Mass) - accounts of a Yuba County battle between Indian tribes. Report form
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Marysville, CA express of an Indian battle at Empire Ranch between valley tribe from Sutter Butte
area and the Yuba or Stringtown Indians. 300-400 Indians engaged in battle, 3 killed, 17 wounded,
Yubas victorious and a great celebration was held - Commanding Yuba was known at Captain
Yuba. He was at first under white control but after 3 years he received a relevation - in which Great
Spirit told him to quit drinking "fire water" and to correct morality of his people or they were
doomed. He held council meetings at the various camps of his tribe at which he told of the
revelation and warned them of their fate. In trying to enforce this he lost all authority. Oak Tree
Document 1879: An oak tree was cut down on Middle Fork, Butte, CA and was found to contain a
manuscript in Spanish, supposedly left by two men , having strayed from Cortez's army in 1519.
The theory exists that these two took up with the Yubas and by their superior intelligence became
rulers of the tribe, and that the royal family of which Captain Yuba was a dedcendent benefitted
from these Spaniards and accounted for the lighter strain which was apparent in Captain Yuba and
his daughter Mary.
Pages 212-215: Resolution renews continued drive to collect and remove all Indians from the
county. The chairman is instructed to proceed to Sacramento to see the governor and General
Wright to ask for official assistance in Indian removal. A volunteer force of 150 men was to be
raised to search the mountains for Indians, and a committee of three to be appointed for each of the
two sections, known as the Indian Executive Committee, to raise the volunteers and send them out
to take Indians peaceably, if possible, but if not, to exterminate them. Agreement made whereby
Butte residents were to collect all Indians together at Chico and turn them over to Major Hooker
and his soldiers to forward to the reservation. If Indians are harbored by white men, these whties
are also to be turned over and will be dealt with as prisoners of war. Includes number of Indians
removed from each district and names of agents for each district.
Pages 215-217: Return of Indians from reservation, depredations. In March of 1864, reports of
Indians returning from reservation were heard. March 5, 1864, Union Record: Jason F. McBride,
Dogtown area, five armed Indians stole his provisions; Johnson, teamster, on Dogtown road was
injured by Indians; Indian agent at reservation sent word to look out for returning Indians.
Honorable A. C. Buffram, Sacramento, wrote to Record March 8 with assurances that a company
stationed in Chico would protect citizens. However, outrages continued. June 11, 1864 - Thomas
Morgan of Mesilla Valley, Indians spotted and attacked home and stole provisions and destroyed
property; wife and children fled. June 15, 1864 - Rock Creek, many Indians driven into mountains
during Indian round-up and are now prowling around. Summer of 1864 - body of French miner
"Old Bartholemy" found at Potters' Ravine pierced with arrows.
309. Matthews, Dr. W. Medical Histories of Posts. Records of the Adjunct General's Office, 1783 - 1917.
Medical Histories of Posts1878.
Notes: Record Group 94. 104: 90. 4-465.
Abstract: Asst. Surgeon W. Matthews, "Record for the month of October, 1878." Construction of
new buildings, for which approp. was recently made, is begun this mon. Foundation of new
storehouse was finished on 14th and erection of frame then began. Foundation of new officers
quarters was commenced.
310. Mauldin, Henry K. History of Clear Lake, Mt. Konoctu, and Lake County Cattle Industry. Kelseyville, CA:
Anderson Printing, 1960.
Abstract: Mt. Konocti tribes would send ill member of tribe up mountain to set fire to propriate
spirits. Grass burn affected growth on mountain. Indians believe bad luck lot of anyone who
mutilates mountains. Remnents of 26 Indian villages at foot of Konocti.
Page 11: Whites Kelsy and Stone first settlers after the Spanish treated the Indians brutally and
executed two. Indians rebelled, killed Kelsey and Stone. American soldiers retaliated with
massacre on Bloody Island.
Page 12: Pictures of Tule huts near Clear Lake and Indians.
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Page 17: Story of Bloody Island given. Vallejo's major-domos got along with Indians but whites
Kelsey and Stone were in hostility from start. Kelsey and Stone were killed by Indians. Captain
Nathaniel Lyson brought two howitzers and two whale boats. Men, women, and children
bayoneted.
Page 28: Islands of Lower Lake. Moniter Point location of hunting foray stopover for Sulfer
Bank's rancheria Indians. Indian Island near Cache Creek said by old Indian to have been raided by
the U.S. Army and inhabitants killed. Could have been a Spanish raid. Story of a six year old boy
captured on Slater Island and taken to Sonoma to be part of Vallejo's household. Boy took
Salvador Vallejo's name when turned over to General Vallejo's brother. At 19 Salvador returned to
his Indian Island home.
Page 38: The early settlers of Mt. Konocti. Redick McKee negotiated treaties in Northern
California and mountain called McKee for a time. A share of Lake County would have been
Indians had treaty been affirmed. Was not ratified. E. Howard started crusade to have mountain
Indians name Konocti adopted.
Page 69: In 1839, Salvador Vallejo granted 16 leagues. Vallejo got along well with the Indians. In
1847 sold out to Kelsey, Stone, who were cruel to Indians and in December 1849 Indians killed
Stone and Kelsey. Killing of 100 Indians at Bloody Island result of whites punishment. Major
Sherman and group of whites decided to gather cattle left by Stone and Kelsey. Sherman left at
house with extra weaponry and shot Indians for shotting arrows into corralled cattle.
Page 74: Ben Moore killed man in fight over cattle. Escaped to Glenn County and married an
Indian woman. Moore lived near the lake until driven off by Indians. He and his wife returned
later and son Dick was born. Then Moore quarrelled with his Glenn County wife and she left him.
He then married a Lake County Indian woman and she and he raised a family. His son Dick
married a white woman and had five children.
Page 76: J. Broome-Smith made 20 man Indian cooperating cattle drive in August 1851. Treaty
signed with all tribes in Clear Lake basin at that time - provisions that natives allow peaceful
withdrawl of live stock from tribal lands. Treaty set aside land for Indian reservation but Senate
never ratified. Treaty invalid after 1853 and settlers moved in on upper Clear Lake basin.
311. McBeth, Frances Turner. Lower Klamath County. Berkeley, CA: Anchor Press, 1950.
Abstract: Chaptter 2, page 4: Jebediah Strong Smith. Brief summary of Smith's diary of 1828
journey into Klamath territory and Indian/White contact.
Chapter 3, page 8: Rediscovery of Trinidad Bay. Story of Dr. J. Greggs expedition from Rich Bar
to coast. Bad weather, Indian guides refused to go. November 5, 1849 Dr. Greggs and seven men
set out in direction Indians pointed. Crossed mountains to avoid hostile river Indians. Men traded
smoked salmon for venison with the Indians.
Chapter 4, page 12: Gold Bluffs and Klamath City. Land party of men in 1850 from ship
"Cameo." Passed many Indian villages. Along river 200 Indians armed themselves. Whites
attempted sign langugae. Indians gave long speeches. Whites passed out gifts, prettiest girls got
most.
Page 14: Five whites persuaded Indians to carry them across river. May 15, 1850 a party of men
going to Klamath City had canoes upset and goods plundered. Antoher group went out and
retrieved lost goods. Klamath City abandoned after a year. 29 white men drowned or killed by
Indians in that year.
Chapter 5, Page 21: Gold Rush to the Bluffs.
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Chapter 6, page 26: An incident of the Gold Bluffs excitement. Party of Thomas Gihon and 12
others packed into Trinity Gold Mining area. Indians stole supplies. Indians hunted down and
several killed. Author did not approve.
Page 28: Gihon and Kellogg build cabin on river and left alone amont Indians. Indians acted
friendly but stole in cabin while whites asleep and robbed them. Indian families visited at first, later
stranger unfriendly Indians began lurking around cabin. Gihon and Kellogg joined another group of
6 whites half of mile away after their last axe stolen. Indians afraid of guns and whites "super
natural" powers. Party of four whites came by cabins. Gihon joined party haded for Trinidad for
mail conlict. Indians on return. Captured five Indians, two escaped, remaining three killed. Died
bravely.
Chapter 7, Page 32: Two whites shot by arrow. Overland Monthly published events related 1855
Klamath Indian Reservtion established. 1857 Government built Fort Ter-waw. Klamath only county
in state which completely disapperared. Page 34 has maps of changing counties 1850-1875.
Chapter 8, Page 36: Fort Ter-waw and the Klamath Reservatio n{1853) Crescent City established,
miners active, Indians disturbed. Early writer "Indians war-like, hotile to whites, disputed white
passage." A. M. Rosborough, Special Indian Agent quoted. February , 1855, brought about Indian
white agreement November 16, 1855. Klamath Indians Reservation established. Trouble between
whites and Indians continued, Fort Terwaw established.
Pages 36-48: Lt. Crook , Co. "D", 4th Inf., with 52 men arrived in Crescent City and left
immediately. He established Fort Ter-waw about six miles from the mouth of the Klamath in
Terwer valley on what is not Klamath Glen and the McBeth Ranch. Had excellent soil for vegetable
garden and about 25 buildings were constructed. The Bulletin December 18, 1861: A flood washed
away all but three buildings at Fort Ter-waw. Crook and company left June 11, 1861 but post
re-occupied August 28, 1862, by Captain Hunt and troopers. In November Captain May relieved
Captain Hunt. General George Wright also ordered Captain Stuart and his men to Ter-waw. Had
just started reconstruction when they were ordered to go north of Crescent City to build a new Fort.
Started evacuation June 10, 1862.
page 38: Fort Ter-waw described. Reports of Indians canoeing up Klamath for Reservation
supplies at Crescent City. Changes in Reservation management noted. Complaints by white that
Indians roam from reservation and sleep in town. Flooding destroyed Fort and soldiers and families
evaquatd. February 20, 1862: Three Indian men hanged at Fort Ter-waw for muder of desterter 2-3
months earlier.
Chapter 9, Pages 42-44: The Hanging Trees of Fort Ter-waw. Fall, 1861 - Indians left lower
Klamath to go upriver and gather acorns. Story of deserter killed by Indians for his money at watsKaew renamed Joe's Prairie after the deserter. Three Indian scouts discovered murder and helped in
capture of three Indians. They were hung for murder.
Chapter 10, page 44: "Squaters come to the Klamath." Miners and settlers began efforts to have
governments abandon Reservation. Letters from Comm. of Indian Affiars to County Clerk (1874)
maintains Government right to land. Klamath Indians moved to Smith River and after at Hooah
Reservation of Trinity. Later in 1874, Klamath area congressman wrote Indian Commissioner who
authorized land as open to settlers. Post Office established, then government reclaimed land for
Indians drifting back into area. 95-105 Indians living on Reservation.
Page 47: Settlers forced to move, some arranged for friendly Indians to hold their homes for them.
Klamath Reservation opened for homesteading May 21, 1894.
Chapter 11, page 51: Fisheries, sawmills. Early travelers depended on Indian and conoes for
crossing the Klamath. Indian conoe making discussed. Running commentary from Crescent City
Courier on Tucker's Klamath Ferry and trouble with Indians over it (1876). Tucker quit and
Indians ferried people for another ten years before whites took over.
Chapter 12, page 54: Trails, Roads, and Highways. First trail down coast, an Indian trail to scene
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of White Deerskin dance. Trail described. Travel from Crescent City to Fort Ter-Waw (1862)
states children (white) carried on Indians shoulders. Indian ferrying whites across Klamath
(November 1881) came near drowning them. Surf took one white down river - Indians an hour in
rescuing.
Appendix, page 66: Random notes. In the Del Norte Record on August 11, 1880, Horsay Hewon
mentions "his Indians" in a letter. In the Del Norte Record on August 27, 1887, two Indians
whooped around Hunter Creek schoolhouse, scarring the children; soldiers were notified. In the
Del Norte Record on April 4, 1891, are Indians entitled to school priviledges; Trustees ordered
teachers to send Indian children home; Indians consulted lawyer and children returned to school.
Del Norte Record, January 19, 1923, Ellen Norris, a full-blooded Klamath Indians is a University of
California pre-med student (published in the San Francisco Chronicle).
312. McClellan, R. G. Golden State..., Vol. 685 pages. Philadelphia, PA: Arthur H. Clark co., 1872.
Abstract: "History of California, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Washington, British Columbia,
Alaska, from earliest period.
313. McComish, Charles Davis and Rebecca T. Lambert. History of Colusa and Glenn Counties. Los Angeles,
CA: Historic Record Co., 1918.
Abstract: Page 37-49: Briefly describes: poor realtionship between whites and Indians in the early
history of Colusa and Glenn counties; the Indian population at the time of arrival of white; basic
appearance and material item of Colusi Indian culture; minor depredations committed by Colusi
Indians; at treaty between Colusi and Wozencraft in 1851; and relocation to Rancheria (Grindstone)
in 1907.
314. McCrary, George Washington. Report of the Secretary of War1877.
Notes: 45th Congress, 2d Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II, 4 Vol in 5 parts. 1794.
Abstract: Page 26-27: Camp Gaston, Captain R. C. Parker, 12th Inf., and Co. "E", 12th infantry. 1
captain, 1 subaltern, 1 medical officer, 34 enlisted men.
Notes: 45 Congress, 3d Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II, 4th Vol. in 6 parts. 1843-1848.
Abstract: Pages 22-23: Camp Gaston, Major Henry R. Mizner, 8th Inf., and Co. "E", 1 medical
officers, 1 captain, 2 subalterns, 37EM, total 41.
Page 112: Camp Gaston garrissoned by Co. "E", 12th Infantry.
Page 113: Co. "E", 8th Inf., directed on August 16, 1878 to take station at Camp Gaston. Arrived
August 28, 1878. CO. "E", 12th Inf,. left Camp Gaston, September 5, 1878, enroute to station in the
Department of Arizona.
Page 118: C. E. Price, Asst. Surgeon, Camp Gaston.
Page 124: Camp Gaston, Co. "E", 8th Inf., Captain Egbert B. Savage; Gordon Winslow, 1st Lt.;
Richard H. Wilson, 2d Lt.
316. McGroarty, John S. California; Its History and Romance. Los Angeles, CA: Grafton Publishing Co., 1911.
317. McLaughlin, James. My Friend the Indian. Seattle, WA: Salisbury Press, 1970.
Abstract: Pages 85-92: Chapter with an interesting and factual account of Captain Jack and the
Modoc War. Although there is some prejudice in the telling of the story, there is far less than other
accounts I have read by others who witnessed some of the events.
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318. Meacham, Alfred B. Wi-Ne-Ma and Her People. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company, 1876.
Abstract: This is the story of a Modoc woman, Wi-ne-ma, who "sought to save the ill-fated Peace
Commission to the Modoc Indians" in 1873, during the Modoc War.
319. Mendocino County Historical Society. History of Mendocino County, California. San Francisco, CA: Pacific
Press Publishing House, 1967.
Abstract: Pages 87-120: Round Valley, History of Mendocino County Geography - Location of
Round Valley. 5000 acres of best land part of Indian Reservation. 800 acres of grain raised by 800
Indians living on reservation.
Pages 163-173: The Indians of Mendocino County - Two reservations, Mendocino and Round
Valley, in the county. Location and agents of reservations given. Soldiers were stationed to gather
Indians to reservation. Reservation system only as good as the men in charge - often dishonest.
Gives percentage of reading, writing Indian population. Reverend Burchard gave reporter of San
Francisco "Call" information of reservation record, January 1878. 1000 Indians on reservation
good at ranching. Good at reading and writing, but poor at arithmatic. Adopting white foods.
Mthodist-Episcopal church does missionary work. In 1877 less than 10,000 Indians in all of
California. Seems a matter of destiny - whites chosen people of God. Listing of Indians living in
various Mendocino County townships.
Pages 167-173: Mendocino Indians similar to those in rest of state. From Russian River to just
above Cloverdale and to Ukiah were Sanel Pomo. Location of Yo-kai-ah pomo, Cul-pa-lau pomo,
and She-bal-ne pomo give. Wylackies at Round Valley. Indian names of surrounding area given.
Indians of Mendocino wild to 1850-1856. Early settlers of Sonoma and Napa made raids and
captured Indians of Mendocino valleys to work through busy season. Indians got along well with
whites who lived among them - any trouble usually whites fault. Indian women were faithful and
obedient to white consorts as to own men. Many half-breed children grew up unwanted by whites
or Indians. Women whose husbands had previously consorted with Indian women were subject to
some social jibes.
Pages 214-249: General Histry and Settlement - White settlers' list and area settled from
1850-1858. May 1863 company of volunteers organized under Captain Simpson. Forty went to
Humboldt to fight the Indians. Comapny E 2nd Regiment California Volunteers. Company out of
service in June 1865. June 1866 petitioned to have Potter Valley Indians sent to Round Valley for
"demoralizing effect on rising generations."
Pages 318-356: Homicides of Mendocino County - Lynching of Indian Charley. Walker Valley
Indians accosted white woman and cut her up, attempted rape. Man came by and Indians fled.
Woman crawled to help. Indians found, hung and shot. People vs. Harvey Mortier. Mortier
(half-breed) charged with murdering Richard McPherson (white) March 25, 1880 for no apparent
reason. June 19th sentenced to death.
Pages 365-388: Arena Township - Rafael Garcia had land grant in area. Charles A. Lauff was one
of Garcia's major domo in charge of land and Indian helpers. Lauff was unpopular with Indians,
one of whom attempted to poison him with strychnine in milk. (Story given in detail on page 368.)
Pages 389-440: Big River Township - Overland Monthly article in October of 1874. Quote from
"some kjokkenmodding and ancient graves of California." Early Indian archaeology discoveries in
Mendocino area discussed. The Mendocino Reservation was established by Thomas Henley in
1856. First employees listed. 24,938.46 acres. Abandoned in 1867. Indians rounded like cattle,
worked as slaves. Story of boy kidnapped to Missouri by white maurauder, when older escaped
and made way back.
Pages 428-429: Fort Bragg: established 1857. Description of grounds given from Ukiah paper,
November 1863, abandoned 1867.
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Pages 441-461: Biographies of Calpella, Little Lake, and Round Valley Townsihps - Millington P.
Goforth. While working (1858) for Hudson's Bay Co, looking for mountain pass in north-west
territory. Was out of touch with group for five days and was suspected to have been killed by
Indians. His death was published in the Sacramento Union. He was involved in Indian fightin on
way back to Placer County. Dryden Lacock: (1823-?) was Indian agent in Tehama County for four
years in 1856. Then was Round Valley Reservation mason to 1859. Pierce Asbill: First sighting of
Round Valley. Killed forty Indians in a fight.
Page 443: Calpela - Name given by C. H. Veeder, took from Indian chief located in area. Veeder
laid out town, original settlers.
Pages 458-462: Round Valley Township - Asbill brothers first whites to see Round Valley. Had
fight with Round Valley Indians, killed 40. White George E. and company later settled in valley.
William Mantle was one of the early settlers, was killed by Indians. First court (1859) arrested
some Indians for theft and fined them $70.00. Military post established in 1863 - abandoned "when
Grant's Quaker policty was adopted in regard to Indians." Round Valley Reservation was
established in 1856. Now (1880) well run. Nearly self-supporting.
Page 463-468: Sanel Township - 150 Indians left of once large and prosperous tribe. Rancheria
one and a half miles north of town. Industrious. Lover's Leap at Great Rock near Cloverdale, said
to have got its name from Indian menage de tois where forsaken Indian maiden killed bridal pair by
leaping off cliff and pushing boulder down on pair beneath. (Fiction) by Miss Flamar, Mrs.
Poston's Seminary, August 1878.
Pages 469-505: Ten Mile River and Ukiah Townships - Enoch Judson Wipple was the first
permanent settler of the Ten Mile River township. He had been in charge of the Mendocino
Reservation's 10-Mile station. When it was abandoned, he remained farming the same land,
eventually extending holdings to 7000 acres. In Ukiah, John Parker, vaquero to James Black, was
the first white settler. Guarded Black's cattle. Indians attacked Parker and nearly killed him. Ukiah
corruption of Indian word Yo-kia (deep valley).
Pages 509-674: Biographies of Round Valley - Charles H. Diggin was born in 1835. In 1852 he
came to Mendocino. Active Indian fighter, once wounded in leg. Philip A. Deuel worked for
government on Indian reservation for nine years, starting in 1864. Thomas B. Henley (1836-?) was
employed as clerk at Tejon Resevation from 1854-1856. Afterwards, was clerk at Noyo
Reservation for two years. In 1858 he located in Round Valley. L. D. Montaque settled in Round
Valley in 1860. For six years Indians raided in the valley and retreated to the reservation.
Reservation was attacked August 16, 1862; 21 Indians and 1 white were killed. Montaque shot in
the leg and disabled for three yeasr. In 1861 Hors Valley Indian fight, got arrow in breast. Amos
Snuffin raised two orphans, both attending school. One half-breed boy 12 years old and an
eight-year-old girl, Ellen Duvall. Andrew Bowman, son of John and Eliza Bowman, born 1857. In
Humboldt County near Hydesville family of 8 attacked by band of Indians and escaped from the
Hoopah Reservation. Andy (oldest, 11) escaped on horseback for help. Mrs. Bowman badly
wounded while taking children to Dave Ward cabin. Several Indians killed by Ward's and Mrs.
Bowman's gunfire. March 25, 1869 attack. Father died earlier.
Pages 771-776: Mendocino Ethinc Grous - Indians gradually fitted into white work and lifestyle.
Different cultural aspects of the five basic Mendocino tribes discussed. Pomo's basket making
discussed as dying art. From 1856 on land preempted from Indians. From 1856 to 1881 efforts
were made by Indians with some white settlers assistance to have land deeded to them. Story of
Yokayo tribe of Indians and four chiefs who bought 120 acres of land in 1881. In 1904 a white
Weldon became interested in land and a suit ensued whith ended with Indians gaining control.
Land held in trust for tribe. A communal success.
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320. Merriam, C. Hart. Studies of California Indians. editor Staff of Department of Anthropology at U.C.
Berkeley. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1955.
Abstract: Although written at an elementary level, this book refers quite often to Northern
California tribes. Page references are as follows;
Pages 3-4,15: Achomawi
Page 5: Patwin and Colusa
Pages 115-116: Digger
Pages 12, 124: Hoopa
Page 124: Klamath
Page 141: Modoc
Page 154: Maidu
Pages 42, 69-70, 88, 107, 165: Miwok, Miwuk
Pages 15,-17, 124: Modok
Pages 4,7-9: Nome Lackee
Paiute and Wintun on numerous pages. Much of the reference is cultural in nature. Although white
contact is sprinkled throughout the pages (i.e. the Wintun Massacre, page 20.)
321. Merton, Thomas. The Geography of Lograire. New York: New Directions Corp., 1969.
Abstract: Poetic prose renditions of two movements, inspired by Indian prophets who invisioned
Indian dead returning and whites dying, dissappearing. The first movement is told in "Ghost
Dance"(page 152) started in 1870 and the second movement in "Ghost Dance: Prologue"(page
131) Movement started among Walker lake, Nevada (Paviotso) Indians and spread through western
U.S. (northern California Indians were affected.) The Modoc "Captain Jack" is quoted in poem.
322. Miller, Joaquin. Unwritten History: Life Amongst the Modocs. Hartford, CT: American Publishing
Company, 1874.
Notes: Re-published under same title by Gregg Press in Upper Saddle River, NJ in 1968; currently
in CSU, Chico's Meriam Library, call number PS 2397 U6 1874a
Abstract: Activities while with Shastas: "...and my life, I think, partook of the Indian's melancholy,
which comes of solitude and too much thought,... it was a time of peace though the Indians
maintained that 'there has never been any peace since they or their fathers can remember.'" If he
had been a different type of man, he thinks he could have spent a lifetime with them and not learned
much. "But lost as I was, and a dreamer, too ignorant of danter to fear, they sympathized with me,
took me into their inner life, told me their traditions, and sometimes showed me the Indians'
questions from an Indian's point of view."
Page 20: Author's obervations on white men's (in the area) attitude towards the Indians in Northern
California. "...they knew nothing save through novels, they of course were in no mood to study
their nature. Besides, they knew that they were in a way trespassers if not invaders, that the
Government had never treated for the land or offered any terms whatever to the Indians, and like
most men who feel that they are somehow in the wrong, did not care to get on terms with their
antagonists."
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Pages 24-25: Some personal history of Captain Jack and referring the the Peace Commission
Massacre. "They have murdered, perhaps, one white man to one hundred Indians that were
butchered in the same way, and not so very far from the same spot."
Page 26: "The Indian account of the affair... is quite another story. It is dark and dreadful. The day
is even yet with them, a sort of St. Bartholomew's Even, and their mournful narration of all the
bloody and brutal events would fill a volume." Ben Wright Massacre.
Page 27: locating Shasta Indians, Modocs, Pit River Indians, and Klamaths around Mount Shasta.
Page 28: Small prosaic discussion of the war which the Modocs fought with Ben Wright and his
men, and the treachery of the peace "celebration" and "Captain Wright boasted on his return that he
made a permanent treaty with at least a thousand Indians."
Page 34: describes Shasta camp and custom of not reentering a camp from which they have been
driven by an enemy until the priest has chanted the death song to appease angered spirits in the
camp; writter was allowed to remain with the Indians as long as he wanted; began to hunt with them
"and enter into their delights and their sorrows." Page 41: no source of recration or expression in
an Indian camp, talk of the future most common, "no wonder they die so bravely, and care so little
for this life, when they are so certain of the next."
Page 35: "On entering the Pit River Valley we met with thousands of Indians, gathered there for
the purpose of fishing, perhaps, but they kindly assisted us across the two branches of the river, and
gave no sign of ill will." "Pit River Indians did not visit us here... one evening some men, calling
themselves Shastas, came into camp. They were very friendly, however, were splendid horsemen,
and assisted to bring in and corral the horses like old vaqueros." Later retained these two Indians
when three of the Mexicans left.
Pages 36-39: Had yet to see Modocs. Returned to camp with his two Shasta companions. The
Indians were calling for mounts and the writer was walking into camp when he heard shots, and
saw the two white men who were sitting at breakfast fall dead. "Indians [Modocs] were running
down the little lava mountain side, with bows and rifles in their hands..." "The Ben Wright tragedy
was bearing its fruits." Writer ran away but was stopped by a mountain Indian and struck down
with a club. Account of his struggle with the Indian. Expecting to be killed but the Indian laughed
at him and took his red sash and pistol. Writer got together with Shastas and was taken to their
tribe's camp.
Page 54: The destruction of the Klamath river. "A deep, swift stream it was then, beautiful, and
blue as the okies; but not so now. The miners' have felled its bed with tailings from the sluice and
tom; they have dumped, and dyked, and mixed in this beautiful river- bed till its flows sulen and
turbid enough. Its Indian name signifies the 'given' or 'generous,' from the wealth of salmon it gave
the real men till the white men came to its banks. The salmon will not ascend the muddy
water from the sea. They come no more, and the red men are gone."
Page 76: Mining camp. " All this city had been built, all this company opened up, in less than two
years." Gold found - news spread "and people poured in and had taken possession in a day, without
question and without ceremony." Indians were pushed aside- first accepting the white man - then
realizing where it would "grew sullen and concerned ." Trouble arose- and "Ben Wright took the
field..."
Pages 110-124: "There was a tribe of Indians camped down on the rapid cocky Klamath river - a
sullen, ugly set were they, too: at least so said the Forks[a town] . Never social, hardly seeming to
notice the whites, who were now thick about them, below them, above them... all around them...
meet one... he would gather his skins abuot him, hide his own bown and arrows under their folds,
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and,... move past us still as a shadow... a hard-featured, half-starved set of savages, of whom the
wise men of the camp prophesized no good." The whites with rifles killed most of the game
making it hard for the Indians to get game. The loss of the annual salmon run was especially hard
on the Indians. Indians could not understand about mining. More discussion on the loss of the
salmon, page 112. A general feeling of dislike and distrust among the miners towards these Indians.
Page 113: Low men, loafers - would hang around the lodges at night. Give Indians "whiskey of
the vilest sort, debauch their women, and cheat the men out of their skins and bows and arrows."
"Perhaps there was a grim sort of philosophy in the red man so disposing of his bow and arrow now
that the game was gone and they were of no further use. Sold them for bread for his starving
babies, maybe."
Page 114: Finally a low man was killed in the camp, the town rose up to destroy the camp but the
miners decided that the dead man was not worth it. But still men tried to stir them up. An Irish
man stirred up "idlers, rum-dealers, and desporadoes." Began drinking, gathering force and headed
to the Indian camp.The writer and friend went to watch from a hill above the camp - hoping the
Indians had been warned. The camp was in a bend in the river so the Indians were unable to escape
except into the water when the men advanced. "Not one escaped; nor was a hand raised in defense."
Children hid but were found and shot. "The babies did not scream. Not a wail, not a sound. The
murdered men and women, in the few minutes that the breath took leave, did not even groan."
Page 118: The writer's friend stopped the murder of a girl-child.
Page 120: An Indian boy was saved for "the very number of his enemies saved his life, for they
could neither shoot or stab him with saftey, as they crowded and crushed around him."
Page 122: description continues till "the dead lay around us, piled up in places, limbs twisted with
limbs in the wrestle with death; a mother embracing her boy here; an arm thrown around a neck
there: as if these wild people could love as well as die. "After the men left writer and friend cared
for the boy and girl, took them home even though they did not have food for themselves.
Page 133: contains discussion of mens' destruction of the land and game causing the Indian to
starve and fight back.
Page 135: recounts a conversation and a Shasta Chief's reaction when he was asked to go to a
reservation by the sea; conversation reflects the Indian feeling for land and ownership; "where did
he get it to give? tell me that. The white man took it from the Indians and now want to give it to
me. I won't have it. It is not theirs to give."
Page 187: the two Indian children; Klamat would provide food/game for them, Paguita "the little
belle and beauty of the camp. But she never spoke to the miners or anyone, save to only answer
them in the briefest way possible."
Page 188: "She also insisted strongly that her father was a great chief of the Modocs and Mountain
Shastas... the part about the father being a great chief was set down as one of her innocent fictions
by which she wished to dignify herself..."
Page 230: While traveling around Shasta near the head waters of the Sacramento "once we fell in
with an Indian party; pretty girls and lively suspicious boys along with their parents, fishing for
salmon, an not altogether ar warr with whites. They treated us with kindness."
Page 235: Lost cabin - 2 Indian children with whites. The party stopped at the head waters of the
stream called Soda by whites and Numkin. They buildt a cabin with its fireplace in the entry rather than one on the end because the Indians wanted it that way.
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Pages 236-237: Paquita wanted to seek out her fathers winter lodges and left the party.
Page 238: Klamat stayed with the white men. "Klamat ws never idle, yet he was never social.
There was a bitterness, a sort of savage delivery in all that he did." ... " He never laughed; never so
much as smiled; to no delight in anything, and yet refused to complain. He took hold of things, did
his part, but kept his secrets and his sorrows to himself, whatever they may have been." He never
talked about the massacre but he never forgot.(239)
Page 243: "In fact, Indians in the aggregate forgot less than any other people. They remember the
lease kindness perfectly well all through life, and a deep wound is a difficult to forget." Describes
the Indian way of hunting bear in the winter. Paquilta returned after a year.
Page 247: Describes Paquitas search for her family. She got to the camp and found no one. "The
white men in her absence had made another successful campaign against her people. They had
bevome dispirited, and, never over-provident...they had neglected to prepare for winter, and so they
had perished by whole villages." "...She had found none of her tribe til she passed away in to the
Tula Lakes" - then only 2 brothers who returned with her. The brothers warned the whites that
since they had saved their sister, they could remain to dig gold but could not bring others up.
Pages 248-249: "If you bring men and dig gold here we must all die. We know how that is. You
may stay here...but if you let this be known, and bring men up here, we will shoot them from behind
the trees, steal their horses, and destroy them every way we can." Paquita returned to the village.
The white men from below became suspicious and began to watch the men to see where they were.
Page 260-261: observation on the nature of Indians, "Indians do not speak of anything that
happens suddenly. They think it over all to themselves for days, unless it is a thing that requires
some action or expression at once, and then speak of it only cautionsly and casually. It is
considered very vulgar indeed to give any expression to surprise and nothing is more out of taste
than to talk about a thing that you have not first had a good time to think about."
Page 268-269: "These people of the forst about the base of Mount Shasta, by their valour, their
savage defiance of the white man, and many commendable traits, make good their claim to be
called the first of the land. They are much nobler, physically, than any other tribes of Indians
between the Nez-Perce of the north and the Apaches of the south. They raise no grain, rarely dig
roots, but subsist chiefly on meat, acorn bread, nuts and fish... These Indians have a great thirst for
knowledge, particularly of the location and extent of countries. They are great travellers."
Page 280: Describes the Indian marriage feast saying that neither the groom nor the bridge take
part in the meal.
Page 281: "Late that fall, the old chief made the marriage feast, and at that feast neither I nor his
daughter took meat..."
Pages 283-284: Writer tries to tell chief about God and the Bible. Said the Bible contained
promises from God to men. Chief: "Did it take all of this to say that? I do not like long treaties. I
do not like any treaties on paper. They are so easy to break. The Indian does not want his God to
sign a paper. He is not afraid to tust his God."
Page 285: Destroys cabin to hide it. "We [writer and Indians] went down, we burned the cabin to
the ground. We did not leave a pine board... we dug up the soil and scattered seeds of reeds and
grass..." Did it so the miners who were looking for it could not find it or the mine and move up
there and start a new town.
Pages 290-297: Miller and Mountain Joe set up a ranch at Soda Springs. "One day when our tame
Indians, whom we had employed on the ranch, were out fishing, and Mountain Joe and I had taken
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out rifles and gone up the Narrow Valley to look for horses, a band of hostile Indians living in and
about Devil's Castle... came in and plundered our camp..." June 26, 1855 Miller, friendly Indians,
and whites tracked down looters and ambushed them in camp. Miller was wounded in the neck
area with an arrow. That night the Indian camp was plundered and burned and scalps were taken of
the Indians. Miller was carried on the back of a captured squaw. He talked to her in her own
tongue. "You," she answered, "have killed all my boys and burnt up my home." He said that the
Indians had robbed him first. "No," she said, "you first robbed us. You drove us from the river.
We could not fish. We could not hunt. We were hungry and took your provisions to eat. My boys
did not kill you. They could have killed you a hundred times, but they only took things to eat, when
they could not get fish and things on the river."
Page 298: Miller's plan for an Indian Republic. Location and areas of the Indian tribes he wanted
to unite Shastas; Pit River and Modocs, "My plan was to unite these three tribes in a confederacy
under the name of the United Tribes, and by making claim and showing a bold front to the
government, secure by treaty all the lands near the mountain [Shasta] , even if we had to surrender
all the other lands in doing so." A kind of reservation borders to be kept sacred whites must ask
permission to enter "they were simply to be let alone in their possessing, with thier rites, customs,
religion, and all unmolested," if they wanted, the could send a representative to the State and
Federal capitals. He went to the Modocs with his plan and they were enthusiastic. The Indians
entered into his plans "with all their hearts."
Page 300: "Remove, they would not; but they were tired of a perpetual state of half-war, half-peace,
that brought only a steady loss of life and of land, without any lookout ahead for the better, and
would enter with almost any terms that promised to let them and theirs permanetly and securely
alone" He wrote letters with maps and details of his plan and sent them to "the commanding officer
of the Pacific Coast, the Governor of the State, and the President of the Republic" and received no
response from any of them.
Page 304: Pitt River Massacre January 1867. During the winter Klamat and a few other young
Indians were going to visit another camp two days away. They were gone for a month and returned
with the story about the massacre. "The Indians had got into difficulty with the white men of Pitt
River Valley about their women, and had killed all but two of the settlers... perhaps not more than
ten. There were no women or children in the valley at the time of the massacre, only the men in
charge of great herds of stock." "The whites were besieged by the Indians in a strong wooden
house, a perfect fortress. The Indians asked them to surrender, offering to conduct them safely to
the settlement... A long fight followed..." They burnt the house.
Pages 306-307: Shasta chief's opinion of the Pitt River massacre. Miller told the chief that the
thing would bring a bloody war, that the Americans would attack any Indians they could reach.
Chief said he would keep his men together and out of reach but would fight if attacked, but his
sympathies were with the Pitt River Indians and he said they were right.
Pages 318-319: Through a series of occurances he became a leader of the men rather than their
prisoner. "Two decisive battles, or rather massacres, took place, and perhaps a thousand Indians
perished." "Most of these men are dead now, but scattered around somewhere on earth a few may
be found, and they will tell you that my energy, recklessness, and knowledge of the country and
Indian customes, two and two only, made the bloody expedition a success. I tell this in sorrow. It
is a thousand times more shame than honour, and I shall never cease to regret it."
Page 319: "Before leaving the balley, we surprised a camp by stealing upon it at night and lying in
wait til dawn. It was a bloody affair for the Indians and thousands feel by rifle, pistol, and knife.
The white butchers scalped the dead, every one. One of the ruffians, known as Dutch Frank, cut off
their ears and strung them around his horse's neck." Some men stayed behind and killed the priest,
a non-combatant, when he came to chant for the dead.
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Pages 322-323: He returned to his Indian friends to find them sullen but they pitied him and cared
for his wound and when they found that white men had done it they were his friends again. But he
saw his mistake of siding with whites in Pit River. "Indians are clainish... let them be attacked by
the common enemy, and they made a common cause." Klamat was never friendly again with him.
Pages 325-326: Laws against selling ammunition more stringently enforced on the Pit River. The
Indians really fret the loss of ammunition since game was not as pleantiful as before and the whites
could come up and kill all they wanted with their rifles while the Indians has to rely on their bows.
"Month by month the game grew more scarce, shy, and difficult to take; the fish failed to come up
from the sea, through the winding was of the Saramento now made thick with mud by the miners,
and starvation stared them in the face. They wanted, needed, amunition. They needed it to take
game now, they wanted it to defend themselves. They were beginning to want it to go to war.
Pages 327-331: Trip to Yreka to procure arms and ammunition and provisions to feed the starving
Indians - Miller took women and children and a few braves and camped near whites so as not to
raise suspicion. He worked at odd jobs and bought provisions and ammunition from various places
so he could do it secretly. They needed horses to carry back all the stuff so the Indians had to steal
at random from the outlying ranches horses one by one. "The stringent laws and customs
compelled cunning, treachery, and deceit." They took it all to a camp at the head of the McCloud warned them not to unpack the powder, but they did and the campfire ignited it. "All the fruits...
were come to nothing."
Page 354: Miller warned a small encampment of Shastas to return to the McCloud. "In crossing
the trail leading from the head of Shasta Valley to Scott's Valley they fell into the hands of some
brutal ranchers who hung the Indians warriors, plundered the women, and took some of the children
to keep as herders, cooks, and for such other service as they might see fit to impose."
Pages 355-359: Shasta camp on the McCloud. War camp with warriors and some women to care
for wounded. Women and children up higher on Shasta. "they had been assisting the Pitt River
Indians and had invariably lost until their force weakens at the opening of the spring, from
starvation and disease and disaster, had become thinned and despirited." They went down to a
camp when about 100 Shastas and Pitt Rivers were preparing for battle. Waited until the Modocs
came down. Three tribes joined forces and made a common cause. They attacked the cavalry who
were escorting prisoners and women and children to the reservation. The Indians were poorly
armed and were forced to retreat because of lack of ammunition. "I had hoped their desperate
situation had made them a unit with but one single object. I was disappointed." Miller tried to lead
them but they were too marginally unified. He tried to impose upon them the need to hold their
ground but they didn't understand how to fight real soldiers.
Pages 359-362: Miller still promiting his idea got some men and went to a temporary military camp
at Hat Creek to "state distinctly what the Indians desired, and try and get some recognition of their
right before they should be driven to the wall." The Indians remembered the Ben Wright massacre
at first and didn't want to go with him. Failing in his negotiations he was to go to Shasta City and
try to get arms and ammunitions for them.
Page 362. On approaching the camp Miller went in and demanded to talk to the officer of the day
while the Indians remained at the edge of camp. Told them Indians wanted peace if they could be
left alone at the base of Shasta. The soldiers fired on them.
Pages 366-371: Miller led the Indians near the mouth of Rock Creek, which empties into the
Sacramento. He took lodgings in a wayside hotel and began at once to purchase arms and
ammunition which he carried by night to the Indians. He began to notice that he was watched, so
he told the Indians to head for home with the stuff. While he went back for pistols which were
being repeared, the two men who were following him were soldiers. Miller persuaded to be
allowed to test the guns out back. Paid for them, but when he got out he went to the barber shop
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and got his long hair cut short. Bought a new suit of clothes next door then went boldly down the
street. Stole a horse and took the guns to a waiting Indian and left for the camp. Lost his horse and
because he was injured walked the Indian's horse while he walked beside him. But another in
Churn town and went on to the Indian camp.
Page 392: Goes briefly over the events of that summer the Indians were now made desperate - now
fighting with arrows. Modocs had exhausted their arrows and were returning home. A general
despondancey was now on the Indians. No supplies for the winter. Could not get to their fisheries
because of whites and famine faced them. Miller looked over the Modoc plains and Tule Lake and
saw that their was little hope. Lt. Crook had est. a " military post on the head lakes of the Pit river.
This was in the heart of the Indian country... and he could from this point reach the prinicipal
valley and the great eastern plains of the Indians with but little trouble." Miller devised a last
desperate attack plan - hide the women and children and boldly attack full force on the white
settlement. This would certainly draw the enemy... from our country. Were to attack Yreka after
MIller spyed it out.
Page 394: He describes the plan of actions against the town. Meant to burn it to the ground. He
told them he would take them there and they could take the city and "yet I could not lead them
where women and children and old men and honest labourers would be ruined, and perish alike
with the arrogant and cruel destroyers. A old man answered me; his women, his children, his old
father, his lodge, his horses had all been swept away; it was now time to be revenged and then to
die."(397)
Page 397: Time has shown that I was wrong: I should have taken that city and held on and kept an
aggressive warfare til the Government came to terms, and recognized the rights of this people
Page 400: We had to fight a noxed body of soldiers and settlers. The chief of Pit River Indians fell
along with many of his best warriors. Miller was injured early in the fight and put out of action.
"Half-armed, and wholly untrained, the Indians could not or did not make a single respectable
stand. The losses were almost always wholly on their side."
Pages 400-401: "Had they been able to make one or two bold advances against the whites, then
negoiations would have been gained, terms offered, opinions exchanged, rights and wrongs
discussed, and the Indians would at least have had a hearing. But as long as the troops had it their
own way, the only terms were the Reservation or annihilation." The Modocs returned to their
home, the Shasta withdrew, and the "Pit River Indian, now almost starving, with an approaching
winter to confront, sent in their remaining women and children in sign of submission. They were
sadly reduced in numbers, and perhaps less than a thousand were taken to the Reservation." "And
why did the Government insist to the bitter end that they Indians should leave this the richest and
finest valley of Northern California? Because the white settlers wanted it. Voters wanted it and no
asperiant for office dared say a word for the Indian. So it goes." He could do no more for the
Indians so he left them.
Pages 402-403: Gift of the Now aw aw (Squaw) Valley. When he left Chief Warrottetot of the
Shastas took him to Squaw Valley where he had built a cabin before - the chief told him the valley
was his for all he had tried to do for them. "The poor old Indian, battleworn, wounded, and broken
in spirit, was all heart... He could not understand why that land should not be wholly mine... He
could not understand why he was not the lord and owner of the land which had been handed down
to him through a thousand generations, that had been fought for and defended from a time as old,
perhaps, as the history of the Indian."
Page 413: 12 years later, after Pit River, he returned. Nothing was the same - he and his guide
needed fresh mounts and spotted an old Indian herding horses - Miller said "in the old words by
which a favor was asked when first I knew this people, and had for the asking, 'Brother, the sun
goes on. Your brothers are wearing and have far to go. Bring us better horses.' The old tender of
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herds turned his head half way, and informed me in broken English and butchered Mexican, badly
put together, that he had some horses to sell, but none to give away. Consternation! These Indians
are getting civilized, I said to myself. Here has been a missionary in my absence; and we rode on."
Page 415: He was welcomed into a Shasta camp. They spent the night in talk about the past. "I
saw that even these few surviving people would not die in silence." Miller retired to his cabin in
the Squaw Valley with the prince and the daughter, who had been his finest friends, and with Calli
Shasta, a wild young Indian girl whom he taught to read, and taught about the world. She was one
of the last of her tribe.
Pages 435-437: On the Modoc War in the Lava Beds. Indian agents made a weak, easily controled
man head of the tribe and manipulated him into giving away tracts of land by treaty, then they
called in troops to enforce the treaty when there are dissentions. Captain Jack was not the real and
recognized chief among the Indians. Still held the land of his fathers, until white settlers wanted
their lands. Told he must give up his land and go to the reservation. He refused. They were
attacked during the night and held their ground. Peace Commissioners came. "The Indians,
remembering the tragedy of twenty years before, desperate and burning for revenge, beliving that
they only alternative was to kill or be killed, killed the Peace Commissioners as their own Peace
Commissioners had been killed.
Page 438: About the book. "Here lies a letter giving a long account of the last struggle of the
Indians of Mount Shasta. Strange how this little war of the Modoc Indians has got to the ears of the
world, while a thousand not much unlike it have gone by in the last century unwritten and
unremembered. Perhaps it is because it caem in a time of such universal peace."
Page 442: Appendix coontains extracts from papers accompanying the report of the Commissioner
of Indian Affairs, 1873, which show in some measure the conflicts of the Indians and the
foundation for them."
323. Mizner, Lieutenant Colonel Henry. Post Return Fort Gaston. Returns From U.S. Military Posts,
1800-19161869.
Abstract: Mizner, Lieutenant Colonel Henry, 12th Inf., Co "E" and "K." Detachment of 55 men sent
to area of Elk Camp and Klamath Bluffs to prevent suspected outbreak by Klamath Indians. No
results.
324. Mizner, Major Henry. Post Return Fort Gaston. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161879.
Abstract: In compliance with orders from Secretary of War, and General of Army, detachment of
eleven men went to Klamath Indian Reservation to "suppress all fishing by white men and require
all citizens residing threreon to leave without delay with all property belonging to them."
Abstract: Eleven men on detached service on Klamath Reservation protecting Indians fishing rights
and preventing white trespass. All post returns from 7/79 to 5/89 report a detachment at Klamaths
Reservation for the above stated purspose. December 1887 does not mention it. The number of
men at Klamath R. Reserve was usually three not eleven. Detachement was withdrawn on 6/89.
326. Moak, Sim. The Last of the Mill Creeks and Early Life in Northern California. Chico, CA: 1923.
Abstract: The book describes Indian depredations in Butte and Tehama Counties.
Pages 9-10: Describes Sam Neals' a land owner near Durham, poor treatment of Indians on the
rancheria near his place.
Page 11: Describes the massacre of the Hickok children by Mill Creek Indians in 1862 at Rock
Creek.
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Pages 12-14: A description of "Digger Indians" and the Mill Creek Indian massacre of the Lewis
children in 1863 on Dye Creek.
Pages 18-27: A good description of the massacres at the Workman home in Concow Valley in
August 1865 by Indians, the settlers who tracked the Indians and killed some, and the robbing of
the Silva home by the Mill Creeks in April 1866, and the party that went after them.
Page 30: Describes the massacre of the Big Meadow Indians by the Mill Creeks in 1864 (3 squaws
killed).
Pages 30-33: Describes the murder of Hi Good by an Indian who worked for him.
Page 34: A list of other "depredations by Mill Creek Indians" in the 1860s.
327. Modoc County, California Superintendent of Schools. Modoc County, Past and Present. Alturas, California:
1946.
Abstract: Devotes six pages to a history of the military past and the Indian school, as well as the
town of Fort Bidwell. Gives names of early officers and post surgeons.
328. Moorehead, Warren K. The American Indian in the United States, Period 1850 - 1914 . Andover, Mass:
Andover Press, 1914.
Abstract: "The present condition of the American Indian; His political history and other topics; a
plea for justice. Chapter on the condition of the California Indians."
329. Muir, John. The Mountains of California. New York, California: Century Co., 1894.
Abstract: Page 295: Digger Indians use of flowers in hair. Page 304: Pah Ute Indians (High
Sierra) hunting of sheep. Page 320-322: Modoc, Pah Ute successful sheep hunting described.
Page 92-95: Meeting with Mono Indians described. Page 78-80) Indians traveling over
mountains, use of lakes. Page 13: Pitt River Indian legend on Sierra eruption.
330. Murdock, Charles A. A Backward Glance at Eighty. San Francisco, CA: Paul Elder and Co., 1921.
Abstract: Pages62-65: Indians living on the Mad River were peaceful but the mountain Indians
were dangerous. "In times of peace settlers lived on Mad River, on Redwood Creek, and in the
Bald Hills where they herded their cattle. One by one they were killed or driven in until there was
not a white person living between the bay and Trinity River. Mail carriers were shot down and..."
in August 1862 outrages by Indians. Followed one band but it was three times larger than the white
group, who sent back for help. Attacked at day light, one white dead and several Indians. In
follow-up raid a few days later, the band was nearly whiped out. Causes of their Indian war: "A
few unprincipled whites were always ready to stir up trouble and the Indian was treacherous and
when antagonized they killed the innocent rather than the guilty, for they were cowards and took
the fewest possible chances." Regular army was useless for protection or punishment, so men who
knew the Indian ways were gathered to fight. "Finally battalions of mountaineers were organized
among men who knew Indian ways and were their equals in cunning. They soon satisfied the
hostiles that they would be better off on the reservations that were provided and the war was at an
end." "It was to the credit of Humboldt County that in the final settlement of the contest the rights
of the Indians were quite fairly considered and the reservations set aside for their residence were of
valuable land well situated and fitted for the purpose."
Pages 159-160: While Murdock was chief clerk in the office of the Superintendent of Indian
Affairs, one duty was to distribute clothing to Indians on Round Valley Reservation. "The equal
division of clothing or supplies among the lot of Indians threw helpful light on the causes of
inequality. A very few days suppice to upset all efforts at impartiality. A few, the best gamblers,
soon have more than they need, while the many have little or nothing."
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331. Murrary, Robert A. The Army Moves West. Fort Collins, Colorado: Old Army Press, 1981.
Abstract: Page 4: Most critical, bulky and perishable supply element was food - the "ration" in
military termin. at most elemental land for field service in Indian campaign consulted of hard bread,
bacon or salt pork, beans or peas, small amount sugar, flour, salt, tobacoo, coffee or tea. About 3
pounds commodities per man per day. In shipping grain (generally coin, which her higher food
value rel. to weight) at 10 pounds hay. Supplies for most field service accompanying troops in
wagon drawn by mules or horses. Earlier a six mule wagon, but in 700-800 a lighter and more
efficient four mule wagon. In field hay ration could be dispensed with if grazing good, but it still
took 40 pounds corn per day to propel a four mules wagon. Over most western trails escort wagon
could carry net pay bad of 2000 pounds. Over good to roads 1.5 times that, but in winter or mud of
spring maybe only 1200 or 1500 pounds.
Page 16: Most army was gone had payload of 3000 pounds when drawn by six mules and opererate
over good roads. On same kind of roads pack mules supposed to carry 300 pounds cargo each.
Actually, 200 pounds per mule over trails. Six miles equal 2000 pounds wagon. 1500 pounds pack
mules.
Page 18: Mules could serve ages 4-25.
Page 19: Mile could eat all he could carry in just 20 days. Fully rational mules could go about 10
days (say 150-200 miles) depending on terrain in most of the desert and mountain and rougher
badlands of the West, possibly and rarely up to 35 or 40 miles per day for short periods on best of
terrain. Pace unusual 15 or 20 miles per day on March. Inf. accompany by pack mules could often
accomplish more than mounted troops, simply because of lighter forage burden for cavalry horses
needed 12 pounds grain. Western packing a fusion of old American and Mexican practices, the
latter coming from the drabs who carried them to Spain in 7th century and from Spain to Mexico.
Page 20: Aparejo= pack cushion, had to be properly felled with straw or grass and fitted to animal
to prevent back sores.
Page 22: Mountain Howitzer, a light 12 pounder smooth bore was basic art. piece of western array
1840's on into 1870's. It's gun tube weighed 225 pounds, and entire outfit with small supply of
ammo could be carried on 3 mules. In 1870's army found 1.65 Hotchkins gun, a rifle breechloader,
even lighter than Howitzer. Could be carried on a single mal. useful range of several miles against
formations and hit horse or rider at distance up to mile. Used only in Lava Beds campaign the 24th
pounder. Calhorn mortar was potentially one of best outfilts for Indian campaigning.
332. Murray, Keith A. The Modocs and Their War. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959.
Abstract: Along the shores of Tule Lake in northern California, three small bands of Modoc Indians
joined forces in the fall and winter of 1872-73 to hold off more than one thousand United States
soldiers and settlers trying to dislodge them from their ancient refuge in the lava beds. In these
caves and crevasses, which the army called "The Stronghold," the 160-odd Indians, led by Captain
Jack, fought five battles and several skirmishes against the whites, inflicting more casualties on
their enemies than their own total strength. The list of casualties grew so long that many names
were omitted, and among them was General E.R.S. Canby, a General of the Army. Towards the
end of the war, when these Indians suffered the ignominy of defeat and mistrusted their shaman's
medicine, they separated into their original bands and moved into the hills, preparing for their final
surrender. But the victory was less the army's doing than the failure of the Mdoc spiritual leader.
Within a few days, all but two or three Modocs were in the army's hands. And within the
seventy-five years intervening, the land they fought so valiantly to hold had been deserted, haunted
now only by hawks and rats. Keith A. Murray presents the Modocs as they appear in history, their
habits, their location, their thought, and the beliefs that led them to plunge into their war. He not
only gives the history of the war in interesting detail, but also explains the concepts and religious
beliefs behind some of their most surprising moves.
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Page 11: Natural Disaster 1850 - an unusually severe winter, which obliterated landmarks which
were used by Modocs to locate their food cashes. Game was not available. "A heavy portion of the
population of the Modocs died." The rest were saved when a herd of antelope fell through the ice
of Tule Lake and "drowned directly in front of their village."
Page 26- 38: Modocs, Klamaths, and Shastas asked Steele to draw up a treaty with them - though
he was no longer their agent - he did - but because of political jealousy it was ignored and another
treaty was to be arranged in 1864 which was the standard Indian treaty requiring forfiture of all land
claims by the Indians the reservation located on Klamath land Modocs and Paiutes forbidden any of
their land.
Page 29: Elijah Steele, a lawyer, went with Wright and the Shastas to find the murderer of a white
man. When they found teh murderers, they were given a fair trial rather than a lynching. "The
Shasta Indians learned to respect and trust Steele; they even permitted him to talk them out of
further depredations, and he persuaded them to move to Fort Jones, southwest of Yreka, in custody
of the army during the Rogue River war."
Pages 63-65: Ta-vibo preaching an apocalyptic religion to the Paiutes around Virginia City.
Author discusses the beginnings and the beliefs of the religion which was brought to the Modocs by
Frank Spencer, a Walker Penee Paiute. 1871 a great earthquake struck the trans-Sierra and the
Indians became excited believing the prophecy was about to be fulfilled. Before the end of the year
4 danced were held at Yainax - Modoc Reservation - each lasting 5 days and 5 nights.
Page 65-67: A meeting with Jack by a small group of citizens in Yreka, CA July 4, 1871 obrained a
promise of peace with the settlers - this meeting led by Mecham to send his brother to negotiate
with Jack to get him back to the reservation. Jack he would meet with only 4 men and said there
would only be 4 Modocs but there were 29 well armed Modocs - some wanted to kill the whites but
Jack would not allow it. From this meeting, Jack obtained permission to remain where he was until
a meeting could be arranged with Mecham in any event he was not to go to the Klamath
Reservation. Mecham was trying for a Lost River reservation for them or to put them on the new
Paiute reservation. "Jack and his envoys had won a complete diplomatic triumph. They hadmade
no concessions except a vague promise not to annoy the settlers, which they did not keep. In return,
their right to Lost River was confirmed, and they were given possession of it until the grant could
be legalized.
Pages 68-69: Ghost dance held on the Lost River by Doctor George and curly headed Doctor who
was also responsible for several during the fighting in the Lava Beds.
Page 153; Due to Steele's influence the Peace Commission did not meet with Jack on March 6 as
arranged - postponing their massacre.
Page 154: Jack sent Mary (his Sister) and some braves to Canby to tell him that he was ready to lay
down his ammunition. But, Canby said to prove it he should come to a certain place on March 8,
and surrender and wagons would be there to carry his people to Arizona by way of Yaenax. Jack
did not show but sent word that he would come in 2 days, he did not.\
Page 155: While they were waiting the commision finished their report on the causes of the war. I.
Agreed that Jack's dissatisfaction over the Treaty of October 1864 was an indirect cause
II. The immediate cause was the attempt to use military coercion.
III. They agree that "the unconditional surrender of the Indians and the handing of Hooker Jim's
band would be better... than exile to Indian territory."
Page 161-: Canby and Gillem and escrti rode to the bluff above the stronghold from which the
January attack was launched - their sudden arrival alarmed the Indians, Canby had the opportunity
to speak from a distance with Jack - Cabness was with the other two - speaking 3 to 3 then Jack was
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joined by 3 more heavily armed men. This was their opportunity to kill the whites best because
they were suprised and had not decided to do it yet, they mearly talked. Jack said he wanted the
Lost River Reservation and he wanted the whites to go away and leave his people alone.
Page 168-170: April 5 Conference with Jack lasted 7 hours. 5 white men, 7 Modoc men and a
number of women. Jack wanted Lost River but because of Hooker Jim's actions that was no longer
possible so he asked for the Lava Beds. Mecham said he would try if they would surrender. Jack
wanted to know what would be done about Hooker Jim's band - they would be tried by whites - he
asked would the whites who killed the Modoc baby at the Lost River fight be tried. Mecham had to
say no. "Jack refused to give an inch until he had some assurance of equal justice." Jack genuinely
wanted some peace agreement which would allow him to live in the stronghold. Mecham could not
promise it. Before he left Jack spoke strongly that he expected to be killed but he will kill many
whites before he died.
333. Nash, Philled. "The Place of Religous Revivalism in the Formation of the Intercultural Community on
Klamath Reservation." Social Anthropology of North American Tribes. editor Fred EgganChicago,
IL: University of Chicago Press, 1955.
Abstract: This article describes revitalistic movements that occurred on the Klamath Reservation in
1871-1878. The "Tule Lake Modocs" of California lived on this reservation much of the time.
Pages 382-384: Describes Modocs' first contacts with whites (Applegate in 1846) and Ben Wright
volunteers (Modocs killed all of an emmigrant party and in retaliation the volunteers from Yreka
killed 41 Indians in 1852).
Pages 389-396: Describes general events leading up to and during the Modoc Wars of 1871-1872
(describes problems Modocs had with Klamaths on reservation). This is a general description of
inter-group conflicts of the Modoc during the war.
334. National League of American Penwomen Inc., Butte County. Here Is My Land. Butte County, CA: National
League of American Penwomen Inc., Butte County, 1940.
Notes: pages 81-84
Abstract: Mrs. Bidwell as her Friends Knew Her: When Annie Bidwell moved to Chico she
became involved with the Indians. On Sundays she preached to them in their chapel, she "read
services to their dead, taught the women how to take care of their homes and children. She became
so much a part of the Indians' life she was called 'little white mother.'" (Fact or fiction?)
Pages 29-31: A brief explanation of the different things Samuel Neal did during his time in
California.
Pages 32-33: 1848 - Bidwell left Chico to do some mining at Bidwell Bar. Bidwell Bar named
after he discovered a bar of gold-bearing sand. Many people came to the area bringing male-female
laborers to aid in mining.
Pages 39-41: Legend in Cherokee says the Cherokee Indians were the ones to discover gold on the
stream on Sugar Loaf. Whites did not enter the area until 1870. Cherokee's Neighbors - behind
old Pentz Hall there is a creek - this was the trail for the Dog Town Indians, which were never
friendly to whites.
335. Nelson, Irene Jordan. Fort Jones United Methodist Church, 1873-1973. Fort Jones, CA: Fort Jones United
Methodist Church, 1973.
Abstract: Page 2: "The first church in the valley [Scott Valley] was built in 1854 at Crystal Creek
near the town of Etna... It was called the Crystal Creek Church and was about nine miles south of
Fort Jones. This little church served the people for miles around and played an important part in the
lives of the early settlers."
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Page 11: Methodist church organized at Pine Grove (now called Crystal Creek) on July 1, 1854.
Early day methodist pastors in Scott Valley: E. Arnold, 1854-55; E. Aglesworth, 1855-56; J. Petit,
1856-58; J.H. Miller, 1858-59.
336. Northern California Indian Association. Field Matron Work in Siskiyou County Ca. 1908Northern California
Indian Association.
Abstract: No mission or school for Indians of Siskiyou County in 1908. Letter from February 4,
1908 reports visit up the Klamath. Indians, half-breeds, whites treated visitors with kindndess. No
women in Indian villages on first visit but appeared on second visit and were pleased to see us.
Indians close to civilization have cleaner, better built houses than those further out. Further out
little Engllish is spoken, food and clothing are poor. Rented a house at Kortamain and are getting
school supplies and material to teach women and children.
Letter February 22, 1908. Two days a week teach school to 10 women and children 10 miles up the
river. Trying to organize a sewing class at Kortamain. Nothing for boys and young men to do but
drink, fight, and gamble. Most read but there is nothing to read. Going to try and start athletic
contests. Our Indian neighbors come to visit in the evenings and have natural good breeding.
March 11, 1908, great advantage of white population small in the area, as whites are friendlier to
Indian neighbors as a result. Indians have not fallen in self-repsect though continually refered to as
an inferior race. Live chiefly on acorns and fish. We are introducing them to white dishes. All
girls sent to Hoopa resort to our own traditions when they return. All are anxious to learn. In the
evenings Indians come by and tell us animal stories and Indian customs. We encouraged them to
watch as we fixed up our house in hopes of duplication.
March 24, 1908, Indians called gifts sent "yarmuch, yarmuch" (pretty). Sewing class is very
successful, are teaching 23 up river now. Sunday school lessons are being given. A woman whose
husband was killed in a drunken brawl wishes to learn so she can support her three children without
having to form a connection with another man. Her brother was saved form drowning and a man
demanded a $60 reward. Couldn't raise the money and offered his sister instead.
337. Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. Carbine and Lance; The Story of Old Fort Sill. Centennial Edition ed. Norman,
Oklahoma: Univeristy of Oklahoma Press, 1969.
Abstract: Page 281: "Soapsuds Row." Here lived co. laundressus, an institution handed down,
along with articles of war and various customs of the service from the British Army. Each troop of
cavalry or company of infantry was allowed four laundresses, who received government rations and
were paid for washing the men's clothing by fixed amounts deducted at the pay table. Usually they
did their work well.
338. Ogden, Robert Tyler. Revised Outline Descriptions of the Posts and Stations in the Military Division of the
Pacific. San Francisco, CA: United States Military Division of the Pacific, 1872.
Abstract: With this is bound: Distribution of troops serving in the Military Division of the Pacific...
San Francisco, Assistant Adjunct General's Office, Military Division of the Pacific. 1872. 10 [7] pg.
(This title was borrowed from the Library, U.S. Army Logistics Management Center, Lt. Lee,
Virginia.
Page 5: of bound with Co. A, 12th Inf., Captain E. C. Woodruff, Comdg, Co. and Post, 1st Lt., J.
Hallman, AAQM and ACS, Acting Asst. Surg. S. Freeman.
Page 7: of bound with gives names of commanders and other officers of these two companies.
Page 11: of bound with indicate that Co. E, and Co. K, of 12th Inf., are stationed at Gaston.
Page 24: Established December 1858; abandoned September 1861; reestablished December 1862.
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Lat. 39 degrees, 48 min., Long. 123 degrees, 45 min. Round Valley, 203 miles north of San
Francisco. 1800 feet above sea level. P. O. at Covelo, Ukiah 55 miles south. Quarters for 100 men;
3 officer quarters, storeboads, hospital, guard house, school house. Route of supply from S. F. by
steamer to Petaluma, thence by wagon. One years supply of subsistence kept on hand. Wells supply
water 8 months of year, 4 months water hauled by wagon from small creek. Wood supplied by
labor of troops. Adjoins Round Valley Indian Reservation 1000 Indian of various tribes.
Communication with Ukiah by wagon to new road or by trail to Cahts, 26 miles Southwest.
Reservation with 1/2 of sec. 1, and east half of Sec. 2, Twp 22, Range north 13 degrees west, one
mile square, more or less.
339. Olmsted, Pat. The Nevada-California -Oregon Border Triangle: a Study in Sectional History . Reno, Nevada:
University of Nevada, Reno, 1957.
Notes: M.A. Thesis
Abstract: On page 121-122 author discusses the founding of Fort Bidwell to protect the route to the
Idaho mines and to protect the settlers of Suprise Valley from the Indians. States that General
Bidwell was instrumental in having the fort established
340. Olmsted, Roger R., editor. Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity From Hutchings' California Magazine,
1856-1861. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North, 1962.
Abstract: This book contains a collection of articles from Hutching's California Magazine that was
issued between Julu 1856 and June 1861. Hutchings attempted to compile a picture of California as
it was through the use of non-religious, non-political perspectives. The mention of California
Indians is comparativly sparce, however refereces can be found to those articles on the following
pages;
Page 141: Interaction between Chinese and Indians
Pages 183-184: Indians as employees
Page 192: Indians working in mines before white settlement
Pages 242-251: Indians as guides
Page 251-256: Indian reservations and the Mendocino Reservation
Pages 251-252: Control of reservations by the Federal Government
Pages 253-256: Life on reservations
Pages 254-256: Persistance of culture
Pages 271-272: Raids by various tribes
Page 272: Drinking bouts
Pages 271-273: Events leading up to the Mariposa Indian War
Pages 304-305: Paiute fishing techniques
Pages 319-320: Peter Lassen and the Indians
Pages 318-329: Indians as guides
Pages 343-358: A Chapter on the Indians of California, which includes their various aspects of
culture, mannerisms, dress, population, and influence of the white settlers
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Pages 372-276: The Mountain Meadow Massacre in Utah in which the Mormons assisted by the
Indians slaughtered 140 men, women, and children who were enroute to California from Arkansas
Page 377: The Indians of Clear Lake
Page 387: Indians as employees of Peter Lassen
341. Orton, Richard H. Records of California: Men in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1867 . Detroit, Michigan:
Gale Research Company, 1979.
Abstract: Page 169: Co. F., 2nd Cavalry, California Volunteers, originally in Sacramento as
"Sacramento Rangers." Was stationed at Camp Union, Fort Bidwell, Bear Valley, CA, Fort Crook,
Smoke Creek, Nevada and Goose Lake, CA.
Camp Bidwell, Butte County, July 31, 1863 - March 31, 1864; Camp Union, April 30, 1864 September 30, 1864; Bear Valley, Ca, October 31, 1864; Camp Union, November 30, 1864;
February 1, 1865; Ione Valley, CA, March 1, 1865; Camp Union, April 1, 1865; Colusa, CA, May
1, 1865; Montgomery Creek, Shasta County, enroute to Fort Crook, June 1, 1865; Fort Crook, July
1, 1865; Fort Bidwell, August 1 - October 31, 1865; Smoke Creek, Nevada, December 1, 1865;
Fort Crook, December 31, 1865 - January 31, 1866; Fort Bidwell, March 1- May 1, 1866; Goose
Lake, CA, May 31, 1866. Original members mustered out at San Francisco, September 24, 1864.
Company filled up again. Mustered out at Sacramento, June 27, 1866.
Page 170: Co. I, 2nd Cavalry, California Volunteers organized at Camp Alert. Stat. Camp Drum
until January 1862. Camp Letham, near Los Angeles, in February 1862.No record February 1862 to
APril 1863. April 30, 1863 at Camp Babbitt, near Visalia until January 1864. At Benicia Barracks
March, April, May. Then to Camp Bidwell near Chico, June 1864 to may 1865. Then at Camp
McDermit, Nevada, until final muster out at Sacramento, June 24, 1866. Original members
mustered out in San Francisco, October 1-7, 1864.
Page 182: Remarks on return of Co. F., 2nd Cavalry. August 1863. Left Camp Union, July 28,
1863, per Special Orders of Gen. Comdg., Department of the Pacific, and arrived at Camp Bidwell,
Butte County, July 31, 1863, to remain there till further orders, in the meantime affording protection
to the whites, and collecting the friendly Indians in this section and protecting them.
Page 183: Co. F., 2nd Cavalry, California volunteers. Remarks on return of Co. F, September
1863. In compliance with Post Orders Nos. 687 left Camp Bidwell, Butte Co., September 4, 1863,
having under my command 23 men and horses of Co. F and 461 Indians to remove them to Round
Valley Reservatoin, Mendocino County, arrived there September 18, 1863, with 227 Indians. Left
150 on east side of the mountains, they being unable to travel. 32 died enroute and two escaped.
Left Fort Wright, Round Valley, September 21, 1863 and arrived Camp Bidwell, Butte County,
September 24, 1863. Remarks on return of Co. F.
Remarks on return of Co. F, 2nd Cavalry, November 1863 in obendience to Special Orders from
General Comdg., Department left Camp Bidwell, November 19, with 16 men to assist special
Agent to recapture runaway Indians from Round Valley Reservation. Passed thru Pentz, Yankee
Hill, Cherokee, Hubbards, Oregon City, Oroville, Henshaw's Ranch, all in Butte County. Returned
to Camp Bidwell, November 23, capturing 20 Indians enroute, having marched over a distance of
130 miles. Left Camp Bidwell November 25 enroute to Indian Reservation, Round Valley, going
via Tehama with the captured Indians. Arrived there Novemer 28, turning Indian over to supervisor.
Page 184: Remarks on return of Co. F., 2nd Cavalry April 1865. On April 24 started for Colusa,
arrived there in April 26. On trip arrested a prominent traitor of Yolo County took him to camp and
confined him with other prisoners destined to be delivered to authorities at Camp Union, CA.
Page 191: Reports dated July 31, 1863- March 31, 1864 dated at Camp Bidwell, Butte County. The
May 1, 1865 report dated at Colusa. The June 1, 1865 report dated at Montgomery Creek, Shasta
County enroute for Fort Crook. July 1, 1865 report at Fort Crook. August 1, 1865- October 31,
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1865 at Fort Bidwell, Siskiyou County. December 1, 1865 report at Smoke Creek, Nevada,
December 31, 1865 and January 31, 1866 at Fort Crook. March 1 - May 1, 1866 at Fort Bidwell,
May 31, 1866 at Goose Lake, CA.
Page 193: Co. I., Camp Bidwell, July 31, 1864 - April 30, 1865; Then to Camp No. 8, May 31,
1865, Camp No. 16, Otter Creek, Nevada on June 30, 1865; Queens River Station, Nevada on July
31, 1865 and Camp McDermit, Nevada August 31 - November 30, 1865.
Co. I, 2nd Cavalry. Monthly returns and muster rolls. Co. K, 2nd Cavalry, California Volunteers,
monthly returns and muster rolls. Camp Union January - June 1865. Camp No. 5, Chico, CA, July
31, 1865. Smoke Creek, Nevada, August 31, October 31, 1865.
Page 242: Co. F., 2nd Cavalry, California Volunteers. Augustus W. Starr and Brevet Major,
February 10, 1863 - James M. Roper, William L. Knight (promoted to Captain , Co. D., January 7,
1865,) Henry A. Burnett, 1st Lt., William B. Hooper, Harlow L. Street, William W. Elliott, Samuel
W. Backus, Henry A. Burnett, 2nd Lt., James J. Billings, 1st Sgt, promoted to 1st Lt., William H.
Baldwin, 1st Sgt.
Page 267: Co. I, 2nd Cavalry, California volunteers. Captains Frank M. Kelly, William Jones,
James C. Doughty. 1st Lts. George R. McDonals, William Governeur Morris, Joy H. Naper, Daniel
W. Livergood, Charles Tagge. 2nd Lts., William A Olliver, Joy H. Naper, William L. Knight,
Daniel W. Livergood, Charles T. Sherwood. Peter Henry, 1st Sgt, mustered out at S.F. on October
10, 1864 as private. Daniel W. Livergood, 1st Sgt., promoted 2nd Lt., April 23, 1863. John
Brandon, 1st sgt., discharged with company June 24, 1866.
Page 269: Co. I, 2nd Cavalry, California volunteers. Frank Hudson, Corporal, hanged at Camp
Union, Ca. June 16, 1865 for killing 1st Lt. Livergood of same company.
Page 306: Co. "A" monthly return, Camp Curtis, August 31, 1864.
Fort Humboldt, Oct. 31, 1864, Fort Wright, Dec. 31, 1864 and Feb. 28, 1865.
Co. "B", Camp Low, Ca, March 31 - June 1, 1865, near San Juan, CA.
Page 307: August 31, 1864 - 1st Bat. of Native Calvary, CV. Jose Ramon Pico, Capt., Crisanto
Sato, 1st Lt., Marcelino E. Jimenez, 2d Lt. Benigno Pico, 1st Sgt. Deserted July 3, 1863;
apprehended Jan. 2, 1864; mustered out with Co. at Drum Barracks, March 20,1866.
Page 310: Co. "B", Captains Ernest A. Legross, Porfino Jimeno, 1st Lieutenants, Edward Bale,
John Lafferty, 2d Lt, Zabina Streeter.
Page 419: Company F, Second Infantry, CV. April 2, 1862. During scout of Co. F., Lippitt and
Drum began April 2 by Lt. Flynn, going towards mouth of Redwood Creek where it was reported
there was a band of some 200 hostile Indians. Three Indians captured by him were warned of
consequences of escape attempt, lest they warn the band of his apporach, suddenly broke and ran.
Flynn killed one with his pistol and his another in the head. He and the third Indian escaped.
Page 419: Company "A", 3d Inf., C.V.. Lippitt to Major R. C. Drum, asst. adj. Gen., Department of
the Pacific, May 20, 1862. On April 6, 1862, Captain Ketcham, with scouting party of Co. A., 3d
Inf., C.V. found near Yager Creek the rancheria of the Indian who had robbed Coopers Mills of
2500 lb. flour. The Indian had just fled, leaving behind some 700 lbs. of flour, belting, from the
mill, baskets, bullets, lead, shot puches, bullet molds, all of which were burned, there being no
means of packing them. On April 27, Captain Ketcham, Co. A., 3d Inf., C.V. returned to Fort Baker
from a scout southward of Van Dusen Fork, with 24 Indian prisoners, all women and children
except two young bucks. In attacking the rancheria, 4 Indians were killed, including a squaw shot
by mistake. During the scout, Ketcham came upon a rancheria which had been fortified by piles of
logs around it. It was deserted.
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Page 420: On May 7th, Lt. Henry Flynn and detachment of 20 men Co. F. on scout near Mad River
a few miles below Ft. Lyon received a volley from Indian ambush, a civilian guide was wounded.
On May 14, near Angel's Ranch, Lt. Flynn and 15 men fought Indians for an hour, killing six of
them. He destroyed their provissions, bedding and clothing, powder and cape as the retreated. Lt.
Flynn then returned to Fort Anderson. Captain Douglas as then left with the entire company (F,
2nd Inf, CV) in quest of its band with which Lt. Flynn had skirmished. On May 15, 1862, Captain
Heffernan, Co. "K", 2d Inf., C.V. commanding at Fort Lyon returned from scout in which he had
destroyed five rancherias from which the Indians had fled before his arrival. He killed one Indian
and wounded two, who escaped.
Page 420: On April 27, 1862, Lt. Staples with detachment of Co. "A" came upon a large band of
Indians by suprise, having previously managed to kill their sentinel, killed 15 and took 40 prisoners.
On May 7, Captain Ketcham reported 11 Indians as having come in at Fort Baker - 8 bucks and 3
squaws. It sent 2 out as runners to bring in as many more as possible. On May 14, he reported the
return of 10 men sent out by him as escort to such Indian as could be found who were willing to
come in. They brought to Fort Baker 19 bucks, 24 squaws, 16 children, making 88 prisoners at Fort
Baker. Lippitt to Major R.C. Drum, Asst. Adj. Gen., Department of the Pacific, May 20, 1862.
Lippitt is cutting a trail direct to the crossing of Yager Creek. Existing route is 25 miles. By the new
trail, 15 miles, there reducing distance from Fort Hamboldt to Fort Baker by 10 miles, and opening
up some dense forest hitherto unexplored by white men, but which harbors Indians guilty of
outrages. Lippitt to Major R.C. Drum, Asst. Adjt. Gen., May 20, 1862. Has directed Captain Stuart,
2d Inf., C.V. commanding at Fort Ter-waw to send a detachment of 20 men under an officer to cut a
trail from Fort Ter-waw to Elk Camp , a settlement between Redwood Creek and the Klamath
River, 15 miles northwest of Fort Anderson.
Page 421: Camp No. 25, Coast Range, Mendocino County. Captain William E. Hull, Co. "D," 2d
Inf., CV to 1st Lt. James Ulio, acting Asst. Adj-Gen, Humboldt Military District, Camp near Fort
Gaston. April 18, 1864 - Sent out two parties, one up and one down Eel River looking for a ford.
April 19, proceeded upriver with entire detachment. About 2 a.m. were able to cross river. April
23, again divided the detachment into 2 parties, giving Sgt. Wheeler command of one, and himself
commanding the other. Wheeler's party brought in 11 Indian women, and one child. 8 Indian men
killed and number wounded. Has kept three women as guides for a few days, forwarding remainder
to Camp Grant to be escorted to Fort Humboldt.
Page 423: May 30, 1862. Co. A. 2d Inf., C.V.. Company A mustered in S. F., October 11, 1861,
Fort Dallas, Ore. November 30, 1861 - February 28, 1862; Fort Vancouver, W. T. , April 30-May 4,
1863; Fort Miller, C.A., August 31, 1863 - September 30, 1864; Presidio, S. F., September 30, 1864
- July 31, 1865; Camp near Drum Barracks, C. A., enroute to Arizona territory, August 31, 1865;
Fort Yuma, C.A., enroute to Arizona territory, September 30, 1865; Fort Goodwin, A.T., September
30, 1865 - April 30, 1866, enroute to Presidio, S.F. to he mustered out May 31, 1866. Captain
Charles W. Smith (resigned June 10, 1862); Henry Flynn mustered out July 4, 1865. 1st Lts
Chauncey P. Fairfield , John J. Shepheard. 2 Lts. John E. Hill (promoted 1st Lt. Col. "G", January
30, 1863.), John C. Innes, Montgomery Maize,
Page 424: Co. B, 2d Inf., C.V. Arrived at Ft. Humboldt, August 7, 1862. Left Ft. Humboldt
August 9, 1862 and arrived at Camp Curtis same day. Engaged in scout after hostile Indians in
Humboldt and Klamath counties. August 15-22, 1862 a detachment under Ft. Campbell was
engaged August 22-25, 1862 detatchment under Ft. Watson formed from Ft. Umpqua, August 24,
1862 on September 17, 1862 the Co. left Camp Curtis and arrived at Fort Humboldt same day. Co.
left Fort Humboldt June 12, 1863, arrived at Benicia June 15, 1863. Left for Ft. Miller, Fresno Co.,
Aug. 12, 1863 and arrived August 22, 1863.
Page 425: August 13, 1862 - Co. C., 2d Inf., C.V.. After service in Washington Territory, arrived at
Alcatraz Island enroute via steamer "Panama" for Fort Humboldt, arrived there August 8, 1862.
Arrived Camp Baker, August 25, 1862. From Camp Baker, September 6, arrived at Camp Lincoln,
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via Fort Humboldt, September 15, 1862. Stationed at Camp Lincoln until October 17, 1864.
Arrived in San Francisco on same steamer Panama on October 20, 1863. Saw service in Arizona
Territory 1865,1866. Mustered out at Presidio, S. F. May 10, 1866. Mustered in September 14,
1861. Arrived Fort Colville, Washinton Territory, November 17, 1861. Left July 12, 1862 for Fort
Humboldt, where it arrived July 31, 1862. Embarked for Fort Bragg August 5, 1862; arrived there
August 7, 1862. May 3, 1863, Captain Hull with 20 men proceeded on a scout to Eel River,
attacking party of 35-40 hostile Indians, killing 4, wounding 3, and bringing the women and one
boy to Indian reservation as captives. Returned to Fort Bragg May 21, 1863. August 3, 1863,
Captain Hull and 19 men proceeded to neighborhood of Shelter Cove and Mattole River, on a scout
and returned August 23, 1863, not having seen an hostile Indians. September 15, 1863, Captain
Hull and 19 men left on a scout for Mad River; returned October 2, 1863. January 20, 1864, Hull
and 24 men left on scout in Eel River country. March 1, 1864, headquarters of the Co. moved to the
field, leaving supplies force to protect public property of Fort Bragg. April 1, 1864 - May 20, 1854,
"H" Co. was actively engaged scouting for hostile Indians, results were killed 33 Indians
engagements, 181 prisoners, men, wonen and children. 102 surrendered themselves (men, women,
children.) During first part of scout 125 were sent to Camp Grant, to be forwarded from there to
Fort Humboldt, May 27, 1864. Hull and 18 men took 158 prisoners to Fort Humboldt. Left Fort
Humboldt May 30, arrived at Fort Bragg July 20, 1864. NOt one man was seriously wounded.
September 30, 1864 The Co. left Fort Bragg, awaiting transportation at Mendocino until October
17, 1864 when embarked for Presidio; arrived there October 20, 1864, remaining there until August
1865, when it returned to Humboldt County, where is was stationed Fort Gaston and Fort
Humboldt. August 31-November 30, Fort Gaston, December 31, 1865 - March 31, 1866 Fort
Humboldt.
Page 426: Co. E, 2d Inf., C.V. Org. by Captain Eugene B. Gibbon in S. F., Sept. 1861. Fort
Vancouver, W. T. October 1861-May 4, 1862. Left Alcatarz for Fort Humboldt May 14, 1862; arr.
May 16, 1862, stationed there until Sept. 1862. Left for Camp Curtis; arr. there Sept. 17, 1862.
There until May 11, 1863, when departed for Benecia Barracks. Left Benicia Barracks for Camp
Curtis Dec. 14, 1863; arr. Camp Curtis Dec. 17, 1863. Remained until Oct. 3, 1864, left for
Predisio. then ordered to Arizona Territory. Co. "D", 2d Inf., C.V.- After long service at Fort
Bragg, departed Sept. 1864 for Presidio, remaining there until August 1865, when it returned until
Nov. 30, 1865 and at Fort Humboldt , until Mar 31, 1866. Capts. John C. Innes enlisted Nov. 6,
1865; William E. Hull (resigned Nov 11, 1865); 1st Lt. George M. Knickerbocker; 2d Lts.
Abraham B. Smith, George M. Knickerbocker , Thomas J. Maguire, 1st Sgt.
Page 427: Company F, Second Cavalry, CV. October 1, 1861. Organized by Captain Douglas at
Carson City, H.T. September 1861, marched to San Francisco around October 1, 1861. Went to
Humboldt County in December, stationed at Post Lippett, Fort Wright and Anderson, January July, 1862.; Remained there until sent to Presidio for muster out May 4, 1866. Co. "G", 2d Inf.,
C.V. Detachments of the company were frequently on scouting service against hostile Indians while
stationed in the Humboldt Military District from March 1862 to June 1863. Arrived at Fort
Ter-waw April 1, 1862. Stationed there until June 9, 1862. Arrived at Camp Lincoln June 11, 1862.
Detachments of the company were frequently on scouting service against hostile Indians while in
the Humboldt Military District from March 1, 1862 - June 1863. Later served in Southern
California and Arizona Territory. Left for Benecia Barracks June 11, 1863. William W. Stuart,
Captain (dismissed by War of the Department S.O. No. 204, May 6, 1863.); Theodore Wetmore,
1st Lieutenant (discharged by Department of the Pacific S.O. no. 24, February 26, 1863.); John E.
Hill, 2d Lieutenants: John J. Shephard (promoted 1st Lt. Co. "I", May 28, 1863.); Curtis Greenleaf;
John McCleahan, 1st Sgt.
Page 428: April 19, 1862 - Co. H. 2nd., Inf. CV., Mustered in October 21, 1861, S.F. After short
tour of duty at Santa Barbara left Alcatraz April 19, 1862; Arrived Eureka April 21, 1862, enroute
for Fort Gaston. Arrived Fort Gaston April 30, 1862. Left for Fort Humboldt August 18, 1862,
arrived August 22, 1862. Left Fort Humboldt May 11, 1862, arrived Benicia Barracks May 14,
1863. Arrived Fort Gaston December 22, 1863. Marched for Fort Gaston September 16, 1864;
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arrived Camp Anderson same day, distance 18 miles. Left Camp Anderson for Fort Humboldt
October 1, 1864, arrived same day. Left for San Francisco October 2, 1864; arrived October 4,
1864. Stationed Harrions St. Depot until May 25, 1865. Ordered to Arg. Terr. August 15, 1865.
Co. "I", 2d Inf., C.V. - Mustered in December 1861, arrived Humboldt Co. mid April 1862. Stations
occupied: Camp Curtis, April 30, 1862; Fort Gaston, May 31, 1862 - Aptil 30, 1863; Camp Curtis,
May 31, 1863; Fort Humboldt, July 31, 1863 - June 30, 1864; Camp McDowell, Ca, July 31-Sept.
30, 1864.
Page 429: Co. "K", 2d Inf., C.V. - Org. October 28, 1861, S.F. Left S.F. for Humboldt Military
District, January 7, 1862. Established post. Lippitt january 10, 1862. Left for Post Lyon March 10,
1862; arrived March 42m 1862. July 1862, engaged in scout of neighborhood of Eel River.
Captured about 200 Indians. Left them at Humboldt Reservation. April 30, 1862 while a
detachment of the Co. was escorting a Government pack train from Arcata to Fort Gaston,
concealed Indians fired on the train, killing Private Andrew Smith and wounding Cpl. Patrick Agan
in the arm. Left Fort Gaston for Fort Humboldt Je. 20, 1863. Left Fort Humboldt for Benecia
Barracks Je. 28, 1863. Left for Chico August 14, 1863, arrived August 16. Left Chico for Benecia
October 26, 1863. Left Benecia for Fort Miller December 19, 1863. Subreq. served in A.T.
Page 433: Co. A. Captains: Charles W. Smith (resigned 6-10-62), Henry Flynn (mustered out
7-4-65), 1st Lts.: William F. Swasye, Fredersick McDougall, Chauncey P. Fairfield (promoted from
2d Lt. Co. E.), John J. Shepheard. 2d Lts.: John E. Hill (promoted to 1st Lt. Co. G, 1-20-63), John
C. Innes (enrolled Ft. Humboldt, 3-27-63), Montgomery Maize. Fairfield and Shepheard enrolled at
Fort Gaston, 10-2-62 to 3-27-63. Palle F. Herlow, 1st Sgt.
Page 437: Post Lippitt. Co. "F", 2d Inf., C.V. Org. by Captain C.D. Douglas at Carson City,
Nevada, September 1861. Marched to San Francisco, arrived October 1, 1861. Went to Humboldt
County in December and was stationed at Post Lippitt and Forts Wright and Anderson Jan- July,
1862. During Sept., Oct., and November was at Fort Gaston, returned to Fort Wright in December
1862, remained there until sent to Presidio for final muster out, May 4, 1866.
Page 440: Captains John C. Schmidt, Chauncy P. Fairfiled. 1st. Lt. Thomas B. Campbell, Abraham
B. Smith, Byron C. Coffman, Charles W. William.
Page 441: 2d, Lts, Grove Watson, Gustavus A. Swasey. Charles C. Convis, Nathaniel O. Knapp,
1st Sgt. William L. Collins, 1st Sgt. - surrendered as a deserter from USA at Fort Humboldt, CV,
April 29, 1863, sent to Provost Guard
S.F.
Page 447: Captains: Michael O'Brien, John B. Urmig (H. October 22, 1864). 1st Lts., James H.
Steward (Promoted Capt. Co "H"), Louis S. Lohse, 1865. 2d Lt: John M. Henry (resigned 6-1-62),
Louis S. Lohse (promoted 1st Lt. 11-28-64).
Page 448: Robert H. Tierson, 1st sgt. Hiram G. Hoag, 1st sgt., reduced to private 9-11-62.
Page 456: November 6, 1865 - Co. D. 2d Inf., C.V. Captains: John C. Innes (enlisted Nov. 6, 1865),
William E. Hull (resigned Nov. 6, 1856). 1st Lt.: Joseph B. Wing, John Hanna, Jr. , Parish B.
Johnson (resigned Dec 20, 1863, promoted from 2d lt. Co.F.)
Page 457: Geo. M. Knickerbocker. 2d Lts: Abram B. Smith, Alfred G. Walker. Thomas J. Maguire,
1st Sgt.
Page 463: Captain Eugene B. Gibbs. 1st Lt. John H. Gonnison (resigned 10-22-64) 2d Lt.
Chauncey P. Fairfield (promoted 1st Lt. John M. Maloney (resigned 7-10-63) Charles W. Griswold,
1st sgt, William A. Montgomery, 1st sgt.
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Page 470: Captain Charles W. Douglas; 1st Lts: Henry Flynn, William H. Noyes, James H.
Delaney, Louis T. Grant, Fred A. Morgan; 2nd Lts: Parish B. Johnson, Byron S. Coffman, Louis T.
Grant, John H. Swift, John H. Coster. Patrick Heffrin, 1st Sgt.
Page 476: Captain Willaim W. Stuart (dismissed per war department S.O. No. 204, May 6, 1863.);
1st Lt. Theodore Wetmore( dicharged by department of the pacific, S.O. No. 24, February 26,
1863.) , John E. Hill; 2d Lt. John W. Gaston; John J. Shephard (2nd Lt. promoted 1st Lt. Co. "I",
March 28, 1863), Albert Hahn; Curtis Greenleaf; John McClenahan, 1sr Sgts.
Page 484: Capts. William H. Short (resigned Jan. 31. 1865), John Hanna, Jr. 1st Lt.: John
Monholland. 2 Lts: Thomas J. Wilson, William L. Campbell, Gen. M. Knickerbocker, Samuel M.
Taylor.
Page 485: Captain William H. Short (resigned January 31, 1863) John Hanna, Jr. 1st Lt.: John
Monholland, 2nd Lt.: Thomas J. Wilson, William L. Campbell, Geo. M. Knickerbocker, Samuel M.
Taylor.
Page 491: December 1861: Captain Edward R. Theller. 1st Lt. Geo. W. Harris, Alfred Morton,
Chauncey P. Fairchild, William F. R. Schindler, John J. Shepheard, John C. Innes, Francis Bellou,
John H. Coster. 2d Lt. William F. R. Schindler, James H. Delancy, James A. Grant, William C.
Praggott. 1st Sgt. William E. Praggott, John M. Maloney (prom. 2d Lt. Co. C, 10-4-62) Charles W.
Willaim , Charles Bartlett.
Page 498: Capt. Charles Hefferman, dismissed 3/16/63, per War Dept. Order of 1/12/63. Capt.
Alfred Norton, promoted Maj, 7th Inf., C.V.. 1st Lt. Charles G. Hubbard. 2d Lt. Theodore C.
Whinchell, promoted 1st Lt. 7/6/64. 2d Lt. John J. Dobbins. 2d Lt. Joseph R. Norcross. 1st Sgt.
Thomas Griffith.
Page 520: Co. C., 3d Inf., C. V. Org. Benicia, December 31, 1861, Went to Fort Bragg where it
remained until spring, 1862, when it went to Fort Ruby, Nev.
October 21, 1861: Co. "D" 3d Inf., C.V. Org.Stockton, going at once to Fort Gaston. Remained
until Spring 1862 - went to Camp Union and Camp Douglas, UT. Co. "B", 3d Inf., C.V. went to
Fort Seward, Humboldt County, somtime in December 1861. Only July 10, 1862 it was Camp
Hallock, near Stockton.
Page 534: Captain Jeremiah B. Moore; 1st Lieutenant Thomas B. Gateley; 1st Lieutenant Thomas
S. Budges; 2d Lieutenant Joseph C. Marrill; 1st Sergeant John Arthur; 1st Sergenat William A.
Bennett.
Page 543: Captain John H. May. 1st Lt. William N. Allen. William H. McMinn, 2d Lt., Richard W.
Stapleton, 2d Lt., William Smith, 1st Sgt.(promoted 2d Lt. at Camp Douglas, UT)
Page 553: Capt. William M. Johns 1st Lt. Joseph Anderson, resigned 10/25/62.
Page 554: John D. Myers, 2d Lt; Charles Billig, 2d Lt.; John Fallon, 1st Sgt.; Jacob Stahl, 1st Sgt.;
Charles Billig, 1st Sgt.
Page 595: Co. "A" 4th Inf., C.V.
Page 596: Co. "B", 4th Inf., C.V. Original Co. mustered out, October 4, 1864. New Co. "B"
organized and remained at Brum Barracks until April, 1865, when it marched to Fort Gaston,
Humboldt Co. Mustered out at Presidio, SF, April 18, 1866. Served in Washington Terr. After the
discharge of those whose term of enlistment had expired, the reorganized Co. was sent to Fort
Humboldt in April 1865 and during the following month to Camp Jaqua, where it remained until
transfered to the Presidio, where it was mustered out on November 30, 1865.
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Page 597: July, 1863 - The company was at Camp Curtis, July or August 1863 to Sept. 1863. Co.
"F", 4th Inf., C.V., discharge Presidio, San Francisco, November 30, 1865 stationed at Fort
Humboldt, May -November 1865.
Page 598: Camp Lincoln, April, 1865: Co. I. , 4th Inf. C.V. Co-discharged November 30, 1865.
Page 601:Camp Iaqua: Amos G. Randal, Captain, enlisted S.F., April 17, 1865; Parker R. Wilbur,
1st Lt; Edward T. Starr, 2d Lt.
Page 602: Camp Iaqua: Henry S. King, 1st Sgt, enrolled at Marysville, March 2, 1865; Many EM
from Marysville, and Auburn.
Page 609: Capt. Jeremiah Phelan, enlisted March 31, 1865, 1st Lt. Josephn W. Scobey, William H.
Troy, enlisted SF, March 1, 1865, dismissed the service of the U. S. by sentence, G. L. M.,
November 6, 1865. Luke Sheeran, 1st Sgt., enlisted February 27, 1865.
Page 630: Edward Hillyer, Capt. Patrick Munday, 1st Lt.Newton Israel, 2d Lt. enlisted at
Weaverville Sept. 15, 1861. James G. Foster, 1sgt. enlisted Weaverville Sept 20, 1861. Promoted
2d Lt. Co. C, May 6, 1864. Dewitt G. Tritus, promoted C. from Co. F., 4th Inf. C. V. June 22, 1865.
Page 637: Charles H. Ball, Captain, enlisted April 6, 1865; DeWitt G. Titus, 1st Lt., promoted
Captain, Co. "E", 21 June 1865; Edward D. Tuttle, 1st Sgt. enlisted at San Francisco, June 21,
1865; Nathan B. Kendall, 2d Lt., enlisted San Francisco, April 6, 1865; Albert H. Seaman, 1st Sgt.
enlisted March 13, 1865.
Page 650: Jon M. Starkweather, Captain, enlisted April 21, 1865
James S. Rathbum, 1st Lt. enlisted August 25, 1865
Joseph K. Derstine, 2d Lt., enlisted July 12, 1865
Jacob D. Shilling, 1st Sgt. enlisted September 26, 1861; discharged at Presidio, November 30, 1865.
Page 721: Co. A., 6th Infantry, California Volunteers, mustered in October 21, 1862. Was
designated Co. A, 6th Regiment of Infantry, C.V. February 9, 1863. On March 30, 1863 went to
Benicia Barracks, where it remained until August 24, 1863, when, pursuant to Special Orders No.
195, HQ, Department of the Pacific of August 22, 1863, the Company proceded to Butte County,
taking post at Camp Bidewll, near Chico, where it remained until October 24, 1863, when,
purssuant to Special Orders No. 240, HQ, Department of the Pacific it returned to Benicia Barracks.
Page 722: Co. "C", 6th Inf. C.V. mustered in October 20, 1863. Arrived Fort Humboldt, February
17, 1864. Same day ordered to scout after Indians. Returned to Arcata, February 17, 1864. March 1,
1864, ordered to camp at Boynton's Prarie. Arrived same day. On scout from this camp until July 8,
1864 when ordered to Camp Iaqua. Arrived same day. On scout from this camp July 10-October 30,
1864, killing and capturing 40 Indians. October 10, 1864 left Camp Iaqua for Fort Humboldt May
8, 1866 for Camp Lincoln; arrived May 10, 1865. Marched nearly 2,000 miles in 8 months
campaigning against Indians. Co. "E", 6th Inf., C.V. organized July 11, 1863 at Benecia Barracks
until February 15, 1864, when ordered to Fort Humboldt. Arrived there February 17, 1864. From
then until October 10, 1864 the company was constantly in the field operations against hostile
Indians in the District of Humboldt. Left Fort Humboldt for Benecia October 16, 1865; arrived
October 20, 1864. Discharged there October 31, 1865 per Generals orders no. 19.
Page 723: March 5, 1864 - Org. Benecia Barracks, feb. 2, 1864. Left by steamer Feb. 15 for Fort
Humboldt; arrived Feb. 17. Left on Feb. 28, arrived same day camp near Arcata. Left Mar. 2 for
camp near Fort Gaston; arrived Mar. 5. Left for Stephen's camp Mar. 9, scouted sout fork of Trinity
River and returned to camp near Fort Gaston Mar. 17. Left camp for Martin's Ferry on Klamath
River. Returned to Martin's Ferry on Mar. 28. Mar. 30 retired to camp near Fort Gaston. estimated
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distance marched 290 miles in rain and snow. Apr. 13, 1864 left camp near Fort Gaston. Arrived
Camp Iaqua, Apr. 18. Estimated distance 56 miles. Left Camp Iaqua for Fort Baker, Apr. 22 on a
scout. Retired Apr. 26. Estimated distance 150 miles. May 1 a detachment left camp for vicinity of
brown's Ranch on a scout, returned May 3. Left on May 4 for some place and returned May 8.
Second detachment left May 6 to scout Mad River. Returned May 9. The first detachment left May
10 for Redwoods, returned May 20. Second detachment left May 12 for Pilot Creek; Returned May
20. Small detachment left May 16 for Fort Baker. Returned to May 18. Company left for rabbit
Creek May 21. Fought Indian, killing 12, taking 14 prisoners. Returned may 25. 480 miles marched
by company and to detachment. Detachment left Camp Jaqua hune 5 for vicinity of Mad River;
returned June 15. Left again June 25 for Redwoods and Fresh Water Slough. Returned June 29.
Estimated distance marched 225 miles. Capt. Cook and Co. "G" left Camp Jaqua June 11, 1864 for
Fort Humboldt. Arrived July 12, marched 35 miles. Left Fort Humboldt for Benecia Oct. 18, and
arrived Oct. 20, 1864. Saw later service at San Juan, CA, Benecia Barracks.
Page 725: Thomas Buckley, Captain; John Oaks, 1st Lt.; Benjamin S. Rowe, 1st Lt, (promoted from
2d Lt..); William T. Hanford, 2d Lt. (commission revoked by reason of company being below
minimum); John Boyle, 1st Sergeant; Emory Wing, Sgt. enlisted at Oroville, commissioned 2d Lt.
Co. "E", August 10, 1865.
Page 726: Alexander B. McGowan, Captain also Alexander W. Copeley, Captain, Resigned April
24, 1863; John W. Davis, 1st Lt; James Ulio, 2nd Lt., promoted 1st Lt., and adjutant, February 19,
1863; Beverly C. Duer, 2nd Lt.; Francis Bellou, 2nd Lt., promoted from 1st sgt.. in Fort Humboldt,
September 28, 1864; Beverly C. Duer, 2nd Lt.; Francis Bellou, 2nd Lt., promoted from 1st Sgt, Co.
D; promoted 1st Lt., Co. I, 2nd Infantry, C.V.; James Mohan, 1st Sgt.
Page 735: July 8, 1864 - Thomas Buckley, Captain ; John Oaks, 1st Lt.; Benjamin S. Olowe, 1st Lt;
William T. Hanford, 2d Lt, (commission revoked by reason of caompany being below minimum);
John Boyle, 1st Sergeant; Emory Wing, (Oroville) Sergeant, commissoined 2d Lt., Co. "E", August
10, 1865.
Page 742: Duane M. Greene, Captain, resigned February 1, 1865; Washington Bruce, Captain,
enlisted April 24, 1865; Konrad F. Wilmeyer, 1st Lieutenant; John B. Taylot, 1st Lieutenant,
promoted from 2d Lt. commissioned Capt. Co. "F" May 25, 1865; Clemens Hellstern, 1st
Lieutenant, enlisted May 29, 1865. William B. Barnes, 2d. Lieutenant, May 26, 1864, promoted
from private, Co. "K"; Charles H. Cutting, 2d Lt. November 26, 1864, promoted from 1st Sergeant
Co. "K"; Emory Wing, 2d Lt. August 3, 1865, promoted from Srivate, Co. "C" discharged with
company at Presidio October 21, 1865. Charles A. Baker, 1st Sergeant.
Page 749: Eli Cook, Capt, enlisted Oct. 24, 1863. Jacob P. Hackett, 1st Lt.. William McKay
Owen, 1st Lt.. Hampton Hutton, 2d Lt.. Ira G. Ferguson, 1st Sgt.. Frances Bellou, 1st Sgt.
Commissioned 2d lt. Co. "A", September 28, 1864.
Page 827: January 1864 - First Battalion of Mountaineers, Co. B.stationed at Fort Gaston until
January, 1864, then at Camp Anderson, Humboldt County until October 1864; then at Camp Curtis
until mustered out there on May 13, 1865. Co. A. 1st battalion of Mountaineers, C. V. Raised in
Humboldt County by Captain C V. Long. Mustered into U.S. Service May 30, 1863 at Fort
Humboldt. Stationed at Camp Baker until October 1863.
April 1864: Co. "A" let Bat. of Mtn. CV. Stationed at Fort Gaston, April-November 1864.
June 2, 1863 - Co. B, 1st Bat. Mtn. Raised by Capt. Geo. W. Ousley at Arcata and mustered in June
2, 1863. Stationed at Fort Gaston, Humboldt County, until January 1864; then at Camp Anderson,
Humboldt County, until October 1864; then at Camp Curtis until mustered out there on May 13,
1865. Muster roll for November and December 1863: On November 17, 1863, Captain Ousley,
with a detachment of 15 men, had engagement with the Indians on Willow Creek, about 8 miles
from Fort Gaston, in which Capt. Ousley and two privates were wounded. The Ousley party was
seeking three mules which had escaped Capt. Miller's Party on November 13.
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October 1863 - Co. "A", 1st Bat. Mountaineers. Raised in Humboldt County by Captain C.W. Long
and mustered into U.S. service on May 30, 1863 at Fort Humboldt. Stationed at Camp Baker, CA
until October 1863 then at Camp Jaqua, Humboldt County until April 1864; then at Fort Gaston
until November 1864. Thern at Camp Jaqua during remainer of term of service. Mustered out at
Fort Humboldt, April 25, 1865. Following remarks on Muster roll for July and August, 1863. On
the seventh day of July Sergeant Sercice took the field against the Indians on Mad River, northeast
from Camp Baker. On the eleventh attack a small band, killing two and wounding one. Returned
to post on the twelfth.
Page 828: August 29, 1863 - 1st Bat. of Mountaineers, Co. C. Raised by Capt. Abraham Miller in
Humboldt and Trinitiy Counties. Mustered in August 29, 1862. Stationed at Camp Curtis until Oct.
1863; then at Fort Gaston until May 1864, then at Burnt Ranch, Trinity County until Nov. 1864;
then at Fort Gaston until April, 1865; then at Camp Jaqua until mustered out of service at Fort
Humboldt on May 1865. Remarks on muster roll, August 1863. Before the company had been
mustered into service a detachment of 18 men, under Sgt. E. U. Day, while doing escort duty for a
government train, was attacked at Redwood Creek by a band of about 80 Indians. After a severe
fight of six hours they routed the Indians, killing six and wounding may others. On Sept. 1863,
William T. Terry, who was soing escort duty with the U. S. Mail between Hoopa Valley and
Weaverville, was shot and killed by Indians at Sandy Bar, Trinity County; at the same time Orion
Washington was severly wounded and the mail carrier killed. On Novemer 7, Capt. Miller with 15
men of Co. B and C was ordered for Fort Gaston up the Trinity River to search for Indian. At the
Thomas Ranch, 20 miles from Fort Gaston they suprised a party killing a beef. Killed 2 Indians and
wounded 2. On the 13th while crossing south fork, Trinity River, 17 miles for Fort Gaston they
were fired upon by Indian. Two men were wounded, J. F. Heckman, Co. C, and S. McCracken of
Co. B. After the party gained the top of the bank it returned fire. The Indians fled. Arrived at Fort
Gaston evening of the 13th November. On the 14th Capt. Ousley, Co. B and detachment of 15 men
was ordered upriver to try to find the three mules which had escaped Capt. Miller's party on the
13th. On the 17th at Willow Creek , 7 miles from the fort, they were attacked by Indians. One
made wounded. Capt. Ousley was shot in the leg. Private Andrew V. Dusky was severely wounded
in the thigh. Friendly Indians later told them that 7 Indians were killed and 11 wounded. Party
arrived at Fort Gaston late on 17th, bringing 2 mules. On December 1, Lt. Hempfield, detachment
30 men, 8 of whom belonged to Co. C, ordered by Major Taylor towards Klamath River to try to
apprehend Big Jim and party, who were reported to be among the Klamath Indians, attempting to
raise them against the whites. Returned unsuccessful on December 5. December 23, Lt. Middleton
ordered to take 30 men of Co. C. and scout for Indian in Christmas Valley, 25 mi. from Fort
Gaston. Indian forced living in log rancheria with portholes thru which they could fire upon anyone
approaching. Messenger was sent to Fort Gaston for the howitzer and ammunition, which were sent
and 30 men under Capt. Ousley, to take a detachment to Fort Gaston for more ammunition.
On December 26, 1863 - Capt. Ousely with detachment of 30 men, with mountain howizter
attacked the Indian fortifications on Christian Prarie, about 23 miles from Fort Gaston, Private C.
Smith was wounded in the arm. Two enemy killed and several wounded. Two horses, two mules,
four guns, several saddles and some other articles of property were recovered, and the houses were
destroyed, together with a large quantity of Indian provisions. This engagement was participated in
by detachments of companies A, B, and C of the battalion.
Page 831: July 1864 - Camp at Forks of Salmon, Klamath County. Co. "F", 1st Bat., Mount. Raised
by Captain Robert Baird at Fort Jones and other places in Siskiyou Co. Mustered into U.S. Service
at SF, Feb. 19, 1864. Served at Forks of Salmon, Klamath Co., until July, 1864. Then at Fort
Gaston until Oct, 1864, then at mouth of Klamath River and enroute to Camp Lincoln during Oct,
1864 and there until mustered out June 9, 1865. No remarks on muster rools or monthly returns
showing service performed by this company.
Page 829: Co. C. 1st Battalion of mountaineers. During Middleton's abcense the Indian escapted
into the darkness. The fight began on the moving of December 25 and ended the night of the 27th.
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Page 830: Co. "D", 1st Bat. Mtn. Raised by Capt. William C. Martin and mustered into U.S.
service at Fort Gaston, Humboldt Co. March 16, 1864. Stationed at Ft. Gaston during whole term
of service. Mustered out at Fort Humboldt May20, 1865. No remarks on muster rolls or monthly
returns showing service performed by this company. William C. Martin, Capt. H. Humboldt,
March 1, 1864.
Rufus F. Herrick, 1st Lt., Dec. 16, 1863. William N. Turrle, 2d Lt, Dec. 5, 1863. Joseph Snedden,
1st Sgt., Oct. 15, 1863. All mustered out at Fort Humboldt, May 20, 1865.
Co. "E", 1s Bat. Mountaineers. Raised by Captain John P. Simpson in Mendocino County.
Mustered into U.S. Service at Fort Humboldt August 31, 1862. Stationed at Fort Humboldt until
October 1863 then at Camp Grant for remainder of its term of service,except when in field against
hostile Indians. Mustered out at Fort Humboldt, June 14, 1865. Remarks on Mustered roll
September, October 1862, On October 15, Lt. Skinner with Lt. Frazier at a detachment of 20 men,
left Camp Grant to scout for Indians along Eel River in vicinity of Big Bend. Returned on the 30th
with four squaws and one child - prisoners. Remarks on Muster roll of January - February 1864.
By report of 2d Lt. William W. Frazier, Co. "E", he has had several engagements with hostile
Indians on the upper Mattole during Feb. 1864, killing 13 and capturing 21 prisoners. Remarks on
Muster roll May and June 1864. 2d Lt. Frazier commanding detachment of his company at Mattole,
reports engagement with hostile Indians, by 26th May, 1864, killing two and routing the hostile
band. Sergeant Hawes, commanding a detachment of this co. returned at this camp (Grant) on May
30th after scouting for 50 days, during which he followed a band of hostile Indians for 42 days,
succeeded in finding them encamped on Grouse Creek the morning of the 23d, gone then battle,
killing 9 and capturing 2 women and 2 children, besides 3 guns, one horsed saddle, and all their
camp equipment. Remarks on muster roll of June - August 1864. Captain John P. Simpson with
detachment of 21 men, has been scouting headwaters of Eel River since July 19. Indians numerous
apperaring to number several hundred in this vicinity. No Indians have been killed, object to being
to induce them to come in voluntarily, which they express desire to do, of convinced they will not
be killed or mistreated. At present there are 68 Indians in camp. More will surrender when
convinced of fair treatment.
Page 831: Co. "F", 1st Bat. of Mtn., CV. Raised by Capt. Robert Baird at Fort Jones and other
places in Siskiyou County. Mustered into U.S. service at SF, Feb. 19, 1864. Served at Forks of
Salmon, Klamath County, until July, 1864. Then at Fort Gaston until October 1864, then at mouth
of Klamath River and enroute to Camp Lincoln during October 1864. Was there until mustered out
June 9, 1865. No remark on muster rolls on monthly returns showing service performed by this Co.
Page 832: Charles W. Long, Captain enlisted May 30, 1863, promoted to Major September 22,
1864, at Fort Gaston. Knyphausen Geer, Captain, promoted from 1st Lieutenant September 9, 1864.
Thomas Middleton, 1st Lt., Promoted from 2d Lt, Co "C", November 10, 1864.; Leonard C.
Beckwith, 2d Lt, April 27, 1863; resigned November 9, 1864.; Albner D. Swvier, 1st Sgt.; William
P. Hanna, 1st Sgt., Sgt. Major of Batt. September 1, 1863.
Page 835: George W. Ousley, Capt, Enlisted February 9, 1863, mustered out at Camp Curtis,
Arcata, May 13, 1865 with company. Issac W. Hempfield, 1st Lt, enlisted April 17, 1863;
dismissed the service per S. G. no. 77., dept of the Pacific, April 11, 1864. Edward Hale, 2d Lt,
April 17, 1863, resigned December 21, 1864. John S. Hughes, 2d Lt, November 26, 1864.
Promoted from 1st Lt. George Creighton, 1st Sgt. May 12, 1863, mustered out at Camp Curtis,
May 13, 1865.
Page 843: John P. Simpson, Captian. Ukiah, March 2, 1863, all mustered out Fort Humboldt June
14, 1865. William W. Skinner, 1st Lieutenant, June 18, 1863. William W. Frazier, 2d Lieutenant,
June 18, 1863. Archibald P. Osborn, 1st Sergeant, California, July 27, 1863.
Page 845: Robert Baird, Capt., June 30, 1863. S.F. Alpheus W. Randall, 1st Lt., August 30, 1863,
(Fort Jones.) Henry B. Matthewson, 2d Lt., January 4, 1854, S.F.
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Fielding A King, 1st Sgt., (Scott Bar.)
342. Ousely, Captain Geo. W. Field Return of Camp Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts,
1800-19161864.
Abstract: Ousley, Capt. Geo. W. Co. "B" 1st Battalion Mt., Ca., vol. Peter Moffatt a surgeon, USA
citizen physician employed by C. McDougal, medical director, New York $125 per month.
343. Painter, Charles C. The Condition of Affairs in Indian Territory and California: a Report . New York: AMS
Press, 1976.
344. Palmer, Lyman L., historian. History of Lake County - 1881. Fresno, CA: Valley Publishing; reprint Slocum
Brown & Co. Publishers 1881, 1974.
Abstract: Listing of Valleys in Lake County. Listing of Creeks and lakes. Geology - minerals.
Springs, timber, soils, and climatography.
Clear Lake (Hok-has-ha) Indians have great sport in capturing fish, killed with clubs so thick. Two
Indian rancherias in Big Valley on border of lake 1851, 500 there with 50 acres of corn, melons.
Diminished 100% now afflicted with pulmonary complaints.
Page 23: Smallpox that killed hundreds of Indians in 1830's and 1840's did not seem to affect
Indians of Lake County. Pomo Indians of Lopillamillos, Micacmas, and Tyugas families. Physical
description given. Quotes from Gobbs "School crafts archaeology" and Bancrofts "Native Races of
the Pacific States." On clothing and apperance of Indians. Description of housing. Indians good
hunters and workers. Vaqueros in early 1840's built adobe houses. White men of Lake area have
cohabited with Indian women and they make excellent housewives and cooks.
Page 31: Lake County Indian legends given. Description of shell money and gold in use by Lake
Indians. Beautiful beadwork considering lack of tools. From "Californian" December 1880 George
Redding describes Indian showing him fire building. Tribal boundaries described. 1880 census
shows 765 Indians in Lake County. Incident where white found drowned and Augustine (Lake
Indian chief) imprisoned as hostage until gilty should come forth. Finally released. Never a
reservation in Lake County. Story of Cahto rancheria boy kidnapped by white manhunters and
taken to Missouri. Made his way back.
Page 39: Indians worked on reservations but profit went to whites. "Indians have served purpose
and it is God's economy that they disappear." Quote from "Hiawatha" closes article.
Page 49: Around 1840 Vallejo took possession of the valley (according to Augustine, chief of
Hoolanapo Indians). Guadalupe, the second man in charge of corrals, married an Indian woman.
He abused her and she ran away. Indians did all the work around the place. The Stone and Kelsey
Massacre. A history of misconduct and injuries inflicted by Stone and Kelsey on Lake Indians after
they took over the Vallejo ranch. Eventually the Indians killed the two in retailiation in the fall of
1849. In the spring of 1850, a military detachment cornered the Indians on an island in the lake and
slaughtered men, women, and children. The soldiers continued on over the Potter and Ukiah
valleys. Potter Indians hid. Ukiah stayed at the rancheria and 30 were slaughtered.
Page 58: Chief Augustine's version of the massacre. Some differences from whit versions, but
mainly the same. Fewer Indians killed on the lake but more killed (100) at Ukiah Valley. 16
Indians killed on the island in the lake. No cannon fired. In 1850, the treaty by H. F. Teschmaker.
Teschmaker was payed several thousand dollars by the state Legislature for his trouble.
Page 93: Clear Lake Indian legends given.
Page 123: Homicide of Lake County. Killing of Waggoner. Elderly white named Waggoner gave
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ride to two Indians (1862). They killed him and cut off his head, buried him and stole his newly
purchased supplies. Traced Indian through supplies stolen, but he escaped. Tribes turned over the
other (elderly) and he was hung for crime.
Page 127: Killing of C. N. Copsey. Indian girl given to store owner Marvin as collateral for bill
owed. Girl later suspected of returning to Copseys. Altercation came about and Burton shot in
thigh and Copsey killed. Indian girl returned with Marvin. Burton found not guilty.
Page 128: Killing of Daniel Wedig. December 1870 old man found with head split by an axe.
Indian found with Wadig's gun. Confessed. Escaped. Recaptured. Only person ever hung in Lake
County.
Pages 150-151: Harbin Springs used by Indians for medicinal purposes. Whites now in posession.
Page 184: Big Valley Township. Kelseyville Catholic Church Work. Church purchased 160 acres
for $5,000 in 1875. Larger rancheria on land and have built themselves wooden houses with
materials furnished by mission. Flour given for Indians and effort made to interest them in
education.
Page 199: Indians guided early pioneer of Upper Lake Township. William Elliot in search for
Bears.
Page 209: Old Indian legend about Blue Lakes, a white fawn and a sea serpent. A tale of evil and
good. Early whites believed sea serpent lived in lake.
345. Paul, Rodman W. The California Gold Discovery - Sources, Documents, Accounts, and Memoirs Relating to
the Discovery of Gold at Sutter's Mill. Georgetown, CA: Talisman Press, 1966.
Abstract: Page 24: Indians at Sutter's Mill called Culloomah, Coloma, Columa.
Page 25: Sutter hired Indians.
Page 29: Ten Indians working at saw mill at time of gold discovery.
Page 31: Four "boys" (Indians) inform Sutter Mill safe from rains.
Page 37: "A strange Indian" carried Marshall's letter of gold discovery to Sutter.
Page 41: Wimmer children first white children seen by Indians.
Page 42: Sutter leased mill land from local Indians.
Page 59: Indian killed bullock December 18, 1847.
Page 67: Sunday, February 20, 1848, blasting rock. Indians enjoy watching.
Page 73: 4,000 whites and many Indians working mines.
Page 81: Government lease approval for land surrounding mill.
Page 88: Two miners with two Indians gold mined with canoe.
Page 92: Indians' gold mining described.
Page 93: 30 Indians employed by mining company - paid in merchandise. Two whites employed
100 Indians, made 17,000 in seven days.
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Page 94: Indians buying gawdy dresses.
Page 95: 50 Indians employed by white on North Fork of the Sacramento. 4,000 men in gold
district, half Indians.
Page 97: Company on Feather River employed 50 Indians.
Page 99: Indians haul ore-rock in sacks on back.
Page 110: Indians hired to kill Marshall. He and Sutter persuaded them toward peace.
Page 115: Sutter's treaty with the Indians.
Pages 115-118: Article from Hutchings "The Discovery of Gold in California" November 1847,
page 199-202 (Specific incidents of gold discovery with Indian participants).
Page 123: Marshall first thought gold buried by early Indian tribe.
Page 125: Indian workers fled from Sutter to gold fields.
Page 129-132: Sutter's account of activities following gold discovery.
Page 147: Wemer in charge of 8-10 Indians at mill site.
Page 155: Indian sent to pan gold. Wemer and Indians working described.
Page 158: Sutter's lease with Indians for mill land described.
Pages 150-225: A series of basically similar accounts of gold discovery by different ment.
Page 185: Indians visit Gregson's to see white child.
Page 199: Forty Indians employed to assist Marshall with dam.
Page 201: Indians discovery Kelsey diggings.
346. Payne, Doris Palmer. Captain Jack, Modoc Renegade. Portland, OR: Binford and Mort, 1958.
Abstract: The book goes into great detail over the Modoc War and everyone involved in it. Various
pictures of people involved in the Modoc War, also.
347. Peacock, Thomas. Indian Affairs. Crescent City, CA: Del Norte County Historical Society, 1974.
Abstract: Description of an allegged murder of a Mrs. A. French of Crescent Mills, November 1,
1854, by three Indians. The three Indians were hanged on November 20, 1855. Mow was the
primary Indian talked about in connection with the incident.
348. Peters, De Witt C. Pioneer Life and Frontier Adventures. Hartford, Conn.: Boston, Estes, and Lauriat.
Abstract: Full title: Kit Carson's Life and Adventures, From Facts Warranted by Himself,
Embracing Events in the Life-Time of America's Greatest Hunter, Trapper, Scout and Guide,
Including Indian Tribes of the Far West. Also, an Accurate Description of the Country, it's
Conditions, Prospects, and Resources... Together with a full and complete History of the Modoc
Indians and the Modoc War.
Pages 252-255: While Fremont and 40 men were at Lassen's Ranch, settlers came in with word that
1,000 Indians were gathering with the intention of destroying all ranches in the area. Fremont and
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men went out to protect the whites and found a village of Indians. They attacked it and many
Indians were killed. They returned to Lassen's Ranch.
Pages 255-260: Fremont's party left Lassen's Ranch to go to the Columbia River. Lt. Gillespie and
six men were sent to Fremont with letters and government messages as the horses began to tire. Lt.
Gillespie sent two men on. They reached Fremont, who decided to go back with ten men to protect
Gillespie, who was traveling to hostile Indian (Klamath) territory. They camped and were attacked
during the night. Only lost three men. The two parties met and plans were made to avenge their
companions deaths. Scounts sent out returned with two scalps of warriors.
Pages 261-269: Fremont's march around Klamath Lake. Carson and scouting party sent to find
Indians. Found large range of 50 lodges, estimated 150 men. The tribe was alerted to the presence
of the whites; Carson and men charged the camp. Indians stood their ground to protect their
families, then fled, leaving their camp intact. Carson ordered the village to be destroyed after they
took what they wanted of the loot. After Carson and Fremont made camp, Owens and 20 men were
sent back to the vicinity of the camp to await in ambush for any Indian who returned to look after
their dead. Fifty Indians returned and a messenger was sent to Fremont, who with Carson returned
to the village and killed the only Indian there. The others had gone while Fremont was on his way.
The next day Fremont began his trip back to Sutter's Fort. One Indian was shot by two whites
while they were out hunting.
Page 269: On their return trip, Klamaths laid an ambush for them, but Fremont chose another route
taking them near but not into the ambush. The Indians, seeing them proceed past them, came out of
hiding and shot at them. One only Indian killed and one white. They camped but noticed an Indian
watching the animals. They crept near him and shot him.
Page 578: Quoting from an article in the Overland Monthly by William M. Turner, the number of
Modocs alive at the time "only four hundred... left of the tribe that must have numbered thousands!
Some of the causes of the immense decrease of this people can be traced to their deadly conflicts
with the early settlers of Northern California and Southern Oregon. They were in open and
uncompromising hostility to the whites, stubbornly resisting the passage of emigrant trains through
their country, and the bloody atrocities of these Arabs of the West are still too well remembered."
Pages 579-604: Still quoting from the Overland Monthly article, he discusses an 1847 wagon train
through the area, 1852 train and the Bloody Pit Massacre, Ben Wright Massacre of 1853, in 1864
the Schonchin made peace, the bad winter and the famine of the Modocs and half of them were
dead by spring. A brief history of their reservation dealings. Captain Jack and his band free til
1869. Went to the reservation but left because of troubles between Modocs and Klamaths. Captain
Jackson's attack on Modoc camps and the beginnings of the warfare. The Peace Commission
dispatches sent by them to Washington and the response. New Peace Commission with General
Canby. Delano's instructions to the Peace Commission and their massacre. The military actions
after the massacre. Excerpts from 1849 geological report of the Lava Bed area to gain an
understanding of the terrain. After capture some prisoners were murdered. This list of charges
against the Modoc leaders given. Jack's last speach is given but not quoted.
Apparently some of the last pages are missing and the ending is not complete.
349. Peters, Joseph P. Indian Battles and Skirmishes on the American Frontier. New York: Argonaut Press, 1966.
Abstract: Page 10: "Compilation of Indian Engagements from January 1837 to January 1866,
Prepared by Historical Section, Army War College." Place of Action. July 25, Pitt River, CA.
Troops engaged; Co. C., 1st Dragoons: Det. Co. M., 3rd Arty: Det. A.E.G. , 2nd Inf. Killed one
enlisted man, wounded one enlisted man, died 27th July of his wounds.
Page 11: Contains Sheridan D. H., Gen. Record of Engagements with Hostile Indians within the
military division of the Missouri from 1868 to 1882; Chronological list of actions ec., with Indians
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from January 1, 1866, to January 1891, Adjutant General's office; and compilation of Indian
Engagements from January 1837 to January 1866, prepared by Historical Section, Army War
College, 1925. Useful tabulations, including some of the many engagements with northern
California Indians in which the U.S. Army was a participant.
Page 11, 1850;
July 25, Pit River, CA. Col. 1st Dragoons; Det. Com, 3rd Arty; Det A.E.G., 2nd Inf. One enlisted
man killed; one wounded, died July 27 of wound.
Page 11, 1853;
March 24, Red Bluff, CA. Co. D., 4th Inf. 1st Lieut, E. Russell, Comdg.. 1st5 Lieut. E. Russell
killed. He was only casualty.
Page 26: 1861;
April 14-15, Mad River, CA. Det. Co. B. , 6th Inf., commanded by Lieut., Collins, 4th Inf. One
enlisted man wounded; 25 Indians killed, 3 wounded.
May 8, Redwook Creek, CA. Det. Co. B, 4th Inf. Sgt. Hartman, comdg.
May 8, Redwook Creek, CA. Det. Co. B, 4th Inf. Sgt. Hoffman, comdg. Two Indians killed, 28
enlisted men involved.
May 14, Boulder Creek, CA. Det. Co. B, 4th Inf. One Indian killed, 30 wounded. 1 pl., 6 pvts. and
four Indian guides under "remarks."
June 3, Redwood Creek, CA. Co B, 4th Inf. 1st Lieut. J.B. Collins, comdg. One enlisted man
wounded, 8 Indians killed.
Page 35: 1858;
July 15, Attack on Wintun or Win-Toon (northern Digger) Indian Rancheria on Grouse Creek, CA.
by party of volunteers under Mr. Winslet.
August 2, Ambush by Wintun warrior near Three Creeks, Hoopa Valley, CA. Party of volunteers
under Mr. Winslet.
October 26, Vicinity of Pardee's Ranch, CA. Attack on Wintun Camp, by company of volunteers
under Captain Messec.
November 13-14, Near Shamer's Pass, Yaber Creek District, CA. Volunteers under Captain Messec.
December 21, Suprise Attack on Wintun camps along Mad River, CA. Volunteers under Captain
Messec.
Page 35: 1859;
January 28, Betwem Dow's Prairie and Liscom's Hill, CA. War with Wintun, Volunteers under
Captain Messec.
January 28, Skirmishes at Redwood, CA. Det. of Volunteers under Lt. Winslet.
Page 36: 1861;
May 23, Lafabee's Ranch, CA. Det. 4th Inf. and Vol.
May 26, South Fork of Eel River, CA. Det. 4th Inf. and Vol.
May 28, South Fork of Eel River, CA. Det. 6th Inf. and Vol(18).
May 30, Keatuck Creek, CA. Det. 6th Inf. and Vol. (18)
June 2, Larabee's House, CA. Det. 4th Inf. and Vol.
June 4, Eel River, opposite Bell Spring, CA. Det. 6th Inf. and Vol.(18).
June 8, Larabee's House, CA. Det. 4th Inf. and Vol.
June 14, South Fork of Eel River, CA. Det. 4th Inf. and Vol.
June 16, South Fork of Eel River, CA. Det. 4th Inf. and Vol.
June 17, Kettenshaw, CA. Det. 4th Inf. and Vol.
June 21, South Fork on Eel River, CA. Det. 6th Inf. and Vol.
Page 36: May 14, 1861 - Attack on rancheria on Boulder Creek, in Mad River Country, Ca.
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Detachment of five soldiers and five volunteer guides from Fort Gaston, CA.
Page 37: 1862;
April 26, Near Ft. Baker, on Eel River, CA. Det. F. 2nd CA. Cavalry.
May 7, Crogan's Ranch, CA. Det. F, 2nd CA. Inf.
May 14, Angel's Ranch, CA. Det., E, 2nd CA. Inf.
May 31, Van Deusen's Creek, near Eel R. Det., 3rd CA. Inf.
June 6-7, Skirmishes, Daley's Farm, Mad River, near Arcata, CA. Det. E, 2nd CA. Cavalry, Det. E.
2nd CA. Inf.
June 7, Mattole Valley, CA. Det., 2nd CA. Inf.
June 8, Fawn Prarie, near Liscombe's Hill, CA. Det. 2nd CA. Inf.
July 2, Cutterback's House, on Van Dusen Creek, CA. Det. E, 2nd CA. Inf.
July 9, Weaverville Crossing, Mad River, CA. Det. K, 2nd CA. Inf.
July 28, Whitney's Ranch, near Ft. Anderson, CA. Det. 2nd Ca, Inf.
July 29, Albee's Ranch, CA. Det. F, 2nd Ca, Inf.
August 6, Skirmish, Fort Gaston. Det., 2nd Ca, Inf.
September 8, Redwood Creek, CA. Det. F. 2nd CA. Inf.
Page 38: 1862;
October 21, Simmon's Ranch, near Hydeville, CA. Det., 2nd CA. Inf.
Page 38: 1863;
March 21, Eel River, CA. Det. A, 2nd CA. Inf.
March 24, Eel River, CA. Det. A, 2nd CA. Inf.
April 9, Williams Valley, CA. Det., 2nd CA. Inf.
April 30, Attack near Oak Camp, CA. Det., 2nd CA. Inf.
Page 39: 1863;
May 3, Eel River, CA. Det., 2nd CA. Inf.
May 9: Shelter Cove, CA. Det. D, 2nd CA. Inf.
July 9, Attack on Redwood Creek, CA. Det. of Recruits, 1st Battalion, CA. Mountaineers.
September 3, Skirmish, Hoopa Valley, CA. Det., 1st Bn. CA. Mountaineers
Page 40: 1863,64;
November 13-14, Skirmishes, Big Bar on South Fork, Trinity River, CA. Dets, B and C, 1st Bn.
CA. Mount.
November 17, Willow Creek on Trinity River, CA. Det., 1st Bn, CA., Mtn.
December 25-26, Skirmishes, Ft. Gaston, CA. B and C, 1st Bn. CA, Mtn.
February 29, Redwood Creek, CA. A, 1st Bn. CA. Mountineers.
March 1, Redwood Mountains, CA. Det., 1st Bn. CA Mountaineers.
March 17, On Red Mountain, near Blue Rock Station, CA. D, 2nd CA. Inf.
March 19, Eel River, CA. Det. D, 2nd CA. Inf.
March 22, Bald Springs Canyon, Eel River, CA. D, 2nd CA, Inf.
March 27, Eel River, CA. Det, D. 2nd CA, Inf.
Page 41: 1864;
April 28, Big Bend, Eel River, CA. D, 2nd CA, Inf.
May 1, Affair, Booth's Ranch, CA. Det. E, 6th CA. Inf.
May 2, Kneeland's Prairie, CA. Det. E, 6th CA. Inf.
May 26, Grouse Creek, CA. Det. E, 1st Bn. CA. Mountaineers.
May 27, Thomas House, on Trinity River, CA. Det. 1st Bn. CA. Mountaineers.
May 28, Big Flat, CA. E, 1st Bn. CA. Mountaineers.
Page 46: 1872;
December 21, Land's Ranch, Tule Lake, CA. Co. G. 1st Cavalry.
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Page 46: 1873;
May 10, Battle of Willow Creek Ridge.
350. Petersen, Edward. In the Shadow of the Mountain: a Short History of Shasta County, California 1965.
Abstract: Pages 5-13: Pre-contact Indians. The author describes the location, names, environment,
physical and cultural characteristics of the Yana,Wintu, Pit River, and Hat Creek Indians of Shasta
County.
Pages 14-17: 1850-1866, The author describes Indian white relations in Shasta County. He
describes Bloody Island attack on Indians by Fremonts men in 1846, Pitt River Rangers from Yreka
who came to kill Indians in Fall River area and murders of Mrs. Jones, Mrs. Allen, and Mrs. Dersch
in 1864 by Indian after which there was extermination of Indians, e.g 300 Yana killed at Oak Run
Creek in Shasta County.
351. Pfeiffer, Ida. A Lady's Visit to California, 1853. Oakland, Ca: BioBooks, 1950.
Abstract: A large part of this book quotes verbatim from Mrs. Ida Pfeiffer's own account of her trip
to California that was recorded in her own book "A lady's second journey round the world." In
1853, Mrs. Pfeiffer visited the gold camps on the Sacramento and Yuba River, Crescent City.
Page 31-55: Concerned with the author's views of Indians of Northern California
Page 32: A few years ago some 60 Indian families at Marysville; now only twenty. General Sutter
informed that a few years ago there were 200 Indians in a large village near his farm. All dead but
thirty.
Page 33: Describes Indian culture. These people stand on a very low grade of civilization.
neither till the ground, nor keep cattle , nor ment - do nothing, in short, but fish.
Page 38: Crescent City
Page 40: Indians are moving farther in to the interior. Notes that Indians near Crescent City were
wearing cast-off white clothing in ludicrous combinations.
Pages 40-46: Went up Smith River and visited an Indian villages. Describes her experience with
the Hupa Indians (on Smith River).
Page 47: "The Indians of north California stand at the very lowest point of culture, and are paid to
have no idea of religion or of a future state; but in many of their villages you find a sort of conjurer
or "medicine man" who undertakes by his patient are to cure diseases, discover thefts, and point out
the places where stolen goods lie concealed."
Page 52: Three men were missing from a white settlement. Bodies were found in forest or in the
river. Also she noted what whites had revenged themselves by burning a wigwam.
352. Phillips, Paul C., editor. Forty Years on the Frontier As Seen in the Journals and Reminiscences of Granville
Stuart. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1957.
Notes: Two volumes
Abstract: Pages 62-67: Gives a description of the Indians in the northern part of California, what
they wore and how they lived.
Page 79: July 1853, Concow Indians, whose village was over on the North fork of the Feather
River, killed two Chinamen who were mining on the west branch and wounded two others. The
white miners offered to go and drive the Indian murderers out of that part of the mines if the
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Chinamen would go and carry their food and blankets. The white men killed two Indians.
Pages 83-91: Talks about the Rogue River War, involving Indians and white men, also Chinese.
Pages 92-96: Indians on the Klamath River killed 15 miners, who were scattered along the river for
ten or fifteen miles. Most were murdered just after they had risen in the morning, without any
suspicion of danger from the Indians who had been camped among them for months. After the
white men had escaped their first fire they took up a strong position and the Indians were afraid to
attack. The murderers soon fled across the Siskiyou mountains to the Rogue River in Oregon. The
Modoc Indians brought on the second Rogue River Indian War. The first one was in 1852-1853,
and Tom Duffy was in it and was shot twice through his thigh. An account of the war follows.
Pages 96-99: On August 23 at around 9:00 pm, Toland's camp was visited by a man on a "poor and
jaded horse." He was in bad condition. He was lifted from his horse and nursed back to life. "He
belonged to a party of eight men who had been surprised by the Modoc and all killed except
himself." "Wright reached Tule Lake just in time to rescue a train that was surroundd and fighting
the Modocs." Wright found the bodies of the eight murdered men and members of McDermit's
party, who had been sent to guide trains and had been killed. "Filled with rage and grief," Wright
attacked the Modoc Indians and killed 30 or more. Wright had an Indian boy for a servant who was
part Modoc and spoke their language.
Pages 99-102: Wright captured Indians and one had a cradle-quilt wrapped around his shoulders.
Two white women were held captive by the Modoc Indians. Wright and his men had a plan to slip
out at night and attack the Indian camp. His men rushed upon the Indians and took them by
surprise. The fight lasted five minutes and 40 Indians were killed. Wright had four men wounded.
Klamath Indians had incited the Rogue River Indians to take the war path. California responded by
raising a regiment of volunteers known as the First California Mounted Riflemen.
Pages 102-103: In July emigrant trains began to arrive and the Modoc Indians went on the war
path. The state called for troops and James Stuart and Reece Anderson again enlisted. One
thousand men enlisted. They took boats out to the lakes and followed the Indians on to the islands
and killed great numbers of them. In 1856 the volunteers returned and hunted down the last Indians
and either killed them or made them surrender.
353. ———, editor. Granville Stuart Jounals and Reminiscences: Forty Years on the Frontier , Vol. vol. 2.
Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1957.
Abstract: Vol. II, pages 13-18: Discusses first years of Montana territory and quartz mining and
railroads.
Vol. II, pages 39-58: Discusses life and cutoms of the Indians.
354. Plall, P. L. and Nelson Slater. The Traveler's Guide Across the Plains Upon the Overland Route to
California. Chicago, IL: Daily Journal Office, 1852.
Notes: reprinted in 1963 in San Francisco by John Howell-Books, located in CSU, Chico's Meriam
Library, call number F 593 P68 1852
Abstract: Page 61: "You should not load down too much with fire-arms, nor should you be found
in a defenceless state in an emergency, for want of them. There should be nearly as many guns as
men, and a sufficiency of powerder and lead. Some trains foolishly throw away nearly all their
guns soon after starting on the plains. The Indians are generally the most troublesome on the part
of the route between Bear River and the sink of Mary's River. They are usually far more
troublesome in stealing stock than in attacking whties, though they somtimes do the latter."
355. Pollock, Captain Edwin. Post Return Fort Gaston. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161868.
Abstract: Pollock, Captain Edwin, 9th Inf., Co. "E" and "K." Party still out at Fort Baker to protect
citizens from hostile Indian.
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Abstract: Pollock, Captain Edwin, 9th Inf., Co. "E" and "K." Scouting party from Klamath Bluffs
returned - killing "Lowchum" Indian who supposedly killed white man, and captured Indian who
had wounded a white with an arrow.
357. ———. Post Return Fort Gaston. Returns From U.S. Military Posts 1800-19161868.
Abstract: Pollock, Captain Edwin, 9th Inf., Co. "B" and "K." September 6 - Indian "Squirrel"
released from confinement. Independent Scout of Redwood Indians went in pursuit of Grouse CK.
Indians killed two hostile Indians, three squaws captured, and put in post. September 21 - 18
military men and 13 Redwood Indians in pursuit of Grouse CK Indians - Party still out.
Abstract: Pollock, Captain Edwin, 9th Inf., Co. "E" and "K." Detachment returns having no
encounter with Indians.
Abstract: Pollock, Captain Edwin., 9th Inf., Co. "E" and "K." 15 military went 12 Indian scouts in
pursuit of hostile Indians between Hay Fork of Trinity and North Fork of Eel.
360. Pope, Saxton T. The Medical History of Ishi. Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol 13,
no 5. Berkeley, CA: 1920.
Notes: Re-printed by Krauss Reprint Corp. in New York in 1965 under the same title; currently in
CSU, Chico's Meriam Library, call number E51 C15 vol.13 no.5
Abstract: Records the data concerning the health, physical and somatic disorders, hereditary
predispositions, and pathologic findings of Ishi, the last Yahi Indian.
361. Powell, Director J. W. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, U.S. Smithsonian Institute , Vol.
vol. 61884-1885.
Abstract: page 36: Reverend J. O. Dorsey visited the Siletz Agency in Oregon in August 1884, to
gain information regarding the tribes of the Shastan stock.
362. ———. Annual Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology, U.S. Smithsonian Institute , Vol. 11879-1880.
Abstract: There were two dialects among the Klamath according to this research; one spoken by the
Klamath Lake tribes and the other by the Modocs. Mr. Gatschet spent considerable time among
these Indians especially in the areas of government, social institutions, mythology, religion, music,
poetry, and oratory.
363. ———. Annual Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology, U.S. Smithsonian Institute , Vol.
191897-1898.
Abstract: Page 871: a list of Miwok dialects furnished by Professor W. J. McGee
364. ———. Annual Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology, U.S. Smithsonian Institute , Vol.
241902-1903.
Abstract:
Page 257: Hat Creek - games
Page 258: Siletz reservation, OR - stick games
Page 307: Hat Creek - mention of stick games
Page 332: Achomawi, in Fall River, and Hat Creek - mention of four stick games
Page 494: mention of bark games
Page 553: Hamburg bar, CA, salmon bone stick
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Page 633: mention of Hat Creek hockey games
Page 661: use of peeled samplings in games
Page 662: Hamburg bar, CA, wooden billets game
Page 703: use of buckskin balls in games
Page 712: use of stones in games
365. Powers, Stephen. Tribes of California. Washington: Gov. Printing Office, 1877.
Notes: California Historical Society
Abstract: Work covers the various tribes and customs of California Indians. A condensation of this
book was printed in the "Overland Monthly" on which I made notes. Included with this book is a
map of the various tribes.
Page 4: Powers no brave champion of the injustices done to California Indians. He recognized
these injustices, accepted them as fact; deplored them, but made no attempt to generate corrective
measures.
Page 5: Kroeber, handbook, says that despite looseness of data and method he was able to greater
degree than anyone before or after him to seize and fix the salient whites of mentality of the peoplr
he described.
Page 6: "While they had fewer crimes than our own race, they committed more frequently the
blackest crimes. Revenge, treachery, cruelty, assassination - these are the dark sides of their lives;
but in this category there was nothing ever penetrated by the California Indians which had not been
matched by act of individual frontiersman. As above remarked, the torture of captives was not one
of their customs. Infanticide was probably more frequent than among us, and the occassional
parricide, done in cold blood, stands perhaps without a parrallel."
Pages 19-33, Chapter I, The Karok: Included in the chapter is physique, dress, money, government,
marriage, lack of virtue, bastards, division of labor, Kareya, assembly chambers, superstitions and
their use, doctors and medical practice.
Pages 28-34, Chapter II, The Karok: Chapter includes dance of propitation, Kareya Indians,
ornaments for dance, dance for salmon, superstitions about hunting and fishing, language, burial of
dead, Petchieri, mentioning names of dead, burial of child.
Pages 35-43, Chapter III, The Karok: Deals specifically with Karok fables.
Pages 44-51, Chapter IV, The Yurok: Chapter includes habitat, physique, language, dwelling,
industry, wealth, villages, basketry, canoes, quivers, salmon fishing, good, fishing for smelt, sunset
scenes, berries and algae.
Pages 52-64, Chapter V, The Yurok: Weapons of war, salmon Billy, curiosity, dress and habits,
customs of marriage, dances, bewitching, salmon, wooden figures, curious custom, salutations,
burial of dead, size of tribe, amount of salmon, the Yurok siren, a Yurok revenge, foxes catching
the sun.
Pages 72-77, Chapter VII, Hupa: Their power, prevalence of their language, clans, dress and
implements, laws and customs, murder, singular punishment for adultery, position of bastards,
measurement of money, "squaw money", language, counting by teeth.
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Page 78-86, Chapter VIII, Hupa: Dances, doctors, doctor dance, value of white deer skins, obsidian
or jasper knives, head dress, dance of peace, legend of Gard, description of dance of peace, rites of
burial, story of Nish-fang, puberty dance, price of a wife.
Pages 114-124, Chapter XIII, The Wailaki: Theory of origin, speculations, kindred tounges, shell
money, summer resorts, good, running down deer, black bear dance, clover dance, lack of filial
piety, mountain trails, quarrelsome race, a fight, the Lassik, dispossessed nomads, manner of
robbing, the Saiaz, a warlike race, condition of the reservation, language.
Pages 125-138, Chapter XIV, The Yuki: Round Valley, uncertainty of name, "the thieves", a bad
race, Yuki characteristics, different lodges in California, population, medical practice, green corn
dance, an incident, the Yuki devil, reservation facts and figures, Indian schools, the Chumaia,
always at war, the mode of challenge, story of bloody rock.
Pages 146-155, Chapter XVI, The Pomo: A large tribe, dialects, characteristics, the coyote, Eel
River Pomo, Kastel Pomo, nearly extinct, Pomo wars, customs, Kai Pomo, a great breeds, early
marriages, half-breeds, arrangement of tribes, Kato Pomo, learning languages, food, tennis, belting,
medicine men, the dead, treatment of parents, curious custom of hospitality, topography, a terrible
ogre, happy western land, acron dance, other tribes.
Pages 156-162, Chapter XVII, The Pomo: Pom-Pomo, wild oats, government, marriage, little
virtue, a secret society, devil dance, influence of women, a race of amazons, beliefs supreme being,
the hereafter, coyote, other tribes.
Pages 229-242, Chapter XXV, The Wintun: Characteristics, distribution of tribes, a metropolitan
nation, a court language, dress, fondness for water, fishing stations, manzanita cider, rotation of
food, traffic, puberty dance, songs, a social race, scalp dance, gift dance, husband and wife,
midwifery, disposal of the dead, "spirit-roads", no religious acts, Trinity Wintun, weapons,
specimen of tattooing.
Pages 243-251, Chapter XXVI, The Shastika: Difficulty of learning national names, Dominion,
physical aspects, degenerated, sweat ovens, range of food, not strickly California Indians, power of
the chief, a treaty with Tolo, prostitution, women go to warm their rights, old feuds, strong desire to
be buried in native place, language, legends, prehistoric horses.
Pages 252-266, Chapter XXVII, The Modoc: Origin of name, habitat, rugged strength of features,
a fierce race, bloody wars with settlers, retaliation, dealt in slaves, toughness of vitality, dwellings
stood near water, dress, canoes, food, baby baskets, morning chants, chieftanship, does civilization
improve, Indian morals, suicide of curlyhead Jack, origin of Modoc war, influence of priests, skill
and bravery, Lava bed defenses, Captain Jack, John Sconchin, Boston Charley, why they killed the
commissioners, melancholy history of the Modoc, always a persecuted race, always wronged and
driven to desperation at last.
Pages 267-274, Chapter XXVIII, The Achomawi: Pit River, physique, in Hot Spring Valley, on the
S. Fork, in Big Valley, custom of digging pits, good supply, position of women, made slaves of,
social life, one of twins killed, belief as to spirit of dead, singular tradition, legend to creation,
numerals, the Pakamalli.
Pages 346-361, Chapter XXXIII, The Miwok: A dense aboriginal population, a common language,
but no nationality, greeting, characteristics, tribal geography, the Walli, houses, food, shell money,
chieftanship, Old Sam, Taipoksi, honeymoons, kill one of twins, medicine, dances, annual
mourning, a legend of Tuolume, creation of man, numerals.
The three following chapters cover the more detailed areas of Indian-white confrontations.
Pages 400-418, Chapter XXXVI, General Facts: Fate of California Indians, a shy race, the
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reservation, a failure for lack of management, terror or the reservation, superior to Chinese, height
and weight, fine teeth, fondness for bathing, half breed girls, war and women, not a warlike race,
contests with the Spanish, women no so low as Algonkins, absense of bloody rites, lack of breath in
character, very imitative, indifference to defeat in gaming, lack of poetry in character, quickness of
self adaptation to civilizatoin, northern tribes avaricious, rule of gift givers, feuds, murder and
revenge, a licentious race, outwardly modest, no aboriginal idea of supreme being, spirits and
devils, Rev. J. G. Wood's theory of savage rites combated, the Californians were prosperous and
happy, dense populations, a healthy race, romance of savage life a delusion.
Pages 419-431, Chapter XXXVIII, Aboriginal botany
Pagse 432-438, Chapter XXXIX, Supplementary facts
366. Price, John A. "Washo Prehistory: A Review of Research." The Washo Indians of California and Nevada.,
201. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1963.
Notes: pages 77-95
Abstract: Tells of the Washo territory in the 1800s and lists various surveys done by Freed,
d'Azevedo, Heizes, Elsasser on the Washo and various places they have been spotted dwelling
367. Priest, Loring Benson. Uncle Sam's Stepchildren - The Reformation of U.S. Indian Policty 1865-1887 . New
Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1942.
Abstract: This book covers most of the U.S. territory, however, reference to the reservation system
in California may be found on pages 124 and 128-129. Specific tribes are also mentioned on the
following pages: page 160 (Klamath); pages 60 and 66 (Modoc).
368. Proctor, Redfield. Report of the Secretary of War1889.
Notes: 51st Congress, 1st Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II. 4 vol. in 6 parts. 2715-2720
Abstract: Page 77: Fort Gaston, average number of men July 1, 1889-June 30, 1889, 45 men, no
desertions.
Pages 104-106: Captain W. E. Dougherty, 1st Inf., 1 medical officer, 1 captain, 2 subalterns. 44
enlisted men.
369. Prucha, Francis Paul. Guide to the Military Posts of the United States. Madison, Wisconsin: State Historical
Society of Wisconsin, 1964.
Abstract: A brief summary of all the forts and camps. "Has basic information of more than 475
historic posts. Extended geographically from Fort Sullivan on the easternmost tip of Maine to San
Diego on the Pacific, and from Fort Pembina on the Canadian border to Fort Brown at the tip of
Texas." Has maps of where the posts were locaed and a bibliography on these posts.
Page 56: Camp Anderson [1862-1866]. Established on March 22, 1862, on Redwood Creek, 18
miles from Fort Gaston. Abandoned August or September 1862, but the site was reoccupied in
February 1864, and called Camp Anderson. Abandoned in fall of 1866.
Page 59: Fort Baker [1862-1865] Established March 23, 1862, near the Mad River to keep the
Indians of that vicinity in check. Abandoned in July, 1865.
Page 62: Fort Bragg [1857-1864] Fort Bragg, also called Camp Bragg, was established on June 11,
1857, about 50 miles south of Cape Mendocino, at the present town of Fort Bragg, CA.The post
was abandoned in the fall of 1864.
Page 75: Fort Gaston [1858-1892]. A post was established December 4, 1858, on the west bank of
the Trinity River about 14 miles above its junction with the Klamath River in the Hoopa Valley
Indian Reservation, as protection against Indian depredations. First called Fort Gaston. Name
changed to Camp Gaston Janu. 1, 1867, and back to Fort Gaston on Apr. 5, 1879. The post was
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abandoned on June 26, 1892.
Page 79: Fort Humboldt [1853-1867] Established January 20, 1853, at mouth of Humboldt River.
Abandoned in January 1867.
Page 81: Camp Iaqua (Jaqua) [1863-1866] Established August 5, 1863 on road between Fort
Humboldt and Fort Gaston. It was abandoned on August 9, 1866.
Page 82: Fort Jones [1852-1858] Established October 16, 1852 on the Scott River about fifteen
miles southwest of the present city of Yreka, CA. It was evacuated on June 23, 1858.
Page 85: Camp Lincoln [1862-1869] Established June 13, 1862 near Crescent City, Ca, in Smith
River Valley. Abandoned June 11, 1869. Troosp who abandoned Fort Ter-Waw established Camp
Lincoln in the Smith River Valley.
Page 95: Fort Nome Lackee [1855-1858] Established on January 4, 1855 at the Nome Lackee
Indian Reservation. Abandoned April 21, 1858.
Page 101: Fort Reading [1852-1867] Established on May 26 1852, on Cow Creek, two and one-half
miles from its confluence with the Sacramento River. The troops were withdrawn in 1857, but the
post was reoccupied on December 5, 1866. The post was finally abandoned in June 1867.
Page 111: Fort Terwaw [1857-1862] Established October 13, 1857 at the Klamath Indian
Reservation near Crescent City, California. The post was finally abandoned in June 1862, the
troops moving to Smith River Valley to establish Camp Lincoln. (See Rodgers, Fred B., "Early
Military Posts of Del Norte County" in California Historical Society, 26:1-11 (March, 1947.)
Page 116: Fort Weller [1859] Established January 3, 1859, on the headwaters of the Russian River.
It was abandoned in September or October of the same year and its garrison sent to Fort Bragg.
(Rodges, Fred B. "Early Military Posts of Mendocino County, CA." In California Society
Quarterly, 27:215-228 (September, 1948.)
Page 117: Camp Wright [1862-1875] On December 11, 1862 a camp was established in Round
Valley, Mendocino County, about one mile northwest of present day Covelo, Ca. There had been a
detachment of troops in the area from December 1858, to September 1861, but they did not
establish a regular post. The new post was first called Fort Wright, but after August 1866 it was
known as Camp Wright. The post was abandoned on June 17, 1875. See Rogers, Fred B. "Early
Military Posts in Mendocino County, CA." California Historical Society Quarterly, 27: page
215-228, September 1948.
Page 178: Fort Far West [1849-1852] A post was established on September 28, 1849, on Bear
Creek, near the present city of Marysville, Ca. It occupied a strategic position guarding emigrant
routes and wagon roads to the mines. The post was reported as Camp Far West until 1851, then as
Fort Far West. It was abandoned on May 4, 1852.
370. Purdy, Carl. Pomo Indian Baskets and Their Makers. Ukiah, CA: Mendocino County Historical Society,
1975.
Abstract: Includes discussion of early Pomo contact with Mexicans and Americans , houses, death
customs, physical characteristics, and extensive discussion of their unsurpassed ability as basket
makers. They alone adorn their baskets with feathers. Three Mexican soldiers who tried to
penetrate Pomo fastnesses met war reception.
Pages 4-5 describe some of the Pomo-white hostilites that took place in Mendocino County in the
1850s. The majority of the paper describes Pomo basket types and methods of construction.
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Page 5: Early fifties American settlers pushed into Pomo Valley. At first not molested by Indians.
Only when unprincip - scoundrels kidnapped their children and sold them into slavery, they rose
and killed some of worst enemies. Indians fled the island in Clear Lake, upper end, were pursued
by soldiers and defeated. Tribes of Northeastern Mendocino County were more warlike. After
stubborn resistance they were placed on Round Valley Indian Reservation where they still are. In
all some 30 little tribes in Mendocino County, no one of which numbered 500 people. Some tribes
could not converse with others because of language barriers. Name Pomo means people, properly
speaking not the Pomo tribe. Term "Pomo" first used by Stephen Powers in 1876 government
report, designating a liguistic group rather than a tribe proper. Similarities of the languages
indicates derivation from same language stock.
371. Ramsey, Alexander. Report of the Secretary of War1879.
Notes: 46 Congress, 2 Sessions. H Ex. Doc. 1, Part II. Page 1903-1908 including 4 vol. in 6 parts.
Abstract: Position and distribution of the troops. Fort Bidwell, Lt. Col. J. D. Wilkins, 8th Inf., 1st
Cavalry, 8th Inf., 1 Medical Officer, 1 Lt. Col., 1 Captain, 2 Subaltersn, 109EM. Fort Gaston,
Major H. R. Meizer, 8th Inf., 1 Co., 8th Inf., 1 medical officers, 1 captain, 2 subalterns, 109EM.
Page 130: Report of Major General Irvin McDowell. October 26, 1878, Lt. O. C. Norton, 1st Cav.,
command det. of 20 EM of Co. C., 1st Cav., his, company, escorted Indian from C. Bidwell to
Camp Harvey, Oregon. June 25, 1879, In obeyed to telegraphic instr. there Headquarters, 1st Lt.
Thomas Garvey, 1st Cav., with det. Co. C., 1st cav. left C. Bidwell and were absent until January
31st, endeavour to intercept Indian prisoners reported as escaped from Camp Harvey, Oregon.
February 17-22, 1879, Captain E.B. Savage, 8th Inf., and Lt. A. R. Wilson, same regt. with det.
their Co. "E", were on scout from Fort Gaston to Stone Lagoon, Ca. June 11, 1879 In compliance
with instruction from War Department Captain E. B. Savage, 8th Inf,. w/11EM left Fort Gaston and
proceeded to Lower Klamath Indian Reservation for purpose of ejecting trespassers therefrom.
Having accomplished mission, he returned to his post 29 July, leaning his det. on reservation to
prevent return of persons ejected. Det. still camped there. July 1, 1879, Lt. R. H. Wilson, w/ Ret.
11EM of his Co. "E", 8th Inf., left Fort Gaston to repair trail bet. Gaston and Arcata. Returned
August 26 after completing work.
Notes: 46 Congress, 3d Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II. 6 vol. 1952-1957.
Abstract: Page 20: Fort Gaston, Captain E. B. Savage, 8th Inf., 1 company, 8th Inf. 1 captain, 2
subalterns. 54 enlisted men.
Page 30: Fort Gaston, p.o. Hoopa Valley, Ca, telegraph station, Arcata. Reached by boat from
Eureka to Arcata, 6 miles, or by road 12 miles, then by special transportation to the post, distance
40 miles.
373. Rasmussen, Louis J. San Francisco Ship Passenger Lists, Vol. vol 3. Colma, CA: San Francisco Historic
Records, 1967.
Abstract: Page 214: Ship, Winfield Scott. From Panama. Steamer. Arrived in San Francisco June
15, 1852. Passage was 14 days from Panama via Acapulco, Mexico. Captain K. Couillard. "This
vesel brings intelligence of the appointment of Major Pearson B. Reading, of California, to the
office of Superintendent of Indian Affairs of California."
374. Rawlins, John Aaron. Report of the Secretary of War.
Notes: 49th Congress, 2d Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II, 3 Vol, in 5 pts. 2461-2465
Abstract: Page 923: Fort Gaston, Captain W. E. Dougherty, 1st Infantry, 1 Co., 1st Inf., 1 medical
officer, 1 captain, 1 subaltern. 44 enlisted men.
375. Ray, Verne F. Primitive Pragmatists. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1963.
Abstract: The book "reveals the patterns and the practices, the beliefs and ideals that characterized
Modoc life. The book describes Modoc aboriginal life.
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376. Religous Society of Friends for Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. An Address of the Representatives
of the Religious Society of Friends, for Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, to Their Fellow
Citizens on Behalf of the Indians. Philadephia: Friends' Book Store, 1891.
Notes: Modoc War, pages 10-13
Abstract: Page 10: War might have been prevented if rights of Indians had been properly respected.
Page 11: Overbearing disposition of the Klamaths caused Modocs to leave the Klamath
Reservation. Interviewers with those Indians were unsuccessful in convincing them to return to the
Reservation. Officers and 30 troops were sent to bring them back peaceably, if possible, but
otherwise forcibly. On 29 November 1872, part of the Indians were disarmed, when an officer and
an Indian fired simultaniously. A general engagement ensued. A friutless attack of 400 upon this
band of Modocs entrenched in the lava beds. President Grant then determined that the Modocs
should be heard.
Page 12-13: Peace Commissioners were appointed. During peace negotiations a herd of Indian
horses was captured by the army and the troop headquarters were moved to within two miles of the
Modoc stronghold. Commissioners were murdered on 11 April 1873. Meacham says war was
result of changing agents and policies too often and absence of well defined regulation regarding
relative duties and powers of Indians and military departments. "Humane policy is the correct one.
It should be well defined and then entrusted to men selected on account of fitness for the work and
whose hearts are in the work." Meacham said had Captain Jack and his band been protected whil
on the Klamath Reservation, or had patience been exercised in enforcing his return to the
reservation in 1872, no war would have occurred. Also, if the captured horses had been returned as
requested and had no further breach of the compact under the flag of truce been made by moving
the troop headquarters, peace would have been secured on amiable terms.
377. Riddell, Francis A. A Bibliography of the Indians of Northeastern California. Sacramento, CA: California
division of Parks and Beaches, 1962.
Abstract: An excellent bibliography of Northeastern California Indians. It is broken down into
culture areas (Shasta, Achomawi, etc.)
378. ———. General Bibliography of the Indians of California. Sacramento, CA: Division of Parks and Beaches,
CA, 1962.
Abstract: Many references to Northern California Indians in this bibliography.
379. ———. Honey Lake Paiute Ethnography, Vol. no 4. Anthropological Papers. Nevada: Nevada State
Museum, 1960.
Abstract: This is an ethnographic description of the aboriginal Honey Lake Paiute culture. Pages
5-10 trace the Paiutes contact with whites. Describes Paiutes preconceptions of whites, and
eventual Paiute contact with Ogden in 1829, Bruff and Roop in early 1850s. Also gives a general
description of Paiute-white hostilites up to 1880. After 1880 many Paiute worked seasonally on
settlers ranches as agricultural and domestic laborers. Pages 30-32 describe location of
"Post-contact Hedectation Sites," (1870s to 1900) which are often near white settlers ranches.
380. ———. The Indians of Northwestern California. Sacramento, CA: 1962.
Abstract: Bibliography of Indian cultural groups (Yurok, Hupa, Pomo) of NW CA.
381. Riddle, Jeff C. The Indian History of the Modoc War, and the Causes That Led to It . Medford, OR: Pine
Cone Publishers, 1973.
382. Risch, Erna. Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775-1939 . Washington D.C.:
Center of Miltiary History, U.S. Army.
Abstract: Page 306: Agricultural resources in the new territories only partially developed, therefore
inexpedient for Subsistence Department to contract for subsistence. Supplies obtained by
Commissary Gen. of Subsistence in older states and QM's Department transport the rations to the
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distant posts. Most of the forage and nearly all other supplies had to be transported from the olders
states, over long land and water routes at an enormous expense.
Page 307: Most troops ordered to Pacific Coast were sent from N.Y. by one of two routes, Cape
Horn or Isthmus of Panama. Voyage via Cape Horn usually 5 months. By Isthmus troops coul
arrive in San Francisco in a month. Cost of transportation higher than via Cape Horn, for it include
first class steamers on Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and until construction of railroad in 1855,
passage across Isthmus from Chagres to Panama by muleback and canal. Use to sail ships this route
too hazardous since they might be detained too long at Panama, thereby exposing troops to danger
of Cholera. Contractor fum. food via this sea andland route and charged $225 per officer and $150
per man. Flat number paid for voyage round Horn and Jesup pref. to charter entire ship for Army
use.
Page 315: In 1851 and 52 Army undertook no cultivation in Texas, California, Oregon, because
troops is contantly employed in pursuing Indians, building new posts, and prat. from settlements
that they had not time for farming. General Scott maintain troops could not be kept actively
engaged in military duties and maintain description if req. to engage in cultivation beyond kitchen
gardens.
Page 476: After Civil War the Department firmly committed to use of private transportation to
transport military supplies to posts (by contract) as economy measure. Not long there after military
supplies destined for posts in military Division of the Pacific and Texas were being sent under
contract. Distance and difficult routes caused rates to be much higher in Military Division of the
Pacific than on supply line os the Plains or Texas.
Page 489: When dusk fell, barracks a gloomy place let by flickering light of an occasional candle as
in the days since the Revolution. The Subsistence Department in F post Civil War days funished 1
pound, 4 ounces of lamantine or star candles per hundred rations.
383. Robinson, Willard B. American Forts: Architectural Form and Function. Illinois: Urbana : Published for
the Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, Fort Worth, by the University of Illinois Press.,
1977.
Abstract: From Mansfield, Mansfield on the condition of the Western Forts, Page 165.
Fort Jones "the officers and soldiers quarters, and storerooms, and hospital, and state, were of logs,
and erected by the men of course indifferent, but such as other people enjoy and sufficent for the
present."
Page 162: At Fort Jones (1852) "...the officers and soldiers quaters, and store rooms, and hospital
and stable were of logs, and erected by the men. Of course quite indifferent, but such as other
people enjoy and sufficient for the present." From Mansfield, Mansfield on the Condition of the
Western Forts, page 165.
Page 183: Last western forts built without fortifications usually laid out in rectangular form.
Located around parade were barricade and officequarters. Experience ultimatly proved that few
architectural works specifically designed for active defense were needed in many areas. As result,
the open fort developed. Only in ... where there were nortoriously savage Indians did cautious
military builders provide strong enclosures with blockhouses for flanking, fire on assailants. Most
western forts were designed not to resist seige but rather to serve as basis for which Indians could
be pursued and punished for depredations on settlers.
384. Rogers, Fred B. Fort Bidwell, Modoc County, California.. for State of California. San Francisco, CA: 1959.
Notes: Department of Natural Resources, Division of Beaches and Parks.
Abstract: Covers the historical background of the area, the establishment of Fort Bidwell, Indian
depredations and action against such raids undertaken by units stationed at the post, the physical
plant, something about garrison life, abandonment by the Army in 1893; and conversion of the
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physical plant into a non reservation Indian boarding school in 1898. A useful list of commanding
officers and units stationed at the fort is appended as are several plans and photographs. Excellent
secondary source.
Page 3: Captain Warner was ambused north of Suprise Valley at about Twelve Mile Creek.
385. Rogers, Justus H. Colusa County - It's History and Resources. Orland, CA: 1891.
Abstract: Pages 32-34: Decline of tribe, Indian reaction to white man's arrival - "... the tribe was in
its decline and on its way to hasty extinction when the early white adventurers or settlers appeared
among them." Medicine men or malleumpties pretended to exercise supernatural control over the
bodies of Indians. He was revered and feared by all for his power was not only over disease but
also could bring rain, produce harvests, and fortell events. He was held responsible though for
climate and harvest and epedemic disasters. (Small pox epedemics in 1827, 1833, and 1856).
Colus Indian was indifferent to the advent of the white man. He was passive and submissive under
white control. Chief Sioc was remembered by white settlers for kindness, love of tribe, honesty and
fairness. He witness breakdown of tribal morality with mixing with whites. He died brokenhearted
in 1852.
Page 34: "These Indians are required by a law of California to clothe themselves and their services
belong to the man who furnishes them with the means of clothing, till all arrears are paid. We
generally employ the boys, and when they prove faithful we clothe their fathers, who only work in
the wheat harvest. The word of the land-holder is the Indians' law, but the owner is not to do him
any injustice. He is the Indians' governor, and may punish him according to certain rules, but he
cannot sell him or take away his children without his consent..." From a narrative of Judge William
B. Hyde.
Pages 35-36: Decline of Indian population - Little more can or need be said of few scattered
remnants of Colus tribe. Probably about 150 left in country. They are thoroughly domesticated and
only offensive when intoxicated. They have brief periods of laborious industry, but longer periods
of inglorious indolence. They work mostly on large ranches as teamsters or cultivating. They
repay kind treatment with strong attachment. Whilte these Indians were neither particularly brave
or bold, their almost complete obliteration following civilization is a blot on the early settlement of
California. It can't all be blamed on epedemics or white man's died but also on whiskey and its
concomitant vices - the introduction of degrading vies through intercourse with some white men
served to expediate the extinction of Indians whereas "slow decay and unconscious sympathies of
time would have dealt more charitably with."
Pages 40-41: John Bidwell's narrative - In 1843, a company, partly composed of immigrants, came
down from Oregon. Bidwell met them on the Feather River. This party included two "Indian
killers." Most of the group tried to dissuade them, but they frequently fired on Indians. At Red
Bluff, one of them spotted an Indian across the river and swam over with a butcher knife in his
mouth, and chased and killed him. Shortly thereafter, an Indian was spotted who was following
them out of curiosity and he was shot. The next morning, thinking his bridle was stolen by Indians,
one of the "Indian killers" opened fire on several Indians standing nearby, even though they had no
horses and hence no use for bridles. The missing bridle was discovered under some blankets.
Page 42: John Bidwell's narrative - Now the party was followed in the oposite side of the river by
excited Indians. The company could find no access to water until they reached the site of Colusa.
Indians on the other side fired arrows upon them, but no one was hurt. When the party arrived at
Sutter's Fort and told Sutter of the events, Sutter decided Indians needed to be punished although in
Bidwell's eyes and in the opinion of those of the immigrant party whom Bidwell felt were best
informed, the Indians were not to blame in view of previous occurrences. But Sutter gathtered 50
men and attacked the Indian camp at daylight. The Indians fled and jumped into the river. Great
numbers were killed and there after those particular Indians were never known to be hostile.
Bidwell did not consider them hostile before. Subsequently Bidwell never had any problems with
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these Indians when he went among them. Two years later, during a great flood in 1846, passing
over plains in a conoe, he traded with these Indians for twine to make seines to take salmon. He
was accompanied only by two Indians to paddle the conoe. At this time they were perfectly
friendly.
Page 46: John Bidwell's narrative - In March of 1843, Bidwell crosses Sacramento River at Red
Bluff accompanied by a wild Indian whom he bribed with a few beads and a cotton handkerchief.
He was quite reluctant to board Bidwell's raft, which was soon underwater. "Most of the time we
had been up to our arms in cold water, and only knew by the brush under us that we were on the
raft at all. If ever men labored for their lives, we did."
Pages 49-50: Bidwell travels to Colusa County on exploration trip for Thomas Larkin who desired
a land grant in 1844. He killed a large grizzly bear and carried with him the foot, the only fit part to
eat. He observed many deserted Indian villages due to dried up springs following dry winter. On
coming to a large stream he observed a large number of Indian fleeing in fear. Slowly they began
to return - Bidwell's Indian, who asked why Bidwell came, and said they had never seen a white
man before. Bidwell told them he had come to kill grizzlies as tey were bad people, but not kill the
Indians for they were good people.
Pages 53-54: John Bidwell's narrative - Bidwell in telling of early settlers who received land
grants, and mentions Frank Sears and Granville P. Swift, who did not receive grants but located on
south side of Stony Creek in 1847. They also grew prosperous anyhow by taking a number of
Stony Creek Indians over to the Feather River mines and working them very cheap.
Page 104-105: News of assassination of President Lincoln, "struck dismay and filled with grief the
whole country. The news was received in the town of Colusa with expressions of regret and grief
over the untimely murder of the President. The news being received on a Saturday evening, flags
were hoisted at half mast at sunrise on the following morning, both on the court house and the
Colusa House. These were both up on the day of the funeral, but not of Thursday. A small body of
soldiers had shortly before been sent here under command of Captain Starr, who ordered the sheriff
to hoist the flag on the court-house which was accordingly done: to add to the excitement
unavoidable in such scenes, several citizens of the town were reported at military headquarters
having expressed themselves jubilant over the violent death of the President, one or more
Democrats being charged with asserting that of the Repub. would fire a salute over the tragic event,
the Democrats would furnish the powder. The rumor spread an was aggravated by the sensational
additions to the story as it passed from mouth to mouth and finally in arrest by Captain S of Marion
Tate, Joseph Lee, Jonas Baer, D. Sherpardson, A.J. Scoggins, Charles E. Price, H. Goodman, and
John Campbell. In October Grand Jury indicted a Captain S. for crime of kidnapping in arresting
citizens of Colusa County without authority of law.
Page 106: September 5, County elections resulted in Democratic majority of 200 for every office.
Pages 108-109: Sam Snyder, a local character who had lived with Digger Indians, advertised for a
white bride. Having been accused of being "matrimonially allied to a female of dusky hue" he
declared himself ready to live morally and virtusously but being a working man desired his wife to
be a working woman. Appearance and weight was no object. Marriage records fail to show any
one to take his contract of supporting him, "... once filled by the dusky-hued native American
'artiste' in grasshopper pie."
Page 110: On October 3, 1866. Captain Hukely and an Indian named Crow were arrested at the
instistance of W. P. Hanson, charged with poisoning some four Long Valley Indians a month
previously. These Indians had partaken of some soup and died from its effects. The case was heard
before Squire Cooper, and about one hundred Indians were in attendance. The accused were
discharged.
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Page 124: December 11, 1870: Levi Stevens, who had been discharged from employ of D.
Shepardson, became abusive and violent, and wa shot and killed by the latter.
Page 130: Drunken Indians - On September 4, 1872, a party of Bean Valley Indians, under the
influence of liquor, stopped at the ranch of H. N. Yates and drove Mrs. Yates and her children to
the stubble in order to escape the insults of the drunken party.
Page 138: Charles E. Price, justice of peace at Colusa and nephew of the Gen. Sterling Price of mo.
dies. February 1, 1874.
Page 164: March 4, 1878, John T. Arnold, town marshal of Colusa was shot and almost instantly
killed by deadly Sherpardson. Bad feeling between the two men for some time.
Page 166: May 1, Sherpardson acquitted of murder of John T. Arnold.
Page 198: Marach 16, 1883 Marion Tate, one of the prisoners of the County, died at Colusa. One of
the pioneers of the county, he having located near town of Colusa in 1852.
Page 207: Drunken Indians - On May 9, 1884, in a drunken row at Newville, an Indian named
Spence stabbed and killed another Indian.
386. Roske, Ralph J. "Chapter Two: The Native Californian (Indian)." Everyman's Eden: A History of
California.New York: Macmillian, 1968.
Notes: pages 10-17
Abstract: General overview of California Indians anthropological roots, customs, food, white
conquest, present day situation, language groups.
387. ———. Everyman's Eden: A History of California. New York: MacMillian, 1968.
Abstract: Chapter 11, pages 170-192: "The Outsiders Arrive in Numbers" - Early Americans to
California. Lives of early pioneers. Fort Ross and the Indians on page 181. Donner Party disaster
on pages 203-208. Picture of Yurok Indian on page 276. Pictures of Hupa Indians on pages 277
and 278.
Chapter 20, pages 331-353: "California Society in the Gold Rush Days" - Overall Indian-White
relationships from Gold Rush forward on page 344. On page 346 the Indian-White wars' casualties,
the Yuba River and King River hostilities in 1849, the Rogue River War in 1850, the Pitt Rivers in
1856-1857, the Kibbe War in 1858-1859 with 300 captured and 100 killed, the Hupa Indians in
1861-1865, General Crook in 1868 against the Pitt River Indians. On pages 349-353 the Modoc
War is summarized.
388. Royce, Charles C. "Indian Land Cessions in the United States." Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of
American Ethnology. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution. vol. 18 (1899).
389. ———. John Pidwell, Pioneer, Statesman, Philanthropist; a Biographical Sketch . Chico, CA: 1906.
Abstract: Pages 61-63: A summary of the devotion of General and Mrs. Bidwell to the welfare of
the Indians of Rancho Chico.
390. Sawyer, Jesse O. "Wappo Words From Spanish." California University Publications in Linguistics. editor
William BrightVol. vol 34. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Abstract: Brings into discussion the influence of Spanish in the Wappo language.
391. Schmitt, Martin F. and Dee Brown. Fighting Indians of the West. New York: Charles Scribner's, 1948.
Abstract: Captain Jack and the Modocs are discussed from pages 229-234.
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Photographs from pages 235-250: An emigrant train, Captain Jack, a Klamath Indian and a
sweat-house, the Modocs and a friend, General Edward R. S. Canby, Scarface Charley, the Lava
Beds, Picket Station, the army camp south of Tule Lake, Winema, Schonchin John, Mr. and Mrs.
Riddle, location of the Canby Massacre, Boston Charley, Schonchin John and Captain Jack in
chains, Captain Jack's family.
392. Schofield, John M. Report of the Secretary of War1868.
Notes: 40 Congress, 3d Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, 2v. 11367-1368.
Abstract: Page 53: Camp Lincoln, Captain W.E. Appleton, 9th Inf., Co. "G", 9th Inf.
Camp Lincoln has one teamster detailed from EM of the Co. He received 20 cents per day, legal
tender. Dep. Lts. master Gen. R.W. Kirkham, Department of California, does not consider this an
economy despite the fact that civilian teamsters are paid 35-45 cents per month. Camp Wright, 1st
Lt. G. R. Griffith, 9th Inf., Co. "E,K", 9th Inf.
Page 60-62: Camp Wright has two teamsters detailed from EM, who receive 20 cents per day legal
tender. Dep. Lts. Mater General, Department of California, R.W. Kirkham does not consider
teamsters are paid. The civilian teamster knows his business. 9 out of 10 soldier-teamsters do not.
They often do teamster work unwillingly. The mules are beaten unnecessarily. Harnesses are not
kept in good order, wagons are overturned. Soldier teamsters desert, often taking the best teamsters
with them. Civilian teamsters usually know the diseases which afflict mules. Soldier teamsters do
not.
Notes: 40th Congress, 3d Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, 2 vol. 1367-1368.
Abstract: Page 53: Camp Gaston, Captain E. Pollack, 9th Inf., Co. "E,K", 9th Inf.
Camp Wright, 1st Lt. G. R. Griffith, 9th Inf., Co. "A", 9th Inf.
Camp Lincoln, Captain W. E. Appleton, 9th Inf., Co. "G", 9th Inf.
Camp Bidwell, Captain R. H. Chapin, 8th Cavalry, Bvt. Major U.S., Co. "C"m 9th Inf., Co. "G",
8th Cav.
Fort Crook, 1st Lt. T. W. Gibson, 8th Cavalry, Detachment from Camp Bidwell.
Page 55: Fort Crook, 1st Lt. J. Lafferty, 8th Cav.
Camp Bidwell, Captain S. Munson, 9th Inf.
Page 60-62: R. W. Kirkham, Dept. Quartermaster, Gen., Department of California, September 30,
1868. ... Posts have teamsters detailed from E. M., who receive 20 cents per day, legal tender.
Camp Wright 2 teamsters; Gaston, 3; Crook, 1; Bidwell, 9. Does not consider this an economy
despite civilian teamster getting $35-45 per month. Civilian teamster knows his buisiness; soldier 9
out of 10, knows it not, often doing it unwillingly. Mules driven by unskilled hands, beaten
unnecessarily, harness not kept in good order; wagons frequently overturned, broken; issued forage
often sold . Soldiers sometimes desert, taking best mules.
Page 62: Teamster know diseases of mules; soldier teamsters often do not. Rec. fall. civilian
teamsters, $35 per month coin, with one ration Bidwell.
Notes: 40th Congress, 3rd session. H. Ex. Doc. 1. 2nd vol. 1367-1368.
Abstract: Page 53: Camp Bidwell, Captain R.H. Chapin, 8th Cavalry, Co. C, 9th Infantry and Co.
G, 8th Cavalry at page 55 gives Captain S. Munson, 9th Infantry. Also page 53, Fort Crook, 1st Lt.
T.W. Gibson, 8th Cavalry and Detachment from Camp Bidwell. On page 55: Fort Crook, 1st Lt. J.
Lafferty, 8th Cavalry, and Detachment from Camp Bidwell.
Page 62: R. W. Kirkham, Department Quartermaster General, Department of California
recommends hiring four civilian teamsters for Camp Bidwell at $35 per month in coin, plus one
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ration. At present C. Bidwell is served by nine teamsters. Kirkham does not consider the use of
soldier teamsters to be an economy despite their being paid only .20 cents extra in legal tender.
395. Schoonover, Thomas J. Life and Times of General John A. Sutter. Sacramento, CA: Bullock-Carptener
Printing Co., 1907.
Abstract: This book tells of John Sutter's life, from childhood to his life as a general. Pages 46-48
and 70 have specific statements about Indians: Indian labor and wages. At New Helvetia Indians
were employed at nominal wages. Sutter often had 300 Indians in his employ and sometimes more.
396. Secretary of War. Expenditures for Barracks and Quarters.
Notes: Letter of the Secretary of War. 35th Congress, 2d Session. H. Ex .Doc. 93, Serial Set No.
1008. 119 p. Contains considerable information on California forts, when established, when
evacuated, costs, etc.
Abstract: Page 17: Camp Far West, Bear Creek, Fiscal year ending June 30, 1850, $353.53. Fiscal
Year end June 30, 1851, $616.25, total $992.75. Fort Jones, Fiscal year end June 30, 1853,
$353.53; 1854, $5363.05; 1855, $196.12; 1856, $10,560.79; 1857, $2963.26; 1858, $528.47, total
$19,965.22. Fort Reading, fiscal year 1852, $2.50; 1853, $24080.98; 1854, $12024.72; 1855,
$119.25; 1856, $91.00; total, $36318.45. Fort Nome Lackee, 1856, $164.99; 1858, $343.93; total,
$508.92. Fort Bragg, 1857, $73.94; 1858, %535.11, total, $609.05. Fort Crook, 1858, $6083.80
same total. Fort Ter-waw, $292, same total.
Page 23: Fort Bragg, established June 11, 1857; evacuated June, 1858. Fort Terwaw, established
October 13, 1857; garrisoned by 85 officers and men. Camp Far West, established September 28,
1849, evacuation May 4, 1852; Fort Reading established May 26, 1852, evacuated June 1857. Fort
Jones, established October 10, 1852, evacuated June 23, 1858. Nome Lackee established January 4,
1855, evacuated April 21, 1858; Fort Bragg, established June 11, 1857, evacuated June 1858; Fort
Crook, established July 1857; garrisoned by 132 officers and men; Fort Ter-waw, established
October 13, 1857, garrisoned by 85 officers and men.
Page 40: Expenditures for construction and repairs, Camp Far West, fiscal year 1850, $376.50,
fiscal year 1851, $616.25.
Page 47: No rent outlay for Camp Far West, fiscal year 1850, $275.00 rent for expenditures to Pit
River same expenditures 1851 $14.40. Construction and repairs fiscal year 1852, Fort Reading 2.5
Expenditures for construction and repairs fiscal year 1853 Fort Reading $24080.98. Rend paid
fiscal year 1854. (pg. 79) Fort Jones, $42.00. Construction and repairs fiscal year1854, Fort
Humboldt, $5771.16; Fort Reading, $12,024.72; Fort Jones, $5363.05.
Page 92: Construction and repairs, fiscal year, 1855. Fort Reading $119.25; Fort Jones $196.12;
Fort Humboldt $208.50.
Page 100: Construction and repairs, fiscal year, 1856. Fort Humboldt, $549.70; Fort Reading,
$91.00; Fort Jones, 410560.79.
Page 109: Construction and repairs, fiscal year, 1857. Fort Humboldt, $133.73, rent fiscal year
1858, Fort Terwaw, $340.00
Page 109: Fort Terwaw, 1858, $292.00; rent 1857, $340.00
Page 118: Construction and repairs. Fiscal year 1858, Fort Bragg, $535.11; Fort Humboldt,
$424.63; Nome Lackee, $343.93; Fort Terwaw, $292.00; Fort Crook, $6083.80.
397. Seymour, Flora Warren. Indian Agents of the Old Frontier. New York: Appleton-Century, 1941.
Abstract: Agent as Trustee, pages 4-5, 300, 336, and 376-377
Allotment of Land, pages 295-296, 305-306, 315-317, 333, and 335
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Board of Indian Commissioners, pages 60, 63-64, 67, 73, 84-85, 144, 149, 216, 295, and 363-364
Civilization, pages 37, 43, 44, 45, 51, 84, 136-13, 139, and 142
Congressional Inquiry, pages 41-49
Indian Bureau vs the Army, pages 39, 40, 47-49, 55, 59, 62, 70, 120, 172, 186, 213, 270, 300, and
331
Indian Citizenship, pages 193, 199, 270, 242, 316-317, and 369-370
Page 150: The movements of the Klamaths by a military commander.
Pages 213-214: The conflicts between the Modocs and the Klamaths on the reservation. They also
had arguments over the sub-agent Captain Knapp, whom he favored the most. "... Captain Jack,
who aspired in vain to chieftanship, took his band of renegades away and refused all entreaties to
return."
Pages 215-216: The marriage of Frank Riddle to Winema, later known as "Tobey." Modoc and
white man's way. Winema had a lot of influence among the Modocs, they called her "the woman
chief."
Pages 149-150: Problems that the Modocs ran into when living on the reservation and what led
them to leave it without permission from their agent.
Pages 213-214: Quarreling between the Modocs and the Klamath.
Pages 219-226 : The start of the Modoc War. "Captain Jack and his people had left the
reservation." Commissioner of Indian Affairs F. A. Walker had given the order to have them
returned "peaceably if you can, forcibly if you must." Aware of an oncoming war, General E. R. S.
Canby wished to have negotiations instead of a war. Canby was to act as a counselor for the talks.
The role Winema had during the Modoc War. Peace meetings between the whites and Modocs and
what led to the killing of the white negotiators. During a struggle with the Modocs at the meeting
Canby was killed and stripped of his uniform. Meacham had talked with Captain Jack before he
went to the gallows. "You tell the story of my people and the wrongs they have suffered."
398. Sharp, Irene L. Sorensen Hill - A True Story About the Only Miner Who Never Packed a Gun . Paradise, CA:
1972.
Abstract: Pages 72-73: The Helltown Indian Hanging - Local Indians were accused of stealing
mules. They were put in a barn for some days. Whites and Indians alike thought they'd be freed.
Instead the Indians were hung. The Indians were able to take their dead and bury them. White
people were made and it was said that the Indians were going to plot against the white people to
scare them.
399. Sherman, William Tecumseh. Report of the Secretary of War1869.
Notes: 44th Congress, 2 Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part 2. 1412-1413.
Abstract: Page 127: Camp Gaston: Party sent out in Humboldt and Trinity counties, traveled 300
miles, operated against the Grouse Creek Indians. No Indians killed, wounded or captured, no
Army losses. Another simlilar exped. against same Indians in same counties covered 200 miles,
captured 1 Henry rifle, 1 colt's revolver.
Page 130: Camp Wright, Bvt. Major E.C. Woodruff, 12th Inf., and Co. A., 12th Inf.
Page 132: Co. "G", 9th Inf,. from Camp Lincoln to the Department of the Pacific. Camp Lincoln
evacuated. Co. "A", 9th Inf., from Camp Wright to the Department of the Platto.
Page 166-167: Camp Wright, Round Valley, Bvt. Major E.C. Woodruff, 12th Inf. 1 medical
officer, 1 captain , 2 subalterns, 74 EM, total 78.
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Page 215: In the Report of the Quartermaster - General, E.J. Whipple, Mendocino County, was
given contract to haul supplies from San Francisco to Camp Wright for 4.23 cents per pound, gold
coin, or the equivalent in legal tender notes, for a distance of 300 miles.
Notes: 41st Congress, 2d Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1, Part II. 2 vol. 1412-1413.
Abstract: Page 130: Camp Gaston, Bvt. Lt. Col. H. R. Mizner, 12th Inf., Co. "E,K", 12th Inf.
Camp Wright, Bvt. Major E. C. Woodruff, 12th Inf., Co. "A", 12th Inf. Camp Bidwell, Captain J.
E. Putnam, 12th Inf., Co. "C", 12th Inf.
Page 131: Co. "G", 8th Cavalry, from Fort Crooks and Camp Bidwell to Drum Barracks, Ca, per
order of April 20, 1869.
Page 132: Movements of troops, Department of Ca, 1868-1869. Co. "A", 9th Inf., from Camp
Wright to Department of the Platte. Co. "C", 9th Inf., from Camp Bidwell to Department of the
Platte. Co. "E", 9th Inf., from Camp Gaston to Department of the Platte. Co. "G", 9th Inf., to Camp
Lincoln, to Department of the Platte, Camp Lincoln evacuated. Co. "K", 9th Inf., to Camp Gaston,
to Dept. of the Platte.
Page 166-167: Camp Gaston, near Klamath River, Hoopa Valley, Bvt. Lt. Col. H. R. Mizner, 12th
Inf., 1 company, 1 medical officer, 1 major, 1 captain, 1 subaltern, 4 officers. 154 enlisted men.
Camp Wright, Round Valley, Bvt. Major E. C. Woodruff, 12th Inf., 1 medical officer, 1 captain, 2
subalterns. 74 enlisted men, total 78. Camp Bidwell, Captain James E. Putnam, 12th Inf., 2
companies. 1st Cavalry, 12th Inf., 2 captains, 4 subalterns, 112 enlisted men, total 118. In report
of the quartermaster Gen.
Page 215: April 16, 1869, Joseph Greenbaum, Humboldt County, award contract to transport
supplies from San Francisco to Fort Gaston, 2 1/2 per pound, gold coin or equivalent, legal tender
notes, 290 miles distance. Same to E. J. Whipple, Mendocino County, supply from San Francisco
to Camp Wright, 4.23 cents per pound, gold coin or equivalent, legal tender notes, distance 300
miles.
Page 236: To be consolid. with 27th Inf.
401. Simpson, Captain John P. Post Return Camp Grant. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161863.
Abstract: Simpson, Captain John, 1st Battalion, Mountaineer, California Volunteer, Company "E."
October 14, 1863 - Camp Grant established by order of Lieutenant Colonel Whipple on north bank
of Eel River, Humboldt County, on the mail route between Ukiah and Hydesville about 20 miles
south of Hydesville and about 45 miles south of Fort Humboldt. October 15, Detachment of 21 men
left to scout for Indians along Eel River in the vicinity of Big Bend, returned 30th, five prisoners
(four squaws and one child.)
402. Smith, Jane F. and Robert M. Kvasnicka, joint editors. Indian-White Relations - A Persistent Pardox.
Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1976.
Abstract: Part 1: Deals with resources available in the National Archives and Records Service. The
chapter discusses the "Indian-related" material, their use and a general apprisial of their contents
(pages 13-42).
Part 3 is entitled "Indian collections outside the National Archives and Records Service" and
includes the following articles:
1) "Artifacts and pictures as documents in the history of Indian-white relations."
2) "Major Indian record collections in Oklahoma."
3) "The Archives of the Duke Projects in American Indian oral history."
Part 5: Although this section deals with the years around 1934, there are a couple of articles
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relevant to our study. "The Reservation Policy: Too Little and Too Late." "John Collier and the
Controversy over the Wheller-Howard Bill" (1933-1945).
Part 6 is entitled "Some Aspects of Twentieth-Century Federal Indian Policy" and includes the
following articles: "John Collier and the Indian New Deal; an Assessment" and "The Bureau of
Indian Affairs, 1972."
403. Southern, May Hazel. Our Storied Landmarks, Shasta County, California. San Francisco, CA: P. Balakshin
Printing Company, 1942.
Abstract: Page 10: A brief history of Bloody Island on the Sacramento River. Bloody Island was
known for battles with Indians in 1844.
Pages 11-12: Describes problems Major Reading had with Indians in the 1840s. Mentions the
Hudson Bay Fur Company and Fremont's Expedition with Kit Carson.
Pages 16-19: Major Reading becomes an Indian agent in 1852. A "Treaty of Peace" with the
Indians in Shasta County is given. The treaty of Peace made by Wozencraft with the chiefts of the
Noe-ma, Noema, Y-lac-ca, Noi-me, and Noi-me.
Page 24: In 1849, 150 Indians were used to dig for gold on Clear Creek.
Pages 28-54: Many descriptions of attacks by Indians on white settlers.
Pages 60-65: A history of Fort Reading, established in 1852 to protect settlers.
Pages 65-68: Describes the battle of Battle Rock in 1855.
Pages 68-100: Describes more battles between whites and Indians, including an attack by Indians
on a stagecoach in 1856 near Hat Creek Stage Station, a brief history of Fort Crook (established in
1857), and the slaying of Mrs. Marie Dersch.
404. Spier, Leslie. The Ghost Dance of 1870 Among the Klamath of Oregon . Seattle, WA: University of
Washington Press, 1927.
Abstract: The aurthor tells of the ghost dance of 1870, interaction with the white man, origination of
one dance from the Northern Paiute, the spreading of the dance and a detailed description of the
dance,
405. Sproull, Harry V. Modoc Indian WarLava Beds National History Association, 1969.
Abstract: Page 1: Modocs are part of the Pacific Coast tribe called Lalacas "of the Lutumanian
linguistic stock." Klamath are also part of the tribe. In 1800 a division between the tribes occurred
with a war between Klamaths and Modocs. 600 Modocs split from the main band.
Page 2: The first white explorer was John Charles Fremont in 1840-something. In 1851 gold was
discovered in Greenhorn Creek near the town of Yreka.
In 1852 the Modocs ambushed a wagon train. A wagon train of 65 men, women, and children was
attacked and 64 were killed at Bloody Point. 17 white men tried to get revenge on the tribe by
inviting them to dinner, to prove to the Indians that there were no hard feelings. 46 Indians
wouldn't eat the food for fear of poinsoning. The whites became anxious and shot down their
guests. 43 Indians were killed. Historians traced 300 white deaths by Modocs from 1845 to 1872.
In 1864 a treaty was signed by all Basin Indians. All Indians would stay at Klamath Reservation.
Food, clothes, and blankets were to be distributed. The Indians in return were to give up all of their
land rights around the reservation. One main problem was the constant fighting between the
Modocs and Klamaths.
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Page 5: In 1865 "Kientpoos" or Captain Jack's followers left the reservation and returned to Lost
River to find their land taken over by whites. They then demanded "rent on their land." In 1866
and 1867 agents tried to get the Modocs back on the Klamath Reservation but failed. Finally
Meacham used army force with success. The agreement lasted only three months. This time when
Captain Jack left he took 371 followers. Some came back to the reservation but there were still 200
at large. Captain Jack, during treaty talks, requested their own reservation on Lost River. If this
was done by the government Jack promised Meacham they would not sell their women for
prostitution and would accept jurisdiction from the army. T. B. Odeneal made the decision not to
let the Modocs have their own reservation and sent out Captain James Jackson with 40 men to bring
back the Modocs to the reservation.
On November 29, 1872, there was a surprise attack on Captain Jack's camp on Lost River. One
Indian was killed and there were eight casualites in the army. 17 settlers were also killed due to the
neglect of the army not warning people in the basin of the attack. All 17 were men.
On December 21, 1872, there was a brief attack at Land's Ranch. An ammunition train was
attacked by Indians from Fort Bidwell. Two troopers were killed and five wounded.
On January 17, 1873, 225 regulars and 104 volunteers were to attack at the stronghold. Captain
Bernard missed Hospital Rock, was too close to stronghold, and was pinned down. Low fog hurt
the armies plans but they still followed through. Sharp lava and trenches was a bad environment for
the soldiers to fight. The Indians couldn't b seen and the attack was stopped. The army had 26
casualties, the volunteers had 11, and the Indians had none.
On March 10, 1873, General Canby demanded that Captain Jack meet him at Fairchild's Ranch.
Captain Jack never came. The army persued the problem and also stationed 800 men throughout
the valley, feeling it would "expedite further negotiations." A peace officer was sent to the Modocs
having 11 yes votes and the others against it. They felt there were too many rumors about the army
to consent, even though Captain Jack spoke against a plan to murder all of the commissioners at a
meeting.
April 11, 1873 was a meeting with the commissioners. Canby, Thomas, Dyer, and Meacham were
to represent the government. All were warned by Winema of the plan. The tribe used Boston
Charley and Bogus Charley as decoys; they walked with the commissioners to the meeting. The
Indians that represented the tribe were Captain Jack, John Schonchin, Hooker Jim, Ellen's Man
George, Shacknasty Jim, and Black Jim. The Modocs asked for their own reservation. The
morning was full of negotiations and after noon Captain Jack jumped for the attack. Two Indians ,
Barncho and Slolux, brought in rifles to the tent. Canby was shot twice, Thomas was shot by
Boston Charley and Bogus Charley, Schonchin attacked Meacham and Shacknasty Jim jumped on
Meacham after he was shot. Canby and Thomas were killed. Meacham was shot three times and
partially scalped. All their clothes were stripped. Lt. W. L. Sherwood was shot down at Mason's
camp at Hospital Rock by Curly Headed Doctor, Steamboat Frank, and another unidentified man.
The plan was to kill all the officers, but it was not carried through. Chief of Staff Sherman ordered
the Modocs to be exterminated.
Second battle of stronghold - The number of troops was 675. The first day of the attack they lost
three soldiers (killed) and had six wounded. On April 15, much of the time was spent preparing for
attacks by building lava forts. During the night the Modocs escaped the army's force by "moving
out through a natural trench that led to the south - toward the Schonchin lava flow." The army
didn't realize the move until later the next day.
April 26, 1873, the Thomas-Wright massacre. The Modocs made a surprise attack on a scouting
party. Five officers were killed, 20 enlisted men were killed, and 16 were wounded. Col. Jefferson
C. Davis ordered detachments through the lava beds and doubled his men arould Tule Lake. This
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caused the Modocs to use cave water (only about 100 caves in the area) but the supply was limited.
They then moved south.
When the Modocs moved south to Dry Lake they found a scouting force. They planned a sneak
attack on the soldiers at dawn. On May 10, 1873 the army was prepared for the attack. Warm
Springs Indians attacked the Modocs from the rear. One Modoc was killed breaking through the
Warm Springs Indians' line. They also lost their 24 pack animals that had their ammunition. The
army lost 10 men, five killed and five wounded. Hooker Jim and 13 warriors left and headed
toward Sheep Mountain. Captain Jack and 33 warriors stayed at Dry Lake until Major Mason and
Captain Hasbrouck arrived with a force of 300 men. On May 16 Captain Jack and his men escaped
during the night.
On May 22, 1873 Hooker Jim and his band surrendered at John Fairfield's ranch. They volunteered
to scout for Captain Jack and his 33 men.
On June 1, 1873 Captain Jack gave himself up to Major Trimble. They were taken back to Davis'
camp. Four were killed by two white men on the way there.
On June 12, 1873, they were moved from the peninsula camp to Fort Klamath in Oregon. On the
way Curly Headed Jack shot himself.
The only Modocs who had to stand trial were John Schonchin, Boston Charley, Black Jim,
Barncho, and Slolux. The others who volunteered their services were exempted. The Modocs
acted as their own attourney. From July 1 to July 9 there was a court trial with the verdict of
"guilty" and the sentance of "death by hanging." The execution was set for October 3, 1873.
President Grant changed the sentances of Barncho and Slolux to life in prison, but all others were
executed on the day of October 3. The members of the tribe were forced to watch. They were then
exiled to Quapaw Indian Reservation in Oklahoma.
"... most expensive war, considering the per-capita-of-the-enemy, ever fought by U.S. troops."
(William Henry Boyle, Personal Observations on the Conduct of the Modoc War, page 8) 160
casualties for whites, 48 army casualties (including 7 officers). Estimated total cost to the
government of $5,000,000. Sixteen Indians were killed during the war, "including 1 suicide and
four hangings. Each Indian killed cost $40,000. The reservation the Modocs asked for on Lost
River cost at the most $20,000." The last six pages are maps of all the fights that the army and the
Modocs fought form 1872 to 1873.
406. Stanton, Edwin M. Report of the Secretary of War1866.
Notes: 39th Congress, 2 Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1. 774P. 1285.
Abstract: Report of Major General H. W. Halleck, Comdg. Military District of the Pacific, October
18, 1866.
Page 31: In northwestern California, the Indians are generally quiet and the posts at Camps Wright,
Gaston and Lincoln are kept up on account of the Indian Reservations in the vicinity of each. Since
my report of August 4 the post on Humboldt Bay has been broken up. Camps Bidwell, Warner, and
Fort Klamath are in hostile Indian country and convenient for sending out scouting parties. In
Report of May General Irwin McDowell, re. Department of California, October 18, 1866. Many
Indian kept on sand spit opposite Fort Humboldt, have been sent to Round Valley. Volunteers all
mustered out and reg. forces have taken their places. Everything is quiet in the district and no
immediate trouble anticipated unless the whites provoke it. Says that after Fort Humboldt is reduced
to a mere depot only two posts will remain in the Humboldt District. Camp Lincoln (one company)
near Crescent City and the Smith River Reservation and Fort Gaston on the Trinity near the Hoopa
Valley Reservation.
Page 32: District of California (no. of Tejon Pass, except for District of Humboldt.)
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Page 33: The station at Fort Crook (except a squard of men attached there from Camp Bidwell) has
been abanoned. McDowell: "There is, I think, no danger to any of the settlements in the late district
of California; the only apprehensions are from the settlers in the vicinity of Fort Reading."
Notes: 39 Congress, 2nd Session. H. Ex. Doc. 1. 774 p. 1285.
Abstract: Major General Irwin McDowell reports for the District of California, October 18, 1866 to
Lt. Col. R.N. Scott, Asst. Adj. Gen. Hq, Military Division of the Pacific.
Page 32: The Dist. of California includes the state north of Cajon Pass, except for the Dist. of
Humboldt.
Page 33: McDowell: "There is, I think, no danger to any of the settlements in the late distrust of
California; the only apprehensions are from the settlers in the vicinity of Fort Reading."
408. ———. Report of the Secretary of War Ad Interim and General of U.S. Army 1867.
Notes: 40th Congress, 2d Session, H. Ex. Doc. 1, 2v. 1324-1325.
Abstract: Report of Major General H.W. Halleck, September 2, 1867, Miltary Division of the
Pacific.
Page 70: Posts in study area 1 Camp Bidwell, Camp Gaston, Camp Lincoln, Camp Wright.
Pages 71-72: No actuall hostilities past year with Indians except near Camp Bidwell, those of them
near Camp Gaston and Lincoln have been quite restless,
and are restrained only by the presence of troops. Irwin McDowell, Bvt. Major Gen., Comanding,
Department of Calfornia. September 14, 1867.
Page 122: The company of artillery having been transferred from Fort Humboldt, more economical
with the limited force now in the district to send settlers in the distric of Humboldt alarmed several
times during the year and have asked for more troops, but, fort, peace has thus far been maintained
while they were trying to arrest him for horse stealing. Frank fled to the hills, as did tribe to which
he belonged, fearing retaliations from whites. Serious trouble was immenent, but another by good
management of Major Bowman, 9th Inf.
Page 123: Camp Wright, Round Valley. Everyone quiet. Only difficulty caused by white settlers
who claim to be there on invitation or by authorization of a former superintendant of Indian affairs.
Have intoduced liquor and interfered with and embarrased troops in performance of duty. If Indian
department can not remove these intruders it will be difficult for military to continue to preserve
order.
Page 123: Camp Bidwell, Surprise Valley, until recently commanded by Captain Munson, 9th
Infantry, who has well discharged all his duties, troops have been sent out by him have been
successful in several combats, and the camp has given effectual protection and whose farms now
afford abundant supplies of grain, not only for the troops at this camp, but also for Camp Warner,
Oregon. Company of 1st Cavalry formerly making part of this post, has been relieved by a
company of the 8th Cavalry and has left for the Department of the Columbia. This camp is part of
the District of Summit Lake, Commander, Private Colonel Brackett, Major's first Cavalry, Camp
McGarry, Nevada. It's inexpensively built of wood by labor of the troops, but it is as comfortable
as its probably temporary character requires. Headquarters Department of California. Irwin
McDowell, Private Major General Commanding. Dated September 14, 1867.
409. Stevens, Robert J. Report of Colonel Robert J. Stevens, Special Commissioner to Make an Investigation and
Report Upon Indian Affairs in California. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1868.
Abstract: Page 12: Major Bowman, Commandant at Fort Humboldt thought that the Indians needed
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protection from bad white men. He also thought they should be settled and protected somewhere
where white people did not want the land.
410. Stewart, George Rippey. The California Trail. 1st Ed. ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1962.
Abstract: Page 138-140: Humboldt Sink "...a maze of sloughs, swamps, marshy meadows, and salt
lakes." Fifteen miles ahead lay the 40 mile desert. No grass, no water. A week or more took you up
along the Truckee. Water and grass but steady uphill pulling. Had to cross Truckee away from the
rough boulder strewn fords. When you tuned away from the river above the meadows by the road
thru the valley the pulling was hard along mountain sides, with ups and downs. But the troublesome
Paiutes were left behind. Then to Bear Valley and across the pass, crossing which took two or three
days. On west side rough downhill going with danger of broken tongues and axles. Then you eased
the wagons down into Bear Valley at Emigrants Gap (still known as that.) Beyond Bear Valley it
took week or more working way along forested ridges, up and down two canyons and out thru the
foothills.
Page 139: Mileage from Junction West of Humboldt Sink. Truckee Route - 195 miles to Johnson's
Ranch, plus 44 miles from the latter to Sutter's Fort. Total equals 239 miles. Carson Route - 30
miles from Junction to Carson River (Ragtown), 155 miles from Carson River to Placerville, plus
55 miles to Sutter's Fort. Total equals 270 miles. Truckee and Carson Routes divided at the
Humboldt Sink.
Page 173: Owner of Johnson's Rnach, (about 40 miles north of Sutter's Fort) described by one
emigrant as "a rough sailor, dwelling in a dirty, little hut, and surrounded by naked Indians...."
Could buy beef on the hoof at Johnson's Ranch.
Page 207: Truckee Route presented its four fold barrier-desert, canyon, pass, downslope. Carson
Route - desert, and pass equally arduous but difficult to carry on was largely eliminated, its river
crossings cut to three - Downslope also easier. Since distance to California about same either way,
Carson Route offered definite advantages.
Page 268:On whole, the desert crossing to the Truckee seems to have been accomplished with less
loss than that to the Carson. But Truckee Route was more difficult farther on. It had at first 27
troublesome river crossings. Later, some of them were eliminated. Pass also more difficult on
Carson Route.
Page 282: In 1849 Indians not greatly involved and the cav. figured only in that Major Rucker was
an officer of First Dragoon and used some of his men in the relief parties. Relief party on the
Truckee met with a suprise. As late as September 25 the emigrants reported coming in over Truckee
Route at rate of 100 wagons a day, but relief party, pressing on over the pass in early October,
found only a few pack trains. Emigrants over Truckee Route had stopped. No relief needed.
Following ofders, commander of party swung south and joined others working on Carson Route.
But the real crisis was building on the Lassen Route.
Page 292: In 1849, Stewart calculates that by Lassen Route, 8000; by Truckee, 7000; by Carson,
6000.
Page 297: In 1850's the Truckee Route was little used. Almost all used the Carson Route. Only a
few used Lassen's Route (called Greenhorn Cutoff)
Page 306: The Truckee Route, which had been the only trail until 1848 fell into disuse. Few people
used it in 1850 and after 1852 it was practically abandoned until opening of Dutch Flat- Donner
Lake Road in 1864.
411. ———. John Pheonix, Esq., The Veritable Squibob; a Life of Captain George H. Derby . New York: Henry
Holt and Co., 1937.
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Abstract: Pages 61-62: Work of surveying post occupyed another week, and in addition D. found
time to earn something on the side by surveying the new town of Kearny, which some local
landownders decided to lay out. The Lt. took his pay in form of city lots. Was to bemoan his
bargain, for even today one may stand on the site and look in every day without seeing a single
habitation of man.
412. Stewart, George Rippey. Ordeal by Hunger. Boston, Mass.: Houghton-Mifflin, 1960.
Abstract: Extract from Edwin Bryant's "What I Saw in California" jounral 1846. October 28,
Sutter's Fort - Mr. Reed arrived at Sutter's Fort. Sutter supplied him with pack animals, food, and
two Indian vaqueros. Met Mr. and Mrs. Curtis and left 9 horses and one Indian at their camp to be
picked up on way back. The two whites and one Indian and 22 horses continued on. The next
night both Indians fled, taking with them three horses. The Reed family lived in half-cabin with
their servents/teamsters and Stanton and his two Indians.
413. Strait, Newton A. Alphabetical List of Battles 1754 - 1900, Vol. 252 pages. Washington, D. C.: 1900.
Abstract: "War of the Rebellion, Spanish - American War, Phillipine Insurrection, and all old wars
with dates; compiled from official records.
414. Strong, Douglas H. "These Happy Grounds"; a History of the Lassen County Region . Red Bluff, CA:
Walker Lithograph Co., 1973.
Abstract: Pages 3-7, Indians of the Lassen County: A short history of the four tribes that once
inhabited the Lassen Park area: the Yahi, the Yana, the Atsugawi , and the Maidu. Included in the
history are the specific areas occupied by the tribes; language groups; customs; hunting; tribal
conflicts and the effects of white civilization upon these groups. Reservations are also briefly
discussed.
415. Students of J.A. Vargas. California Indians. Red Bluff, CA: Red Bluff Union High School, 1969.
Abstract: The text written by Red Bluff High School students deals primarily with Northern
California Indian groups before white contact.
Pages 48-55: An account from primary sources of the Modoc Wars.
416. Susman, Amelia. The Round Valley Indians of California. Contributions of the California Archaeological
Research Facility. Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1976.
Abstract: This paper describes 1. pre contact Indian cultures of the Round Valley (Nome cult)
Indian Reservation, emphasizing the Pomo culture; 2. the acculturation of the Indians into white
culture - giving its social, economic, psycological, cultural, and biological effects on the Indians of
the reservation; 3. gives a full description of the Indians on the reservation and the problems they
were encountering in the late 1930's. In the appedix topics such as "slavery and indenture," "wars
and massacre," and "Indian schools," on the Round Valley Reservation are discussed.
417. Sutton, Dorthy and Jack. Indian Wars of the Rogue River. Grants Pass, Or: Josephine County Historical
Society, 1969.
Abstract: Page 76-77: See Lauran Paine, Siskiyou Pioneer, Vol. II, No. 3, re: Fort Jones. Paine
states that 1st commandant of regular troops stationed in Siskiyou County was Cpatain (brevet
Major) Edward H. Fitzgerald, whose first concern after arrival was location of permanant army
post. In accord with Army policy, and fontier custom military installations were established where
population density was greated and where most frequent traveled roads existed. In Siskiyou County
this was Yreka region , but since military regulations decreed that military posts be established
where adequate forage, water, and timber were available, Yreka and environs were found
unsuitable. Very little unclaimed land, Years of excessive pasturage had all but denuded the area of
animal provender. Captain Fitzgerald's orders, signed by Col. George Wright, Comm. Norhtern
District of California, left sel. of site for erection of Fort to Fitzgerald's discretion. Orders did not
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specify that area to be used was to be considered an official military reservation, an attitude
frequently adopted by District Commanders when ordering establishment of temporary posts and
stations. Captain Fitzgerald's report did not state that site selected was stratigically located for
operations against Indians as well as adjacent to both the California Road and Siskiyou County's
most populous area. It noted only that he had selected a point in vicinity of his Dragoon
encampment in Scotts Valley for post to be called Fort Jones. (after Col. Roger Jones, AG) by order
of Brevet Col. George Wright, 4th Inf. Comdg, No. District of California.
Page 77: Early in August 1853, settlements in Rogue River Valley were suddenly attacked. On 4th,
Richard Edwards killed at this home on Stuart's Creek; on 5th, Thomas J. Wills, and Rhodes
Noland were killed and Burrill F. Griffin and one Davis wounded. Hastily formed volunteer
company patrolled roads and warned settlers , who gathered families into a few fortified houses and
setting over them a guard, joined the vols. On 7th August, two Shasta Indians were captured, one
on Applegate Creek, the other on Jackson Creek. Both in war paing. Investigation proved them
guilty of murder of Wills and Noland. Hung at Jacksonville. Indian lad who had nothing to do with
the murders, also hung by infuriated miners. On 17th Sambo and his warriors, a dozen or so,
voluntarily surrendered at stockade of whites at place of messengers Alberding and Dunn. no great
precautions taken agaisnt suprise. Indians broke out (on 23rd asserted summons) on 17th as given
by printed recoed. Killed Hugh Smith, mortally wounded John Gibbs, and wounded four others,
two of whom later died.
Page 81: On August 10, John R. Hardin and William R. Rose, members of a patrol enroute to
Jacksonville, were killed while enroute from William G. T'Vault's Dardanelles home near Gold Hill.
Page 82-84: Immediately after outbreak and while these events were in progress, a petition was
addressed to Captain Bradford R. Alden, in command of Fort Jones, asking for arms and
ammunition. He came in person with about a dozen men. On 15th request sent to Governor Curry at
Salmon to make request on Col. Bonneville at Vancouver for a howitzer, rifles, and ammunition,
which were immediately sent in charge of Lt. Kautz and six artillerymen escorted by forty
volunteers. Over 200 volunteers were enrolled in Rogue River Valley. All reported to Captain
Alden who assumed command. Learning that Indians were in force near Table Rock, Alden planned
attack for night of eleventh. But volunteers, learning that Indians were in valley killing and burning,
rushed away to defense of their homes without waiting for orders, and for several days were
scouring the country divided into small bands. Before they came together, again, Sam offered
battle, which Alden was compelled to decline. But having recovered his force, he moved on 15th to
dislodge Indians from their supposed hiding place in canyon five miles north of Table Rock, from
which they had departed before his arrival, firing woods behind them to obliterate their trail. On
17th Lt. Ely of Yreka company, with detachment of 25 men, discovered enemy's camp at Evans
Creek, 15 miles from Table Rock. Knowing that the main force had returned to Camp Stuart for
supplies. Ely fell back to an open piece of ground crossed by creeks, where banks were lined with
thickets of willows, where he halted and sent courier for reinforcements. But Sam, seeing
opportunity, advanced warriors thru the creek channels under the cover of the willows, got within
range and killed two men in first fire. co. retreated to a pine ridge quarters mile distant, but Indians
soon flanked and surrounded them, killing four more and wounding four. Then Captain Goodall
and remainder of Yreka Co. came up and Indians retreated.
Page 84-85: Captain B.R. Alden's report to Adj. Gen. of the Army, Washington D.C., is dated
Jacksonville, Oregon, August 20, 1853 On 7 isnt. I received at Fort Jones, Scotts Valley, pet. from
principal inhabitants of Rogue River Valley, Oregon repres. that Indian war had broken out in
Valley - several houses burnt, six citizens shot by Indians whole valley in alarm, that Rogue River
and other tribes had combined number over 200 warriors. Petition stated tere were more than 50
citizens in valley without armas nd urfed me furnish muskets and soldiers. Next day I enrolled for
the war a company of 80 mounted volunteers in Wureka and with nine men and thirty muskets of
my company reached Jacksonville on the 9th, where I enrolled three companies mounted
volunteers. 120 men. Perceiving that petition did not exaggerate the dangerous state of affairs, I
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took command of the vols. and prepared to attack large body Indians near Table Rock. This
movement was frustrated by report of the enemy approaching the valley. Troops scattered to protect
their homes when gathered to make the second attack, enemy had left their position. Scouting party
of 20 men met some 60 Applegate Indians on 12th and were obliged to return. When
reinforcements arrived, these Indians had retreated. On 17th scouting party of 25 men met main
body of Rogue River Indians on Evans Creek, 15 miles from Table Rock. They stood their ground
for three hours, when reinforcements arrived to their rescue.
Scouting party had three men wounded and five killed. and lost 20 mules. Loss of Indians
supposed six killed. Resulted only in rescue of scouting party . Enemy does not now appear in
valley unfortunately enemy has returned to mountains.
Many men are quitting valley. 50 men with arms left valley yesterday. Many volunteers have also
gone to their homes. Under these circumstances I have sent to Col. Bks. for a howitzer and 50
muskets. Bd. of Military commissioners have called on Gov. of Oregon for ernollement of 100
Clickatat Indians. Road leading here might easily be waylaid by a band of Indians to cut off
supplies. I have communicated with Gov. of Oregon and HQ, Pacific Divison, CA, thru Col. H.
Wright, 4th Inf., Comdg. No. District. CA.
Page 85: Governor Joseph Lane was at Roseburg when news of the outbreak reached him. He set
out for Rogue River at once. Immediately on Lane's arrival, Alden tendered him the command,
which he accepted on 21st and on twenty-86 second assumed his office in due form. An aggressive
movement was decided upon. Available forces divided into 2 battalions, one consisting of cos. of
Captains Goodall and Rhodes under Col. Alden, with Lane at their head to proceed up the river to
where Ely had met defeat, there to find the enemy's trail, which was known led in the direction of
Evan Creek. Other battalion, under John E. Ross, was dir. to with Alden, to prevent Indians being
driven back on the settlements. After day's travel, made exhausting by smoke from burning forest,
Alder's command came upon enemy's trail and encamped. On following day after another fatiguing
march, he again encamped and had hardly taken discharge of a rifle and distinguished voices.
Wating for the cos. to come up, he halted them and out lived his plan of attack, which was that
Alden, with Goodall's Co, should quietly proceed on foot along the trail and attack the Indians in
front, while a detachment of ten picked men from Rhode's command. Under Lt. Charles Blair, was
to take a ridge to the left to turn enemy's flank. Lane would await coming of rear guard and lead
them into action. Alden proceeded as directed with so little noise that crack of his rifles was just
intimation Indians had of approaching enemy. Though suprised, they resisted vigorously behind
fortifications of logs, they being well supplied with arms and ammunition. Their camp was
surrounded by dense thickets. Difficult and dangerous to charge them. From this cause and nature
of the ground, impossible for flanking party to turn their left as designed, but it 87 engaged them on
right. After first fire the volunteers took cover behind trees and fought in true Indian style. When
Lane arrived, he found Alden dangerously wounded, having been shot down early in the fight.
Leaving him to the care of his men, Lane gave order to charge, himself leading movement struck by
ball in right arm near shoulder.
Alden, leading his troops in initial attack on the Indian fortifications, dropped his ramrod. As he
stooped to retrieve it, musket ball struck him in left side of throat near jugular vein, passing
downward and crossing thru his body to emerge under his right arm. Wound was "of sufficient size
to enable a man to thrust two fingers into it..." Letters of August 29, 1853 from Alden and Collins
in Lauran Paine files.
Page 109-111: About January 18, 1854 a party of Rogue Rivers, Shastas, and Modocs led by Chief
Bill, stole the horses belonging to a mining camp on Cottonwood Creek, driving them into the
mountains. A company was hastily organized to go in pursuit and recover the horses. When on the
trail they were shot at from ambush and Hiram Hulan, John Clark, John Oldfield and Wesley
mayden were killed. Messenger dispatched to Fort Jones, then comm, by Capatain Judah, who set
out at once with 20 men, all his available force, to follow trail of the Indians, which led him to a
cave near the Klamath River, in which stronghold they had fortified themselves. In conjunction
with volunteers, co. under Greiger, he reconnoitered the position and finding it too strong to be
taken without artillery and withdrew and dispatched Fort Crook and D. Sorrell to Fort Lane to bring
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up a mountain howitzer. Several days were occup. in this exped. Captain Smith arrived on 26th
with Lt. Ogle and 15 dragoons. Regular force now number 38 and volunteers 45. Captain Judah
falling ill, remained in camp with 8 regulars and a few of Greiger's men and on the 27th the attack
was made. The cave occup by the Indians was in face of almost perpendiculars palisade, 300 feet
above the valley, the approach being in front and easily defendent. (photo of Cave on page 110,
also photos of Crook and Judah taken by M. Brady during Civil War.) Captain Greiger and 17 men
took position on top: rem. of volunteers with Lt. Bonnycastle and his commanand the howitzer
were stationed in front. Owing to angle at which howitzer was fired, it has not effect other than to
frighten the Indians; who now cried out for peace, a prayer Smith, who knew more about Indians
fighting a year or live later, seemed ready to grant. Volunteers were not willing to do this; saying
murderers must be punished. After moving the howitzer, Smith fired a few more ineffectual shots.
During afternoon Greiger was struck and killed by shot from the cave. (See 35th Congress, 2nd
Session. House Exec. Doc. Page 88) Night coming on, the forces encamped in front of the cave and
Bill sent out three women to ask for a talk. Captain Smith granted it. Next morning he went to the
cave with Eddy, a citizen, where he found about 50 Shatas, who declared they loved peace and
lived on terms of friendship with people of Shastas Cottonwood, but that miners of latter place had
mistreated their women, for which reason they had left the neighborhood. Accepting this apology
for theft and murder, Captain Smith advised Bill to remain in his strong hold, where he would be
safe from the volunteers. On learning Smith's views and there being no further prospect of bringing
the Indians to justice, volunteers returned home with body of their captain.
Page 175: Fort Jones. Rogue River Wars. 1855. Immediately after battle of Hungry Hill on Grave
Creek, Major Fitzgerald proceedd to Fort Vancouver and thence to the Dallas, where he rem. in
garrision for the winter. Command at Ft. Lane thus reduced to single troop. Captain Smith agreed to
meet the vols. at Grave Creek house (Ft. Bailey) about November 9, prepared to pursue and fight
the Indians. Meanwhile, scouts from Bailey's co. were to find where Indians were hiding. As usual,
after a bat they abandoned their position silently and mysteriously, to reapper in some unexpected
quarter. Before disapperaring they visited the reservation and burned or destroyed all the property
of people on it. Soon after, a number of houses on Jump-Off-Joe Creek were buned. Hearing of
which, Martin's and Bruce's commands, plus small force of regularts from Fort Jones, pursued and
fell in with a band at mouth of Jump-off-Joe Creek, killing eight. On November 19, Major Bruce,
with part of his battalion, marched by Applegate Creek in co. with Captain Judah of Fort Jones, but
finding no Indians ret. to headquarters on 20th. On 21st, Major Bruce ordered Captains Williams
and Alcorn and their companies to proceed down west side of Rogue River, while he, with captains
Rice and Wilkinson with their commands, marched down opposite side via Grave Creek to the
Meadows, accomp. by Captain Judah and Major Martin and the several commands arrived vicinity
of supposed headquarters of enemy at daylight on 25th and sent out spies to discover Indian camp.
Late at night they reported Indians. 2 or 3 hundred of them, on a bar six miles above very difficult
of access. On morning of 26th, Captain Judah with 46 regulars and Major Martin with 100
volunteers. Marched to position opposed Indian Camp, where according to plan attack, they were
to be joined by Major Bruce and Captain Williams and Alcorn, with 286 volunteers. These were to
cross river on a raft, surrounded enemies camp, and give a signal, when Judah was to open fire with
howitzer. Major Bruce was putting raft in water little past noon when Indians opened fire on him to
cover of underbrush and timer on east side. His force compelled to seek chelter and defend itself
until dark, when it withdrew, and whole force went into camp. Supplies and reinforcements were
sent for. On December 1, express arr. from Captain Smith, informing Captain Judah that he had
reached point 12 miles below Grave Creek house, but would come no further, on acct. of rain and
snow on mountains and that in few more days mountains would be impassable. Council decided to
return to HQ to await change in weather. On Dec. 4th all arrived at Grave Creek house. On 7th the
several cos. were ordered to different parts of valley where grass for horses could be obtained.
418. Sutton, Jack. Mythical State of Jefferson. Kerby, OR: Josephine Country Historical Society, 1965.
Abstract: Page 49: Fort Jones in active use 1852-58. Served as a training post for officers of Union
and Confederate army. Founded by Major Fitzgerald and a troop of Dragoons
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419. Swartzlow, Ruby Johnson. Lassen: His Life and Legacy. Mineral, CA: Loomis Museum Association, 1964.
Abstract: Page 21: Lassen used Indian labor to build his ranch.
Page 23: Lassen while escorting Gillespie to Fremont was attacked by Indians May 9, 1846 at
Denny's creek in the west shore of upper Klamath Lake. He remained with Fremont party "as it
proceeded around Klamath lake wreaking vengance indiscriminately on all Indians unfortunate
enough to be found in its path."
Page 41: Animals stolen from Lassen party - tracked them to Indian village. Attacked Indians,
killed several and burnt villages. Next morning Indians visited cabin and make peace treaty. Indian
problem Yana stock.
Page 51: Lassen helped settle difficulties between Honey Lakes and the Indians. Friend of Chief
Winnemucca, treaty between them discussed.
Page 55: The Lassen murder, Indians blamed.
420. ———. Peter Lassen, Northern California's Trail-Blazer. San Francisco, CA: California Historical Society,
1940.
Abstract: Page 7: Lassen employed local Indians on his land-grant, with their help he built the
adobe buildings.
Page 12: The hostilities of the Pit River Indians along with its reputation of hardship made the
Lassen trail used only by a small portion of emmigrants.
Page 16: Lassen friend of the Indians.
Page 17: Account of Lassen's murder.
Page 18: Reasons why it is believed Lassen was not killed by Indians.
421. Swett, John. History of the Public School System of California. San Francisco, CA: A. L. Bancroft and
Company, 1876.
Abstract: Pages 28-29: Eighth Annual School Report to the State Legislature, 1858 - Was
recommended that any public school which allowed Negores, Mongolians, and Indians "to attend
the schools for white children, under penalty of the forfeiture of the public school money by
districts admitting such children into school."
Pages 205-206: Law of forfeiture of school moneys if Negro, Mongolian, or Indian children were
admitted, 1860; Revised School Law, 1866 - sec 57 provides method for admittence. Parents of 10
children must request in writting for their education then a separate school for them coud be
established. But if there are several non whites in the community and a school can't be provided the
trustees may bot to admit them to the white school, providing the majority of white parents don't
object. In 1872 - they must have a separate school or they must be admitted to a white school. In
1875 San Francisco abolished their separate schools and admitted them to the white school.
422. Taber, Cornelia. California and Her Indian Children. San Jose, CA: The Northern California Indian
Association, 1911.
Abstract: A small booklet with heavy religious overtones, written as an appeal to the public to help
civilize and Christianize the Indians of California. Included in the contents is a brief history of
California Indians, including American occupation and treaties; the conditions in 1911; mentioning
of various organizations for bettering the Indian's life; and modern missions used to educate the
Indians and help them become self sufficient.
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423. Talbitzer, W. H. Reflections of the Historic Feather River. Los Banos, CA: American Historical Publishing
House, 1974.
Abstract: Pages 15-16: U-I-NO The Monster of the Middle Fork - Bald Rock was called U-I-NO
by the Indians where they believed a great monster lived. Balk Rock is at the base of the canyon,
where the middle fork of the Feather flows through.
424. Taylor, Major William R. Field Return Camp Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161864.
Abstract: Taylor, Major William R. 1st battalion, Mountain CA., Vol., Ousely, Captain Geo from
June 10-20. 1st battalion mts. CA., vol. Acting asst. Sgt. Peter Moffatt, on special sercive at Fort
Humboldt. Captain Geo. W. Ousely on special service at Fort Humboldt. 2nd Lieut. E. Hale det.
serv. at Orleans Bar since January 24, return June 15. Major Taylor on det. serv. at Camp Iaqua
attending a Gen. Court Martial . Returned June 19.
425. ———. Field Return of Camp Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-19161864.
Abstract: Aprl 10: Scouting party 23 men to North Fork Mad River.
April 16: Scouting party to Elk prarie, little river and vicinity - found fresh Indian
Abstract: Taylor, Major William R. 1st battalion, mtn, CA., vol. Lt. Hale with 15 men scouted on
the Bald Hills from the 10th til the 19th of July found no Indian.
Abstract: Taylor, Major William R. 1st Battalion. Mtn. Ca., Vol., "B" Company. 2nd Lieut. Edward
Hale on escort duty to Fort Gaston since August 9. Major Taylor relieved of command 1st
Battalion, Mtn. Ca, Vol., per Special Orders no. 166, Hq, San Francisco received at Camp August
14, 1864. Gen. W. Ousley commanding Edward Hale and Moffatt on duty.
428. ———. Post Return Fort Gaston. Returns From United States Military Posts, 1800-19161863.
Abstract: September 1: Indians (Prisoners?) attempting to pass the guard under a fence - 1 killed, 1
wounded.
September 3: 116 Indian prisoners brought to post and put under guard. An Indians prisoner who
stabbed another Indian and attempted to stab the Major was shot "on the spot."
September 20: Mail carrier escort was killed by Indians at Sandy Bar, escorting mail carrier to Ft.
Gaston.
September 29: 13 citizens came to Ft. Gaston to ask to enterminate Indian troubles.
Abstract: July 9th: Military men attacked by Indians, nine military men wounded - one man later
died.
Abstract: November 14: Capt. Miller and others scouting Trinity River suprised and killed two
Indians.
November 15: At mouth of South Fork he was fired upon, 2 men wounded, 3 mules stampeded. In
searching for mules, found them at Willow Creek and had to fight Indians - 5 Indians killed, 7
wounded, 3 military men severely wounded.
Lt. Hempfield sent out to River to scout for Indians, no results.
November 28: Sgt. Alexander out to scout for Indians, no results.
Abstract: It was believed "Big Jim," leader of the hostile Indians was on a visit to the Indians at the
mouth of Salmon River. Detachment of 30 men sent out, no results
Abstract: Reports settlers moving to Fort due to frequent raids of Indians.
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433. ———. Post Return of Camp Anderson. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916.
Abstract: May 8: Captain Ousely and two men left camp to scout head of Redwood Creek and
vicinity south of camp. Return on 16th. Nothing of importance .
May 14: Sgt. Creighton and 11 men left to scout vicinity north of camp. Found a party of Indians
who were fired upon, but dense fog enable them to escape.
May 17: Sgt. Hughes S. Creighton with 28 men scouted the place where the Indians had been seen.
On morning of 19th they captured 6 Indians bucks, 2 of whom were from the hostile land and 3
from Hoopa. These 3 had a pass from Col. Whipple, Fort Gaston. Cpl. James D. Barnes was killed
at Boynton's Prairie May 6, 1864. Captain Geo. W. Ousley on det. serv. scouting an Upper
Redwood Creek. E. Hale det serv. at Orelans Bar.
434. Tebbel, John. The Compact History of the Indian Wars. New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1966.
Abstract: Pages 260-283: Tells about the Modoc War, its causes, the beliefs of the government and
the Indians on what should be done bo bring peace, and many episodes of the fights that went on.
435. The Institute for Development of Indian Law, editor. Treaties and Agreements of the Indian Tribes of the
Pacific Northwest. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Development of Indian Law, 1976.
Notes: Cover title "The second book in our treaty and agreement series."
Abstract: Pages 64-66: October 1864 Agreement with Klamath, Modocs, Yahooskin (snake).
Article 1: Describes land ceded to government from Cascade to Pitt and McCloud Rivers.
Article 2: $8,000 per annum granted for first 5 years $5,000 per annum for next 5 years and $3,000
for 5 years after. Money applied for use and benefit of Indians.
Article 3: $35,000 deeded in addition to pay employees buy supplies.
Article 4: U.S. government agree to erect saw mill, school, hospital, etc. and supplies for 20 years.
Article 5: U.S. government agrees to furnish for 20 years 10 employees in different needed
teaching positions.
Article 6: Reservation may be alloted in tracts of 40-120 acre per family shall be granted perpetual
posession with provision U.S. government may sell if Indian welfare advanced there by. Not
residing on land for 2 years shall lose right to land.
Artcle 7: President can secure land to family after death head of family.
Article 8: Annuities shall not be used to pay individual debts.
Article 9: Friendly with U.S. citizens and other tribes and submit to U.S. laws.
Article 10: Drinking of liquor will case lose of individual annuity benefits.
Article 11: Agree to allow other tribes on reservations.
Article 12: Treaty ratified by President signiture J.W. P. Huntington, Supt. of Indian Affairs.
436. The New York Sun. Sketch of the Life of Stephen J. Field of the U.S. Supreme Court. New York: The Sun,
1880.
Abstract: Page 8: "Camp Far West was a military post on Bear River, fifteen miles from Marysville.
The officer in charge recognized the Alcalde's honesty and executive ability by offering troops to
support him in enforcing his decisions. This had a good effect Men said, "Why, here's an Alcalde
with United States troops at his back."
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437. Thompson, Erwin N. Modoc War - Its Military History and Topography. Sacramento, CA: Argus Books,
1971.
Abstract: The book details the Modoc War, up from the causes through all of the battles and final
captures to their exile in Oklahoma. Includes maps of battles, photographs, and illustrations.
Page 4: 1864, Elijah Steele, in Yreka, a lawyer - (previously appointed agent for northern
California Indians in 1863 but lost his position) - he undertook to make his own treaty with the
Modocs, with whom he was friendly. Treaty had no authority.
438. Thompson, Lucy. To the American Indian: Reminiscences of a Yurok Woman . Berkeley, CA: Heyday books
with P. E. Palmquist, 1991.
Abstract: Page 12: Fall of 1876, more than 3,000 Indians (Klamath) gathered at the area near the
Old Klamath Bluffs store to hold the sacred White Deer-Skin Dance. 5 Klamath groups there and 5
languages. Bill McGaury sold Indians whiskey at the store. 11-25 a series of personal account
about Bill McGaury and his dealings with the Indians. Trade, the death of 5 Indians employed by
him and revenge attemped by his relatives, one of whih was the murderer of Bauson. Also the
accounts of the other men who later ran the store - problems they had from the indescriminate
selling of whiskey and messing with Indian women. Also about C. H. Johnson a man who dealt
with the Indians at the store. The rest of the book is not relevant to this study.
439. Truman, Margaret. "Ordeal in the Ouyhee Country." Women of Courage, From Rev. Times to the Present.,
254 pages. New York: William Morris and Co., 1976.
Notes: pages 59-75
Abstract: Story of courage of Indian woman Sarah Winnamuccah's (Thocmentony - Shell Flower)
rescue of her father, brothers, and members of her tribe at great risk to herself. Sarah was child in
1845 when S. Paiutes first met whites. Sarah's childhood contact with whites (good and bad)
revealed. Samuel Parrish good Indian agent - successor William V. Rinehart corrupt. N. Paiutes
(1878) rebelled and kidnapped group of S. Paiutes to force them to fight as well. General Howard
asked Sarah to travel across desert to hideout of N. Paiutes and talk her father and tribe members
into escaping before army forced to fight them as well as N. Paiutes.
440. Turner, Henry Smith. The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner With Stephen Watts Kearny to New
Mexico and California, 1846-1847. editor Dwight Clarke. Normal, OK: University of Oklahoma
Press, 1966.
Abstract: Pages 129-130: June 26 - 18 miles and encamp for the last time on Trucky where
Emigrant's Road leavs it for the waters of Mary's River. Found here a camp of Indians [Diggers]
who ran off at our approach but have since come into our camp. [*Mary's River - Humbolt River]
Page 164: "The California Indians were better provided for, their condition both moral and
physical far better than savages in any part of North America. They were concentrated about these
missions, controlled inplicitly by the priests, taught mechanical trades and formed to be industrious.
Since the expulasion of the old Spanish priests the Indians have been driven from the missions,
deprived of their rightful property and wherever it was practicable made abject slaves to toil for the
benefit of the Mexican race."
441. U.S. Congress, 41st Congress 1st Session. Report of the Commanding Officer at Camp Gaston, California
on the Murder of a Klamath Indian by a White Settler and the Near Uprising That Resulted From
It. 1869.
Notes: House Executive Document 16
Abstract: A letter from the Sectetary of War concerning the unprovoked murder of an Indian of an
Indian named Charley from the Morach Ranch, by a white settler named John Goodman, described
as "a worthless character." A near uprising stemming from the incident was averted by P.W.
Stanhope, Captain 12th Infantry. He suggested that a fort be established at Cappell Ranch on the
Klamath River to prevent further conflict.
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442. U.S. Department of Interior: Bureau of Indian Affairs. Indians of California: Prehistoric Life in California.
Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968.
Abstract: Around 16th century there were apprximately 133,000 to 150,000 Indians in California.
Those Indians which occupied large land areas were the Shoshoneans, Hokans, and Penutians. The
northern third of California consisted of Athapascan, Algonkian, Lutuamian, and Yukiam linguistic
groups. Early Indians can be subdivided into some 40 major tribes with around 21 major languages.
Page 4: Northern Indians - Cooler climate of North required more shelter than just the brush and
woven reed wickiups of the South. Redwoods provided wood for the Northern Indians of
California. They liked to carve wood and make baskets. Northern Indians mainly hunters and
fisherman and gathered herbs, nuts, and fruit.
443. ———. Indians of California: The Mission Period. Washington D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office,
1968.
Abstract: Page 7: Spanish influence in the Southern parts of California were not influential in
Northern California. The great Northern tribes (Tolowa, Karok, Shasta, Modoc, and Wappo) were
in little if any contact with the Spanish. These northern California Indians did trade with the
Russians, French , British, Dutch, Portugese, and later, Yankee traders.
444. U. S. National Park Service. Soldier and Brave: Historica Places Associated With Indian Affairs and the
Indian Wars in the Trans-Mississippi West. Washington D.C.: United States National Park Service,
1971.
Notes: Part of the National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings.
Abstract: Page 92: Fort Bragg, major mission was to control the Mendocino Indian Reservation.
When the post was only a year old its troops took part in the campaign in eastern Washington. In
1864, when most of the Indians had left the reservation, it was abandoned by the California
Volunteers.
Short sketch of Fort Bidwell, including its use as a school by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and as
present headquarters of the Fort Bidwell Indian Reservation.
Page 93: Fort Jones, 1852-1858, a small post in Scott River Valley. Founded to protect miners from
the Indians. Lt. George Crook and Captain U.S. Grant served there. Its troops particular in 1858
campaign in eastern Washington, the first (1853) and second (1855-56) Rogue River Wars in
Oregon and the 1857 campaign against the Pit River Indians in northeastern California.
445. U.S. Surgeon General. Don't Know Where This Goes.
Notes: Statistical Report of the sickness and mortality of the Army of the U.S. compiled from the
recoreds of the Suregon General's Officer embracing as period of sixteen years from January 1839
to January 1855. Prep. under direction of Bvt. Brig. General Thomas Lawson, Surgeon General
U.S. Army by Richard H. Coolridge, Military District, Asst. Surg. U.S. Army, Washington, AOP
Nicolson, Dunte. 1856. 703 pages. 34th Congress, 1st Session. Sen. Exec. Doc. No. 96
Abstract: Page 449: Camp Far West- base of foothills Sierra Nevada at head of valley of Bear
Creek, Feather River eastern side of the Sacramento Valley about 35 miles north northeast Sutter's
Fort 39 degrees, 7' lat, and 124 degrees, 18' long. Bears Creek valley from 1 -2 miles wide, 15 miles
long, soil alluvial, is in most seasons dry. Soil of Sacramento Valley is made of clay and gravel
with saturation of indurated claystone, impervious to water, for which reason the plains ... in rainy
season. This fort very sickly, June - October. Although no marshes with 25 miles, this is consedered
one of most unhealthy points in valley. Post was abandoned on account of its unhealthfulness and
troops moved to upper or northern part of Sacramento Valley to new post, Fort Reading.
446. U.S. Surgery General's Office. Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality in the Army of the United
States1835-1855.
Notes: 34th Congress, 1st Session, Sen. Exec. Doc. 96. Serial Set No. 827.
Abstract: The location of Far West was a negative factor in Far West's continuing existence almost
from its founding. A government report published in 1856 said that "in common with the whole
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Sacramento Valley this post is very sickly, June till October." At that time its location was
considered one of the most unhealthful points in the valley. It was abandoned and its troops were
ordered to establish a new post, Fort Reading, in the upper Sacramento Valley. Prepared...by
Richard H. Coolidge, Assistant Suregon General U.S. Army.
Page 449- 452: Camp Far West - 35 miles NNE Sutter's Fort, 39 degree, 7', latitude; 121degree, 18'
longitude. Soil Bear Creek valley alluvial: In common with all of the Sacramento Valley this post is
very sickly from June to October. Post was abandoned because of its unhealthiness, troops moved
to the new Fort Reading in upper Sacramento Valley. Fort Reading established May 1852 named
after old settler from eastern states. Located at 40 degree, 28' 22" n. lat; 122 degree 7' w. long. on
Cow Creek, one mile east of the Sacramento river quarters for officers and men are adobe, one
story high, well ventilated, except beneath the floor, the boards of which are laid on the ground.
Cow Creek overflows during winter and runs between the buildings used for quarters. Intermittent
fever occurs here at all seasons. Controllable with sulfate of quinine. Indians consist of a few small
bands, speaking different languages and known by name of chief. Over abot medium size of white
men. "Their general expression, when not hungary, is that of happiness and benevolence. At other
times, they are pensice, grave, subdued, and seemingly wretched." Dwell in small round-top huts of
dirt supported by skins and branches of trees. Live on small game, fish, insects, acors, and roots and
grass. When starving with hunger will divide last morsel of food with all to whom they can have
access." "When not aggressed upon they are harmless. Poor creatures. They are fast disappearing
before the strides of the white man; even his cattle rob them of their sustenance." A note at botton
of page signed "C". Asst. Surgeon John Campbell reported that in September 1853 a company of
infantry left Fort Reading in the field, the men being so debilitated by intermittent fever that they
were unable to proceed to the seat of Indian difficulties and had to halt 30 miles from the fort. Half
of all cases of intermittent fever occuring in northern California occured at Fort Reading. The fort
was abandoned on account of its unhealthfulness in March 1856.
Page 450: Fort Reading, named after an old settler from the eastern states is located 40 degrees
28'22" N. Lat; and 122 degrees 7' W. Longitude. On Cow Creek, one mile east of the Sacramento
River. The quarters for the men and the officers are adobe, one story high, well ventilated, except
beneath the floor, the boards of which are laid on the ground. Cow Creek overflows during the
winter and runs beneath the buildings used for quarters.
Page 451: Intermittent fever occurs here at all seasons. It is controllable with sulfate of quinine.
Page 452: Fort Jones. 41 deg., 36' N. Lat; 122 deg. Long.
In Scotts Valley, between the Salmon and Siskiyou range of Mountains, and a hundred miles
northwest if the head of the Sacramento Valley, from which it is approached by a trial over the
mountains possible for mules only. Scott's River, a small stream runs thru the valley it entire length
from south to north and empties into the Klamath. Valley about 30 miles long by ten broad. Fort is
in latitude 41 degrees, 36', longitude 122 degrees, 52' and is 2570 feet above sea level (From
quarterly report of Asst. Surg. Charles H. Crane, 1852)
Footnote: Asst. Surg. John Campbell reported that in September 1853 a company of infantry left
Fort Reading for field duty, the men being so debilitated by intermittent fever that they were unable
to proceed to the seat of Indian difficulties and had to hald thirty miles from the fort. Half of all the
cases of intermittent fever occuring in Northern California occurred at Fort Reading. The fort was
abandoned on account of its unhealthfulness in march 1856.
Pag 452-453: Fort Humboldt at village of Bucksport, on Humboldt Bay. Gives tables of sickness
and mortality for northern California.
Page 453-458: Although cholera did not occur among the troops statoned in Northern California it
ws very destructive to the 4th Infantry regiment while enroute from N.Y. to San Francisco in the
summer of 1853, resulting in 80 deaths out of 160 cases. Report of Charles S. Tripler, Surgeon,
U.S. Army, to Brig. General Lawson, dated September 14, 1852.
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447. United States Board of Indian Commissioner. Annual Report of the Board of the Indian Commissioner to
Secreaty of Interior. Washington D. C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1918.
Abstract: Pages 59-64: A short report examining Greenville School and its Indian students. It also
recommends that they non-reservation Indians receive citizenship because he feels they are
competent. Then there is the problem of the white people taking advantage of the Indians property
- mainly not asking permission for mining, etc. There is a need for women assistance in the
Greenville area helping the Indian women set up housing. Public opinion in the last 2 years has
changed for the better. Ethan Anderson v. Shafter Mathews case brough at Lake Co. March 8,
1917 gave all non reservation Indians in California full rights to be a citizen.
Pages 65-73: A very fast and general report of all the tribes and non tribal Indians in Mendocino,
Lake and Sonoma counties. The problem that exist with so many different titles for the position of
the Indians. Another problem that is fast approaching is what the Indians will do with their land,
afraid that they will sell land and spend the money. There is a need to let the Indian take control of
their life fully but at the same time the government is afraid they will not be able to maintain. The
government also looked at the Rancherias, Hop fields, vineyards, and if the Indians were
trustworthy.
448. ———. Annual Report of the Board of the Indian Commissioner to Secretary of Interior . Washington D. C.:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920.
Abstract: Pages 48-54: 1. non reservation Indians, 2. self supporting Indians, 3. labor, 4. population
of Indians in California by counties, 5. educating children in public schools, 6. educating children in
Indian schools ran by the government, 7. setting up school districts, 8. capabilities of Indian
children in public schools.
Pages 56-62: 1. land and housing for Indians - "colonies", 2. division of funds for land, 3. list of
purchases- number of Indians, acres, amount, 4. question of health care, 5. example treaty at Camp
Belt, King's River in state of California.
Pages 62-71: 1. the needs for Indians, a) irrigation systems by counties, 2. development of
rancherias, 3. using Tuolumne County as an example as well as Calaveras, a) improvements and
schooling, 4. problems with the Paiutes and Pit River Indians in Modoc County, 5. improvements of
Modoc County, 6. Rancheria Indians of Mendocino, Lake and Sonoma counties organising
themselves "society of northern California Indians", 7. non reservation Indians with tracts of land,
8. increase of needs with "progress towards civilization", 9. population, acres useless, acres for
farming, implements and teams of various rancherias.
Pages 71-79: 1. history of Hoopa reservation, 2. confidence of managing own affairs, 3. tribal
cutoms that are still apart of the Indian lifestyle, 4. new ways of living, dress styles vs. old custom
clothes, 5. needed to have installed irragation system, 6. land figures, 7. destruction from the fire
and estimates of how much it will cost for rebuilding, 8. suggestion to put in a highway system, 9.
school systems on the Klamath reservation, a) prejudice of coeducation Indians and whites, 10. girls
dorm at Hoopa valley - need new one, 11. marriage and divorce among Hoopa reservation and
Klamath reservation residents, 12. hospital at Hoopa, 13. live stock and grazing, 14.
recommendations by Malcom McDowell, Board of Indian Commissioners.
Abstract: A brief article on the responsibilities on the field matrons and doctors on the reservations
and their influence on the Indians lifestyle. It also includes some ideas of how to improve the
programs.
Abstract: A brief run down on various organizations and services available to Indians in the U.S.;
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1. Commissioner's emergency fund, 2. Law and order, 3. Social service activities, 4. Health
education program, 5. Women and children, 6. Field matrons and field nurses, a) the pros and cons
of the programs, 7. Cooperation with the Indian service.
Abstract: A brief examination of; 1. Civil service status for Commissioner , a) a resolution passed
by the President in January 1926 for the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, b) a study of the history
of the office of Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 2. Indian medical service, a) Chief medical
director and the 4 medical districts, 3. Law and order, a) on reservations as well as off the
reservation, 4. Executive order reservations.
452. ———. Annual Report of the Board of the Indian Commissioner to Secretary of Interior . Washington D. C.
Abstract: An examination of the Indian medical service all over the U.S.. It looks at preventive
medicine, hospitals (the staff) doctors, and their pay, and different policies. There is also a brief run
down on law and order on the reservations.
A brief run down of 1. Mission Indian Agency and Sherman Institute Riverside, California
2. Outing centers in California, 3. Sacramento Agency, California, Carson Agency, Nevada, 4.
Klamath Indian Agency, Oregon, 5. California Indians - Commissioner Seymore, 6. Salem Indian
School, Oregon, 7. Yakima Indian Agency , Washington - Commissioner Seymore.
453. United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. 1862.
Abstract: Pages 561-562: From: Herald and Mirror, Arcata. Letter to editor; 2 column article
complains about Indian depredations. Says people seem to have faith in Colonel F. J. Lippitt and
most of his officers but he needs a regiment more than he has. Signed Probosis.
Goes on to say Captain Akey brought 42 into Fort Humboldt two bucks had to be shot. Indian
depredations continue and fifteen soldiers deserted last week.
454. United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81.
Washington: National Archives, 1958.
Abstract: Pages 866-875: March 10, 1852 - Letter to Gov. John Bigler. Requests immediate
establishment of garrisons at the junction of Klamath and Trinity Rivers and in Scott Valley. Says
he has also written General Hitchcock asking the same. Says "those respectable gentlemen
representing those counties in the Legislature" have no idea of what is going on. Claims whites and
Indians are murdering each other. Says Walter Van Dyke, Esq. is in Sacramento and will remain
until he gets answers from Gov. From Redick McKee, U.S. Indian Agent, Northern Ca.
455. ———. Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81. Washington D.C.: National Archieves,
1958.
Notes: Microcopy 234, Reel 44
Abstract: Pages 649-652: June 14, 1872 - To: Reverend P.L. Haynes, of Eureka, CA. From: Fort
Gaston. Says the Hoopa (Hupa) Valley Indian agent is a "comtemptable man." Deserves no respect.
No "Christian purity" at Hoopa (Hupa.) Mr.Lowery, agent, cohabitating with squaws. Wants
Haynes Methodist conference to investigation. Signed A.D. Nelson, Lieutenant Colonel, Comdg.
Camp Gaston.
Pages 675-679: September 2, 1872 - To: Hon. C. Delano, Secretary of Interior, Washinton D.C..
From: Philadelphia. Requesting a mining permit for Reverend Dudley Chase, Chaplain, Fort
Gaston, CA. Signed, William Knight Shryock, Attorney-at-Law.
Pages 677-: August 13, 1872 - To: Honor C. Delano, Secretary of Interior, Washington D.C..
From: Camp Gaston, Klamath County, CA. Wants to hire six men of "orderly and temperate
habits" for Hoopa (Hupa) Valley. Has located a mining claim. May employ "industrious" Indians to
work it. Signed Revered Dudley Chase.
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Pages 830-834: June 14, 1872 - To: Commander of Indain Affairs, Washington D.C. From:
Lieutenant Colonel A.D. Nelson, Comdg. Camp Gaston. A copy of his letter to Reverend P.L.
Hayes, Crescent City about Agent Lowery at Hoopa (Hupa) Reservation.
456. ———. Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81. Washington D.C.: National Archives,
1958.
Abstract: Page 601: January 21, 1865 - Fort Gaston, Hoopa Valley. To: Honor William P. Dole,
Commander of Indian Affairs. Says Indians wanted to see him because their clothing has not
arrived. Says Agent Stockton gets on well with Indians but they are suspcious of troops. Signed
Austin Wiley, Superintendant of Indian Affairs, CA.
1958.
Abstract: Page 188: August 11, 1869 - To: Berett Lieutenant Colonel Henry R. Mizner, Major 12th
Inf., Commanding Fort Gaston. Wants Colonel to know Private Andrew J. Campbell was
exonerated, by a board of officers, in the shooting of Indian "Burnt Ranch Billy." Signed John P.
Sherbourne, Assistant Adj. General.
1958.
Abstract: Page 445: July 7, 1873 - To: Hon. C. Delano, Secretary of Interior. Says he spent a
month at Hoopa Valley Reservation. Complains that E.K. Dodge, agent, "is under the thumb of
Colonel Nelson, Comdg. Camp Gaston." Says Colonel Nelson is no friend of the Indian policy or
the Methodist Church or morality. Wants all officers changes. Signed E. C. Thomas, Petaluma.
Pages 623-625: September 22, 1973 - To: Asst. Adj. General, Department of California. From:
HQ., Camp Gaston. An Indian called Thompson murdered and his horse stolen, 12 miles form
Camp Gaston. Suspect is John Rueter, a white man. Mr. Dodge, JR., went to Orleans Bar to get a
warrant. Doubts if Reuter could be covicted and cannot find him anyway. Feels there will be
trouble with the Indians. Signed A.D. Nelson, Lieutenant Colonel , 12th Inf., Comdg.
Page 625-: July 16, 1873 - To: Comdg. General, San Francisco. Acknowledges a general Court
Marshall against Private Charles Southwick at Fort Gaston. Charge is murder with 20 years
imprisonment. Signed J. Holt, Judge Advocate General.
1958.
Notes: Microcpy 234, Reel 47
Abstract: Pages 177-178: March 25, 1875 - To: E.P. Smith, Com. Ind., Affairs. Complains that he
hears troops will be pulled out of Camp Gaston. Says if troops leave, employees will follow. If this
happens, a war of extermination will start. Signed J.L. Broaddus, U.S. Ind. Agent.
Pages 180-182: March 17, 1875 - To: J.L. Broaddus, Esq., Agent. From: Camp Gaston. Agrees
Indians might take to the hills if the military leave. Will have to keep them fed and clothed to keep
them on the reservation. Lays all the ills on Agent Dodge. Signed Henry Mizner, Major 12th Inf.,
Bvt. Lt. Col. Comdg. Post..
Pages 1006-1012: March 22, 1875 - To: E.P. Smith, Com. Ind., Affairs, Washington D.C. Citizens
of Arcata protest the closing of Camp Gaston, saying it will endanger everyone. Signed by four full
pages of citizens.
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Pages 1235-1327: July 18, 1875 - To: Asst. Adj. General, Washington D.C. From: Camp Gaston.
Reports dissatisfaction of Klamath Indian on account of their rumored removal to Round Valley.
Signed Richard C. Parker, Captain 12th Inf., Comdg. Post.
Pages 1357-1365: June 1, 1875 - To: Asst. Adj. General, Department of California. From: HQ,
Camp Gaston. 2d Lieutenant E. Wilson went on a scout with two citizens in a canoe, with three
Indians to paddle. Examined Indian villages nd counted houses. Talked to several white men who
said the Indians were thieves. Signed Richard C. Parker, Captain, 12th Inf., Comdg. Post.
460. ———. Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81. Washington D.C.: National Archieves,
1958.
Abstract: Pages 1146-1157: September 30, 1876 - To: Asst. Adj. General. Report on proposed
removal of Hoopa Indians to Round Valley with copy of instructions to Indian Agent Broaddus in
reference threre to. Signed James Halloran, 1st Lieutenants, 12th Inf., Cmdg. Camp Gaston.
1958.
Abstract: Pages 279-280: March 1, 1878 - Editorial, Humboldt Times. Says under Major Parker of
Camp Gaston, the Hoopa Valley Reservation is rebuilding well but Round Valley Reservation
should be called to account for being so slow in sending needed supplies.
Page 992: October 23, 1878 - To: Con. Ind. Aff. Wash. D.C. Writer has been relieved as post
commander at Camp Gaston by Major Henry R. Mizner, 8th Inf., Signed Gordon Winslow, 1st
Lieutenant, 8th Inf.,
1958.
Abstract: Page 768: July 31, 1880 - To: Com. Ind. Aff. Wash. D.C. Notifys commissioner that Fort
Gaston and the agency are now in command of Captain E.B. Savage, 8th Inf. Signed Henry Mizner,
Major 8th Inf.
463. ———. Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81. Washington: National Archives, 1958.
Notes: Microcopy 234, Roll 32
Abstract: Statement of beef cattle sent by O.H. Wozencraft shows:
July 22, 1851, Camp Union, 64 head, $7360
August 17, 1851, Camp Union, 50 head, $5,500
August 26, 1851, Camp Union, 27 head, $2,700
Drafts were issued to be paid for out of appropriations from the coming session.
Notes: Microcopy 234, Reel No. 431-433
Abstract: July 18, 1851. Peace and Friendship Treaty at Camp Union near the Yuba River. Treaty
same as all others. Treaty with "4,000 souls." Complains that whites have taken good land,
Reservation must go to higher elevations. Camp is bounded on north and south by Yuba and Bear
Rivers. 15 miles across reservation. Chiefs were given gift of coat of red cloth and gold lace. Asks
for funds. Is indebted to messrs. Belcher and Storms for interpreting. Copy for Beale and to Officer
of Indian Affairs, Washington City, D.C. Signed O. M. Wozencraft.
Notes: Microcopy 234, Reel 44. 726-739
Abstract: October 25, 1871
To: E.O.C. Ord, Comdg. U.S. Army, Pacific Coast
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From: Crescent City
Petition says Indians well armed and in open warfare among themselves. Are in open defience of
whites. Want protection. Signed 120 citizens.
Abstract: Fort Humboldt, May 23, 1866. To: Hon. D. N. Cooley, Com. Ind. Aff.
Says at one time, between 1860-1865, 1,000 Indian prisoners were held at Fort Humboldt. Writer
wants to know what evidence there is of that many held by the military. Signed. J. Bidwell.
Abstract: Major W. W. McKall, Asst. Adj. Gen., August 21, 1859. From Fort Weller.
Investigating Indian depredations in Eden Valley. Sent Lt. Dillion and troops out to bring Indians.
Could not find Indians. Say citizens of Eden and Round Valles are exterminating Indians. States
that Col. T. J. Henley, late Supt. Ind. Affairs, had a group out and killed 11 Indians. Says Indians
have taken refuge in an almost inacessible location. Feels some settlers are lying about thier stock
being killed. Signed Edward Johnson, Bvt. Major and Captain 6th Inf.
Notes: Microcopy 234, Reel 37. 316
Abstract: March 19, 1859. Letter to J. W. Denver Esq, Com. of Indian Affairs.
Officer in charge of post at Round Valley arrested white citizen for assault upon an Indian. Did not
give name. Signed T. J. Henley, Supt., Indian Affairs
Abstract: January 25, 1856. From Mendocino Military Reservation. Writer says he want the area
Major Heintzelman selected for reservation. Says excellent spot. Gives good points. Signed Harry
L. Ford, Act. Supt. Ind. Affairs.
Abstract: Letter to Lieutenant H. G. Gibson, June 28, 1858. Writer wants to know the condition of
the Indians at the Mendocino Reservation when Gibson was commanding the troops there. Signed
J. Ross Brown, Special Agent of Treasury Department, San Francisco.
Abstract: June 28, 1858, To: J. Ross Brown. Lt. Says Indians on Mendocino Reservation were
starving to death, also no medical treatment. Says he never saw anything issued to the Indians and
whites cared nothing about the welfare of their charges. Signed Lt. H. G. Gibson, 3d Inf.
Abstract: From Ft. Wright, January 19, 1863. From Lt. Col. R.C. Drum, Act. Adj. Gen.
Complains nothing is being done at Nome Cult for the Indians under present supervisor. Wants him
removed. Says Asst. Supervisor Robinson is good man. Mr. Short is the supervisor. Says no crops
will be harvested unless they get rid of Short. Says the 25,000 acre Round Valley could be very
successful. Signed Captain C. D. Douglas, Captain 2d Inf.
Abstract: February 10, 1859, Round Valley. To: M. Corbet, and T.B. Henley. Wrigte has Henry
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Brysanton under arrest. Says no one in Round Valley is leagally capable of trying him. Will hold
him. Signed Ed Dillion, 2d Lt., 6th Inf.
Abstract: January 9, 1874. To: E. P. Smith, Com. Ind. Affairs, Washington D.C.
Says it is ok with im to abandon Fort Wright. Says all troops were gentlemen. Signed L.L.
Burchard, Indian Agent
Abstract: June 26, 1874. To: Lt. Col. J. C. Kelton, Asst. Adj. Gen. Visited Camp Wright with
Captain Woodruff, 12th Inf., and Captain Johnson, M.S.K. To See Rev. Burchard, Agent and Dr.
Bateman, Physician. Regarding religious improvement among the Indians. Says Religion and
teaching are doing well. Great good being done. Signed Samuel Breck, Asst. Adj. Gen.
Abstract: November 19, 1894. To: Secretary of Interior. States orders will be given to troops to
abandon Camp Wright. Signed William W. Belknap, Secretary of the War.
Abstract: January 25, 1875. To: U.S. Indian Agency, Round Valley. From: Camp Wright.
Congressman J.K. Lottrell brings charges against Rev. Buchard, Agent, Round Valley. Letter
gives highest praise to Rev. Burchard for his 2 years on the reserve. Explains about increase in
morale, cleanliness, health, dress, etc.
Signed E.C. Woodruff, Bvt. Major U.S Army.
Abstract: To: Hon. J. L. Smith, Com. Ind. Affairs, Washington D.C.
Got notice from Secretary of War he can move Camp Wright to Round Valley Reservation. When
Camp Wright was vacated in June, 1875, it was turned over to Dr. L.H. Patty, M.D., as custodian.
Told Patty to get his stock off the post. Patty says no, it'll take the military to move him. Wants
Smith to contact Secretary of War to get him out. Wants hospital at Round Valley.
Signed J. L. Burchard, Agent.
Abstract: To: War Department. Encloses copy of letter from Agent Bruchard wanting to transfer the
vacated military Camp Wright to the Indian Department. War Department has no objections, states
there is some doubt as to what department it belongs. Signed Major Gen. Schofield.
Notes: Microcopy 234, Reel 48. 255-257.
Abstract: To: Hon. J.C. Smith, Com. Ind. Aff. Washington D.C. Explaination for the manner in
which he applied for the transfer of Camp Wright. Signed J. L. Burchard, Ind. Agent.
481. United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81.
Washington D.C.: National Archives, 1958.
Notes: Roll 32, No. 0039-0044.
Abstract: Far West was visited in June 1850 by Adam Johnson, Indian Agent, who wrote to the
Commission of Indian Affairs from Chico on July 6, 1850. Johnson mentioned by name several
bands of Indians who lived in the vicinity of Far West. He noted depredations by both Indians and
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whites. Johnson characterized these Indians as not warlike."
1st Lt. and Bvt. Captain William H. Warner, Topographical Engineers, was killed by hostile Indians
in extreme northeastern California on September 26, 1849 while seeking a possible overland
railroad route. Captain Nathaniel Fry with 20 infantry men and dragoons was ordered to go to the
locale where Warner was killed to find and punish the Indians who killed Warner. Some 15 Indians
were killed as was one soldier of Lyon's party in several skirmishes with Indians. No trace of
Warner's remains was found. Lyon operated out of Fort Far West ("Indian Expedition," Alta
California, August 26, 1850, page 2/2.)
482. United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81.
Washington: National Archives, 1958.
Notes: Microcopy 234, Reel 36. Pages 749-51
Abstract: May 1, 1858. Honey Lake Valley. To: Colonel Henley, Indian Agent. Says at War with
Washos at present. Says they are killing stock and attempted to kill Captain W. Weatherlow.
Captain W. managed to kill two in hand-to-hand combat. Wallawal and Pitt River and Shoshones
stealing stock with the Pah-Utes helping. Wants General Clarke to send a troop of dragoons.
483. ———. Received Letters by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81. Washinton D.C.: National Archives, 1958.
Abstract: Pages 113-116: February 19, 1877 - To: J. G. Smith, Com. Ind. Affairs, Washington D.C.
Employee, Campbell, got drunk and was fired. Writer loaned him a U.S. Saddle for horse.
Campbell bringing whiskey on reservation. Comdg. officer at Fort Gaston had him arrested, and
seized his possessions, including his U.S. saddle and would not return it. Wants to know his rights
against the commanding officer. Wants his saddle back and is angry because Fort Gaston
commander did not consult him. Signed J.L. Broaddus, agent.
Page 118: February 19, 1877 - To: J.L. Broaddus, agent. From: Camp Gaston. Letter says if
Campbell used Indian Bureau saddle to pack whiskey onto reservation, they deserve to lose it.
Declines to surrender it. Signed James Halloran, 1st Lieutenant, 12th Inf., Comdg. Fort Gaston.
Page 145-: March 9, 1877 - To: J.G. Smith, Com. Ind. Affairs, Washington D.C. Says there is no
doubt a "ring," at Fort Gaston consisting of Lieutenant James Halloran, Austin Wiley and "others"
were trying to get control of the reservation. Says he has been told the plans are all made. Says
"they" will swindle the government every chance they get. Signed J.L. Broaddus, agent.
Page 261: April 2, 1877 - To: Com. Ind. Affairs, Wash. D.C. Is in receipt of the letter transfering
the care of Hoopa Valley Reservation to Camp Gaston. Wants money to pay the help, he is broke.
Signed J.L. Broaddus, agent.
Page 272: April 14, 1877 - To: Com. Inf. Aff., Wash D.C. Captain R.C. Parker has arrived and
resumed command of Camp Gaston and the reservation. Wants to be relieved at once so he can go
to Round Valley. Signed J.L. Broaddus, agent.
Page 286: May 9, 1877 - To: J.L. Broaddus, Hoopa Valley Reservation. Letter directing Broaddus
to turn all property over to Major R.C. Parker, Comdg. Camp Gaston. With transfer, Broaddus
duties will terminate. Signed E.C. Watkins, U.S. Indian Inspector.
Page 467: June 4, 1877 - To: Com. Ind. Aff. Wash. D.C. Wants an Indian Agent appointed for
Hoopa Valley Reservation. Says it is falling apart. Signed Captain Richard Parker, Comdg. Camp
Gaston.
Pages 470-477: July 2, 1877 - Acknowledges the letter appointing Dr. Sameul J. Reid at surgeon at
Hoopa Valley Reservation and encloses a list of medical supplies needed. Signed Captain Richard
Parker, 12th Inf., Comdg. Camp Gaston and in charge of reservation.
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Pages 479-481: July 16, 1877 - To: Com. Ind. Affairs. Wash. D. C. As ex-agent Burchard has been
told to return certain stock and property from Round Valley to Hoopa Valley. He also has $1875
which should be spent for clothing for Indians. Also mentions items sold by Burchard. Wants an
Army 1st Lieutenant appointed as an agent for Hoopa Valley. Signed by Richard Parker, Captain,
12th Inf., Comdg. Camp Gaston and acting Indian agent.
484. ———. Received Letters by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-81. Washington D.C.: National Archives,
1958.
Abstract: Pages 996-996: June 18, 1879 - To: Major Henry R. Mizner, 8th Inf., Comdg. Fort
Gaston. Several trespassers given notices to get off the reservation. Signed A.B. Savage, Capt., 8th
Inf.
Pages 1010-1012: August 26, 1879 - To: Asst. Adj. General , San Francisco. Complains that Henry
Rudd was appointed Indian agent at Hoopa six months abo and has not shown up yet. Says he is
being overworked but does not want a change of station. Signed Henry R. Mizner, Major, 8th Inf.,
Comdg. Post.
485.
United States Congress. House. Committee on Indian Affairs. Indian Tribes of California. Part
2: Hearings Before a Subcommitte of the Committee on Indian Affairs, House of Representatives,
Sixty-Seventh Congress, Second Session, April 28 and 29, 1922 , Vol. 2. Washington D.C.:
Government Printing office, 1922.
Abstract: Pages 141-142: A bill authorizing any tribes or bands of Indians of California to submit
claims to the Courts of California. (H.R. 4383, Sixty-Seventh Congress, first session)
Page 142, 5-6 paragraph: June 17, 1921, Relief or "compensation for the lands which they (Indians
of California) claim were theirs by alleged treaties, Congress at different times has made
appropriations for their relief and support in an amount aggregating about $4,000,000. In addition,
Gov. has maintained a large school at Riverside, California, known as the Sherman Institution
where California Indians are given a free education.
Pages 168-169: Sale of Indian lands - "Mr. Raker. They held the lands in 1852, and in 1852 in
Shasta County until the last five years since I have been here they have been dispossessed from
these lands. Never knew of it until I looked it up - dispossessed from this land which they held
from their ancestors for three generations down to the present time. Land that was their graveyard
and burial places, everything right there.
Page 207: Reference to Dr. Merriam's referal to the "extermination" of Indians. "Statements
published in the Humboldt Bay and other papers in the early 50's/" "On the Klamath and Salmon
Rivers, the giant miners hose nozzles were aimed at Indian villages, dumping houses down into the
canyons below." Doctor Merriam (referring to map) "The map is for the purpose of showing that
the whole area of the State was occupied by a large number of Indian tribes speaking different
languages: that there were no unoccupied lands; they were either occupied as residence lands or
hunting grounds. For instance, along the high crest of the Sierra the Miwok Indians hunted from the
west up to the east, and the Mono Lake Paiutes hunted on the other side. The tribes had well
defined areas with definite boundaries.
Page 208: Dr. Merriam - "Up in the Northern part of the Sacramento Valley, Indians were driven
across the mountains to Round Valley during the winter, when there was snow in the mountains:
they were brutally driven and many perished by the way: and it is a matter of common knowledge
that those who were unable to make the trip were shot and left in their tracks." Done in the early
50's and up to about the early 60's - not prior to the treaties.
Page 208: "These distant people were butchered and in many cases had never seen a white man
before. For instance, a party of volunter troops under a Government officer, Capt. N. Lyon, went
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from San Francisco north to Clear Lake and Upper Lake and butchered a band of Indians on an
island in the lake. Those escaping into the tules were bayoneted. Then the troops marched throught
Cold Creek Canyon to the Russian River and followed Russian River 6 miles, when they struck
another Indian Village.
Pages 218-219: Helen Dare: in answer to questions of any knowledge of concrete case in which
Indians are now suffering. "Yes. Up in Mendocino County, where I have spent much time, there
are Indians that are very poor, and some are not able to care for themselves. There are Indians in
Lake County, some I have seen in hop fields, that are very poor, work hard and live miserably." She
goes on to describe an Indian in Mendocino County and his life style.
Pages 221-223: Statement of Alfred C. Gillis, of Heroult, Shasta County, California. The Wintoone
Tribe.
Pages 223-227: Statement of Albert R. Wilder, of Orleans, Humboldt County, California. "My
own people are the Ar-nals. We live on the Klamath River."... "My people come under the
provisions of the treaty indicated by the letter Q in this bill."
Pages 228-229: Statement of Mr. T. W. Billings - Thomas W. Billings, Miner, Scott Valley Tribe,
Yreka, Siskiyou County, California.
Pages 235-243: Statement of Mr. Stephen Knight, Lake County, CA. Represent the Indians of
Sonoma, Mendocino, and Lake Counties.
Pages 243-245: Statement of Mr. William Fuller, Tuolumne County, CA. Represents Miwok
Indians, of which he is a member.
Pages 246-249: Statement of Albert F. James, representing people from Del Norte County and a
few from Humboldt County. "People previous given 20 acres of swampland in Humboldt County."
Pages 268-270: Majority report - California Senate Journal, 1852
Pages 270-272: Majority and minority reports of the Social Committee to inquire into the treaties
made by the United States Indian Commissioners with the Indians of California - California Senate
Jounral, 1852.
Pages 272-279: Statement of Mr. Edgar B. Meritt, Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
Report by the Interior Department, June 17, 1921 - read into records.
486. United States Congress. House. Committee on on Indian Affairs . Indian
Tribes of California:
Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Indian Affairs, House of
Representatives, Sixtu-Sixth Congress, Second Session, March 23, 1920 , Vol. 1.
Washington D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1920.
Abstract: This pamplet includes letters between the three California Indian agents and the U.S.
Government relaying terms of friendship agreed upon, by the tribes involved in the 18 unratified
treaties. Also included are copies of each of the treaties; debates as to whether or not to ratify them;
a plea for Indian aide from the Northern California Indian Association; tables of the Indian
population between 1905-1919; a table of Indian schools, their location and population; a table of
lands purchased for California Indians and communications from the Indian Board of Cooperation
of California.
Pages 6-7: 32nd Congress, 1st session; Message from the President of the U.S., communicating 18
treaties made with Indians in California. tribes listed.
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Pages 10-12: Report of E. F. Beale, Esq, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the State of
California. Washington City, D. C. May 11, 1852, re: treaties.
Pages 23-25: Treaty made and concluded at Camp Union, near Yuba River, July 18, 1851, between
O. M. Wozencraft, United States Indian Agent, and the Chiefs, Captains and Head Men of the
Das-Pia, Ya-Ma-Do, etc., tribes of California.
Pages 24-26: Treaty made and concluded at Bidwell's Ranch, on Chico Creek, August 1, 1851,
between O. M. Wozencraft, U.S. Indian agent and the Chiefs, Captains and Head Men of the
Mi-Chop-da, ES-Kuin, etc., tribes of California.
Pages 26-28: Treaty made and concluded at Readings Ranch, on Cottonwood Creek, state of
California, August 16, 1851, between O.M. Wozencraft, United States Indian Agent, and the
Chiefs, Captains and Head Men of the Noe-Ma, etc., tribes of Indians.
Pages 28-29: Treaty made and concluded at Camp Colus, on Sacramento River, California,
Septermber 9, 1851, between O.M. Wozencraft, U.S. Indian agent, and the Chiefs, Captains, and
Head Men of the Colus, Willeup, and etc., tribes of California
Pages 41-43: Treaty made and concluded at Camp Lu-Pi-Yu-ma, at Clear Lake, Ca, August 20,
1851, between Redick McKee, Indian agent on the part of the United States, and the Chiefs,
Captains, and Head Men of Ca-La-Na-Po, Ha-Bi-na-po, etc., tribes of Indians.
Page 45: Treaty made and concluded at Camp Klamath, at the junction of Klamath and Trinity
Rivers, State of California, October 6, 1851, between Redick McKee, Indian agent, on the part of
the United States and the Chiefs, Captains, and Head Men of the Pohlik or Lower Klamath and etc.,
tribes of Indians.
Page 49: Treaty made and concluded at Camp in Scott's Valley, Shasta County, California. October
6, 1851., between Redick McKee, one of the Commissioners on the part of the United States and
Chiefs, Captains, and Head Men of the Upper Klamath, Shata and Scott's River tribes of Indians.
Pages 60-62: "The undersigned, the Northern California Indian Association, hearby respectly
renews it petition of the last session and prays for the relief of the landless Indians in Northern
California."
Pages 62-66: Resolved; non ratification of the treaties made.
Pages 65: Chart, Indian population of California from 1905-1919.
Pages 66-67: Chart, Indian population on reservations - 1910 census.
Pages 68-69: Chart of land purchases for California Indians - money appropriated by the acts of
June 21, 1906 - April 30, 1908.
Page 71: Chart; government schools in California, September 1919 to March 1, 1920.
Pages 71-73: Chart; showing "Statement showing the amounts appropriated and expended from
appropriations for California Indians since July 1, 1852."
Page 96: Map 1- showing areas involved in the 18 unratified treaties of 1851 and 1852 with
California tribes.
Page 97: Map 2 - showing areas that were to be ceded by the 18 unratified treaties with California
tribes in 1851-52.
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Page 101: Chart - census by counties of California Indians. Note - census of Northern California
Indian Association convered 38 of the 58 counties. Total Indian population; United States census,
1910; 16, 371; report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 30, 1919; 16, 215.
Page 106: Chart - "Mr. Kelsey's recommendations that a commission be appointed to buy the lands
was not adopted. Instead he was detailed by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to purchase land
for the landless Indians and for the Mission Indians. Something over 60 parcels of land were
bought by him, and from subsequent appropriation, by other Indian service agents. The following
is a list of such purchases. (see chart)
Pages 112-115: Questionaire to County Health Officers and Physicians in California in regard to
nonreservation Indians. Reply to note; Dr. C.A. Curl, county physician, Trinity County.
487. United States Department of the Interior. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the
Secretary of the Interior. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920.
Abstract: pages 39-48: A brief run-down of the unratified treaties, U.S. citizenship, maps of land
occupied by Indians in 1851 and what land they have in 1920, the total land acres that each
reservation Indian received, and the home life of the children.
488. ———. Biographical and Historical Index of American Indians and Persons Involved in Indian Affairs .
Boston, Mass.: G. K. Hall and Co., 1966.
Notes: vol 1-8
Abstract: Biographical information regarding California Indian agents, sub -agents, superintendants
and their places of work. also includes prominant Indians.
Biddle, Robert. Indian Affairs, laws and treaties, complied by Chas. J. Kappler.
Washington : GPO. 4 vols.
Vol. 2, Witness to treaty with Klamath, Modoc, and Snake, October 14, 1864 (16 stat. L., 707)
reservation management
Biddle, Robert
treaty
Klamath tribe
Modoc tribe
Snake tribe
Hoopa (Hupa) Reservation, CA
Round Valley Reservation, CA
Klamath Reservation, OR
Nome Lackee Reservation, CA
Smith River Reservation, CA
Mendocino Reservation, CA
Sacramento, CA
Northern Discrict
Whipple, Lieutenant Colonel S. G.
Wells, W. M.,
Sutter, John August
Andrews, Lieutenant W. H.
Applegate, L.,
Barker, Rachel B.,
Buel, David E.
Burchard, J. S.
Broaddus, Jason S.
Dodge, Everett K., agent
Dyar, Leroy S., agent
Fairfield, B. L., agent
Kinsbury, G. , agent
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Geiger, Vincent E., agent
Knapp. Capt. O. C., agent
Lowry, David S., agent
McKee, Col. Redick, agent
Mizner, Lt. Henry R., agent
Nickerson, Linus M., agent
Orman, Henry Jr., agent
Parker, Capt. R. C., agent
Patterson, Jason A., agent
Pratt, W. H., agent
Prumy, Henry, agent
Sheldon, Henry B., agent
Spalding, LT. J. L., agent
Stevenson, Edward A., agent
Stockton, R. D., agent
Styles, Lt. J. S., agent
Ford, Henry Lewis, sub-agent
Heintzelman, H. P., sub-agent
Johnston, Adam, sub-agent
Butler, Richard, supt.
Denman, H. B., supt.
Dreibelbis, J. A. , supt.
Hanson, George M., supt.
Henley, Colonel Thomas J.
Janney, Sameul. M., supt.
Steele, Elijah, supt.
Black Jim (Indian)
Blow (Indian)
Blowe, Henry (Indian)
Barrow M. J.
Bull, Sameul (Indian)
489. United States National Archives. Letters, Reports, and Petitions Relating to the Nome Lackee Indian
Reservation.
Notes: Photocopy of typewritten copies of letters, reports, and petitions relating to the Nome
Lackee Indian Reservation. Copied from Tehama County Library.
Abstract: Pages 1-3: Letter from Thomas J. Henley, Superintendent of Indian Affairs in San
Francisco, to Honorable G. W. Panypenny, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C.,
dated September 25, 1854 - A briefing of setting up the Nome Lackee Reservation. It includes
estimates for seed and cultivation, the establishing of the reservation, and the conditions of the
Indians.
Pages 3-6: Letter from H. L. Ford to Thomas J. Henley, Superintendent of Indian Affiars, dated
September 4, 1854 - Ford toured areas in Tehama County that could be used to set up a reservation.
He found a tribe called the "Shon Pons" (Stone Water), a part of the Nome Lackee tribe. They told
him of the Spaniards attacking and kidnapping their women and children and selling them later on.
Reports that there would be 2-300 Indians of this tribe that would settle on the reservation. On page
6 there's a list of items established for the reservation.
Pages 7-8: Letter from Thomas Henley, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, to H. L. Ford, Sub agent,
Nome Lackee Military Reservation, dated November 30, 1854 - Instructions to Ford as to how he is
to conduct business on the reservation every day. This includes conduct of the white employees
and the treatment of the Indians. There is also instructions on food supplies for the Indians.
Pages 8-10: Letter from Henley in San Francisco to Major General J. E. Wool, Pacific Division,
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dated May 31, 1855 - A recommendation to keep Liutenant Deshler on the reservation system. He
feels that Deshler is an asset to the system. He compared Col. Bealle to Deshler and suggests that
Bealle be taken off Tejon because of his neglect.
Pages 11-18: Letter from Captain E. D. Keyes of the Third Artillery in the Presidio to Major E. D.
Townsend, Assistant Adjunct General, dated August 15, 1855 - First part of the letter is a report on
the conditions of the Indians on the reserve. It also estimates the population about 1,000. Keyes
briefly talks about the influence of the white people teaching the Indians and how the Indians were
catching on to the techniques. He also comments on the family relationships and how it has a lot of
value on the husband and wife. There is a brief but in depth study of the crops and how much they
yield. The second part of the letter examines the problems of extermination and the white man's
attitude towards the Indians.
Pages 19-21: Report by Superintendent Henley, dated September 4, 1856 - The estimate of the
population of Indians at the reservation in September 1856 was about 2000. The land that had been
cultivated was estimated at 1000. The men, women, and children help eachother harvest the food.
There was only 3-4 white men watching over the production, the Indians did the rest. There is a
brief comment on the establishment of the Nome Cult Farms. The letter also includes information
of how many buildings - houses, mills, and framed houses as well as a fort for protection (forst is
being built).
Pages 21-22: Report by Superintendent Henley, dated October 4, 1856 - Estimated population
2000 Indians and would like to see 1000 more in two months. Crops are large. Main question is
how to keep that many Indians under control of 12 men. The fort is almost completed.
Pages 22-23: Report by Superintendent Henley dated September 4, 1857 - The results of the
present crops from Nome Lackee, Klamath, Mendocino, and Nome Cult farms showed that the
populace was enough to sustain the "entire Indian population in the northern and central portions of
the state." Indians could be provided homes on the reservation soon. There's also some jobs that
the Indians could perform at driving oxen.
Pages 23-26: Letter from Vincetn E. Geiger, Indian Agent, to Superintendent Henley, dated August
1857 - Average of 40 Indians a day working during harvest two to four hundred. They work
willingly and feel that they are contendd with their jobs. Some have left the reservation but have
come back after seeing the conditions of their old haunts. There's some buildings but could erect
new ones. They Wye-Lakcees have been sick, Geiger blams it on not having running water. They
were removed to Thomas Creek and their health has been restored. He also compares the
reservation system to the rancherias.
Pages 27-28: Letter from J. W. Denver, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to Superintendent Henley,
dated August 14, 1847 - Suggests a new reservation to be set up by Cavesons, in the San Gorgonid
Pass. Mendocino Reservation is in good location for the Indians living on Nome Lackee. He also
suggests ways to influence the Indians with the white man's values.
Pages 29-34: Letter from Vincent E. Geiger to Superintendent Henley, dated July 1858 - Geiger
examines thes process of assimilating the Indians to the white ways. He felt that the reservation has
met the expectations put forth when they were established. The Indians are able to cultivate their
land and food wihtout difficulty and are able to produce a large amount. The Indians stationed at
Nome Lackee are: 1000 Nome Lackee; 2020 Feather River and Yubas; 250 Battle Creek, Trinity,
and Upper Sacramento; 100 Noi Mucks. Indians stationed at Nome Cult are: 200 Yuba or Nevada
Indians, 60 are men and that "the most present at the station at a single time during the last year
have been 2500." There are some health problems with the older Indians called "lung fever."
Geiger comments on the yield taht each produce brought for both farms during one season. The
white settlers have brought about a lot of anxiety with the Indians. Geiger found it hard to keep the
Indians on the reservation because of the constant problems of whites talking the Indians into
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leaving. Also, the whites themselves are split on deciding how to contend with the Indian problem.
Many want them as servants and wives, while others just want them removed from their area.
Pages 34-38: Letter from G. Bailey, Special Agent for the Interior Department, to the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, dated November 4, 1858 - Bailey is reporting on the conditions of
the Nome Lackee Reservation. He has estimates of the value of land and how many acres - the
value of the soil for cultivation and how much it yields. With the estimates he included how much
it cost hiring farmers per annum and what they do. The report also examines the different buildings
on the reservation and their conditions and which ones were of any value. He has some
disagreement with Geiger as to how many Indians occupied the reserve. Geiger estimates 2500,
Bailey feels taht at least 4/5 of them are absent gathering roots and doubts that they will come back.
He estaimates that there's more like 400 and the staion at Thomas Creek was deserted. He observed
during his tour that only 1/2 dozen girls were employed making straw hats, and the rest had no
occupation. He took the expenditure of Nome Lackee for the fiscal year. Ending June 30, 1858,
and figured the crop estimates, the agent and 17 employees plus the rations they recieve for
themselves and their families. He figured a rate at 15 cents per day per Indian for the expenses it
cost the government for one year. With these figures he then calculated the overall expense to the
government.
Pages 38-45: Letter from Vincent Geiger to J. W. McDuffie, Superintendent of Indian Affairs in
San Francisco, dated August 31, 1859 - Geiger reports on the condition of the reservation for the
year. 1859 proved to be a failure as far as the crops were concerned. He blames this on the failure
of irrigation. The tribes residing on the reservation were: Nome Lackees, Wye-lackes, Noi mucks,
Noi yucans, and Noe sas. Estimates the total population at 1000. He also estimated that there was
3000 Yukas at Nome Cult. But he also added that not all live on the reservation but in the valley.
The presisting problem was the Indians going back to their old haunts and not having enough men
to track them down, although Geiger is confident that the rainy season will bring back many.
Again, there are problems with white people wanting the Indians to live on the reservation. Many
are hiding the Indians so that the employees are unable to take them back to the reservation. The
relationship between the whites and Indians is stressed and Geiger feels the best thing to do is to put
the Indians on the reserve at Round Valley or Mendocino. Geiger feels that Nome Lackee
Reservation is a failure and should be abolished. There's not enough employees and there is
interferance of the settlers. He feels that the Indians should be further form their home lands.
Pages 44-45: Petition from the Citizens of Tehama Counto directed to the Secretary of the Interior,
dated February 24, 1859 - The petition includes the names of the citizens who signed it. The
complaints that the citizens brought forth were about the Indians on the reservation being capable of
supporting themselves; the land the reservation was on; and the agent for filling his job. The
suggested that the reservation or the agent should be removed.
Pages 46-47: Report on Nome Lackee Reservation by George Hanson, Superintendent of Indian
Affairs for Northern District of California - Hanson submits arguments as to why the reservation
should be closed down. His main reason above all, was the constant problems of the white
settlements expanding and theri cattle roaming on the reservation. Also, not having funds to fence
the reservation. He suggested that the reservation be resurveyed and given back its original
boundaries or remove the Indians to Nome Lackee or Mendocino Reservations.
Page 48: Reports to the Indian Office by Superintendent Hanson, dated October 10, 1862 - Hanson
again states more reasons as to why the Nome Lackee Reservation should be abolished.
Pages 48-49: Letter from Superintendent Henley to Senator M. S. Catham, dated January 10, 1862
- Henley suggests selling Nome Lackee and Mendocino and appropriating money for purchasing
settlers' land round Nome Cult and improving the reservation, as well. Instead of selling tools and
stock they should be transferred to Nome Cult.
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Pages 49-50: Appropriation Bill for the Indian Service for the Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1863 Reducing the California reservation system to only two in number.
Pages 50-51: Report by George Hanson dated September 1, 1862 - Suggests the sale of Nome
Lackee, Mendocino, and Klamath Reservations. He values Nome Lackee at approximately $50,000
and Mendocino $40,000. He belives that the reservation should be sold at 40, 80, and 160 acre lots,
"the purchasers in each case to pay 1/4 cash in hand and the remainder in 6/12 and 18 months with
6% interest." April 25, 1863 - Hanson heard of the defeat of the bill for the sale on Nome Lackee
and Mendocino.
Pages 51-52: Reports of the Office by E. Steele, Superintendent Agent of Indian Affairs in the
Northern District of California, dated October 31, 1863 - During a tour through Nome Lackee,
Steele found the reservation in terrible condition. No one was in charge of the reservation, the
buildings ruined, and crops destroyed. He was informed that the cattle belonging to the reservation
were running wild.
Page 52: Report by Charles Mactby, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, dated September 15, 1866 Recommends that the land embracing Mendocino and Nome Lackee be sold to the settlers for stock
grazing and raising small grain.
Pages 53-54: Report by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs on the California Indians to the
Secretary of the Interior, dated June 26, 1866 - A brief history of setting up reservation systems in
the state of California. It also includes acres and the amount of money appropriated.
Pages 54-56: Report to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs by Robert J. Stevens, Special
Commissioner, dated January 1, 1867 - A basic land survey of the Nome Lackee Reservation. The
subjects consist of the location, how close to the town Tehama, the use of a military pose, the
buildings, acrage and usage of the land, and the Indian population. He then recommended the sale
of the land.
490. ———. Post Return Camp Bidwell. United States Military Posts, 1800-1916. Washington D.C.: United
States National Archives.
Abstract: August 1863: Officers on duty - Lt. Col. Hooker, Ambrose E, 6th Infantry; Norton,
Captain Alfred, 2nd Infantry; Starr, Captain Augustus W., 2nd Cavalry; Davis, 1st Lieutenant John
W, 6th Inf.; Winchell, 2nd Lieutenant Theodore C., 2nd Cav;
On detached duty - MacGowan, Captain Alexander R., 6th Inf; Hubbard, 1st Lieutenant Chalres G.,
2nd Inf.; Knight, 1st Lieutenant William H., 2nd Cav; Rurmitt, 1st Lieutenant Henry A., 2nd Cav.;
Duer, 1st Lieutenant Beverly C., 6th Inf. Return for ten days ending August 20 signed by Morton
Co. K., 2nd Inf., California Volunteers embarked on August 13 at Benicia. Arrived Chico August
15, Co. F, 2nd Cav.. Left camp Union July 28, arrived August 1.Post return for ten days ending
August 20, 1863 by Captain Alfred Morton, 2nd Infantry, Co. K., 2d Inf., embarked at Benicia
august 13, 1863 for Chico per S.O. no. 188, HQ., Department of the Pacific and arrived Chico
Saturday August 15, 1863. Co. F., 2nd Cavalry, California Volunteers left Camp Union,
Sacramento, July 28, 1863 per instruction from General Wright and arrived Chico August 1, 1863.
Lists Cos. K and F. 3 officers and 72 enlisted men present. Captains Alfred Morton (2nd Inf. C.V.
joined August 15, and assumed command August 17, 1863), and Captain Augustus W. Starr
(arrived and established post August 1, 1863. Relieved of command August 17), and 2nd Lt.
Theodore C. Winchell( 2nd Lt. joined August 15, AA ACS per P.O. No. 2, August 26, 1862.) 1st
Lt., John W. Davis, Comdg., Co. A., 6th Inf., joined August 26.
Last eleven days of August, commander Lt. Col. Hooker, Co. A., 6th Infantry, commanded by
Hooker arrived August 26, Special Order No. 195, HQ Department of the Pacific, August 20, 1863.
October 1863 - Pursuant to Special Order No. 240. Lt. Col. Ambrose E Hooker, 6th Infantry C.V.
with Co. K, 2nd Inf., Captain Morton and 2nd Lt., Winchell and Co.A, 6th Infantry with 1st Lt.
Davis left Camp Bidwell, for Chico landing to embark on River Streamer for Benicia Barracks.
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Starr comdg., camp, acting AG AAQM, ACS for post, per Order No. 7 dated Camp Bidwell,
October 25, 1863. Citizen physician Waller remains. Leaves Co. F, 2nd Cav. C.V. 1 officer, 30
enlisted men for duty, plus one extra duty, six men. 2 officers, 48 enlisted men on d.s.
December 1863 - On Dec. 13, Captain Augustus W. Starr and ten men accompanied Dept. Provost
Marshal D.C. Burlinggame to Centerville, Butte County, to arrest three civilian men for refusing to
give their names to the enrolling officer. Held in custody at Camp Bidwell until Dec. 20, when
ordered released by the Dept. Provost Marshall. 41 service horses. One horse has broken leg on
night of Dec. 11. Killed by order. Return for 2nd ten days. 47 service horses. 2 officers. 41 enlisted
men for duty, 4 on extra duty, 3 sick, 1 arrested or confined. Off: Starr and 1st Lt. William L.
Knight. 3rd ten days of Decembe: 47 service horses. Walker, Et. Phy., Starr, comdg.,
also acting adj. AAQM and ACS.
August 1864: Last ten days of Aug: Private Albert Writh, apprehended by Sgt. John Brandon as a
deserter, has since admitted and he is a deserter. Wirth, 1st Inf, N.T. vol., deserter from Fort
Churchill. Sgt. McFarnahan and Private Rice, Co. I, 2nd Cav., c.v., left camp, 4th Infantry on secret
service, keeping watch of a party of successionists. Sgt. O'Keeffe, with ten men, Co. I., left camp
August 15, proceeding to Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County, for purpose of inquiring into nature
and number of Indians and that vicinity, passing thru Tehama and Red Bluff. Returned 19th, having
traveled 120 miles. Lt. Livergood and 20 men Co. I, left camp on 23rd and proceeded to Orovile, 22
miles and returned on 26th, bringing rhree deserters.
August 1 - Captain Doughty and 21 men Co. I., left to scout in mountains in direction of Honey
Lake. Made no discoveries of particular interest. Returned to camp on 9th inst. Dr. J.D. Morris,
Acting Surgeon. Jay H. Haper, 1st Lt., returned to duty with his Co. 28inst. S.O. No. 173 from
Department HQ. Has been about recruiting for the regiment.
1st ten days August. Commanded by Captain James C. Doughty. Co. I., 2nd Cav. 2 officers, 70
enlisted men for duty, 13 daily or extra duty. 5 sick, total 88. 65 serv. horses. 3 arrested or in
confienemnt. 1 sick. 1 d.s. Capt. Doughty with detachment 21 men, Co. I, 2nd Cav, C.V., left camp
on 1st inst. on scout in mountains in direction of Honey Lake Valley. Made no discoveries of
particular interest. Returned to camp 9inst. Doughty, Livergood, Dr. J.D. Morris,
September 1864: Listed as deserters: North, Private Alfred, Lynch, Private Michael, Williams,
Private William H, Moore, Private Peter, Hale, Private Enock K. Captain Doughty and 35 men of
Co., I left on 4th instant for Suprise Valley in obedience to instructions from district hq. Returned
28th instant - marched 500 miles. Return for last ten days, 2 officers, 30 men for duty, 12 on daily
or extra duty, 6 sick, 1 arrest; 36 on d.s., 63 service horses, 2 unserviced. Lt. Jay H. Naper on duty.
Return for 2nd ten days. Command by 1st Lt. Jay H. Naper.
October 1864 - Captain James C. Doughty, Co. I, 2nd Cavalry. No record of events. 3 officers for
duty, 50 men for duty; 2 absent in arrest or confinement. Returned for 1st ten days October by
Naper. Returned for 2nd ten day October by Doughty. 59 service horses, 6 unserviced. 0 daily or
extra duty, 2 sick, 3 arrested or confined. Doughty, Daper, Livergood, and J.D. Morris, AAS. Last
ten days of October. No remarks. 55 present for duty, including three commissioned. Captain
Doughty left with 22 men whose term of service expired. Went to SF to be mustered out. Signed by
Lt. Jay H. Naper. 5 deserters in custody.
November 1864 - Captain James C. Doughty, Co. I, 2nd Cavalry. No record of events. 3 officers,
64 men on duty, 6 sick, total 70. Signed by Doughty. 59 service horses, 6 unserviced. No remarks
December 1864 - Captain James C. Doughty, Co. I, 2nd Cavalry. No record of events.
Signed by Doughty. 59 service horses, 6 unserviced. No remarks. 1st Lt. Naper being mustered
out. 63 service horses; 2 unserviced. 2 officers, 74 men for duty, 3 sick. Returned 10 days . 51 men
for duty, 15 duty or extra duty, 4 sick, 2 confined, 3 officers for duty.
January 1865 - Captain James C. Doughty, Co. I, 2nd Cavalry. No record of events. Signed by
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Books
Doughty. 59 service horses, 6 unserviced. No remarks. 2 officers, 72 men on duty, 6 sick, 4 arrest
or confinement. Naper on d.s. Morriss AAS.
February 1865 - Captain James C. Doughty, Co. I, 2nd Cavalry. No record of events.Signed by
Doughty. 59 service horses, 6 unserviced. No remarks. 2 officers, 87 men on duty, 7 sick, 1
confined. 63 service horse, 2 unserviced.
March 1865 - Captain James C. Doughty, Co. I, 2nd Cavalry. No record of events.Signed by
Doughty. 63 service horses, 2 unserviced. No remarks. 2nd Lt. Daniel W. Livergood. 1 co., 2
officers, 84 men for duty, 3 sick, 4 arrested or confined. Discharged to enable him to accept 1st Lt.
Commission. Coop. 1st ten days of March. 1 officer for duty, 74 men, 13 daily or extra duty, 7 sick,
7 sgts. 8 cpl, 2 musicians, 1 officer absent. Third ten days of March. 63 service horses, 2
unserviced. J.D. Morris still A.A. Surg.
April 1865 - Captain James C. Doughty, Co. I, 2nd Cavalry. No record of events. Corporal Frank
Hudson awaiting trial (Co I., articles of war read to command April 30. Co. F, has returned to camp.
ten days of ... 1st Lt. Livergood [shot] by Cpl. Hudson on April 14 and died on 16th. Co. F, 2nd
Cav. C.V. 1 officer, 1 enlisted man for duty, 2 sick. Co. I., 2 officers, 80 men for duty, 4 sick, 5
arrested or confined. 55 service horses, 3 unservice. 1st 10 days of April Lists Captain A.W. Starr,
Co. F, present, also D.W. Livergood, 2nd Lt., H.C. Penwell, Co. F, absent Doughty (on d.s.) 2nd
ten days of April. Captain Starr left this post with his co. April 19, per instruction from HQ. District
of California enroute to Colusa, leaving 3 men of Co. F casually at post,sick. 1ns Lt., D.W.
Livergood died, ass. by Cpl Hudson April 14, and died on 16th from wound received. Last ten days
of April, Cpl. Frank Hudson awaiting trial.
Signed by Doughty. Frank Hudson awaiting trial. ... of War read to command April 30, 1865.
Captain Starr left on April 19. Per instruction from HQ, enroute to Colusa. Post return for 2nd ten
days in April states that 1st Lt. Livergood assass. by Cpl. Hudson and died April 16.
May 1865 - 1st ten days of May. Co. F, 35 enlisted men, Co. I., 2 officers, 69 men for duty, 11 on
extra or daily duty, 5 sick, 4 confined. Cpl. Hudson awaiting sentence of GE M. Co. F and I, 2nd
Cavalry, California Volunteers. Oliver, P. Steward, and James Gregory, citizens in confinement for
treasonable language. 2nd ten days May, signed by 1st Lt. Charles Tagge. Cpl. Hudson sent under
guard to Camp Union. Troops paid May 19 by Major Sprague, USA. Doughty absent as escort to
Paymaster. Starr absent with Provost Guard at San Francisco as per instruction from Dist. Hq. J.D.
Morris as contract physician at $125 per month.
491. ———. Post Return Camp Dragoon Bridge. Returns From United States Military Posts, 1800-1916.
Washington D.C.: United States National Archives.
Abstract: May 1860: Lts. Chapman and Brewer, with all available men left Fort Crook for Honey
Lake Valley May 10, arrived at Honey Lake May 16. Started back to Crook May 22, arrived May
26. Sgts. Tompkins and nine men, Co. A, 1st Dragoon left post May 21, arrived at Honey Lake, 84
miles, on May 22 to reinforce A. Company. Left Honey Lake May 23 and returned to post May 25.
August 1860: 1st Lt. John Hamilton, 3d Artillery, Comdg. 1 commissioned officer, 46 enlisted men
are now on duty. Absent on detached service is Captain John H. Landrum and 2nd Lt. Edward R.
Warner. On leave is 1st Lt. William A. Winden.
September 1860: Shows 2nd Lt., E.R. Warner, Adjudent, Comdg. 1st Lt. Hamilton and 27 men left
17th September for the Presidio. J.A. Slater, M.D., casually employed as physician 1 officer, 19
enlisted men remain at post.
October 1860: Dragoon Bridge, Honey Lake Valley. 2nd Lt. Edward R. Warner, Comdg. 3d
Artillery. 1 officer. 19 men on post. Remarks: moved from camp into winter quarters on 31st
October 1860. J.A. Slater, M.D. casually employed as physician.
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Books
November 1860: 2nd Lt. E.R. Warner, Comdg. 1 officer. 19 men on post. Remarks: Two men
receive extra duty pay for services rendered.
December 1860: 2nd Lt. Edward R. Warner, Comdg. 1 officer. 19 men on post. No Remarks.
January 1861: 2nd Lt. Edward R. Warner, Comdg. 1 officer. 19 men on post.
February 1861: 2nd Lt. Edward R. Warner, Comdg. 1 officer. 19 men on post. Two wo men receive
extra duty pay for services rendered in addition to their regular duties.
March 1861: 2nd Lt. Edward R. Warner, Comdg. 1 officer. 19 men on post. Goes through May, no
changes and stops.
April 1861: 2nd Lt. Edward R. Warner, Comdg. 1 officer. 19 men on post.
May 1861: 2nd Lt. Edward R. Warner, Comdg. 1 officer. 19 men on post. Two men still receive
extra pay for extra services rendered.
492. ———. Post Return Camp Grant. Returns From U.S. Military Post, 1800-1916. Washington D.C.: United
States National Archive.
Abstract: Simpson, John, Captain, 1st Battalion Mountaineers, Co. "E", California Volunteer
Skinner, W.W. Lieutenant, 1st Bat. Mtn., Co. "E" C.V.
Starr, E.T. 2d Lieutenant, 4th Infantry, Co. "A" C.V.
Rowe, R.S. 1st Lieutenant, 6th Inf., C.V.
December 1863: Simpson, Captain John, 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
January 1864: Simpson, Captain John, 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
February 1864: Simpson, Captain John, 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
Co. "E" detachment had engagement with Indians on Upper Mattole, killed were 13 Indians,
captured 21.
March 1864 Simpson, Captain John, 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
April 1864: Simpson, Captain John, 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
May 1864: Simpson, Captain John, 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E." May 23, 2d Inf., C.V. arrived at
Camp Grant with a detachment. Scouting party had battle with Indians killing nine and wounding
others, took women and children as prisoners. Captured three guns and one horse. As es... to 153
Indian P.O.W.'s enroute to a Fort Humboldt. May 26, Detachment had engagement with Indians at
Mattole, killed two.
June 1864: Skinner, Lieutenant W.W., 1st Bat. Mtn., C.V. Co. "E."
July 1864: Simpson, Captain J., 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
August 1864: Skinner, Lieutenant W.W., 1st Bat. Mtn., C.V. Co. "E."
September 1864: Simpson, Captain J., 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E." Scouting party returned to Camp
Grant after two months in the field at the headwaters of the Eel, Trinity, and Mad River. Captured
161 Indians and delivered them to Round Valley Reservation to Austin Wiley, Superintendent of
Indian offer of Cal. R.
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Books
October 1864: Skinner, Lieutenant W.W., 1st Bat. Mtn., C.V. Co. "E."
November 1864: Skinner, Lieutenant W.W., 1st Bat. Mtn., C.V. Co. "E."
November 16, scouting party discovered Rancheria near headwaters of South Fork of Eel River, it
was attacked - three males kiled, the women and children all escaped.
December 1864: Simpson, Captain J., 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
January 1865: Simpson, Captain J., 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
February 1865: Simpson, Captain J., 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
March 1865: Simpson, Captain J., 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
April 1865: Simpson, Captain J., 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
May 1865: Simpson, Captain J., 1st Bat. Mtn. C.V. Co. "E."
June 1865: Starr, 2d. Lieutenant E.T. 4th Inf., Co. "A", 1st Bat. Mtn., Co. "E." 1st Bat.Mtn., C.V.
Co. "E" transfered to Fort Humboldt order no. 21 dated May 29, 1865.
June 1865: Rowe, 1st Lieutenant R.S. 6th Inf., C.V. 4th Inf., detachment
July 1865: Rowe, 1st Lieutenant R.S. 6th Inf.
August 1865: Rowe, 1st Lieutenant R.S. 6th Inf.
September 1865: Rowe, 1st Lieutenant R.S. 6th Inf.
October 1865: Rowe, 1st Lieutenant R.S. 6th Inf.
November 1865: Rowe, 1st Lieutenant R.S. 6th Inf.
493. ———. Post Return Camp Union. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916. Washington D.C.: United
Abstract: September 1861: Kellogg, John, 5th Inf., C.V. Co. "F,S" 1st and 2d Detachment
October 1861: No returns
November 1861: Coulk, Major Thomas, 5th Inf., C.V.
December 1861: Camp Union, September 1861- May 1866. "There are no returns for the period of
Decemer 1861 - October 1862." All of these post returns deal with the movement of troops
throughout California. No scouting parties for Indians,etc...
November 1862: Pollack, Lt. Col. Robert, 3d Inf., C.V. Co. "B,D."
December 1862: Pollack, Lt. Col. Robert, 3d Inf., C.V. Co. "B,D." 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "F."
January 1863: Pollack, Lt. Col. Robert, 3d Inf., C.V. Co. "B,D." 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "F."
February 1863: Pollack, Lt. Col. Robert, 3d Inf., C.V. Co. "B,D." 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "F."
266
Books
March 1863: Pollack, Lt. Col. Robert, 3d Inf., C.V. Co. "B,D." 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "F."
April 1863: Pollack, Lt. Col. Robert, 3d Inf., C.V. Co. "B,D." 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "F."
May 1863: Pollack, Lt. Col. Robert, 3d Inf., C.V. Co. "B,D." 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "F."
June 1863: Starr, Captain A. W., 2d Cavalry, Co. "F", 1st Cavalry Co. "M", C.V.
July 1863: Watham, Captain E. 2d Cavalry, Co. "F", 1st Cavalry Co. "M", C.V.
August 1863: Watham, Captain E. 2d Cavalry, Co. "F", 1st Cavalry Co. "M", C.V.
September 1863: Watham, Captain E. 2d Cavalry, Co. "F", 1st Cavalry Co. "L", C.V.
October 1863: Watham, Captain E. 1st Cavalry, Co. "L,M", 2d Cavalry Co. "F", C.V.
November 1863: Brown, Lt. Col. O.M., 1st Cavalry, Co. "L,M." C.V.
December 1863: Brown, Lt. Col. O.M., 1st Cavalry, Co. "F,L,H." C.V.
January 1864: Brown, Lt. Col. O.M., 1st Cavalry, Co. "F,L,H." C.V.
February 1864: Brown, Lt. Col. O.M., 1st Cavalry, Co. "F." C.V. left for Drum Barrack February
27. Co. "D" arrived Feb. 7th.
March 1864: McGarry, Major E., 1st Cavalry, C.V. Co. "H", 2d Cavalry Co. "D."
April 1864: Starr, Captain A. W., 2d Cavalry, C.V., Co. "D,F,"
May 1864: Starr, Captain A. W., 2d Cavalry, C.V., Co. "D,F,J."
June 1864: Doughty, Captain James, 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "D,F,J."
July 1864: Starr, Captain A. W., 2d Cavalry, C.V., Co. "D,F,"
August 1864: Starr, Captain A. W., 2d Cavalry, C.V., Co. "D,F,"
September 1864: Ropes, Captain James. 2d Cavalty, C.V., Co. "D,G,F."
October 1864: McGarry, Lt. Col. E., 2d Cavalry Co. "D,F,G", 3d Inf., Co. "B". 7th Inf., Co. "A."
November 1864: McGarry, Lt. Col. E., 2d Cavalry Co. "B,D,F,G", 3d Inf., Co. "B". 7th Inf., Co.
"A."
December 1864: McGarry, Lt. Col. E., 2d Cavalry Co. "A,B,D,F,G, H, K"
January 1865: McGarry, Lt. Col. E., 2d Cavalry Co. "A,B,D,F,G, H, K"
February 1865: McGarry, Lt. Col. E., 2d Cavalry Co. "A,B,D,F,G, H, K"
March 1865: McGarry, Lt. Col. E., 2d Cavalry Co. "A,B,D,F,G, H, K"
April 1865: McGarry, Lt. Col. E., 2d Cavalry Co. "A,B,D,F,G, H, K"
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Books
May 1865: McGarry, Lt. Col. E., 2d Cavalry Co. "A,B,D,F,G, H, K"
June 1865: McGarry, Lt. Col. E., 2d Cavalry Co. "A,B,G, H, K."
July 1865: McGarry, Lt. Col. E., 2d Cavalry Co. "A,G, H, K"
August 1865: Leon, Captain Daneil M., 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "A,G,H."
September 1865: Ropes, Captain James, 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "A,G,H."
October 1865: Duncan, 2d Lt., Inf., "A,B,G,E,F." on detached services.
November 1865: Miller, Lt. Henry, 2d Cavalry, Co. "G" C.V.
December 1865: Ropes, Captain James, 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "A,G,H."
January 1866: Ropes, Captain James, 2d Cavalry, C.V. Co. "A,G,H."
February 1866: Baker, Captain J., 2d Cavalry, Co. "G", 1st Cavalr, Co. "L."
March 1866: Baker, Captain J., 2d Cavalry, Co. "F", 1st Cavalr, Co. "L."
April 1866: Baker, Captain J., 2d Cavalry, Co. "F", 1st Cavalr, Co. "L."
May 1866: Perry, Captain David, 1st Cavalry, Co. "F."
494. ———. Post Return Camp Wool. Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916. Washington D.C.: United
Abstract: May 1855: Floyd - Jones, Captain Delaney, 4th Inf,. Co. "B,F."
June 1855: Floyd - Jones, Captain Delaney, 4th Inf,. Co. "B,F."
Camp located on the Klamath River about five miles below the mouth of the Trinity River.
July 1855:Floyd - Jones, Captain Delaney, 4th Inf,. Co. "B,F."
August 1855: Gasher, 2d Lt. H.H., Detachment Co. "B,F." Lt. Gasher arrived August 11, 1855.
September 1855: Gasher, 2d lt. H.H., Detachment Co. "B,F."
495. ———. Post Return Fort Crook. Returns From United States Military Posts, 1800-1916. Washington D.C.:
United States National Archives.
Notes: Roll 33
Abstract: July 1858: 1st Lt. M.P. Carr, Sgt. Gillies, Starr, Corpl. Evans Bugler Peasner, and 34
privates detached June 10, 1858, arrived back July 2nd engaged in scouting for hostile Indians at
Honey Lake and Indian Valley.
July 1859: Lt. M.P. Carr, and 55 men , Co. A, 1st Dragoons, left post July 8, 1859, for field service,
established "Camp Mackell" Honey Lake Valley July 21, 1859. Distant from this post 80 miles.
December 1862: Lt. H.W. Williams and 25 enlisted men of Co E, 2nd Calvary, California
Volunteers left Fort Crook December 10 to take post. At Smoke Creek, N.T. for protection of
Humboldt Road and citizens of Honey Lake Valley.
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Books
Febuary 1863: Private John Smith, 2nd Calvary, C.V. Killed at Deep Hole, N.T., 18 January 1863.
July 1863: Shows 2nd Lt. Allen Tillinghast left post June 11, Post Order #32, dated June 9, for
service at Smoke Creek Station, N.T.
November 1863: 2nd Lt. Allen Tillinghast, 2d Cav. C.V., released from command at Smoke Creek
Station N.T. and returned to Ft. Crook November 8 per S.O. No. 228. HQ, Department of the
Pacific dated October 6, 1863.
496. ———. Post Return Fort Lyon. Returns From United States Military Posts, 1800-1916. Washington D.C.:
Abstract: June 1862: Flynn, 1st Lt. Henry, 2d Inf., C.V. Co. A,K." June 25th - 1st Lt. Flynn
arrived with a portion of Co. "A."
July 1862: Flynn, Captain H. Reg. Garrison. 2d Inf., C.V. Co."A,K." Attached "I,E."
August 1862: Flynn, Lieutenant Henry, 2d Inf., C.V. CO. "A", Co. "K", 2d Inf., marched to Fort
Gaston.
497. ———. Post Return Fort Reading. Return From United States Miltiary Posts, 1800-1916. Washington D.C.:
Notes: Microcopy Number 617. Roll 993. Camp Reading, CA, May 1852 to June 1867.
Abstract: May 1852: 2nd Infatnry, Co E, post returns say seven miles northwest of Readings. Seven
miles east of Reading's Adobe. Camp Far West was broken up on 4th inst. and command arrived at
Nicolaus same day enroute to Fort Reading on Cow Creek on upper Sacramento. 5th left Nicolaus
by steamer and arrived Tehama on the 8th. Left camp S.W. Schurman near Tehama on the 17th?
Arrived Fort Reading via Reddings on 26th inst. P.O. at Cottonwood. Davis, 1st Lt Nelson.H., 2nd
Inf., Co. E, 2nd Infantry, 1 1st Lt., 1 2nd Lt., 2 sgt., 1 cpl., 1 bugler, drummer, 1 fifer, 19 privates,
3 enlisted men sick, 4 arrest or confined, 2 officers duty. 1 private early duty as teamster, another in
charge of public animals. 44 recruties needed. John Campbell, Asst. Surgeon. Ferdinand Paine, 2nd
Lt, AACS, AAQM. Captain George C. Westcott, d.s. Sonoma (HQ 3rd Division) Brevet 2nd Lt.
William H. Morris detserv. at Fort Columbus. Arrived at Fort Reading.
June 1852: Davis, 1st Lt S.H., 2nd Inf., Co. E arrived at Fort Reading. 7 miles northwest of
Reading, upper Sac Valley. Private Robert Reynolds, E, 2d Dragoons on daily duty quartermaster.
Private Jason McAuley, 1st Dragoon, E, on daily duty in charge of public animals. Three prisoners
sick. Lt. Davis left on 25th det. duty. Not on 31st. Reynolds daily duty McAuley discharged expir.
of service.
July 1852: Davis, 1st Lt S.H., 2nd Inf., Co. E arrived at Fort Reading. 3 prisoners sick. Lt. Davis
left post on 25th detachment duty joined on 31st George C.Westcott and since 8/50. Brevet 2nd Lt.
William H. Morris AWOL (enroute to his regiment). Private Robert Reynolds on daily duty as
teamster.
August 1852: Davis, 1st Lt S.H., 2nd Inf., Co. E arrived at Fort Reading. 1 asst. surgion, 1 1st Lt., 1
2nd Lt., 1 musician, 9 privates for duty, 6 sick, 15 extra duty, 7 arrest or confined.
September 1852: Command by Major and Brevet Colonel George Wright, 1st Regt. Dragoon A and
E., 2nd Infantry E. 1 major, 1 asst. quartermaster, 2 asst. surgeon, 1 sergeant major, (all field and
staff) 1 captain, 1 1st Lt., 1 2nd Lt., 5 dergeants, 4 corporals, 3 buglers, 2 fariers, and blacksmiths,
45 privates for duty; 14 sick, 18 extra duty; 3 arrested or confined; 1 officer and 6 men on duty. Co.
E, 2nd Inf., 1 1st Lt., 1 2nd Lkt., 2 sergeants, 1 musician, 7 privates for duty, 10 sick, 101
servicable horses, 3 unservicable. Wright joined by tranfer Septerber 24; he comdg., northern
district of California since September 17, 1852. Relieved Lt. Davis command of post September 25.
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Books
Morris S. Miller, quarter master department, joined September 29. Private James Armstrong, 4th
Infantry E, on daily duty at dist. HQ. 10 officers, 135 enlisted men. Wright commanding post
September 25 - commanding norther district of California since september 17. Brevet 2nd Lt.
Robert S. Williamson, Topographical engineer joined September 29.
October 1852: Wright, Major George, 1st Regt. Dragoon 2nd Infantry E, 4th Infantry Co. D.
Detached to northern part of state October 5 to locate a post for letter HQ , 9th district. October 4,
1852, 4th Infantry Co. G joined October 2 from Benicia 160 agg. 1st Lt. Edmund Russell joined
October 27, Chief commissary, Northern District of California. Williamson on d.s. with Squadron
1st Dragoon since OCtober 5. Captain and Brevet Lt. Col. Henry L. Scott aide-de-camp to Gen in
chief.
November 1852: Wright, Major George, 1st Regt. Dragoon 2nd Infantry A,E, 4th Infantry Co. D.
Aggreg. strength 106. Williamson with squadron, 1st Dragoon since October 5.
December 1852: Wright, Major George, 1st Regt. Dragoon 2nd Infantry E, 4th Infantry Co. D.
Williamson transfered. Relieved from duty northern district ordered to report to Division HQ Army,
October 1852, and Dist. Order No. 91, December 10, 1852. 1 major, 1 asst. quartermaster, 1 asst.
surg., 1 1st Lt. 2 2nd Lt., 5 sergeant, 3 corporal, 1 Lance corporal, 2 musicians, 29 privates for duty,
1 officer, 18 men sick, 18 men extra duty, 11 arrest or confined, 2 officers duty. No report on horses
because Co. E, 2nd Infantry and Co. D, 4th Infantry are present.
January 1853: Wright, Major George, 2nd Dragoon E, 4th Infantry D. Corporal Michaeol
Fitzgerald, 1st Dragoon A, died at Fort Reading, January 19.
February 1853: Wright, Major George, 1st Dragoon A and D, 2nd Infantry E, 4th Infantry D.
Squadron 1st Dragoon, Cos. A and E, Commanding by Brevet Major Fitzgerald, arrived from Fort
Jones on 9th February.
1st Lt. Thomas F. Castor commanding Co. A, 1st Dragoon. Paine.
Squadron 1st Dragoon, Cos. A and E commanded by Brevet Major Fitzgerald, arrived from Fort
Jones on Feb. 9, 1853. There Dragoon aggreg. for duty: 1 1st Lt., 4 sergeant, 3 corporal, 1 farr, 50
privates for duty, 1 officer, 1 man sick, 6 extra duty, 2 arrested or confiend. Sick off... Fitzgerald.
March 1853: Wright, Major George, 1st Dragoon A and D, 2nd Infantry E, 4th Infantry D. Henry
L. Scott, Captain and Brevet Lt. Col. D, 4th Infantry, aid-de-camp to the General in Chief, HQ,
Army, 31 January 1851-14 May 1861, retired October 30, 1861. Near no undic. of service in CSA
Army Hartman 1, 868. 1st Lt. Richard C.W. Radford, d.s. Fort Jones, CSA Army 1, 812. 2nd Lt.
Charles H. Ogle. 2nd Lt. Francis H. Bates, 4th Infantry d.s. escort pack train to Fort Jones. 1st Lt.
Edmund Russell, Co. D, 4th Infantry; killed by Indians about 20 miles from Tehama at headwater
of Tomes Creek, March 24, 1853. 1 major, 1 asst. quartermaster, 1 brevet 2nd Lt., 5 sergeant, 5
corporal, 4 buglers, 1 ferrier/blacksmith, 43 privates for duty, 5 men sick, 3 extra duty, 4 arrested or
confined, 2 officers, 34 men duty. 96 servicable horses, 3 unservicable. 2nd Infantry Co E, 1 2nd
Lt., 2 sergeant, 2 corporal, 1 musician, 17 privates for duty, 7 sick, 2 extra duty, 1 officer, 4 men
duty. Co. D, 4th Infantry, 3 sergeants, 1 musician, 15 privates for duty, 6 sick, 2 extrad duty.
April 1853: Wright, Major George, 1st Dragoon A and D. 2nd Infantry E, 4th Infantry D. Cos A
and E, 1st Dragoon (113 aggreg) attached to Fort Jones. Left post April 15. Captain George C.
Westcott, E, 2nd Infantry. Died on board Steamer Tennessee. While enroute to join his Co. from
Rec. ... Intell from Newspaper. Died January 8, 1853. Transfer left Co. D, 4th Infantry, Co. E, 2nd
Infantry. 41 privates for duty.
May 1853: 2nd Lt. Ferdinand Paine, 2nd Inf., commanding post May 18, 2nd Infantry E. 4th
Infantry D. Wright on duty, expedition to Fort Jones and northern section of the district. Left Post
May 18. N.H. Davis leave of absence two months. AWOL since April 8, 1853. 4 privates, Cos A
and E, 1 Dragoon to Fort Jones.
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June 1853: Wright commanding since June 1, 2nd Infantry E, 4th Infantry D. 1 major, 1 assistant
quartermaster, 1 assistant surgeon, 1 1st Lt., 2 2nd Lt., 1 fifer, 6 sergeant, 4 corporal, 1 bugler, 21
privates for duty. Captain and Brevet Lt. Cole Henry L. Scott, sen. aide-de-camp to Comdg.
General. Private James Armstrong, Co. F, 4th Infantry still on daily duty, HQ, the district.
July 1853: Wright Commanding 2nd Infantry E, 4th Infantry D. Davis commanding Co. E, 2nd Inf.
Francis Sorrel, Asst. Surgeon, joined post August 28. Will be ordered to Fort Joens first
opportunity. Captain Edward Murray, Co. E., 2nd Infantry on General Reg. Sen. Scott on duty.
August 1853: Wright commanding, 2nd Infantry E, 4th Infantry D. 4 privates in confinement,
awaiting trial for desertion.
September 1853: Ferdinand Paine, since September 11, 2nd Infantry E, 4th Infantry D.
commanding. Wright on duty in field since September 11. 1st Lt. Nelson H. Davis on duty, Fort
Jones per Orders No. 13, HQ, Northern District of California, September 1, 1853.
October 1853: Wright, who assumed command of post October 6, 2nd E and 4th Infantry D.
Retired from duty in field on September 15. Davis on leave for two months. He had joined from
duty in field October 5.
November 1853: Wright, Major George, Co. E, 2nd Infantry broken up. G.O. #2, HQ, Army.
Musicians and privates to Co. D, 4th Infantry. 4 non-com transfered to recruiting service. Wright
commanding in November. Campbell in arrest since 25 November , 1853.
December 1853: Wright, Major George, 4th Infantry D. Campbell still in arrest Co. D, 4th In

Indian-White Relationships in Northern California Books

Transcription

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