Color Imaging AGFA-Lectures FH Koln 2 December, 1998 Guido

Transcription

Agfa
G. Desie
Color Imaging
AGFA-Lectures FH Koln
2 December, 1998
Guido Desie
Agfa Lectures - Fachhochschule Köln
1
Overview
G. Desie
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agfa
Introduction
Ink Jet technologies
Print quality criteria
Ink - substrate interactions
Market opportunities
Future of Ink Jet
2
G. Desie
Introduction: history
Agfa
Year
Inventor/company
Description
1867-1878
Kelvin – Rayleigh
First droplet formation
1949
Elmquist (Siemens)
High pressure continuous jet
1966
Hertz (Lund Institute)
Modulation via electrostatic explosion
1970
Kyser (Silonics)
Bend mode piezo array
1979
Endo (Canon)
Bubble Jet thermal ink jet
1982
Howkins (Exxon)
Push mode piezo array
1982
Vaught (Hewlett-Packard)
Thermal ink jet
1985
Fishbeck (Xerox)
Shear mode piezo array
3
Technology overview
Agfa
• Continuous Ink Jet
– Binary deflection
– Multiple deflection
– Hertz mode
• Drop on Demand Ink Jet
G. Desie
–
–
–
–
–
Thermal activation
Piezo electric transducer
Electrostatic activation
Acoustic activation
Airbrush
4
G. Desie
Binary Continuous Ink Jet technology
Agfa
5
G. Desie
Scitex 6240 Printing system (B-CIJ)
Agfa
6
G. Desie
Multideflection Continuous Ink Jet
Agfa
7
Multideflection Continuous Ink Jet
Agfa
G. Desie
NUR, Scitex, MATAN
8
G. Desie
Hertz Continuous Ink Jet Technology
Agfa
9
Hertz Continuous Ink Jet technology
G. Desie
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agfa
Iris Realist 5030
300 dpi
32 levels
2 pl drops
4 heads
expensive
slow
photoquality
10
G. Desie
Thermal Ink Jet technology
Agfa
11
Bubble growth and collapse
Agfa
G. Desie
Resistor temperature
>300 C
12
G. Desie
Side and top shooters
Agfa
13
G. Desie
Nozzle chamber in Lexmark printhead
Agfa
14
Energy distribution
Agfa
G. Desie
• Only 0.03% of
the total energy is
converted to
kinetic energy in
the propelled
dropled !
15
Thermal Ink Jet: problems
Agfa
• KOGATION:
– buildup of thermal degradation products
– purity extremely important
– thermal stability extremely important
G. Desie
•
•
•
•
Refill limits
Crosstalk
Dot size / volume / direction / velocity variation
Nozzle plate wetting
16
G. Desie
Kogation Study
Agfa
17
Manufacturing of nozzle plate
G. Desie
• Differentiation in
shape
• Microlithography
and semiconductor
processes
• Laser (excimer)
perforation
• Plasma perforation
Agfa
Integration of heaters and transistors possible
18
Maintenance issues
• Nozzle capping
– reduce evaporation
• Nozzle wiping
– removes dirt on nozzle plate
Agfa
• Cleaning station
available in every
thermal ink jet
printer
• Purging
– refresh ink channels
• Priming
G. Desie
– test firing (not on paper)
19
G. Desie
Thermal Ink Jet evolution
Agfa
20
G. Desie
Evolution in HP printheads
Agfa
21
Thermal Ink Jet Evolution (2)
1984
1998
FUTURE
12
300-600
1000 ++
0.125
0.500
1.000 ++
Nozzle pitch (dpi)
96
600
600 x 2
Drop volume (pl)
220
8-10
2-4
Frequency (kHz)
1.25
12.00
20.00++
Nozzle count
Swath length (inch)
G. Desie
Agfa
22
G. Desie
Thermal Ink Jet Printers
Agfa
23
Piezo Ink Jet technology
Agfa
G. Desie
• Electric energy causes deformation in piezo
crystal
• Movement causes pressure wave
• Pressure wave causes droplet ejection
• Micromachining in piezo crystal essential
• Compared to thermal ink jet this is not a silicon
wafer technology (so integration into electronics
is much more complicated)
24
What is a PZT ?
Agfa
• PZT = lead zirconate (sintered mixture of PbO,
ZrO2, TiO2 and dopants)
• After sintering and shaping an electrode is formed
• The crystallite dipoles are polarised (poled)
G. Desie
• After this treatment the piezoelectric crystal
changes form if a voltage is applied over it
25
G. Desie
PZT: poling
Agfa
26
G. Desie
PZT: modes of deformation
Agfa
27
G. Desie
PZT: building
Agfa
28
Squeeze mode piezo transducer
Agfa
G. Desie
• Siemens PT-80 (1977)
29
Push mode piezo transducer
Agfa
G. Desie
• Epson
• Dataproducts
• Trident
30
Bend mode piezo transducer
Agfa
G. Desie
• Tektronix
• Sharp
31
Shear mode piezo transducer
Agfa
G. Desie
• Spectra
• Xaar
• Topaz
32
Shear mode moving wall design
Agfa
• MIT
• Brother
• Dai Nippon
Screen
G. Desie
• Raster Graphics
• Xerox
• Matan
33
Main problems piezo printheads
Agfa
G. Desie
• Nozzle blocking: e.g. by entrapped air or particles
34
G. Desie
Solution: filtering and lung structure
Agfa
35
G. Desie
Idanit 162Ad (push mode piezo Ink Jet)
Agfa
36
G. Desie
Epson push mode piezo Ink Jet
Agfa
37
G. Desie
Hot Melt Piezo Ink Jet Technology
Agfa
38
G. Desie
ACS Spectrum (Flatbed Hot Melt Ink Jet)
Agfa
39
Moving wall type shear mode Ink Jet
Agfa
RasterGraphics
Olympus
Xerox
Signtech
G. Desie
Brother
40
G. Desie
Airbrush Technology
Agfa
41
G. Desie
Airbrush: Vutek
Agfa
42
G. Desie
Electrostatic Ink Jet Technology
Agfa
43
G. Desie
Electrostatic Ink Jet: Tonejet / Esijet
Agfa
44
TonerJet / EleJet Systems
Agfa
EleJet technology
+
shield
electrode
control
electrode
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
applicator
+
+
back
electrode
+
+
-
+
negative charged toner
G. Desie
carrier
paper
+
45
Pressman type printhead
Agfa
• Isolator
• Conductor
• Through hole
• Single conductor layer
• Double conductor layer
G. Desie
• Tripple conductor layer
46
Pressman type printhead (P1-type)
Agfa
• Isolator
• Conductor
• Through hole
G. Desie
• Single conductor layer
47
Acoustic Ink Jet Technology
Agfa
G. Desie
• No nozzle plate
essential
• In some
applications yet
nozzle plate
provided
48
G. Desie
Image quality criteria
• Dots
• Lines
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Size
Density
Shape
Smoothness
Location
Uniformity
Width
Sharpness
Density
Modulation
Staircasing
Agfa
• Solid area
–
–
–
–
Density
Gloss
Graininess
Mottle
49
Image quality criteria
• TEXT
G. Desie
– Details (resolution)
– Edge sharpness (resolution,
addressability, grey levels)
– Sharpness
– Raggedness
– Contrast
– Registration
– Artefacts
Agfa
• GRAPHICS
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Color gamut
Color fidelity
Color saturation
Lines
Fills
Blending
Artefacts
50
G. Desie
Image quality: subjective criteria
Agfa
51
Agfa
G. Desie
Details in competitive image technologies
52
Agfa
Details in competitive image technologies
Electrostatic (200x400dpi)
Piezo Ink jet (300dpi)
G. Desie
EleJet (85dpi)
C-Ink Jet (18dpi)
53
Image quality: objective criteria
Agfa
• Resolution
• Tone reproduction
– Kanamori curve: sensitivity human eye
– Number of grey scale levels
• Color reproduction
– Wide color gamut
• Noise
G. Desie
– Graininess
– Mottle
54
Image quality: tone reproduction
Agfa
• Kanamori-curve as sensitivity scale of human eye
G. Desie
•
•
•
•
Grey levels by dithering
Grey levels by color value
Grey levels by dot size
Combination of any of
these previous ones
55
Agfa
G. Desie
Grey levels by continuous deflection mechanism
56
Agfa
• Grey levels printed by:
• plural dots per cel
• every dot variable
– in size
– in density
– and/or in shape
• by variation of
G. Desie
– movement receiver
– C.E. voltage
– C.E. time
57
Enhance grey scale quality
Agfa
G. Desie
• Enhance resolution for binary pixels: 1440 > 720
> 360 dpi by Epson
• Use different concentrations of ink: Epson,
Lexmark, HP, Canon, Lasermaster, …
• Use multiple spots per dot: Iris, HP, Canon,
Epson, Lasermaster, …
• Use multiple sizes per droplet: Crystaljet, Xaar,
… “drops collide in air”
58
Image quality: IT8 analysis (color gamut)
Agfa
G. Desie
Toner or inks comprising
pigments or dyes can
behave totally different!
59
Color Gamut
Agfa
G. Desie
• Dyes better
than pigments
• Hexachrome
better than
CMYK
• Micropigments
better than
pigments
60
Image quality: transitions (tones)
Agfa
Soft transitions
G. Desie
Black-white via “full saturation”
61
Image quality: noise
Agfa
G. Desie
• IT8 analysis for ‘small
area noise’
• Page-wide noise in
continuous wedges:
mottle
62
G. Desie
Image quality: object rendition
Agfa
63
Competition
Agfa
Difference binary / contone
G. Desie
EleJet (contone)
EleJet (binary)
64
Competition
Agfa
Viewing distance: 1280 cm
digital
G. Desie
airbrush
elestat
elejet 1b
thermal IJ
piezo IJ
elejet 5b
contin.IJ
65
Competition
Agfa
G. Desie
66
Competition
Agfa
G. Desie
67
Competition
Agfa
G. Desie
68
Competition
Agfa
G. Desie
69
Competition
Agfa
G. Desie
70
Competition
Agfa
digital
G. Desie
airbrush
elestat
elejet 1b
thermal IJ
piezo IJ
elejet 5b
contin.IJ
71
Competition
Agfa
digital
G. Desie
airbrush
elestat
elejet 1b
thermal IJ
piezo IJ
elejet 5b
contin.IJ
72
G. Desie
Competition
Agfa
73
G. Desie
Competition
Agfa
74
G. Desie
Competition
Agfa
75
Image quality: physical properties
Agfa
Lightfastness
Waterfastness
Scratchability
G. Desie
“Karcher”test
76
Print quality: ink-substrate interaction
Agfa
• Mechanical artefacts
– Banding
• Ink / head interaction
– Satellites
– Variation in drop size/velocity/uniformity/...
• Ink / media interaction
G. Desie
– Optical density / bleed
– Stripeness
– Cocke and curl
77
G. Desie
Dot artefacts: mechanical + ink/head
Agfa
78
Printing artefacts
Agfa
G. Desie
• Bleeding
• Stripiness
• ...
79
Solution: multi-pass printing, but...
Agfa
G. Desie
… Slows down considerably printing proces
80
G. Desie
Bidirectional printing
Agfa
81
Ink properties
Ink property /ingredient
General function
Principal interaction
Surface tension
Meniscus, drop attributes
Wetting, dot spread
Viscosity
Specific gravity
Drop formation, ink flow Absorption drying
in printhead, ligament
characteristics
Aerodynamics, drop flight
Solvent
Volatility, dye loading
Dye / pigment
Color strength, hue,
lightfastness, waterfastness
Viscoelastic properties,
Fastness
drop attributes
pH, biocidal activity,
Drying, durability
penetration
Binder
Additives
G. Desie
Agfa
Dot spread, absorption,
evaporation
Fastness, optical density
82
Ink Jet Inks: manufacturers
Agfa
•Dyes, Pigments :
Clariant, BASF, Zeneca, Bayer, Degussa,
Cabot, Ciba-Geigy; Japanese, USA-companies
•Ink jet ink manufacturers
G. Desie
•American Ink Jet Corp.
•Brand M, Inc
•Coates Brothers PLC
•Diablo Supplies (Xerox)
•Formulabs, Inc
•Franz Buettner AG (Pelikan)
•Graphic Utilities, Inc.
•Image Specialists
•Imaging Technologies
•Independent Ink,Inc
•Ink Jet Enterprise (Dupont)
•Ink Technology Corp.
•Lexmark Int.,Inc
•Renewable Resources, Inc
•Trident, Inc
83
Ink producers
Agfa
• Ink jet ink producers
G. Desie
•3M
•American Ink Jet Corp.
•Armor
•Brand M, Inc
•Coates Brothers PLC
•DCI
•Diablo Supplies (Xerox)
•DicoJet
•Formulabs, Inc
•Franz Buettner AG (Pelikan)
•Graphic Utilities, Inc.
•Ilford
•Image Specialists
•Imaging Technologies
•Independent Ink,Inc
•Ink Jet Enterprise (Dupont)
•Ink Technology Corp.
•Jetfill
•Kodak
•Lexmark Int.,Inc
•Lyson
•Olivetti
•Renewable Resources, Inc
•Seiko-Epson
•Sentinel
•Tricon
•Trident, Inc
•Zeneca, ........
84
Ink producers
Agfa
Refillers
G. Desie
•Pelikan
•DCI (UK)
•Lyson (UK)
•Armor (FR)
•Formulabs (USA)
•Jetfill (USA)
•Turbon (D)
•Kores (D)
•American InkJet
•Graphic Utilities
•General (J)
•Print Rite (China)
•HP, Canon, Epson
•Canon, Epson
•HP, Canon, Epson
•Canon, Epson
•HP, Canon, Epson
•HP, Canon, Epson
•HP, Canon, Epson
•HP, Canon, Epson
•HP, Canon, Epson
•HP, Canon, Epson
•Canon, Epson
•HP, Canon, Epson
85
Ink Jet Inks
Agfa
Production process
Base materials
• dyes
• pigments
• solvents
• additives
Clariant, BASF, Zeneca, Bayer,
Degussa, Cabot, Ciba-Geigy;
Japanese, USA-companies, etc.
Ink production
• special skills
ink jet systems
• HP, Canon, Seiko-Epson
• Encad, Colorspan
• VuTek, Calcomp
• Lexmark, etc.
Refillers
G. Desie
Higher value
86
Different ink types
Agfa
• Aqueous based inks
– Cost, low viscosity, low toxicity
– Dry time, substrate dependence, waterfastness, cockle and curl, bleed,
clogging, kogation, lightfastness
• Solvent based inks
– Dry time, air bubbles, other ink-media possibilities
– Environmental issues
• Phase change inks
– Solid at RT, substrate independent, good quality
– Image durability, transparancy, color mixing
• UV inks
G. Desie
– Dry time, substrate independent
– Environmental issues? (rest catalysts)
87
Ink Jet Inks
Agfa
Main Ink variants
• (A-D) aqueous dye-based inks
direct dyes, acid dyes, new dyes
• (A-P) aqueous dispersed inks
pigments, disperse dyes, vat dyes
• (S-D) non-aqueous solvent based inks
solvent, oil, wax-soluble dyes
G. Desie
• (S-P) non-aqueous solvent dispersed inks
pigments, disperse dyes
88
Dyes or Pigments
Agfa
• Transparency
– Dyes fully transparent
– Pigments can have small particle size but even then they can aggregate and
reduce the transparency
• Hue / Chroma
– Narrow absorption peaks for dyes
– Broader absorption range for pigments
• Color Strength
– Area under the absorption curve
• Lightfastness / waterfastness
G. Desie
– Pigments considerably better
89
Aqueous inks
•
•
•
•
•
Water
Co-solvents
Dyes / Pigments
Complexing agents
Other additives
–
–
–
–
–
G. Desie
Agfa
Surfactants
Dispersants or solubilizing agents
Humectants
Paper penetrants
Biocides
90
Solvent inks
G. Desie
•
•
•
•
Agfa
MEK based inks
Oil based inks for piezo ink jet systems
Dyes / Pigments
Pigment dispersion stabilizers
91
Phase change inks
G. Desie
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agfa
Solid at room temperature
Carriers
Plasticizers
Tackifiers
Viscosity modifiers
Dyes / Pigments
Anti-oxidants
92
Pigment based inks
Agfa
• “Stable Pigment Dispersions”
G. Desie
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Block co-polymers: Xerox 5,760,124
Adjust pKa: Dupont 5,713,993
Microemulsion and hydrotropic amphile: HP 5,713,989
Agglomerated organic pigments: Epson EP 851,005
Nanoparticles: Kodak EP 776,952
Toner type dispersions: Kao EP 791,610
Jettable toner: Xerox 5,714,993
93
Image cockle and curl
Agfa
G. Desie
• Absorption
characteristics
• Drying
characteristics
• E-modulus
receiver
• Amount applied
liquid
94
Drying of jetted ink on receiver
Agfa
• Evaporation
• Spreading +
penetration:
– ink:
• surface tension
• viscosity
– receiver:
G. Desie
•
•
•
•
surface-free volume
thermodynamic wetting
penetration ability
size of porosity
95
G. Desie
Balance spread - penetration
Agfa
96
G. Desie
Agfa
97
Agfa
• Evaporation controlled part
– Constant layer temperature
• Alfa-factor (amount of fresh air)
• Solvent type (enthalpy of evaporation)
• Diffusion controlled part
– Increasing layer temperature
G. Desie
• Layer thickness (e.g. thickness of coating)
• Layer anisotropy (e.g. silica versus gelatin)
• Temperature (diffusion also temperature dependent)
98
Agfa
Parameters
G. Desie
•
•
•
•
•
Air flow or air suction
Temperature of layer via hot air or IR-dryer
Time
Prevent contact after finished print
Choose different type of receiver
99
Image quality: media influence
Agfa
• Media type
determines
amount of:
G. Desie
– spreading
– absorption
– dye fixation
100
G. Desie
Ink absorption in photograde paper
Agfa
101
G. Desie
Dot quality: media influence
Agfa
102
G. Desie
Dot quality: media influence
Agfa
103
G. Desie
Gray scale: media influence
Agfa
104
G. Desie
Modulation: media influence
Agfa
105
G. Desie
Sharpness: media influence
Agfa
106
Color gamut: media influence
Agfa
G. Desie
• FILM
• Glossy
coated
paper
• Matt
coated
paper
• Plain
paper
107
Media development
Agfa
• Coating and surface structure important
– Multilayer configurations optimize different functions
– Absorb water and immobilize dye
• Affect performance
–
–
–
–
–
Drytime
Waterfastness
Tack
Bleed
Lightfastness
• Difference pigment inks versus dye based inks
G. Desie
– Solvent diffuses into structure - pigment remains at top
108
Media modifications
Agfa
• Apply uniform coating
– US 5,700,582 Arkwright “Polymer matrix coating”
• Add ink receiving layer by lamination
– US 5,695,588 Agfa “laminate to any substrate”
• Coating for waterfastness to aqueous inks
– EP 825,031 Kimberly-Clark
• Apply coating and control structure
G. Desie
– EP 749,845 Canon “Use printhead to apply a liquid
that coases coagulation of dye or pigment”
109
G. Desie
AgfaJet media
Agfa
110
Market opportunities
Agfa
• High quality printouts at moderate speed
– Thermal Ink Jet: HP, Canon, Lexmark
– Piezo Ink Jet: Epson
– Loozer = Iris Hertz technology
• Moderate quality at very high speed
– Piezo Ink Jet technology
• 3D-modelling
– Piezo Hot Melt Ink Jet
• Low quality high speed large size
– Piezo Ink Jet will replace airbrush and continuous ink jet
• Document enhancement with spot colors
G. Desie
– Binary continuous ink jet versus piezo ink jet
111
G. Desie
The future of DOD ink jet
Agfa
112
G. Desie
The future of DOD Ink Jet
Agfa
113
“Permanent” thermal printhead
Agfa
G. Desie
• Fuji Xerox Jet Wind
• 800 dpi
• 10000 pages liftime
114
G. Desie
Canon dual chamber thermal ink jet
Agfa
115
G. Desie
Canon Thermal UV System
Agfa
116
LIFT technology (Kodak)
Agfa
• Liquid Ink Fault Tolerant
ink jet technology
G. Desie
• Separation of drop
formation and drop
selection
117
G. Desie
Sony Carrier Jet (in situ mixing)
Agfa
118
G. Desie
Oce piezo Ink Jet development
Agfa
119
Sharp Buckle Jet
Agfa
G. Desie
• Actuator pre stressed
• Buckles when
resistively heated
• Energy comparable to
thermal ink jet
• Frequency probably
lower than thermal ink
jet
120
G. Desie
Samsung printhead in cilinder form
Agfa
121
G. Desie
Topaz Crystaljet technology
Agfa
122
HP: page wide printhead
Agfa
• 600 dpi, 126 ppm
• Page array per color
– 6300 nozzles
– 230 watts
G. Desie
• Dryer 4300 watts
• Calculated drop
generator failure every
5 pages
123
Conclusions
Agfa
G. Desie
• Ink Jet seems to become a printing technology
that can be used for a wide range of applications
• Every week/month new announcements prove that
the final target has not yet been reached
• If you want to be part of a digital printing chain,
then INK JET is the must for you.
• Within the different Ink Jet technologies, piezo
Ink Jet is the most preferred for the next years.
124

Color Imaging AGFA-Lectures FH Koln 2 December, 1998 Guido

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