the THIRD edition

Transcription

the THIRD edition

the THIRD edition
Intermediate Study Companion
for Swiss learners
Liz and John Soars
3
NEW HEADWAY THIRD EDITION INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION
© Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt
Wordlist
Here is a list of most of the new words in the units of
New Headway Intermediate – the NEW edition Student’s Book.
adj
adv
US
coll
conj
pl
=
=
=
=
=
=
adjective
adverb
American English
colloquial
conjunction
plural
prep
pron
pp
n
v
=
=
=
=
=
preposition
pronoun
past participle
noun
verb
Unit 1
achievement n /@"tSi:vm@nt/
● réussite risultato, successo
Errungenschaft
Sending a man to the moon was a great achievement.
afford (can’t afford) v /@"fO:d/
● (ne pas) avoir les moyens, (ne pas) pouvoir se permettre
(non) potersi permettere sich (nicht) leisten können
I can’t afford to go out tonight.
ages n /"eIdZIz/
● longtemps un sacco di tempo eine Ewigkeit
I’ve been waiting for you for ages.
amazing adj /@"meIzIN/
● incroyable incredibile erstaunlich
The Pyramids are an amazing sight.
ambassador n /&m"b&s@d@(r)/
● ambassadeur ambasciatore Botschafter/Botschafterin
Ambassadors from all over the world attended the conference.
ancient adj /"eInS@nt/
● ancien, antique antico altertümlich
The ancient world was very different from the modern world.
apologize v /@"pQl@dZaIz/
● s’excuser scusarsi entschuldigen
I apologize for taking so long to reply.
architectural adj /A:kI"tektS@r@l/
● architectural architettonico architektonisch
The architectural features are very interesting.
assassinate v /@"s&sIneIt/
● assassiner assassinare ermorden
I was very sad when John Lennon was assassinated.
benefit v /"ben@fIt/
● bénéficier trarre beneficio da profitieren
The whole world has benefited from the discovery of antibiotics.
break (from work) n /breIk/
● pause, vacances intervallo, vacanza Pause
You need to take a break from work and have a rest.
bright adj /braIt/
● brillant brillante, splendente hell, glänzend
The windows were bright and clean.
builder n /"bIld@(r)/
● maçon, ouvrier/ière du bâtiment muratore Bauunternehmer
I think I’ll get a builder to repair the wall.
celebrity n /s@"lebr@ti/
● célébrité persona famosa, celebrità Prominente/Prominenter
He is very famous in this country – he’s a celebrity!
century n /"sentS@ri/
● siècle seccolo Jahrhundert
Technology really developed during the last century.
come round v /%kVm "raUnd/
● passer voir qn venire a trovare vorbeikommen
Maria said she would come round tonight to watch a film with me.
commercialized adj /k@"m3:S@laIzd/
● devenu commercial commercializzato kommerzialisiert
I’d never go there for a holiday. It’s too commercialized.
communicate v /k@"mju:nIkeIt/
● communiquer comunicare kommunizieren
Modern technology makes it really easy to communicate with people.
computer n /k@m"pju:t@(r)/
● ordinateur computer Computer
Computers have changed the way we work today.
corn n /kO:n/
● blé, (aux USA) maïs grano Getreide
Corn is a healthy food. It’s good for you.
destroy v /dI"strOI/
● détruire distruggere zerstören
There are enough nuclear weapons to destroy the world.
dishwasher n /"dISwQS@(r)/
● lave-vaisselle lavastoviglie Geschirrspülmaschine
If you have a dishwasher, you don’t need to do the washing-up.
drug abuse n /"drVg @%bju:s/
● usage abusif de stupéfiants abuso di droga Drogenmissbrauch
Drug abuse is a serious problem in some parts of the country.
email n /"i:meIl/
● mail, e-mail e-mail E-mail
I’ll send you an email about it later.
email v /"i:meIl/
● envoyer un mail inviare un’e-mail E-mail mailen
I’m just about to email the details to everyone.
estimate v /1 "estImeIt/
● estimer calcolare schätzen
He estimated that it would cost a lot of money.
famine n /"f&mIn/
● famine carestia Hungersnot
We need to help the countries where there is famine.
freezing adj /"fri:zIN/
● glacial si gela eiskalt
Put your scarf on! It’s freezing outside.
full-time adj /%fUl "taIm/
● à plein temps a tempo pieno VollzeitHave you got a full-time job now?
galaxy n /"g&l@ksi/
● galaxie galassia Sternsystem
A galaxy is a very large group of stars and planets.
get stuck v /%get "stVk/
● être bloqué rimanere bloccato stecken bleiben
I got stuck in traffic for ages this afternoon.
giant adj /"dZaI@nt/
● géant gigantesco riesig
Let’s try the new cinema. It has a giant screen.
go mad v /%g@U "m&d/
● devenir fou de rage impazzire wütend werden
Mum will go mad when she sees this mess.
go out with (sb) v /%g@U "aUt wID/
● sortir avec (qn) uscire con (qlcu.) ausgehen mit
Peter asked me to go out with him on Saturday.
goodwill adj /%gUd"wIl/
● de bonne volonté di buona volontà, di pace des guten Willens
They paid for the damage as a goodwill gesture.
gorgeous adj /"gO:dZ@s/
● superbe magnifico, stupendo wunderschön
She’s very trendy and she wears gorgeous clothes.
greed n /gri:d/
● cupidité avidità (di denaro) Gier, Geldgier
Greed for power and money drives many people.
hang on (= wait) informal v /%h&N "Qn/
● attendre aspettare warten
Can you hang on a moment?
health care n /"helT %ke@(r)/
● soins médicaux, prévention sanitaire assistenza sanitaria
Gesundheitswesen
Private health care is very expensive.
Intermediate wordlist
2
hectic adj /"hektIk/
● mouvementé frenetico
race (of people) n /reIs/
hektisch
I’ve had such a hectic day. I’m exhausted!
humble adj /"hVmbl/
● humble umile einfach
She was a very humble person.
increase v /In"kri:s/
● augmenter aumentare zunehmen
The number of students studying English has increased over the years.
interactivity n /%Int@r&k"tIv@ti/
● interactivité interattività Interaktivität
Exercises on CD-ROM have lots of interactivity.
Internet n /"Int@net/
● Internet Internet Internet
The world has become a much smaller place thanks to the Internet.
knowledge n /"nQlIdZ/
● connaissance(s) cultura, conoscenza Wissen
Reading helps to increase your knowledge about a subject.
leap n, v /li:p/
● bond (n), bondir (v) balzo, passo avanti (n), sobbalzare (v)
Sprung (n), springen (v)
Moving to a new job was a big leap for me.
I leapt out of bed when the alarm went off.
(give a) lift (= ride in a car) n /lIft/
● prendre en voiture passaggio jemanden (im Auto) mitnehmen
Can you give me a lift to the shops, please?
loo (= toilet) informal n /lu:/
● toilettes gabinetto Klo, Toilette
She won’t be long. She’s just gone to the loo.
mankind n /%m&n"kaInd/
● humanité genere umano Menschheit
Modern science has benefited the whole of mankind.
mess n /mes/
● désordre disordine Durcheinander
I’ll have to tidy up my room. It’s a real mess!
mobile phone n /%m@UbaIl "f@Un/
● téléphone portable cellulare, telefonino Handy
Please switch off your mobile phone during the exam.
musical instrument n /%mju:zIkl "Instr@m@nt/
● instrument de musique strumento musicale Musikinstrument
I’d love to be able to play a musical instrument, like the piano.
noticeable adj /"n@UtIs@bl/
● perceptible evidente, notevole wahrnehmbar, erkennbar
There was a noticeable silence when he entered the room.
nuclear weapon n /%nju:kli@ "wepn/
● arme nucléaire arma nucleare Atomwaffe
Nuclear weapons could destroy the world.
observatory n /@b"z3:v@tri/
● observatoire osservatorio Observatorium
You can study the stars and planets from an observatory.
Olympic Games n /@%lImpIk "geImz/
● Jeux Olympiques Olimpiadi Olympische Spiele
I always watch the Olympic Games on television.
online adj /Qn"laIn/
● en ligne, connecté on line OnlineOnline shopping is easy nowadays.
payment n /"peIm@nt/
● paiement pagamento Zahlung
The first payment is due next month.
perform v /p@"fO:m/
● donner un spectacle recitare spielen, aufführen
He is performing in a play in New York.
pet n /pet/
● animal de compagnie animale da compagnia Haustier
I’d love a pet, but my mum won’t let me have one.
pick up v /%pIk "Vp/
● aller chercher passare a prendere abholen
I’ll pick you up from the airport when you arrive.
popcorn n /"pQpkO:n/
● pop-corn popcorn Popcorn
If we go to the cinema, can we get some popcorn?
● race razza Rasse
It is illegal to discriminate on the basis of race or gender.
ray (the sun’s rays) n /reI/
● rayon (de soleil) raggio Strahl (die Sonnenstrahlen)
You should use sunblock to protect you from the harmful rays.
record v /rI"kO:d/
● prendre note prendere nota di aufschreiben
You should record all the hours that you work here.
revolutionize v /%rev@"lu:S@naIz/
● révolutionner rivoluzionare revolutionieren
Computers have revolutionized the office environment.
rise v /raIz/
● monter aumentare steigen
The number of computer users rises every year.
save (a life) v /%seIv/
● sauver salvare (la vita) retten
Antibiotics have saved many lives.
skid v /skId/
● déraper slittare (aus) rutschen
The car skidded, and finally stopped.
solar system n /"s@Ul@ %sIst@m/
● système solaire sistema solare Sonnensystem
Our solar system is only one of many.
space probe n /"speIs %pr@Ub/
● sonde spatiale sonda spaziale Raumsonde
A space probe can transmit information back to earth.
sparkling adj /"spA:klIN/
● étincelant scintillante glänzend
The little girl had sparkling blue eyes.
stage n /steIdZ/
● scène palcoscenico Bühne
Everyone went mad when the band came out onto the stage.
stand (can’t stand) v /"st&nd/
● (ne pas) supporter (non poter) sopportare ausstehen (ich kann es
nicht ausstehen)
I can’t stand it when the music is so loud!
stand for (sth) v /"st&nd f@/
● vouloir dire (qch) rappresentare, indicare bedeuten
What do the initials stand for?
statement n /"steItm@nt/
● déclaration affermazione Aussage
My car was stolen and I had to make a statement to the police.
step n /step/
● pas passo Schritt
The first step is the most difficult, after that it’s easy!
stuff (= things in general) informal n /stVf/
● des trucs roba Sachen
I need to sort out all this stuff.
surely adv /"SU@li/
● certainement sicuramente sicher
Surely he didn’t mean it – it was only a joke.
swimming costume n /"swImIN %kQstju:m/
● maillot de bain costume da bagno Badeanzug
Next time we go to the beach, I’ll wear my new swimming costume.
take part v /%teIk "pA:t/
● participer partecipare teilnehmen
Did you take part in the contest, or did you just watch?
take place v /%teIk "pleIs/
● avoir lieu aver luogo stattfinden
The final match will take place on Saturday.
text message n /"tekst %mesIdZ/
● message text, texto messaggino, SMS SMS
I’ve received a text message from my sister.
text v /tekst/
● envoyer un message text mandare messaggini texten
John, will you text me when you find out the details, please?
try on v /%traI "Qn/
● essayer provare anprobieren
Could I try on that coat and see if it fits me?
3
the UN n /D@ % ju: "en/
● l’ONU l’ONU, le Nazioni Unite
(at your earliest) convenience n /k@n"vi:ni@ns/
die UNO
The UN sent out a peacekeeping force when the trouble started.
user n /"ju:z@(r)/
● utilisateur/trice utente Benutzer/Benutzerin
Computer users can communicate via the Internet.
vegetarian n /%vedZI"te@ri@n/
● végétarien/ne vegetariano Vegetarier/Vegetarierin
Sally hasn’t eaten meat for years. She’s a vegetarian.
web page n /"web %peIdZ/
● page Web pagina web Webseite
That web page is really helpful, you should read it.
website n /"websaIt/
● site Web sito web Website
That band you like has its own website now.
wing n /wIN/
● aile ala Flügel
The bird has broken its wing.
wonder n /"wVnd@(r)/
● merveille, prodige meraviglia Wunder
It is a wonder that he survived the car accident.
Unit 2
absolutely adv /%&bs@"lu:tli/
● absolument completamente wirklich
I am absolutely certain that I saw her.
advertisement n /@d"v3:tIsm@nt/
● publicité pubblicità, annuncio Werbespot
I read the advertisement in the newspaper.
aerobics n /e@"r@UbIks/
● aérobique aerobica Aerobic
She does aerobics every Thursday evening.
allow v /@"laU/
● permettre permettere erlauben
My parents won’t allow me to go out tonight.
amount n /@"maUnt/
● quantité quantità die Menge, die Anzahl
You only need a small amount of that.
arrangement n /@"reIndZm@nt/
● décision, arrangement sistemazione, disposizione Vereinbarung
Let’s make an arrangement for the weekend.
bargain n /"bA:gIn/
● bonne affaire affare Schnäppchen
I found some bargains when I was shopping today.
brochure n /"br@US@(r)/
● brochure, prospectus opuscolo, dépliant Broschüre
I’m just having a look in the brochure for you.
busy adj /"bIzi/
● occupé occupato, impegnato beschäftigt
I’ve been so busy this week, I’m glad it’s the weekend.
charity n /"tS&r@ti/
● organisation caritative ente benefico Wohlfahrtsorganisation
I always support my favourite charity.
cheer (sb) up v /%tSI@(r) "Vp/
● remonter le moral à (qn) rallegrare aufheitern
That was a great film. It really cheered me up.
cheque n /tSek/
● chèque assegno Scheck
Please remember to sign and date the cheque.
clown n /klaUn/
● clown clown, pagliaccio Clown
That clown was the funniest I’ve ever seen.
coach v /k@UtS/
● entraîner allenare trainieren
Bob has been coaching the team for the last three years.
● dès que cela vous sera possible appena possible
so bald wie möglich
Please call me at your earliest convenience.
(be) crazy about (sth) v /"kreIzi @baUt/
● (être) fou de (qch) (andar) matto per (qlco.)
verrückt nach etw (sein)
I love snowboarding. I’m crazy about it!
decimal n /"desIml/
● décimale decimale Dezimalzahl
What is 67% when written as a decimal?
decimal adj /"desIml/
● décimal decimale DezimalThe euro is based on the decimal system.
decorate v /"dek@reIt/
● faire des travaux de décoration decorare streichen und/oder
tapezieren
I’ve been very busy decorating the bathroom.
distract v /dI"str&kt/
● distraire, détourner l’attention distrarre ablenken
He was distracted by the noise of the traffic.
dry ski slope n /%draI "ski: sl@Up/
● piste de ski artificielle pista artificiale Trockenskipiste
I practise skiing on the dry ski slope in summer.
energetic adj /en@"dZetIk/
● énergique energico energisch
What an energetic performer she is!
event n /I"vent/
● événement avvenimento Veranstaltung
The biggest event will be held in the main arena.
exhausted adj /Ig"zO:stId/
● exténué esausto, sfinito erschöpft
The exhausted runners need to have a long rest.
fancy adj /"f&nsi/
● fantaisiste, chic appariscente, particolare ausgefallen
She wore a fancy skirt to the party.
feed v /fi:d/
● nourrir dar da mangiare a füttern
I’ll just feed the cat and then we can go.
football pitch n /"fUtbO:l %pItS/
● terrain de football campo di calcio Fussballfeld
The players are on the football pitch ready to start the game.
goggles pl n /"gQglz/
● lunettes (de ski) occhiali da sci Skibrille
Maria is wearing some new ski goggles.
graduate n /"gr&djU@t/
● diplômé/e (de l’enseignement supérieur) laureato
Hochschulabsolvent/Hochschulabsolventin
John is a graduate of the University of Oxford.
guess v /ges/
● deviner indovinare raten
I didn’t know the answer, so I had to guess.
health n /helT/
● santé salute Gesundheit
Good health is the most important thing in life.
inconvenience n /%Ink@n"vi:ni@ns/
● désagrément, inconvénient disguido Unannehmlichkeit
Please accept our apologies for the inconvenience.
injection n /In"dZekSn/
● piqûre iniezione Spritze
I was bitten by a dog in Africa, so I had to have an injection.
interior designer n /In%tI@ri@ dI"zaIn@(r)/
● architecte d’intérieur arredatore Innenarchitekt/ Innenarchitektin
We asked an interior designer to advise us about the decorating.
jogger n /"dZQg@(r)/
● joggeur/euse chi pratica il jogging Jogger/Joggerin
A jogger ran past and I dropped my drink.
journalist n /"dZ3:n@lIst/
● journaliste giornalista Journalist/Journalistin
Jim’s got a job as a journalist on a national newspaper.
4
kid n /kId/
● gosse, enfant bambino, ragazzino
plait n /pl&t/
Kind
Look at that little kid. Isn’t he cute?
laugh v /lA:f/
● rire ridere lachen
I laughed so much I cried.
laughter n /"lA:ft@(r)/
● rire riso, risata Lachen
My mother always said that laughter is the best medicine.
lawyer n /"lO:j@(r)/
● avocat/e avvocato Anwalt/Anwältin
I’m going to study hard. I want to be a lawyer.
leisure n /"leZ@(r)/
● loisir svago, tempo libero Freizeit
I don’t have a lot of time for leisure.
leisurely adj /"leZ@(r)li/
● tranquille, pas pressé di piacere gemütlich
After a late lunch we went for a leisurely walk.
lobby n /"lQbi/
● hall atrio Eingangshalle
If you wait in the lobby, I will meet you there.
loose-fitting adj /"lu:s %fItIN/
● ample largo, ampio weit
He was wearing a loose-fitting shirt and jeans.
magic trick n /%m&dZIk "trIk/
● tour de magie gioco di prestigio Zaubertrick
That magic trick was brilliant!
marriage counsellor n US /"m&rIdZ %kaUns@l@(r)/
● conseiller/ère conjugal(e) consulente matrimoniale
Eheberater/Eheberaterin
If you are having difficulties, perhaps you should both see a marriage
counsellor.
master’s degree n /"mA:st@z dI%gri:/
● maîtrise master zweiter Universitätsabschluss
I’m studying for a master’s degree in chemistry.
medicine n /"medsn/
● médicament medicina Medizin
Please take your medicine; it will make you feel much better.
mind n /maInd/
● tête, pensées mente Sinn, Gedanken
She’s worried. She has a lot on her mind.
nonsense n /"nQns@ns/
● absurdités, sottises assurdo Quatsch
I can’t understand this. It’s nonsense.
operation n /Qp@"reISn/
● opération intervento Operation
He has to have an operation on his knee.
order n /"O:d@(r)/
● ordre ordine Befehl
You have to obey orders in the army.
order v /"O:d@(r)/
● commander ordinare befehlen, anordnen
Stop ordering me about!
otherwise adv /"VD@waIz/
● sinon altrimenti sonst
We must hurry, otherwise we’ll miss the plane.
pack v /p&k/
● faire sa valise caricare, stipare packen
He packed his things into the car and drove home.
packing and postage n /%p&kIN @n "p@UstIdZ/
● frais d’emballage et de port imballaggio e affrancatura
Versandkosten
Was the packing and postage very expensive?
participate v /pA:"tIsIpeIt/
● participer partecipare teilnehmen
If everyone participates, we’ll have more fun.
percentage n /p@"sentIdZ/
● pourcentage percentuale Prozentsatz
What percentage of your salary do you spend on food?
● natte, tresse treccia Zopf
Jo’s hair was tied back in a plait.
privileged adj /"prIv@lIdZd/
● privilégié privilegiato privilegiert
He was a lovely man. I felt privileged to have known him.
process v /"pr@Uses/
● traiter sbrigare bearbeiten
I’ll have to process all the application forms before I decide.
race about v /%reIs @"baUt/
● courir (partout) correre di qua e di là herumrennen
She had to race about town to get finished in time.
raise (money) v /reIz/
● collecter (de l’argent) raccogliere (fondi) (Geld) sammeln
I want to raise money for the children’s hospital.
rarely adv /"re@li/
● rarement raramente selten
I don’t like swimming very much. I rarely go to the swimming pool.
reduced adj /rI"dju:st/
● réduit ridotto reduziert
Did you get your ticket at a reduced rate?
relax v /rI"l&ks/
● se détendre rilassarsi sich entspannen
I attend yoga classes to try to relax.
research scientist n /rI"s3:tS %saI@ntIst/
● chercheur/euse scientifique scienziato ricercatore
(naturwissenschaftlicher) Forscher/Forscherin
I work as a research scientist at the university.
resort (ski resort) n /rI"zO:t/
● station (de ski) stazione sciistica Ferienort, Wintersportort
I love going there. It’s my favourite ski resort.
response n /rI"spQns/
● réponse, réaction reazione Antwort
I would like to give my response to that question.
rubber adj /"rVb@(r)/
● en caoutchouc di gomma GummiThe rubber boots keep my feet dry in the rain.
sale n /seIl/
● solde saldo, svendita Ausverkauf
They are holding a sale at the sports shop next week.
sensitive adj /"sens@tIv/
● sensible sensibile empfindsam
He is a very sensitive man. Be careful what you say.
shorts n /SO:ts/
● short shorts, pantaloncini Shorts
It’s so sunny, I think I’ll wear my shorts.
sick adj /sIk/
● malade malato krank
He was a sick child, and often had to go to hospital.
silly adj /"sIli/
● stupide, idiot sciocco albern
That was a silly film. I didn’t enjoy it.
sleep n /sli:p/
● sommeil sonno Schlaf
You will feel much better if you get some sleep.
sleep v /sli:p/
● dormir dormire schlafen
I’m trying to sleep, but the noise outside is disturbing me.
slightly adv /"slaItli/
● légèrement leggermente ein bisschen, etwas
Our new car is slightly bigger than our old one.
suburb n /"sVb3:b/
● banlieue sobborgo Vorort
You won’t know it; it’s a suburb of London.
supportive adj /s@"pO:tIv/
● d’un grand soutien che aiuta, che incoraggia unterstützend
She was the most supportive teacher at my school.
tights n /taIts/
● collant collant Strumpfhose
I never wear tights in summer.
5
tip (= money) n /tIp/
● pourboire mancia
battle n /"b&tl/
Trinkgeld
The service was excellent. Let’s leave a big tip.
tiring adj /"taIrIN/
● fatigant stancante anstrengend
The journey to London was long and tiring.
totally adv /"t@Ut@li/
● complètement totalmente völlig
I had totally forgotten about my appointment.
treat v /tri:t/
● soigner, traiter trattare behandeln
I try to treat people as fairly as I can.
unemployment n /%VnIm"plOIm@nt/
● chômage disoccupazione Arbeitslosigkeit
The level of unemployment is going down at the moment.
unwind v /%Vn"waInd/
● se relaxer distendersi, rilassarsi sich entspannen
I like to unwind when I come home at night.
useless adj /"ju:sl@s/
● nul inutile zu nichts zu gebrauchen
It is a useless car. I’d really like to buy a new one.
volleyball n /"vQlibO:l/
● volley-ball pallavolo Volleyball
Shall we play volleyball this afternoon?
ward n /wO:d/
● service, salle reparto (d’ospedale) Station
The ward is full of patients awaiting surgery.
waterproof adj /"wO:t@pru:f/
● imperméable impermeabile wasserdicht
You’ll need a waterproof jacket if it’s raining outside.
web page designer n /"web peIdZ dI%zaIn@(r)/
● concepteur/trice de pages Web disegnatore di pagine web
Webdesigner/Webdesignerin
I’m going on a training course. I’d like to be a web page designer.
wedding anniversary n /"wedIN &nI%v3:s@ri/
● anniversaire de marriage anniversario di matrimonio
Hochzeitstag
It’s our parents’ wedding anniversary on Saturday. They’ve been married
25 years.
worry n /"wVri/
● souci preoccupazione Sorge
Finding a job is a great worry for most people.
worry v /"wVri/
● s’inquiéter preoccuparsi Sorgen machen
I worry about my parents now that they are old.
yell v /jel/
● crier urlare schreien
Do you have to yell so loud?
zookeeper n /"zu:ki:p@(r)/
● gardien/ne de zoo guardiano di zoo Tierpfleger/Tierpflegerin
Robert loves animals. He wants to be a zookeeper when he grows up.
Unit 3
accidentally adv /%&ksI"dentli/
● accidentellement per caso, senza volere
aus Versehen
I accidentally knocked your water over. I’m sorry!
act (of a play) n /&kt/
● acte atto Akt
The play was so boring that I fell asleep after the first act.
award n /@"wO:d/
● récompense, prix premio Auszeichnumg, Preis
I felt so proud when you collected your award.
award v /@"wO:d/
● décerner essere premiato verleihen
He was awarded a special prize for coming top of the class.
awful adj /"O:fl/
● épouvantable terribile schrecklich
What an awful uniform. I’m glad I don’t have to wear it.
● bataille battaglia Schlacht
The teams were prepared for a real battle of a game.
beat v /bi:t/
● battre vincere, battere besiegen
He was such a good tennis player. He beat me easily.
bet v /bet/
● parier scommettere wetten
Would you like to bet on it?
birth n /b3:T/
● naissance nascita Geburt
They are really looking forward to the birth of their baby.
boast v /b@Ust/
● se vanter vantarsi prahlen
I don’t want to boast, but I did do rather well!
breathe v /bri:D/
● respirer respirare atmen
I love being in the country, breathing the fresh air.
brush n /brVS/
● pinceau pennello Pinsel
He used a fine brush to finish the painting the picture.
chapter n /"tS&pt@(r)/
● chapitre capitolo Kapitel
This book gets really interesting from the third chapter onwards.
chat v /tS&t/
● bavarder chiacchierare sich unterhalten
I’d love to stay and chat, but I have to get to work.
commit suicide v /k@%mIt "su:IsaId/
● se suicider suicidarsi Selbstmord begehen
I read that she was so unhappy she committed suicide.
depression n /dI"preSn/
● dépression depressione Depression
David suffered from depression when he was a teenager.
diamond n /"daI@m@nd/
● diamant diamante Diamant
She was wearing a ring with a huge diamond in it.
dig v /dIg/
● creuser zappare, scavare graben
Will you help me to dig a hole to plant this tree?
disgusting adj /%dIs"gVstIN/
● dégoûtant schifoso ekelhaft
It was a very expensive restaurant, but the food was disgusting.
draw (a picture) v /drO:/
● dessiner disegnare zeichnen
Can you draw a picture of those flowers for me?
DVD n /%di: vi: "di:/
● DVD DVD DVD
I’ve borrowed a DVD from the library.
emperor n /"emp@r@(r)/
● empereur imperatore Kaiser
We don’t have an emperor in this country.
encourage v /In"kVrIdZ/
● encourager incoraggiare ermutigen
She is an excellent teacher who encouraged me to work really hard.
exhibition n /eksI"bISn/
● exposition mostra Ausstellung
The exhibition of folk art will run for a whole week.
eyesight n /"aIsaIt/
● vue vista Sehkraft
Good eyesight is essential if you want to be a pilot.
fail v /feIl/
● échouer fallire, non passare durchfallen
If you don’t study hard, you’ll fail your exam.
fascinated adj /"f^&sIneItId/
● fasciné affascinato fasziniert
He was fascinated by the pictures.
fearless adj /"fI@l@s/
● sans peur intrepido furchtlos
He was a fearless sportsman. He’d try anything.
6
feature n /"fi:tS@(r)/
● trait lineamento
outdoor adj /"aUtdO:(r)/
(Gesichts) Zug
She has very unusual features, but is still quite attractive.
fight v /faIt/
● se battre combattere contro kämpfen, sich streiten
You don’t have to fight your brother. Try talking to him.
genius n /"dZi:ni@s/
● génie genio Genie
She came top in her year; I think she’s a genius!
hang out (= relax) informal v /%h&N "aUt/
● traîner rilassarsi, passare il tempo herumhängen
He loves to hang out with his friends at the weekend.
heart failure n /"hA:t %feIlj@(r)/
● arrêt du cœur arresto cardiaco Herzversagen
He was rushed into hospital after suffering from heart failure.
(be) homesick adj /"h@UmsIk/
● avoir le mal du pays avere nostalgia Heimweh haben
I was sure he would be homesick when he went to university.
honour n /"Qn@(r)/
● honneur onore Ehre
It is a great honour to win this award.
honour v /"Qn@(r)/
● honorer onorare ehren
We are here to honour the people who gave their lives for their country.
huge adj /hju:dZ/
● énorme enorme riesig
He had a huge smile on his face as he left the meeting.
hunting n /"hVntIN/
● chasse caccia Jagd
Hunting has never interested me at all.
impressed adj /Im"prest/
● impressionné pieno di ammirazione beeindruckt
I was very impressed when I saw the results.
influenza n /Influ:"enz@/
● grippe influenza Grippe
She caught influenza and was in bed for a week.
lifelike adj /"laIflaIk/
● ressemblant realistico naturgetreu
It is a very lifelike painting. It’s almost like a photograph.
masterpiece n /"mA:st@pi:s/
● chef-d’œuvre capolavoro Meisterwerk
Every work of art in this gallery is a masterpiece in my opinion!
match (in sport) n /m&tS/
● match, rencontre partita Spiel
My teamed played really well and won the match.
mile n /maIl/
● mile miglio Meile
You could walk there. It’s only about a mile away.
moral n /"mQr@l/
● morale morale Lehre
The moral of the story is ‘don’t believe everything you hear’.
nationality n /%n&S"n&l@ti/
● nationalité nazionalità Nationalität
He speaks excellent English. What nationality is he?
nature n /"neItS@(r)/
● nature natura Natur
Her main interests are nature, art and reading.
necklace n /"nekl@s/
● collier collana Halskette
He gave her the necklace as a birthday present.
neighbourhood n /"neIb@hUd/
● quartier, voisinage vicinato Nachbarschaft
In this neighbourhood people notice if anything is different.
old-fashioned adj /%@Uld "f&Snd/
● vieux jeu all’ antica altmodisch
She’s young, but she wears such old-fashioned clothes.
only (child) adj /"@Unli/
● unique unico Einzel(kind)
He is an only child so he gets a lot of attention.
● en plein air, à l’extérieur all’aperto im Freien
When the weather is good, the children play in the outdoor play area.
palace n /"p&l@s/
● palais palazzo Palast
Their house is so big – it’s like a palace!
palette n /"p&l@t/
● palette tavolozza Palette
The artist mixes his colours on a palette.
pigeon n /"pIdZ@n/
● pigeon piccione Taube
Hundreds of pigeons flew past and landed on the roof.
pleased adj /pli:zd/
● content contento zufrieden
I was so pleased when I found out that I’d passed the test.
point v /pOInt/
● indiquer, montrer du doigt indicare zeigen
The teacher pointed at the student and asked him a question.
portrait n /"pO:treIt/
● portrait ritratto Porträt
He is an excellent painter, and he specializes in portraits.
recognize v /"rek@gnaIz/
● reconnaître riconoscere erkennen
It’s difficult to recognize Paul when he’s wearing sunglasses.
refuse v /rI"fju:z/
● refuser rifiutare sich weigern
Try not to refuse. You could offend your host.
religious adj /rI"lIdZ@s/
● religieux, croyant religioso religiös
They are very religious. They go to church every Sunday.
report (in writing) n /rI"pO:t/
● rapport rapporto, resoconto Bericht
I have to write a report about the training course.
sand n /s&nd/
● sable sabbia Sand
The beach has miles of golden sand. It is beautiful.
scary adj /"ske@ri/
● qui fait peur che fa paura gruselig
That film was so scary. I didn’t like it at all.
score v /skO:(r)/
● marquer un but segnare un goal ein Tor schiessen
It is difficult to score when the goalkeeper is as good as he is.
scream v /skri:m/
● crier, hurler urlare schreien
Did you scream when you went on that rollercoaster?
shotgun n /"SQtgVn/
● fusil fucile da caccia Schrotflinte
I hope he has a licence for that shotgun.
sign v /saIn/
● signer firmare signieren, unterschreiben
Please sign your name on the dotted line.
sink v /sINk/
● enfoncer, couler sprofondare sinken, untergehen
I was sinking in all the mud. It was horrible!
sketch n /sketS/
● esquisse schizzo Skizze
She quickly drew a sketch of the old church.
sketch v /sketS/
● esquisser bozzare skizzieren
If you have the time, I’ll sketch the plan for you.
skip v /skIp/
● sauter saltare hüpfen, springen
I finished the exam, but I skipped a few questions in the middle.
soldier n /"s@Uldj@(r)/
● soldat soldato Soldat
He is going to join the army and be a soldier when he leaves school.
spill v /spIl/
● renverser versare verschütten
I didn’t mean to spill my drink on you. Has it stained your dress?
7
spoiled (child) adj /spOIlt/
● gâté viziato
behave v /bI"heIv/
verwöhnt
His mother always let him do as he wants. He’s such a spoiled child.
star v /stA:(r)/
● jouer (le rôle de), être la vedette recitare, interpretare
die Hauptrolle spielen
He is going to star in the remake of my favourite film.
strict adj /strIkt/
● stricte severo streng
James had very strict parents, and he is strict with his own children.
suffer v /"sVf@(r)/
● souffrir soffrire leiden
He suffered from a bad back.
sunglasses pl n /"sVnglA:sIz/
● lunettes de soleil occhiali da sole Sonnenbrille
I bought a pair of dark sunglasses for my summer holiday.
sweetcorn n /"swi:tkO:n/
● maïs mais dolce Mais
Would you like some sweetcorn in your salad?
teepee n /"ti:pi:/
● tipi tepee Tipi
It is a type of tent; it’s called a teepee.
terrified adj /"terIfaId/
● terrifié terrorizzato schreckliche Angst haben
I wouldn’t go to see that sort of film. I would be terrified.
thoroughly adv /"TVr@li/
● tout à fait completamente völlig
Sarah did a thoroughly good job, didn’t she?
treasure n /"treZ@(r)/
● trésor tesoro Schatz
They say that pirates used to bury treasure on desert islands.
triangle n /"traI&Ngl/
● triangle triangolo Triangel
That small metal instrument is called a triangle.
unless conj /Vn"les/
● à moins que a meno che wenn … nict
Unless you come now, I will leave without you.
upset adj /Vp"set/
● vexé, déçu seccato, dispiaciuto aufgeregt
Sam was very upset not to be chosen for the team.
vine n /vaIn/
● vigne vite Weinstock
Look at those grapes on that vine!
vineyard n /"vInjA:d/
● vignoble vigneto Weinberg
I go to France and work in the vineyards every summer.
war correspondent n /"wO: kQrI%spQnd@nt/
● correspondant(e) de guerre corrispondente di guerra
Kriegsberichterstatter/Kriegsberichterstatterin
You know him; he’s the war correspondent for the BBC News.
war n /wO:(r)/
● guerre guerra Krieg
My grandfather was a pilot during the war; he loves to talk about it.
warrior n /"wQri@(r)/
● guerrier guerriero Krieger
He was a warrior from an ancient tribe who won many battles
wave n /weIv/
● vague onda, ondata Welle
The waves crashed around the boat during the storm.
wound v /wu:nd/
● blesser ferire verwunden
A lot of soldiers were badly wounded during that battle.
Unit 4
banquet n /"b&NkwIt/
● banquet banchetto
Festessen
That meal was very formal. It was like a banquet!
● se conduire comportarsi
sich verhalten
He behaved very badly at school today.
bill n /bIl/
● addition (au restaurant), facture conto, fattura Rechnung
I don’t want any coffee thank you – just the bill.
I have to pay the electricity bill by the end of the week.
bow (greeting) n /baU/
● salut inchino Verbeugung
At the end of the dance, he smiled then gave a bow.
bow (greeting) v /baU/
● saluer inchinare sich verbeugen
I think you are supposed to bow to the Queen.
break (the rule) v /breIk/
● désobéir à (la règle) disubbidire (le regole) verstossen gegen
If you break the rules, the teacher will be cross with you.
briefcase n /"bri:fkeIs/
● serviette cartella Aktentasche
I’ll put it in my briefcase and read it on the train.
budget n /"bVdZIt/
● budget budget, bilancio Etat
I am decorating the house on a limited budget.
business card n /"bIznIs %kA:d/
● carte de visite biglietto da visita (della ditta) Geschäftskarte
If I leave you my business card, you can call me later.
casually adv /"k&ZU@li/
● simplement in modo informale leger
It won’t be a formal meeting, just dress casually.
chew (gum) v /tSu:/
● manger (du chewing-gum) masticare (il chewing gum)
(Kaugummi) kauen
The dentist told me that chewing gum is good for my teeth.
childhood n /"tSaIldhUd/
● enfance infanzia Kindheit
I remember my childhood well; it was such a happy time.
choice n /tSOIs/
● choix scelta Wahl
You have a choice: we can go to the cinema or to the art gallery.
chopstick n /"tSQpstIk/
● baguette bastoncino cinese Essstäbchen
Are you any good at eating with chopsticks?
cleanliness n /"klenlIn@s/
● propreté pulizia Sauberkeit
My mother is obsessed with cleanliness in the kitchen.
code n /k@Ud/
● code prefisso Vorwahl
What is the code for telephone numbers in central London?
colleague n /"kQli:g/
● collègue collega Kollege/Kollegin
Allow me to introduce Jim, my friend and colleague.
complain v /k@m"pleIn/
● se plaindre lamentarsi sich beschweren
I hate to complain, but the soup is very cold.
cool (= OK) informal adj /ku:l/
● super, cool forte cool
All the girls love him: he is such a cool guy!
dish n /dIS/
● plat piatto Gericht
I always order pasta when we eat here: it’s my favourite dish.
driving licence n /"draIvIN %laIs@ns/
● permis de conduire patente di guida Führerschein
I hope I haven’t forgotten to pack my driving licence.
drop off v /%drQp "Qf/
● déposer far scendere absetzen
I’ve just dropped the kids off at school.
engaged adj /In"geIdZd/
● occupé occupato besetzt
I’m sorry, but the line appears to be engaged.
extension (phone) n /Ik"stenSn/
● poste interno (Neben) anschluss
Can you put me through to extension 3335?
8
fasten v /"fA:sn/
● attacher allacciare
potluck lunch n /%pQtlVk "lVntS/
anschnallen
We are ready to leave now so please fasten your seatbelts.
(be) fed up with adj /%fed "Vp wID/
● (en avoir) marre de (essere) stufo di die Nase voll haben von
I am fed up with work. I need a holiday.
gathering n /"g&D@rIN/
● réunion riunione Treffen
We are having a little gathering on Saturday. Would you like to come?
gift n /gIft/
● cadeau regalo Geschenk
Thank you so much for the beautiful birthday gifts you bought for me.
global adj /"gl@Ubl/
● global globale global
I’m afraid it’s a global problem. I don’t know what we can do about it.
guest n /gest/
● invité(e) ospite Gast
Will it be okay if I bring a guest with me?
guidebook n /"gaIdbUk/
● guide guida Reiseführer
I’ll just go and buy a guidebook; it will make it easier for us.
heel n /hi:l/
● talon tacco Ferse
The heels on those shoes are too high.
host n /h@Ust/
● hôte ospite, padrone di casa Gastgeber
The host was so friendly: he made us feel at home as soon as we arrived.
hostess n /h@U"stes/
● hôtesse ospite, padrona di casa Gastgeberin
The lady who looks after you is called the hostess.
interrupt v /Int@"rVpt/
● interrompre interrompere unterbrechen
I’m sorry to interrupt you, but could you pass me the salt, please?
kilt n /kIlt/
● kilt kilt Schottenrock
They had a real Scottish wedding and the groom wore a kilt.
loads of things (= lots of things) n pl /"l@Udz @v TINz/
● des tas de choses un sacco di cose viel
I’m sorry I can’t talk. I have loads of things to do.
make-up n /"meIk Vp/
● maquillage trucco Make-up, Schminke
She’s very glamorous. I’ve never seen her without her make-up on.
manners (= behaviour) pl n /"m&n@z/
● manières (buone) maniere Benehmen
He has such lovely manners. I bet he went to a good school.
military service n /%mIl@tri "s3:vIs/
● service militaire servizio militare Militärdienst
Military service used to be compulsory, but it isn’t now.
minus n /"maIn@s/
● désavantage svantaggio Minus, Nachteil
Before I decide, I need to consider the pluses and minuses.
modest adj /"mQdIst/
● modeste modesto bescheiden
She is very talented, and very modest about it.
name tag n /"neIm t&g/
● badge (d’identification) cartellino con il nome Namensschild
Before the conference began, we were all issued with a name tag.
noodle n /"nu:dl/
● nouille tagliolini Nudel
I hope you like noodles; we don’t have anything else in the fridge!
plus n /plVs/
● avantage vantaggio Vorteil
Understanding computers is considered a plus in all jobs these days.
pocket money n /"pQkIt %mVni/
● argent de poche paghetta Taschengeld
I get pocket money from my parents every Friday.
polite adj /p@"laIt/
● poli cortese höflich
If you are polite about it, I don’t think they will mind you asking.
● déjeuner à la fortune du pot pranzo improvvisato
Mittagessen, zu
dem jeder was mitbringt
Bring whatever dish you like. Its a potluck lunch!
pray v /preI/
● prier pregare beten
I always pray when I go to church.
pursue v /p@"sju:/
● poursuivre perseguire nachgehen
I intend to pursue this matter, through the courts if necessary.
rainy season n /"reIni %si:zn/
● saison des pluies stagione delle piogge Regenzeit
Even in the rainy season it will still be very hot.
raw adj /rO:/
● cru crudo roh
I don’t like raw fish. I prefer mine well cooked.
responsibility n /rI%spQns@"bIl@ti/
● responsabilité responsabilità Pflicht
Please remember that it is your responsibility and no one else’s.
reverse n, adj /rI"v3:s/
● verso (n), inverse, opposé (adj) rovescio (n, adj), inverso (adj)
Rückseite (n), umgekehrte Reihenfolge (adj)
There is a flag on the reverse of the coin.
Can you say the alphabet in reverse order?
rule n /ru:l/
● règle, règlement regola Vorschrift
The rule is: be back here before it gets dark.
rush v /rVS/
● se dépêcher correre, affrettarsi hetzen
I’ll have to rush, the taxi is waiting.
seatbelt n /"si:tbelt/
● ceinture de sécurité cintura di sicurezza Sicherheitsgurt
I would never ride in a car that didn’t have seatbelts.
short-sleeved adj /"SO:t sli:vd/
● à manches courtes con maniche corte kurzärmelig
I like wearing short-sleeved shirts in the summer when it’s hot.
sign of respect n /saIn @v rI"spekt/
● signe de respect segno di rispetto Zeichen der Achtung
You must take off your hat as a sign of respect.
skateboarding n /"skeItbO:dIN/
● le skateboard fare skateboard Skateboardfahren
Skateboarding is a sport which is very popular with teenagers.
skewer n /"skju:@(r)/
● brochette spiedino Spiess
I’ll put the vegetables on to a skewer and grill them.
socialize v /"s@US@laIz/
● rencontrer des gens socializzare sich mit anderen Leuten treffen
I have to socialize with my clients. It’s part of my job.
spray v /spreI/
● asperger spruzzare besprühen
If you spray the flowers with water, they will last longer.
stranger n /"streIndZ@(r)/
● étranger(ère) sconosciuto Fremde/Fremder
My parents always taught me never to speak to strangers.
stuffy (a room) adj /"stVfi/
● étouffant senz’aria, soffocante stickig
This room is stuffy. Can I open the window?
suncream n /"sVnkri:m/
● crème solaire crema solare Sonnencreme
You should always use suncream when you go to the beach.
supply v /s@"plaI/
● fournir fornire zur Verfügung stellen
You have to supply your own books and pens. Everything else is provided.
tip (= suggestion) n /tIp/
● conseil suggerimento Tipp
Take a tip from me and get there in good time.
traveller’s cheque n /"tr&v@l@z %tSek/
● chèque de voyage traveller’s cheque, assegno turistico Reisescheck
Do you accept traveller’s cheques or do I need cash?
9
(be in) trouble n /"trVbl/
● (avoir) des ennuis (essere) nei guai
enquiry n /In"kwaI@ri/
Schwierigkeiten
When they find out, we’ll be in big trouble.
turn down (volume) v /%t3:n "daUn/
● baisser abbassare leiser stellen
Please turn down the radio. It’s too loud.
vaccination n /%v&ksI"neISn/
● vaccination vaccinazione Impfung
I had to take the dog to the vet for a vaccination.
valuable adj /"v&ljU@bl/
● de valeur prezioso, di valore wertvoll
That vase is very old and valuable.
welcome n /"welk@m/
● bienvenue benvenuto Empfang
There is always a warm welcome when we stay at that hotel.
welcome v /"welk@m/
● accueillir dare il benvenuto willkommen heissen
I’d like you all to welcome Jo. She’s a new student at the college.
yawn v /jO:n/
● bâiller sbadigliare gähnen
I was so tired, I couldn’t stop yawning.
Unit 5
acting n /"&ktIN/
● interprétation recitazione
schauspielerische Leistung
It was a really good film. The acting was excellent.
blow v /bl@U/
● souffler soffiare blasen
Cold winds will blow from the east this evening.
chilly adj /"tSIli/
● froid, frisquet fresco, freddo kalt
This chilly weather doesn’t do me any good at all.
clear adj /klI@(r)/
● clair, dégagé sereno klar
What a clear, blue sky. It’s going to be a good day.
climate n /"klaIm@t/
● climat clima Klima
Italy has a warm, sunny climate.
cloud n /klaUd/
● nuage nuvola Wolke
I can’t see any clouds, but I think it’ll rain.
cloudy adj /"klaUdi/
● nuageux/euse nuvoloso bewölkt
It’s very cloudy and dark. It looks like there might be a storm.
confess v /ken"fes/
● avouer confessare gestehen
It said on the news that he had confessed to the police.
crossing n /"krQsIN/
● traversée traversata Überfahrt
The crossing from England to France took two hours.
deer n /dI@(r)/
● daim cervo Reh
We had to keep really quiet so that we didn’t frighten the deer away.
degree (of temperature) n /dI"gri:/
● degré grado Grad
I wouldn’t mind it being a degree or two warmer in that pool.
depart v /dI"pA:t/
● partir partire abreisen
The bus departs from London at 7.00 a.m.
descent n /dI"sent/
● descente discesa Sinkflug
The descent was pretty bumpy, but we landed safely.
dramatically adv /dr@"m&tIkli/
● de façon spectaculaire drammaticamente dramatisch
She threw her head back quite dramatically, and then walked out of the
room.
eastbound adj /"i:stbaUnd/
● vers l’est in direzione est Richtung Osten
They walked for hours in an eastbound direction.
● enquête richiesta di informazioni
Anfrage
There will be a public enquiry about this, I’m sure.
enquiries n /In"kwaI@riz/
● (demandes de) renseignements informazione Nachforschungen
The police have been making enquiries about the recent burglaries.
en-suite bathroom n /%Qn "swi:t/
● salle de bains attenante bagno annesso eigenes Bad
All the rooms in this hotel have en-suite bathrooms.
exciting adj /Ik"saItIN/
● excitant emozionante aufregend, spannend
Going on holiday is so exciting. I can’t wait!
experience n /Ik"spI@ri@ns/
● expérience esperienza Erfahrung
Going on holiday to Africa was an amazing experience.
face v /feIs/
● faire face à dare su, guardare verso liegen zu
Our hotel rooms face the sea. The view is fantastic.
ferry n /"feri/
● ferry traghetto Fähre
We took the ferry to France, because we wanted to take our car.
fog n /fQg/
● brouillard nebbia Nebel
The fog is making it difficult to drive this morning.
foggy adj /"fQgi/
● brumeux/euse nebbioso nebelig
We drove slowly and carefully along the foggy road.
forecast n /"fO:kA:st/
● prévisions previsioni Vorhersage
The forecast wasn’t good, so I brought an umbrella.
haircut n /"he@kVt/
● coupe de cheveux taglio (di capelli) Haarschnitt
He really needs a haircut. I’ll take him to the hairdresser’s tomorrow.
heaven n /"hevn/
● paradis paradiso Paradies, Himmel
This is my idea of heaven, it is so peaceful.
heavy (rain) adj /"hevi/
● fort forte stark
Do you think this heavy rain will ever stop?
helipad n /"helIp&d/
● plate-forme pour hélicoptère eliparco, eliscalo
Hubschrauberlandeplatz
There is a helipad on the roof of that hotel.
honeymoon n /"hVnimu:n/
● voyage de noces luna di miele Hochzeitsreise
We have booked our honeymoon in Barbados.
horizontal adj /hQrI"zQntl/
● horizontal orizzontale waagerecht
She was wearing a skirt with horizontal stripes.
hurry n /"hVri/
● hâte fretta Eile
John is always in a hurry. He’s always late.
ice n /aIs/
● glace ghiaccio Eis
Would you like ice in your drink?
icy adj /"aIsi/
● glacial, verglacé ghiacciato eisig
Be careful when you go out. It’s very icy.
igloo n /"Iglu:/
● igloo igloo Iglu
Igloos are made out of snow and ice.
item n /"aIt@m/
● article articolo Stück
If you take that item over there, you can pay for it.
land (a plane) v /l&nd/
● atterrir atterrare landen
The hardest part about being a pilot is landing the plane.
laze v /leIz/
● se prélasser oziare faulenzen
All that cat does is laze around in the sun all day!
10
library n /"laIbr@ri/
● bibliothèque biblioteca
removal man n /rI"mu:vl %m&n/
Bibliothek, Bücherei
I often borrow books from my local library.
lightning n /"laItnIN/
● éclair lampo Blitz
The lightning struck the tree during the storm.
loaf n /l@Uf/
● pain pagnotta Brot
Could I have an extra large loaf, please?
lowland adj /"l@Ul@nd/
● de faible altitude bassopiano, pianura Tiefland
That type of plant grows in lowland areas.
luggage n /"lVgIdZ/
● bagage bagaglio Gepäck
Let’s collect our luggage and get onto the coach.
melt v /melt/
● fondre sciogliersi schmelzen
I think the snow is beginning to melt now.
millionaire n /%mIlj@"ne@(r)/
● millionnaire milionario, miliardario Millionär/Millionärin
He made a lot of money as an actor, and now he’s a millionaire.
must-dos pl n /"mVst %du:z/
● ce qu’on doit faire absolument attività d’obbligo, cose non perdersi
Dinge, die man unbedingt tun sollte
They are on my list of must-dos for today.
non-smoking adj /%nQn "sm@UkIN/
● non-fumeur non-fumatori NichtraucherYou can’t smoke here. This is a non-smoking restaurant.
nose around v /%n@Uz @"raUnd/
● fouiner curiosare sich umsehen
I love nosing around these old houses, don’t you?
paint n /peInt/
● peinture vernice Farbe
Do you like the red paint or do you prefer the purple?
pile n /paIl/
● pile mucchio Stapel
Just put it on top of that pile, please.
pleasant adj /"plez@nt/
● agréable bello angenehm
The forecast said it was going to be very pleasant tomorrow.
potter around v /"pQt@(r) @"raUnd/
● aller sans se presser fare le faccende con calma herumwerkeln
On Sundays I like to get up late and potter around the house.
practise v /"pr&ktIs/
● s’entraîner esercitarsi trainieren
You have to practise for years to be a really good pianist.
qualification n /%kwQlIfI"keISn/
● qualification qualifica Qualifikation
Rick has a lot of qualifications, but no job!
rain n /reIn/
● pluie pioggia Regen
The rain has stopped. Let’s go to the park for a walk.
rainy adj /"reIni/
● pluvieux piovoso regnerisch
Rainy days are not unusual in England, so try and get used to them.
rare adj /re@(r)/
● rare raro selten, rar
That is a very rare breed of dog. I bet it cost a lot of money.
reach v /ri:tS/
● atteindre raggiungere erreichen
In July, the temperature often reaches 40°C in my country.
reception (wedding) n /rI"sepSn/
● réception (de mariage) ricevimento (di nozze) Empfang
The reception was fabulous. I danced all night!
recommend v /rek@"mend/
● recommander consigliare, raccomandare empfehlen
I can recommend that book. You’ll enjoy it.
remote adj /rI"m@Ut/
● isolé lontano, remoto abgelegen
I don’t like cities. I come from a tiny, remote village in the country.
● déménageur addetto ai traslochi Möbelpacker
The removal man was very quick; he had the van packed in an hour.
rhino n /"raIn@U/
● rhinocéros rinoceronte Nashorn
We saw some rhinos when we were on safari in Africa.
rough adj /rVf/
● houleux agitato stürmisch
The sea wasn’t rough last Sunday. It was calm.
shampoo n /S&m"pu:/
● shampooing shampoo Schampoo
Can you get me some shampoo? I need to wash my hair.
shaped adj /SeIpt/
● en forme de a forma di geformt
You can get biscuits shaped like animals. The kids love them.
shine v /SaIn/
● briller splendere scheinen
It was a lovely day. The sun was shining brightly and it was really warm.
sleeping bag n /"sli:pIN b&g/
● sac de couchage sacco a pelo Schlafsack
If you go camping, don’t forget your sleeping bag.
smooth adj /smu:D/
● calme, lisse calmo ruhig
When we left the port, the sea was smooth and the sun was shining.
snow n /sn@U/
● neige neve Schnee
Look at the garden, it’s covered in snow!
snow v /sn@U/
● neiger nevicare schneien
It must have been snowing all night. Everything is white.
snowy adj /"sn@Ui/
● neigeux nevoso verschneit
I love the snowy mountains. They are really beautiful.
spice n /spaIs/
● épice spezia Gewürz
This soup needs a little more spice adding to it.
spoil v /spOIl/
● gâcher rovinare verderben
I won’t let the bad weather spoil my holiday.
spring n /sprIN/
● printemps primavera Frühling
Spring is such a pretty season; I think it’s my favourite.
stamp n /st&mp/
● timbre francobollo Briefmarke
You need to put a stamp on that postcard before you send it.
steak n /steIk/
● steak bistecca Steak
Let’s get some steak for the barbecue.
storm n /stO:m/
● tempête tempesta, burrasca Sturm
There was a storm last night, which caused a lot of damage.
stormy adj /"stO:mi/
● orageux tempestoso, burrascoso stürmisch
It’s never a good idea to travel in stormy weather.
struggle v /"strVgl/
● avoir du mal lottare sich abmühen
Can you help me with my homework? I’m struggling!
temperature n /"temprItS@(r)/
● température temperatura Temperatur
The temperature in the swimming pool is perfect. Try it.
thunderstorm n /"TVnd@%stO:m/
● orage temporale Gewitter
When there is a thunderstorm, the dog hides underneath the table.
ton n /tVn/
● tonne tonnellata Tonne
It is really heavy. It weighs about a ton.
(at the) top n /tQp/
● (en) haut, (au) sommet cima oberste Teil, Gipfel
If you stand at the top of the mountain, you can see for miles.
11
towel n /taUl/
● serviette asciugamano
disgusting adj /dIs"gVstIN/
Handtuch
I need a new towel to take to the beach.
travel agency n /"tr&vl eIdZ@nsi/
● agence de voyages agenzia di viaggio Reisebüro
They went to the travel agency to book their holiday.
tube n /tju:b/
● tube tubo Röhre
He put the poster back into its cardboard tube.
vast adj /vA:st/
● vaste vasto riesig
There was a vast crowd at the concert. I couldn’t see the stage.
view n /vju:/
● vue veduta Blick, Aussicht
On a clear day, the view is superb.
weather n /"weD@(r)/
● temps tempo Wetter
The weather is good today. Shall we go for a picnic?
wind n /wInd/
● vent vento Wind
I could hear the wind blowing outside.
windy adj /"wIndi/
● venteux ventoso windig
What a windy day. It’s ruined my hair!
winter n /"wInt@(r)/
● hiver inverno Winter
It’s always cold in winter, but we don’t get a lot of snow.
yoghurt n /"jQg@t/
● yaourt yogurt Joghurt
Would you like some yoghurt with your fruit?
Unit 6
anchovy n /"&ntS@vi/
● anchois acciuga
Sardelle
I think I’ll have some anchovies on my pizza.
appearance n /@"pI@r@ns/
● apparence aspetto Aussehen
Sam and Martin are very similar in appearance, aren’t they?
bacon n /"beIk@n/
● lard pancetta Speck
I love English breakfasts with lots of bacon and eggs.
basil n /"b&z@l/
● basilic basilico Basilikum
We could grow basil ourselves – it would be much cheaper.
cause v /kO:z/
● provoquer causare verursachen
The weather is causing problems for people who are travelling.
consumer n /k@n"sju:m@(r)/
● consommateur/trice consumatore Verbraucher
As a consumer, I am always keen to try new products.
cosmopolitan adj /kQzm@"pQlIt@n/
● cosmopolitain cosmopolita kosmopolitisch
It’s a very cosmopolitan city: people from all over the world live there.
cross adj /krQs/
● en colère arrabbiato böse
I’m cross with you for not phoning me.
cynical adj /"sInIkl/
● cynique cinico zynisch
He gets more cynical with age. Don’t worry about it.
delicious adj /dI"lIS@s/
● délicieux squisito köstlich
That cake was delicious. Did you make it?
deliver v /dI"lIv@(r)/
● livrer consegnare liefern
The parcel was delivered yesterday.
disease n /dI"zi:z/
● maladie malattia Krankheit
It is a really nasty disease. She could be in hospital for quite a while.
● dégoûtant schifoso ekelhaft
That food tasted disgusting. I’ll never come to this restaurant again.
dry clean v /%draI "kli:n/
● lavage à sec lavare a secco chemisch reinigen
I should dry clean my jacket. It’s dirty.
eel n /i:l/
● anguille anguilla Aal
An eel is a type of fish that looks like a snake.
evolve v /I"vQlv/
● évoluer evolversi sich entwickeln
It’s hard to believe how we’ve evolved, isn’t it?
external adj /ek"st3:nl/
● externe esterno äusserlich
The external walls are in need of repair.
fantastic adj /f&n"t&stIk/
● fantastique fantastico fantastisch
The atmosphere was fantastic. I’d definitely go again.
fast food n /%fA:st "fu:d/
● nourriture de fast food fast food Fastfood
Some people like fast food, but I’m not one of them.
fatal adj /"feItl/
● mortel mortale tödlich
There has been a fatal accident. It was on the news.
finally adv /"faIn@li/
● finalement alla fine schliesslich
The car finally stopped when it hit the hedge.
focal point n /"f@Ukl %pOInt/
● point central punto focale Mittelpunkt
The focal point of the room will be the fireplace.
forever adv /f@"rev@(r)/
● pour toujours per sempre für immer
The film ended when he told her that he would love her forever.
fresh adj /freS/
● frais fresco frisch
Remember to put fresh fruit on the shopping list.
frozen adj /"fr@Uzn/
● surgelé surgelato tiefgekühlt
Frozen vegetables are convenient, but I don’t like them.
garlic n /"gA:lIk/
● ail aglio Knoblauch
Could you chop some garlic for me, please?
generally adv /"dZen@r@li/
● généralement generalmente allgemein
He spoke generally about the changes he had in mind.
go clubbing n /%g@U "klVbIN/
● aller en boîte andare in discoteca in die Disko gehen
I love dancing! Let’s go clubbing on Saturday night.
gradually adv /"gr&djU@li/
● progressivement gradualmente allmählich
Gradually add the milk and keep stirring the mixture.
grateful adj /"greItfl/
● reconnaissant riconoscente dankbar
I would be grateful for any advice you could give me.
gravitate v /"gr&vIteIt/
● graviter gravitare angezogen werden
I wasn’t sure whether to do art or music, but I think I’m gravitating
towards art.
grumble (= complain) v /"grVmbl/
● râler brontolare sich beschweren
I shouldn’t grumble, but I’m going to!
handsome adj /"h&ns@m/
● beau bello gut aussehend
He’s very handsome. He’s the best looking man I know.
herring n /"herIN/
● hareng aringa Hering
I like herrings, but my husband doesn’t.
home-grown adj /%h@Um "gr@Un/
● du jardin di produzione locale selbst gezogen
All the vegetables in the farm shop are home-grown.
12
(have) in common /In "kQm@n/
● (avoir) en commun (avere) in comune
put the world to rights /%pUt D@ %w3:ld t@ "raIts/
gemeinsam haben
I have always felt that we have a lot in common.
junk food n /"dZVNk fu:d/
● nourriture industrielle junk food, cibo spazzatura
ungesundes Essen
It’s hard to make children eat healthily when they all love junk food.
karaoke n /k&ri"@Uki/
● karaoke karaoke Karaoke
I’ve never been brave enough to try karaoke.
kettle n /"ketl/
● bouilloire bollitore Wasserkessel
Can you put the kettle on? I’d love a cup of tea.
lane (on a road) n /leIn/
● voie, file corsia Spur
You’d better stay in this lane. We’re turning off soon.
locked adj /lQkt/
● vérouillé bloccato abgeschlossen
I’m going back to check that the door is locked.
look forward to v /%lUk "fO:w@d t@/
● se réjouir de, attendre avec impatience non vedere l’ora di
sich freuen auf
I’m really looking forward to seeing you on Tuesday evening.
mend v /mend/
● réparer riparare reparieren
My glasses have broken. Can you mend them?
migrate v /maI"greIt/
● migrer emigrare wandern, ziehen
A lot of birds migrate during the winter.
miss v /mIs/
● manquer (à) sentire la macanza di vermissen
I’m going to miss you when you leave.
mix n /mIks/
● mélange misto, miscuglio Mischung
There was a nice mix of people at the party.
mix v /mIks/
● mélanger mescolare vermischen
I’m just mixing the sauce. It’s nearly ready.
notice board n /"n@UtIs %bO:d/
● panneau d’affichage bacheca Pinnwand
If you want to sell your car, put an advert on the notice board.
oil n /OIl/
● huile olio Öl
Oh dear, I haven’t got any oil for the salad.
orchestra n /"O:kIstr@/
● orchestre orchestra Orchester
My sister plays the violin in an orchestra.
outside prep /"aUtsaId/
● à l’extérieur (de) fuori ausserhalb
She was sitting on a bench outside the park.
pea n /pi:/
● petit pois pisello Erbse
If you can’t find fresh, buy frozen peas.
pineapple n /"paIn&pl/
● ananas ananas Ananas
I think pineapple is my favourite tropical fruit.
popularity n /%pQpj@"l&r@ti/
● popularité popolarità, rinomanza Beliebtheit
Philip’s popularity has never been greater.
prayer n /"pre@(r)/
● prière preghiera Gebet
I’ll remember you in my prayers tonight.
producer n /pr@"dju:s@(r)/
● producteur/trice produttore Hersteller
Japan is a major producer of electrical goods.
promise v /"prQmIs/
● promettre promettere versprechen
I promise that I’ll come to your party.
promotion n /pr@"m@USn/
● promotion promozione Beförderung
I’m delighted about my recent promotion.
● refaire le monde criticare (lett. mettere a posto il mondo)
diskutieren, wie man die Welt verbessern kann
We should meet for a coffee and put the world to rights.
rave v /reIv/
● s’emballer andare in estasi schwärmen
Julie has been raving about her new boyfriend. I’d love to meet him.
rectangular adj /rek"t&Ngj@l@(r)/
● rectangulaire rettangolare rechteckig
It’s in a rectangular box. Have you seen it anywhere?
reputation n /%repj@"teISn/
● réputation reputazione, fama Ruf
My reputation depends on it, so I’m very nervous.
rude adj /ru:d/
● malpoli scortese unhöflich
I found him to be bad-tempered and rude.
safe adj /seIf/
● sûr sicuro sicher
It feels like a very safe environment for the children.
salmon n /"s&m@n/
● saumon salmone Lachs
Did you see that salmon just leap out of the river?
seldom adv /"seld@m/
● rarement raramente selten
My boss seldom appreciates how much I do for him.
shrimp n /SrImp/
● crevette gamberetto Garnele
The shrimps look good. I’ll have a kilo, please.
simple adj /"sImpl/
● simple semplice einfach
It’s a simple task: you just need to think about it.
skyscraper n /"skaIskreIp@(r)/
● gratte-ciel grattacielo Wolkenkratzer
Is it the tallest skyscraper in the world?
slice n /slaIs/
● tranche fetta Stück
I’ll have a small slice of cake, please.
squid n /skwId/
● calmar calamaro Tintenfisch
I always order squid in a seafood restaurant.
starving adj /"stA:vIN/
● affamé affamato sehr hungrig
I’m starving. Can we stop for lunch soon?
stereotype n /"steri@UtaIp/
● stéréotype stereotipo Klischee
She doesn’t fit the stereotype of a typical English person.
stove n /st@Uv/
● fourneau forno, fornello Herd, Ofen
Could you put this on the stove, please?
succeed (in) v /s@k"si:d/
● réussir riuscire Erfolg haben
To succeed in this business, you will need to work very hard.
tasteless adj /"teIstl@s/
● insipide insipido geschmacklos
That soup is completely tasteless.
tasty adj /"teIsti/
● savoureux saporito lecker
We had a very tasty meal at the Indian restaurant.
Thai adj /taI/
● thaïlandais tailandese thailändisch
This Thai food is the best I’ve ever had.
topping n /"tQpIN/
● garniture guarnizone Belag
Would you like extra topping on your pizza?
truly adv /"tru:li/
● vraiment veramente wirklich
She truly understands the problem.
tuna n /"tju:n@/
● thon tonno Thunfisch
Tuna is very tasty when it’s grilled on the barbecue.
13
ultimate adj /"VltIm@t/
● suprême massimo
come up with v /%kVm "Vp wID/
beste, das Höchste an
A Rolls-Royce is the ultimate luxury car.
universal adj /ju:nI"v3:sl/
● universel universale universell
English is the universal language for airline pilots.
upright adj /"VpraIt/
● relevé verticale aufrecht
My seat wouldn’t stay upright.
varied adj /"ve@rId/
● varié vario abwechslungsreich
The college offers a varied timetable to suit all students.
vegetable n /"vedZt@bl/
● légume verdura Gemüse
I could live on vegetables; meat doesn’t interest me.
wealthy adj /"welTi/
● riche ricco reich
He must be wealthy. Look at that car!
Unit 7
advice n /@d"vaIs/
● conseil consiglio
Rat
Are you going to get professional advice about it?
advise v /@d"vaIz/
● conseiller consigliare raten
It’s difficult to advise you without knowing the full facts.
amazingly adv /@"meIzINli/
● incroyablement, chose étonnante incredibilmente
erstaunlicherweise
Amazingly, our team won the match 4–0.
ankle n /"&Nkl/
● cheville caviglia Knöchel
I tripped and hurt my ankle.
announce v /@"naUns/
● annoncer annunciare bekannt geben
He announced that they were getting divorced. It was such a shock.
application n /%&plI"keISn/
● candidature domanda Bewerbung
I haven’t completed my application for the job yet.
back off (= retreat) v /%b&k "Qf/
● ne pas insister tirarsi indietro aussteigen
Just tell him to back off and leave you alone.
box office n /"bQks %QfIs/
● guichet botteghino Kasse
Julie said she would call the box office and find out how much the
tickets cost.
broke (= have no money) informal adj /br@Uk/
● fauché al verde pleite
I’m broke. I’ll have to borrow some money.
career n /k@"rI@(r)/
● carrière carriera Karriere
He had a brilliant career as an architect before he retired.
carry on v /%k&ri "Qn/
● continuer continuare weitermachen
I’d like to carry on working until I’m seventy.
championship n /"tS&mpi@nSIp/
● championnat campionato Meisterschaft
His team won the championship, so he’s in a good mood.
chase v /tSeIs/
● courir après inseguire, correre dietro a verfolgen
The dog chased a cat across the garden.
circus n /"s3:k@s/
● cirque circo Zirkus
Can we go to the circus on Sunday?
come across (= find) v /%kVm @"krQs/
● tomber sur trovare per caso finden
I’ve been looking in the shops, but I haven’t come across a suitable
present yet.
● trouver suggerire finden
I think I’ve come up with an amazing idea.
cover v /"kVv@(r)/
● assurer le reportage fare un servizio su berichten über
When he was a journalist, my brother had to cover the political news
of the day.
crane n /kreIn/
● grue gru Kran
They had to use a big crane to lift it.
cut off (isolate) v /%kVt "Qf/
● couper de isolare abgeschnitten
We were completely cut off when it snowed.
cut off (telephone) v /%kVt "Qf/
● couper cadere la linea unterbrechen
We were chatting on the phone when suddenly we were cut off.
CV (= curriculum vitae) n /%si: "vi:/
● CV curriculum vitae Lebenslauf
I sent off my CV, and I’m just waiting to hear something.
damage n /"d&mIdZ/
● dégâts danno Schaden
Can they repair the damage?
descendant n /dI"send@nt/
● descendant(e) discendente Nachkomme
Mark is a descendant of a famous writer.
documentary n /%dQkj@"mentri/
● documentaire documentario Dokumentarfilm
They are filming a documentary about my old school.
elect v /I"lekt/
● élire eleggere wählen
Peter was elected for a four-year term.
end up v /%end "Vp/
● se retrouver, finir finire landen
I didn’t think I’d end up in this mess!
excitement n /Ik"saItm@nt/
● sensations fortes emozione Aufregung
The news caused a lot of excitement in the office.
fascinating adj /"f&sIneItIN/
● fascinant affascinante faszinierend
It is a fascinating story. Is it true?
few adj /fju:/
● quelques pochi ein paar
Has it happened more than a few times?
fight n /faIt/
● combat lotta Kampf
Simon watched the fight on television, but I didn’t.
flood n /flVd/
● inondation inondazione Überschwemmung
It said on the news that there had been a flood.
fluent adj /"flu:@nt/
● qui parle couramment parlare correntemente fliessend
Lisa speaks Spanish quite well, and she is fluent in French.
fluently adv /"flu:@ntli/
● couramment, avec aisance correntemente fliessend
Mike spoke fluently on the subject for about an hour.
flyer (= publicity leaflet) n /"flaI@(r)/
● dépliant, prospectus volantino Flugblatt
I’ve got a flyer for tonight’s concert.
force (sb to do sth) v /fO:s/
● obliger (qn à faire qch) obbligare zwingen
My boss forced me to do the job, and I wasn’t pleased.
forecaster n /"fO:kA:st@(r)/
● journaliste météorologue meteorologo auf Vorhersagen
spezialisierter Meteorologe
The forecaster certainly got the weather wrong. It’s lovely!
genuine adj /"dZenju:In/
● véritable, sincère genuine echt, aufrichtig
Susan is a very genuine person, isn’t she?
get on with (sb) v /%get "Qn wID/
● s’entendre avec qn andare d’accordo con sich verstehen mit
I have known her for years and always got on well with her.
14
girder n /"g3:d@(r)/
● poutre trave
lay off (= make redundant) v /%leI "Qf/
Träger
They will need a very strong girder to support that roof.
give up (= stop) v /%gIv "Vp/
● abandonner smettere di aufgeben
It isn’t easy to give up smoking.
guy (= man) informal n /gaI/
● mec tipo Kerl
He’s quite a strange guy.
hand down (give to a younger relative) v /%h&nd "daUn/
● transmettre tramandare weitergeben
I always hand down my old clothes to my sister.
hand out (= distribute) v /%h&nd "aUt/
● distribuer distribuire verteilen
Could you help me hand out these leaflets?
headline (TV news) n /"hedlaIn/
● gros titre titolo Schlagzeile, Nachrichtenüberblick
Did you see the headlines on tonight’s news?
heavyweight adj /"heviweIt/
● poids lourd peso massimo SchwergewichtsHe’s a heavyweight boxer, so don’t annoy him!
height n /haIt/
● hauteur altezza Höhe
We’ll be flying at a height of 15,000 feet.
hit v /hIt/
● atteindre colpire treffen
A violent storm has hit the south coast.
hold (= wait) v /h@Uld/
● patienter aspettare am Apparat bleiben
I’m afraid he’s on the phone. Do you want to hold?
homeless adj /"h@Uml@s/
● sans-abri senzatetto obdachlos
Thousands of people are homeless as a result of the war.
hunter n /"hVnt@(r)/
● chasseur/euse cacciatore Jäger/Jägerin
The hunter was getting close to his prey.
hurricane n /"hVrIk@n/
● ouragan uragano Hurrikan
The hurricane has caused terrible damage.
in charge prep + n /%In "tSA:dZ/
● responsable responsabile verantwortlich
Can I speak to the person in charge?
indoors adv /In"dO:z/
● à l’intérieur al coperto drinnen
They stayed indoors all day.
interpersonal adj /%Int@"p3:s@nl/
● de communication interpersonale zwischenmenschlich
The manager has excellent interpersonal skills.
interview n /"Int@vju:/
● entretien colloquio di lavoro Vorstellungsgespräch
I have been asked to attend an interview on Tuesday.
interview v /"Int@vju:/
● passer un entretien fare un colloquio di lavoro
ein Vorstellungsgespräch führen
Would you like to interview him?
ironworker n /"aI@n%w3:k@(r)/
● ouvrier ferronier operaio siderurgico Arbeiter, der die
Stahlgerüste von Wolkenkratzern montiert
New York’s ironworkers built the city’s skyscapers.
journalism n /"dZ3:n@lIzm/
● journalisme giornalismo Journalismus
She studied journalism because she wanted to work for a newspaper.
just in case /%dZVst In "keIs/
● au cas où non si sa mai, nel caso che für alle Fälle
I’m going to pack extra clothes, just in case we stay longer than planned.
knock out (= make unconscious) v /%nQk "aUt/
● mettre au tapis, assommer mettere k.o. k.o. schlagen
He knocked out his opponent in the first round.
● licencier licenziare
entlassen
The factory had to lay off several hundred workers.
leader n /"li:d@(r)/
● dirigeant/e capo Leiter
Jo left the team because she didn’t get on with the leader.
leave a message v /%li:v @ "mesIdZ/
● laisser un message lasciare un messaggio eine Nachricht
hinterlassen
Would it be okay if I left a message?
look (sth) up v /%lUk "Vp/
● chercher cercare nachschlagen
If you don’t know what the word means, you should look it up in the
dictionary.
mayor n /"me@(r)/
● maire sindaco Bürgermeister/Bürgermeisterin
The mayor attended the ceremony.
meteorologist n /%mi:ti2@"rQl@dZIst/
● météorologue meteorologo Meteorologe/Meteorologin
He worked as a meteorologist until he retired.
nasty adj /"nA:sti/
● méchant orribile schlimm
There was a nasty moment when we got lost.
Nobel Prize n /"n@Ubel %praIz/
● Prix Nobel Premio Nobel Nobelpreis
Didn’t he win the Nobel Prize that year?
novelist n /"nQv@lIst/
● romancier/ière romanziere Romanautor/Romanautorin
She is a very busy novelist; she writes several books each year.
of course adv /@v "kO:s/
● bien sûr naturalmente natürlich
Of course he speaks English. He’s from Wales.
organize v /"O:g@naIz/
● organiser, gérer organizzare organisieren
I’m trying to organize a surprise party for Robert.
outdoors adv /aUt"dO:z/
● à l’extérieur, dehors all’aperto draussen, im Freien
It is more fun for the children to play outdoors.
particularly adv /p@"tIkj@l@li/
● particulièrement particolarmente besonders
It’s not particularly difficult.
photocopier n /"f@Ut@U%kQpi@(r)/
● photocopieuse fotocopiatrice Kopierer
The photocopier is in the corner.
pride n /praId/
● fierté orgoglio Stolz
He takes great pride in his work.
put (sb) through (on the phone) v /%pUt "Tru:/
● passer (qn), mettre (qn) en communication passare (al telefono)
verbinden
I’ll put you through to Mr Brown now.
put up with (sth) (= tolerate) v /%pUt "Vp w
W ID/
● tolérer (qch) tollerare ertragen, sich gefallen lassen
I don’t know how you put up with him.
recapture v /%ri:"k&ptS@(r)/
● reprendre riprendere wieder einfangen
It was 7.30 p.m. before we managed to recapture the rabbit!
resign v /rI"zaIn/
● démissionner dare le dimissioni zurücktreten
I’m going to resign and look for a new job.
resignation n /rezIg"neISn/
● démission dimissioni Rücktritt
Jack handed in his resignation yesterday.
retire v /rI"taI@(r)/
● partir à la retraite andare in pensione in den Ruhestand treten
We are going to retire and live in the country.
retirement n /rI"taI@m@nt/
● retraite pensione, pensionamento Ruhestand
They are looking forward to their retirement.
15
round (of a boxing fight) n /raUnd/
● round round
alone adj /@"l@Un/
Runde
The match was fought over several rounds.
sacrifice n /"s&krIfaIs/
● sacrifice sacrificio Opfer
It is the ultimate sacrifice.
scandal n /"sk&nd@l/
● scandale scandalo Skandal
The news has caused a bit of a scandal in the office.
seek v /si:k/
● rechercher cercare suchen
You should seek medical advice about it.
shoulder n /"S@Uld@(r)/
● épaule spalla Schulter
He hurt his shoulder when he went skiing.
skeleton n /"skelIt@n/
● squelette scheletro Gerippe
They found the remains of a human skeleton.
skill n /skIl/
● aptitude, talent abilità Fähigkeit, Geschick
It takes a lot of skill to play that game.
slowdown n /"sl@UdaUn/
● ralentissement rallentamento Flaute
There has been a slowdown in productivity recently.
take a message v /%teIk @ "mesIdZ/
● prendre un message prendere nota di un messaggio
etwas ausrichten
Can I take a message for her?
take (sth) away (= remove) v /%teIk @"weI/
● enlever togliere wegnehmen
I took her toys away until she stopped being naughty.
take up v /%teIk "Vp/
● se mettre à, commencer iniziare, intraprendere anfangen
Shall we take up a new hobby together?
training n /"treInIN/
● formation allenamento, formazione Schulung
All employees will be given full training.
turn on v /%t3:n "Qn/
● allumer accendere anmachen
I’ll just turn on the light for you.
twist v /twIst/
● tordre slogare ausrenken
I twisted my ankle when I fell.
vacancy n /"veIk@nsi/
● poste à pourvoir posto vacante offene Stelle
Will you consider me for the vacancy?
washing-up n /%wQSIN "Vp/
● vaisselle piatti da lavare Abwasch
Washing-up is not my job: my brother does it.
widespread adj /"waIdspred/
● répandu molto diffuse verbreitet
There have been widespread fears about job losses.
Unit 8
actually adv /"&ktS@li/
● en fait veramente wirklich
We’ve spoken on the phone, but we haven’t actually met.
address n /@"dres/
● adresse indirizzo Adresse
The address is written down on that piece of paper.
afford (can’t afford) v /@"fO:d/
● (ne pas) avoir les moyens, (ne pas) pouvoir se permettre
(non) potersi permettere sich (nicht) leisten können
We can’t afford to go on holiday this year.
AIDS (= acquired immune deficiency syndrome) n /eIdz/
● sida AIDS Aids
Medical experts are hopeful that they will find a cure for AIDS.
● seul solo
allein
She was all alone and I felt sorry for her.
amnesty n /"&mn@sti/
● amnistie amnestia Amnestie
There is to be an amnesty for all the prisoners.
angry adj /"&Ngri/
● en colère arrabbiato ärgerlich
When you said that, I was very angry.
appeal n /@"pi:l/
● appel richiesta di fondi Spendenaufruf
They are holding an appeal to raise money for their charity.
appreciate v /@"pri:SieIt/
● apprécier essere grato per schätzen
I really do appreciate how much work you have done.
astonished adj /@"stQnISt/
● surpris, étonné sorpreso erstaunt
She looked astonished when I told her.
attractive adj /@"tr&ktIv/
● séduisant allettante attraktiv
For an older man, Bob is very attractive.
awake adj /@"weIk/
● reveillé sveglio wach
He was awake very early this morning.
beg v /beg/
● mendier, demander chiedere l’elemosina betteln
There were many homeless people begging for money.
belief n /bI"li:f/
● conviction convinzione Überzeugung
It is my strongly held belief that something must be done.
blanket n /"bl&NkIt/
● couverture coperta Decke
My auntie knitted this blanket for me when I was a girl.
book (a holiday) v /bUk/
● faire les réservations pour prenotare buchen
Mum and dad have booked a holiday for us in August.
boss n /bQs/
● patron/ne capo Chef
The boss doesn’t look too pleased today.
both /b@UT/
● tous les deux ambedue beide
Both of my parents speak Spanish.
burglar n /"b3:gl@(r)/
● cambrioleur ladro Einbrecher
A burglar stole the computer and the TV from our flat.
calm adj /kA:m/
● calme calmo ruhig
Try and stay calm about it.
camp n /k&mp/
● camp accampamento Lager
The refugees stayed in a camp after the war.
cancer n /"k&ns@(r)/
● cancer cancro Krebs
The doctors found the cancer in time and she was cured.
carpet n /"kA:pIt/
● tapis, moquette tappeto Teppich
I’ve spent all morning cleaning the carpet.
chimney n /"tSImni/
● cheminée camino Schornstein
We need to clean the chimney before we can light a fire.
circumstance(s) n /"s3:k@mstA:ns/
● situation circostanza Verhältnisse
Under the circumstances, I will allow you more time.
conservation n /%kQns@"veISn/
● protection conservazione, tutela Schutz
They are working on a project to improve the conservation of wildlife.
crisis n /"kraIsIs/
● crise crisi Krise
Talks have failed to resolve the crisis.
16
crowd n /kraUd/
● foule folla
fit together (a jigsaw) v /%fIt t@"geD@(r)/
Menge
An angry crowd had gathered outside the court.
curtain n /"k3:tn/
● rideau tenda Vorhang
The first thing she does in the morning is open the curtains.
dedicate v /"dedIkeIt/
● consacrer, dédier dedicare widmen
I would like to dedicate this song to my parents.
demand n /dI"mA:nd/
● demande, exigence richiesta, esigenza Forderung
This bill is a final demand. We’ll have to pay it.
desperately adv /"desp@r@tli/
● désespérément ardentemente, vivamente unbedingt
I desperately want to see New York.
die v /daI/
● mourir morire sterben
We all have to die some day.
dirty adj /"d3:ti/
● sale sporco schmutzig
Please remove your dirty boots before you come in.
disastrous adj /dI"zA:str@s/
● désastreux disastroso katastrophal
That was a disastrous football match.
dream v /dri:m/
● rêver sognare träumen
I used to dream about meeting him and now I have done!
drive n /draIv/
● allée viale di accesso Auffahrt
They live in the big house with the long drive.
drop dead v /%drQp "ded/
● tomber raide mort morire tot umfallen
He just dropped dead on his way home from work.
dump (sb) (= end a romantic relationship) informal v /dVmp/
● plaquer (qn) piantare (mit jdm) Schluss machen
How could he dump me like that?
earn v /3:n/
● gagner, toucher guadagnare verdienen
I used to earn more, but I’m happier in my new job.
economic adj /i:k@"nQmIk/
● économique economico wirtschaftlich
It caused an economic disaster for the company.
embassy n /"emb@si/
● ambassade ambasciata Botschaft
The embassy will probably be able to help you.
emergency supplies pl n /I%m3:dZ@nsi s@"plaIz/
● réserves de secours aiuti umanitari di emergenza
Katastrophenhilfe
The charity promised to help out with emergency supplies.
endangered species n /In%deIndZ@d "spi:Si:z/
● espèce menacée specie in pericolo di estinzione vom Aussterben
bedrohte Tierart
The tiger is now an endangered species.
enormous adj /I"nO:m@s/
● énorme enorme riesig
Have you seen that dog? It’s enormous!
establish v /I"st&blIS/
● établir stabilire feststellen
Can we just establish the facts before we go any further?
ethnic adj /"eTnIk/
● ethnique etnico ethnisch
There are many different ethnic communities in this country.
fantasize v /"f&nt@saIz/
● rêver, fantasmer fantasticare träumen
He fantasizes all day instead of working.
fee n /fi:/
● honoraires parcella, onorario Gebühr
They charge a fee for their services.
filthy adj /"fIlTi/
● crasseux sudicio dreckig
The car is filthy, so I’m going to wash it.
● (s’)assembler mettere insieme zusammenpassen
It took me a long time to fit together all the pieces, but I did it!
floor (of a building) n /flO:(r)/
● sol, étage piano (di una casa) Stock
My office is on the 53rd floor of a skyscraper.
fluid n /"flu:Id/
● fluide liquido Flüssigkeit
We should drink plenty of fluids on the journey.
fortunately adv /"fO:tS@n@tli/
● heureusement per fortuna glücklicherweise
Fortunately for the team, he only missed one match.
frightened adj /"fraItnd/
● terrifié spaventato verängstigt
She was cold and frightened when they rescued her.
funny adj /"fVni/
● drôle, amusant divertente lustig
Bill is very funny. He always makes me laugh.
furious adj /"fjU@ri@s/
● furieux furibondo wütend
Dad was furious when he heard about it.
get rid of (= discard) v /%get "rId @v/
● se débarrasser de sbarazzarsi di loswerden
Could we get rid of these old clothes?
ghost n /g@Ust/
● fantôme fantasma Gespenst
Have you ever seen a ghost?
grow v /gr@U/
● (faire) pousser coltivare anbauen
Every year I try to grow tomatoes and every year I fail.
growl v /graUl/
● grogner ringhiare knurren
If the dog growls at you, keep away from it.
guard n /gA:d/
● garde guardia Wachmann
The guard showed us the way out.
heart attack n /"hA:t @%t&k/
● crise cardiaque infarto Herzinfarkt
He had a heart attack, but he’s okay now.
heat n /hi:t/
● chaleur calore Hitze
No, I can’t stand the heat in summer.
heavily adv /"hev@li/
● lourdement forte, a dirotto stark
They were heavily armed and ready for a fight.
hilarious adj /hI"le@ri@s/
● hilarant spassoso, divertente urkomisch
The show was hilarious. I might go again.
horrible adj /"hQr@bl/
● horrible orribile scheusslich
That was a horrible thing to do.
hospice n /"hQspIs/
● établissement de soins palliatifs hospice, casa di accoglienza per
malati terminali Hospiz
He spent his last few weeks in the hospice.
hound (= pursue) v /haUnd/
● traquer perseguitare verfolgen
They were hounded by the press.
housing n /"haUzIN/
● logement alloggio Wohnungen
There is some really nice housing being built around here.
human rights pl n /%hju:m@n "raIts/
● droits de l’homme diritti umani Menschenrechte
They don’t take any notice of human rights in that country.
(be) hungry adj /"hVNgri/
● avoir faim affamato hungrig
We have no idea what it’s like to be really hungry.
incredibly adv /In"kred@bli/
● incroyablement incredibilmente unglaublich
It was incredibly difficult to find a space in the car park.
17
incurable adj /In"kjU@r@bl/
● incurable incurabile
pick up (= collect) v /%pIk "Vp/
unheilbar
The disease is incurable, but they can control it with drugs.
invest v /In"vest/
● investir investire anlegen
I invested all my money in property.
island n /"aIl@nd/
● île isola Insel
It is a small island in the Mediterranean.
jigsaw n /"dZIgsO:/
● puzzle puzzle Puzzle
Can you help me finish this jigsaw? Where does this piece go?
just adv /dZVst/
● juste appena gerade noch
I just managed to finish it in time.
knock n /nQk/
● coup colpo Klopfen
There was a loud knock on the door.
knock v /nQk/
● frapper bussare klopfen
I was knocking but you didn’t hear me.
land n /l&nd/
● terrain terra, terreno Land
The land is very dry and dusty.
last v /lA:st/
● durer durare dauern
The film lasted longer than I expected it to.
leave (sth) behind (= forget) v /%li:v bI"haInd/
● laisser dimenticare zurücklassen
I left it behind on the bus!
loan n /l@Un/
● prêt, emprunt prestito Darlehen
I got a loan from the bank to pay for it.
lottery n /"lQt@ri/
● loterie lotteria Lotterie
People have won millions of pounds on the lottery.
loudly adv /"laUdli/
● bruyamment, fort forte laut
She knocked loudly on the wall.
mansion n /"m&nSn/
● hôtel particulier, manoir villa, palazzo Herrenhaus
They won a lot of money and now they live in a mansion.
medical supplies pl n /"medIkl s@%plaIz/
● approvisionnement medical materiale sanitario Arzneimittel
They have plenty of medical supplies, so they should manage.
menacingly adv /"men@sINli/
● de façon menaçante minacciosamente drohend
It crept menacingly along after its prey.
miserable adj /"mIzr@bl/
● malheureux infelice unglücklich
Paul feels miserable today.
misery n /"mIz@ri/
● souffrance infelicità Unglück
Even though she was rich, her wealth brought her nothing but misery.
nearly adv /"nI@li/
● presque quasi fast
I nearly won the race. I should have trained harder.
organization n /%O:g@naI"zeISn/
● organisation organizzazione, ente Organisation
I’ve never worked for such a big organization before.
pay-rise n /"peI %raIz/
● augmentation de salaire aumento di stipendio Gehaltserhöhung
The boss has promised us a pay-rise next month.
penniless adj /"penIl@s/
● sans le sou senza un soldo arm
She spent all her money, and now she’s penniless.
photography n /f@"tQgr@fi/
● photographie fotografia Fotografieren
She has done some great wildlife photography.
● aller chercher passare a prendere abholen
I’ll pick it up on the way home from work.
post office n /"p@Ust %QfIs/
● poste ufficio postale Post
I need to go to the post office to send a parcel.
post v /p@Ust/
● poster imbucare aufgeben
John posted the letter for me yesterday.
pour v /pO:(r)/
● verser affluire, riversarsi giessen
I was pouring the milk carefully, but I still spilt some!
pretty adj /"prIti/
● joli carino hübsch
That’s a very pretty dress she’s wearing.
prisoner of conscience n /%prIzn@r @v "kQnS@ns/
● prisonnier/ière d’opinion prigioniero di coscienza
Gefangene/Gefangener aus Gewissensgründen
He was a prisoner of conscience for eight years.
prize n /praIz/
● prix premio Preis
The first prize is a car.
psychiatrist n /saI"kaI@trIst/
● psychiatre psichiatra Psychiater/Psychiaterin
I think she went to see a psychiatrist about her problems.
purpose n /"p3:p@s/
● but scopo Sinn
What is the purpose of the meeting?
put pressure on (sb) v /%pUt "preS@r Qn/
● faire pression sur (qn) fare pressione su qlcu.
unter Druck setzen
I don’t want to put pressure on you at all.
ragged adj /"r&gId/
● effiloché stracciato verschlissen
It’s a little ragged around the edges, but it’s okay.
receptionist n /rI"sepS@nIst/
● réceptionniste recezionista Empfangsdame
I rang the receptionist and made an appointment to see the doctor.
relative n /"rel@tIv/
● parent parente Verwandte/Verwandter
All my relatives are coming to the wedding.
release v /rI"li:s/
● libérer rilasciare befreien
The prisoners were released yesterday.
rescue n /"reskju:/
● sauvetage soccorso Rettung
They were very brave carrying out that rescue.
research n /rI"s3:tS/
● recherche ricerca Forschung
Research suggests that they may find a cure soon.
routine n /ru:"ti:n/
● routine routine Routine
It’s his daily routine, it never changes.
run (my nose is running) v /rVn/
● couler colare laufen
I need a tissue: my nose is running.
run out of v /%rVn "aUt @v/
● ne plus avoir de rimanere senza kein… mehr haben
I’ve run out of money, I’m afraid.
sanity n /"s&n@ti/
● raison sanità mentale geistige Gesundheit
I need some time alone to restore my sanity.
shelter n /"Selt@(r)/
● refuge rifugio Heim
They are building a new shelter for the animals.
smash v /sm&S/
● briser mandare in frantumi zerstören
He did that dance where they smash plates!
solicitor n /s@"lIsIt@(r)/
● avocat/e avvocato, rappresentante legale Anwalt/Anwältin
My sister is going to be a solicitor when she leaves university.
18
space shuttle n /"speIs %SVtl/
● navette spatiale shuttle
agony aunt n /"&g@ni/
Raumfähre
The space shuttle looks a bit like a plane.
(go on a) spending spree n /"spendIN %spri:/
● dépenser des sommes folles spese folli Einkaufstour
We are going to London on a spending spree.
stand v /st&nd/
● supporter sopportare ertragen
I can’t stand sport, especially football.
suddenly adv /"sVd@nli/
● soudain improvvisamente plötzlich
Suddenly, they heard shouting in the street.
superb adj /su:"p3:b/
● superbe magnifico, superbo grossartig
What a superb meal that was.
surprised adj /s@"praIzd/
● surpris sorpreso überrascht
She looked surprised, when she saw her boyfriend walk in.
survive v /s@"vaIv/
● survivre sopravvivere überleben
My grandfather survived the war.
tempt v /temt/
● tenter tentare in Versuchung führen
Could you be tempted by a slice of cake?
the press n /D@ "pres/
● la presse la stampa die Presse
Recently, the press has been following them.
thrilled adj /TrIld/
● ravi, enchanté entusiasta begeistert
I was thrilled when I saw him win the race.
tired adj /"taI@d/
● fatigué stanco müde
He is tired after his long journey, but he’ll be fine.
turn out v /%t3:n "aUt/
● s’avérer rivelarsi sich herausstellen
Even thought the weather was terrible this morning, it turned out to be a
nice day.
violently adv /"vaI@l@ntli/
● violemment violentemente heftig
They disagreed violently when I suggested it.
visa n /"vi:z@/
● visa visto Visum
Do you need a visa to visit Russia?
waste v /weIst/
● gaspiller, dilapider sprecare verschwenden
He’s wasted a lot of time already.
wide adj /waId/
● large vasto, ampio breit
The river is very wide and very fast flowing.
windfall n /"wIndfO:l/
● aubaine colpo di fortuna unverhoffter Gewinn
They received an unexpected windfall.
wildlife reserve n /"waIldlaIf rI%z3:v/
● réserve naturelle riserva naturale Wildreservat
We went to the wildlife reserve during the holidays.
wild-looking adj /"waIld %lUkIN/
● à l’air égaré dall’aspetto selvaggio wild aussehend
That wild-looking creature is actually very gentle.
winner n /"wIn@(r)/
● gagnant/e vincitore Gewinner/Gewinnerin
She was a gold medal winner in the Olympics.
Unit 9
advantage n /@d"vA:ntIdZ/
● avantage vantaggio
Vorteil
He had the advantage from the very beginning.
● journaliste du cœur courrier chi tiene la posta del cuore in una
rivista Kummerkastentante
Have you ever written to an agony aunt?
ambitious adj /&m"bIS@s/
● ambitieux ambizioso ehrgeizig
I am ambitious but my family will always come first.
annoyed adj /@"nOId/
● agacé, fâché seccato sich ärgern
I was so annoyed when I broke it.
background n /"b&kgraUnd/
● fond, arrière-plan background Hintergrund
The background to the story is still unclear.
care (for) v /ke@(r)/
● soigner, s’occuper de prendersi cura di, badare a pflegen
I shall care for my parents as they cared for me.
cheat v /tSi:t/
● tricher imbrogliare mogeln
You cheated, so why don’t you admit it?
cheerful adj /"tSI@fl/
● joyeux allegro fröhlich
Linda is so kind and cheerful.
clearly adv /"klI@li/
● clairement, manifestement chiaramente offensichtlich
Clearly I wouldn’t want to upset you.
complexion n /k@m"plekSn/
● teint carnagione, aspetto Teint
She is a beautiful girl with a lovely complexion.
concentrate v /"kQns@ntreIt/
● se concentrer concentrarsi sich konzentrieren
I concentrated so hard during that lesson.
conscious adj /"kQnS@s/
● conscient cosciente bewusst
We made a conscious decision not to buy a car.
contented adj /k@n"tentId/
● heureux, satisfait soddisfatto zufrieden
What a contented little baby he is.
cruel adj /"kru:@l/
● cruel crudele grausam
Ignore her, she can be very cruel sometimes.
crutches pl n /krVtSIz/
● béquilles stampelle Krücken
Patrick has been on crutches since he broke his leg.
curly adj /"k3:li/
● bouclé ricciuto lockig
I wish my hair was curly like yours.
date n /deIt/
● rendez-vous, date fixée appuntamento Verabredung
Are you asking me out on a date?
daydream n /"deIdri:m/
● rêves sogno a occhi aperti Tagtraum
She walks around in a daydream at work.
daydream v /"deIdri:m/
● rêver, rêvasser sognare a occhi aperti träumen
I was just daydreaming when the phone rang.
deal with (sth) v /"di:l wID/
● s’occuper de affrontare fertig werden mit
I’ll deal with the problem so don’t worry.
definite adj /"defIn@t/
● précis preciso fest
There is a definite link between junk food and obesity.
depend on (sb) v /dI"pend Qn /
● dépendre de (qn) dipendere da sich verlassen auf
I have always depended on my father for everything.
depressed adj /dI"prest/
● déprimé depresso deprimiert, depressiv
He is feeling depressed about work.
disadvantage n /%dIs@d"vA:ntIdZ/
● désavantage svantaggio Nachteil
Being famous can be a real disadvantage sometimes.
19
drawer n /drO:(r)/
● tiroir cassette
mood n /mu:d/
Schublade
I think your socks are in your bedroom drawer.
drop v /drQp/
● laisser tomber lasciar cadere fallen lassen
I dropped your vase and I’m afraid it’s broken.
easygoing adj /%i:zi"g@UIN/
● accommodant, facile à vivre tollerante gelassen
She is easygoing and friendly.
envy v /"envi/
● envier invidiare beneiden
I envied his wealth and success until I realised that he was unhappy.
expert n /"eksp3:t/
● spécialiste, expert/e esperto Fachmann/Fachfrau
She is considered to be an expert in her field.
expert adj /"eksp3:t/
● spécialisé esperto fachmännisch
Jane’s an expert cook.
finances n pl /"faIn&nsIz/
● finances fondi, finanze Finanzen
Since we bought our house, we haven’t really had the finances to go on
holiday.
forget v /f@"get/
● oublier dimenticare vergessen
I’m sure I’ve forgotten something.
gambling n /"g&mblIN/
● jeu (d’argent) gioco d’azzardo Glücksspiel
He had huge debts because of his problem with gambling.
generation n /%dZen@"reISn/
● génération generazione Generation
Will future generations still listen to the Beatles?
hand-me-down adj /"h&nd mI %daUn/
● vieux, d’occasion usato, smesso abgelegt
I get sick of hand-me-down clothes.
hardworking adj /%hA:d"w3:kIN/
● travailleur che lavora sodo fleissig
My brother is so hardworking. I do admire him.
hate v /heIt/
● détester, haïr detestare hassen
I hated living close to that factory.
housework n /"haUsw3:k/
● ménage lavori di casa Hausarbeit
I don’t enjoy housework, but one of us has to do it!
husband n /"hVzb@nd/
● époux marito (Ehe) Mann
She met her husband when they were studying at university.
I suppose /%aI s@"p@Uz/
● je suppose suppongo ich denke
I suppose it doesn’t bother me too much.
impatient adj /Im"peIS@nt/
● impatient impaziente ungeduldig
The children were bored and were getting impatient.
in front of prep /In "frVnt @v/
● devant davanti a vor
The red car is in front of the green car.
in the meantime /%In D@ "mi:ntaIm/
● entre-temps nel frattempo inzwischen
In the meantime, shall we have some tea?
kind n /kaInd/
● sorte tipo die Art
The restaurant had many different kinds of food.
kind adj /kaInd/
● gentil gentile freundlich
Sarah is a very kind and generous person.
lorry driver n /"lQri %draIv@(r)/
● routier camionista Lastwagenfahrer/Lastwagenfahrerin
The lorry driver reported the accident to the police.
memory n /"mem@ri/
● souvenir memoria, ricordo Erinnerung
My memory isn’t as good as it used to be.
● humeur umore
Laune
Are you in a good mood now?
moody adj /"mu:di/
● lunatique lunatico launisch
He’s quite a moody boy, isn’t he?
notice v /"n@UtIs/
● remarquer notare bemerken
I noticed that the local shop closed at eight.
nun n /nVn/
● religieuse suora Nonne
She went to a Catholic school where she was taught by nuns.
nurse n /n3:s/
● infirmier/ière infermiera Krankenschwester
She is a nurse at the local hospital.
obsessed adj /@b"sest/
● obsédé ossessionato besessen
She was followed everywhere by an obsessed fan.
oversleep v /%@Uv@"sli:p/
● se réveiller trop tard non svegliarsi in tempo verschlafen
I’m sorry I’m late, but I overslept!
passion n /"p&Sn/
● passion passione Leidenschaft
Music is her great passion in life.
plaster n /"plA:st@(r)/
● plâtre gesso Gips
He had his leg in plaster for several weeks after the skiing accident.
point of view n /%pOInt @v "vju:/
● point de vue punto di vista Standpunkt
She has her point of view and we must respect that.
put off (doing sth) (= postpone) v /%pUt "Qf/
● remettre à plus tard rimandare aufschieben
You’ve put it off long enough!
rather adv /"rA:D@(r)/
● plutôt piuttosto ziemlich
She’s rather attractive for a women of her age.
relationship n /rI"leISnSIp/
● relation relazione, rapporto Beziehung
I’m not sure about the relationship between them.
reliable adj /rI"laI@bl/
● sérieux, digne de confiance affidabile zuverlässig
The car may be old, but it’s very reliable.
relieved adj /rI"li:vd/
● soulagé sollevato erleichtert
I feel relieved now that I’ve done the exam.
resentment n /rI"zentm@nt/
● ressentiment risentimento Groll
I could feel his resentment when I got the promotion.
reserved adj /rI"z3:vd/
● réservé riservato zurückhaltend
Lucy is quiet and reserved most of the time.
reunion n /%ri:"ju:ni@n/
● réunion riunione Treffen
We had a reunion with old school friends.
sense of humour n /%sens @v "hju:m@(r)/
● sens de l’humour senso dell’umorismo Sinn für Humor
John has a brilliant sense of humour.
share v /Se@(r)/
● partager condividere, dividere verteilen
I have to share a bedroom with my little brother.
sociable adj /"s@US@bl/
● sociable socievole gesellig
Joe is extremely sociable this evening.
take care of (sb) v /%teIk "ke@r @v/
● s’occuper de (qn) prendersi cura di sich kümmern um
I’ve been taking care of my friend’s dog.
talkative adj /"tO:k@tIv/
● bavard chiacchierone gesprächig
I like her, but she’s too talkative.
20
tolerant adj /"tQl@r@nt/
● tolérant tollerante
changing room n /"tSeIndZIN %ru:m/
tolerant
Are you a tolerant parent?
twin n /twIn/
● jumeau/elle gemello Zwilling
I have a twin. His name is Richard.
unsure adj /%Vn"SU@(r)/
● peu sûr non sicuro unsicher
At the moment, I feel a little unsure about what to do.
untidy adj /%Vn"taIdi/
● en désordre disordinato unordentlich
The garden is untidy and the house matches it.
ups and downs pl n /%Vps @n "daUnz/
● des hauts et des bas gli alti e i bassi Höhen und Tiefen
We’ve had our ups and downs, haven’t we?
vet n /vet/
● vétérinaire veterinario Tierarzt/Tierärztin
I’ll take the dog to the vet tonight.
veterinary assistant n /%vetnri @"sIst@nt/
● assistant(e) vétérinaire assistente di un veterinario
Tierarzthelfer/-helferin
The veterinary assistant helped me to carry him.
Unit 10
air conditioning n /"e@ k@n%dISnIN/
● air climatisé aria condizionata Klimaanlage
Has the air conditioning stopped working?
airport n /"e@pO:t/
● aéroport aeroporto Flughafen
We spent hours waiting in the airport.
audition v /O:"dISn/
● auditionner avere un’audizione vorsprechen
Yesterday, I auditioned for the play.
autobiographical adj /%O:t@baI@U"graefIkl/
● autobiographique autobiografico autobiographisch
It’s a very interesting autobiographical film.
award n /@"wO:d/
● prix, récompense premio Preis
When I was a girl, I won an award for ballet.
ban v /b&n/
● interdire proibire verbieten
I thought the government had banned hunting.
birthday card n /"b3:TdeI %kA:d/
● carte d’anniversaire biglietto di auguri per il compleanno
Geburtstagskarte
Did you receive many birthday cards?
blond adj /blQnd/
● blond biondo blond
He is tall, blond and very handsome.
button n /"bVtn/
● touche, bouton tasto, pulsante Knopf
Press the button to switch on the computer.
(can’t) bear v /%kA:nt "be@(r)/
● (ne pas pouvoir) supporter (non) sopportare
(nicht) ausstehen können
Please stop singing, I can’t bear it!
cast v /kA:st/
● distribuer les rôles scritturare eine Rolle geben
He cast me as a rich and powerful lawyer in his film.
casting director n /"kA:stIN d@%rekt@(r), dI-, daI-/
● directeur/trice de la distribution regista che sceglie gli attori
Besetzungschef/-chefin
The casting director decides who gets which role.
ceiling n /"si:lIN/
● plafond soffitto Decke
I’ll have to stand on a chair to paint the ceiling.
cello n /"tSel@U/
● violoncelliste violoncello Cello
I learnt to play the cello at school.
● vestiaire camerino, spogliatoio Umkleidekabine
You can get changed in the changing room.
chemistry n /"kem@stri/
● chimie chimica Chemie
Chemistry was my best subject at school.
classical music n /%kl&sIkl "mju:zIk/
● musique classique musica classica klassische Musik
I love classical music, especially Mozart.
clear v /klI@(r)/
● effacer ripagare (un debito) abzahlen
I have to clear my debt at the bank by the end of the month.
collector n /k@"lekt@(r)/
● collectionneur/euse collezionista Sammler/Sammlerin
He is a collector of fine wines.
compose v /k@m"p@Uz/
● composer comporre komponieren
He began composing music as a very young boy.
concert n /"kQns@t/
● concert concerto (spettacolo) Konzert
The classical concert was superb.
concerto n /k@n"tSe@t@U/
● concerto concerto (composizione musicale) Konzert
This violin concerto is one of my favourites.
conductor n /k@n"dVkt@(r)/
● chef d’orchestre direttore d’orchestra Dirigent/Dirigentin
The orchestra has a different conductor this evening.
constantly adv /"kQnst@ntli/
● constamment costantemente ständig
These days technology is constantly developing.
credit card n /"kredIt %kA:d/
● carte de credit carta di credito Kreditkarte
Can I pay for the goods by credit card?
debt n /det/
● dette debito Schulden
The bank admitted the mistake and cancelled the debt.
dust v /dVst/
● épousseter spolverare abstauben
I’ve dusted all the furniture.
dynamite n /"daIn@maIt/
● dynamite dinamite Dynamit
They used dynamite to blast a hole in the rock.
engineer n /endZI"nI@(r)/
● ingénieur ingegnere Ingenieur/Ingenieurin
He works as an engineer on the new motorway.
estate agent n /I"steIt %eIdZ@nt/
● agent immobilier agente immobiliare Grundstücksmakler
Grundstücksmaklerin
The estate agent showed us around the property.
explosion n /Ik"spl@UZn/
● explosion esplosione Explosion
You could hear the explosion miles away.
explosives pl n /Ik"spl@UsIvz/
● explosifs esplosivi Sprengstoff
The police found the explosives hidden in a shed.
fake adj /feIk/
● faux falso nicht echt
I wouldn’t wear real fur. It’s fake.
figure n /"fIg@(r)/
● silhouette figurina Figur
He collects figures of the characters in his favourite film.
fire engine n /"faI@r %endZIn/
● voiture de pompier autopompa Feuerwehrauto
Tom loves to play with his toy fire engine.
fireplace n /"faI2@pleIs/
● cheminée caminetto Kamin
Do you keep this near the fireplace?
fireworks pl n /"faI@w3:ks/
● feu d’artifice fuochi d’artificio Feuerwerk
The children love fireworks, but the pets hate them!
21
found v /faUnd/
● fonder fondare
reckon (= think) informal v /"rek@n/
gründen
This school was founded 100 years ago.
hairbrush n /"he@brVS/
● brosse à cheveux spazzola per capelli Haarbürste
I think I’ll have the blue hairbrush, please.
hairdresser n /"he@dres@(r)/
● coiffeur/euse parrucchiere Friseur/Friseurin
The hairdresser cuts my hair once a month.
headache n /"hedeIk/
● mal de tête mal di testa Kopfschmerzen
That loud music has given me a headache.
hippie n /"hIpi/
● hippy hippy Hippie
My mother used to be a hippie in the sixties.
history n /"hIstri/
● histoire storia Geschichte
History is a fascinating subject, isn’t it?
hurt v /h3:t/
● faire mal far male verletzen
I hurt my arm throwing the ball.
immaculate adj /I"m&kj@l@t/
● impeccable impeccabile tadellos sauber
Her house is immaculate; she is always cleaning.
lecture n /"lektS@(r)/
● cours, conférence conferenza/lezione Vortrag
Did you attend the lecture this morning?
lecture v /"lektS@(r)/
● enseigner fare conferenze/lezioni Vorträge halten
He lectures in music at the university.
legendary adj /"ledZ@ndri/
● légendaire leggendario legendär
There was a real woman on whom the legendary character was based.
make up (= invent) v /%meIk "Vp/
● inventer inventare sich ausdenken
He made up a story about his past.
memorabilia n /%mem@r@"bIli@/
● souvenirs cimeli Erinnerungsstücke
I have so much memorabilia, I could open a museum.
metallic adj /m@"t&lIk/
● en métal metallico MetallI think he uses metallic paint on his car.
movies n US /"mu:vIz/
● cinéma film Film
In the United States they call films ‘movies’.
optimism n /"QptImIz@m/
● optimisme ottimismo Optimismus
Her optimism never fails to amaze me!
(be) originally (from) adv /@"rIdZ@n@li/
● être originaire de essere originariamente ursprünglich
She was originally from Spain, but now she lives in England.
out-of-work adj /%aUt @v "w3:k/
● sans travail disoccupato arbeitslos
It’s difficult to find a job in films. There must be hundreds of
out-of-work actors in Hollywood.
ponytail n /"p@UniteIl/
● queue de cheval coda di cavallo Pferdeschwanz
She tied her hair back in a ponytail.
press v /pres/
● appuyer sur premere drücken
I pressed the bell but it didn’t work.
profile n /"pr@UfaIl/
● portrait profilo Beschreibung
They have issued a profile of the wanted man.
promote v /pr@"m@Ut/
● promouvoir promuovere, reclamizzare Werbung machen für
He’s been on all the chat shows promoting his new film.
react v /ri"&kt/
● réagir reagire reagieren
How did he react when you told him the truth?
● croire credere halten von
What do you reckon to my idea?
redecorate v /%ri:"dek@reIt/
● refaire ridare la tinta/cambiare la tappezzeria streichen und
tapezieren
Phil redecorated the whole house in a week.
revise (for an exam) v /rI"vaIz/
● réviser ripassare lernen
I’ve been revising for days, so I expect to do well.
role n /r@Ul/
● rôle ruolo Rolle
He played an important role in the film.
rugged adj /"rVgId/
● rude marcato, duro markant
I like his rugged good looks.
scholarship n /"skQl@Sip/
● bourse borsa di studio Stipendium
James won a scholarship to Oxford.
shopping centre n /"SQpIN %sent@(r)/
● centre commercial centro commerciale Einkaufszentrum
The new shopping centre opens on Saturday.
shopping list n /"SQpIN %lIst/
● liste de courses lista della spesa Einkaufsliste
Don’t forget the shopping list when you go to the supermarket.
(go on a) shopping spree n /"SQpIN %spri:/
● aller faire des folies dans les magasins giro di spese folli
Einkaufstour
We are going to New York on a shopping spree!
soundtrack n /"saUndtr&k/
● bande sonore colonna sonora Filmmusik
I loved the film, but the soundtrack is really sad.
state of the art adj /%steIt @v Di "A:t/
● ultramoderne, de pointe dell’ultima generazione, modernissimo
dem neuesten Stand der Technik entsprechend
He has got a state of the art music system.
sunset n /"sVnset/
● soleil couchant tramonto Sonnenuntergang
The sunset over the sea was absolutely beautiful.
tale n /teIl/
● histoire racconto Geschichte
Dad loves to tell tales about his school days.
teacup n /"ti:kVp/
● tasse à thé tazza da tè Teetasse
Could you pass me a teacup, please?
teapot n /"ti:pQt/
● théière teiera Teekanne
He poured me a cup of tea from the teapot.
tear (in your eyes) n /tI@(r)/
● larme lacrima Träne
She had tears in her eyes when she said goodbye.
teaspoon n /"ti:spu:n/
● petite cuillère cucchiaino Teelöffel
I’ll have just one teaspoon of sugar, please.
toilet paper n /"tOIl@t %peIp@(r)/
● papier hygiénique carta igienica Toilettenpapier
Could you put toilet paper on the list, please?
toothache n /"tu:TeIk/
● mal de dent mal di denti Zahnschmerzen
I’ve got toothache. Can I see a dentist?
toothbrush n /"tu:TbrVS/
● brosse à dent spazzolino da denti Zahnbürste
You should clean your teeth with a good toothbrush.
toothpaste n /"tu:TpeIst/
● dentifrice dentifricio Zahnpasta
I like this toothpaste better than the other one.
traffic jam n /"tr&fIk %dZ&m/
● embouteillage ingorgo del traffico Verkehrsstau
There is a traffic jam on the motorway.
22
traffic warden n /"tr&fIk %wO:dn/
● agent de la circulation vigile urbano
all-night party n /%O:l naIt "pA:ti/
Verkehrspolizist, Politesse
I wouldn’t be a traffic warden for any amount of money.
trapped adj /tr&pt/
● enfermé, pris au piège bloccato gefangen
She is trapped in her role as a housewife.
trendy adj /"trendi/
● à la mode alla moda schick
He always wears trendy clothes.
unconventional adj /%Vnk@n"venS@nl/
● peu conventionnel poco convenzionale unkonventionell
They are an unconventional couple, but very nice.
underwear n /"Vnd@we@(r)/
● sous-vêtement biancheria intima Unterwäsche
I am always buying new underwear. I love it!
unlikely adj /%Vn"laIkli/
● peu probable poco probabile unwahrscheinlich
Jo is the most unlikely person you could think of for that job.
videotape n /"vIdi@UteIp/
● cassette-vidéo videocassetta Video
I’ll get the videotape and we can watch it together.
vote n /v@Ut/
● vote voto Stimme
The politician won 10,000 votes in the election.
vote v /v@Ut/
● voter votare wählen
Will you be voting for him?
waiting room n /"weItIN %ru:m/
● salle d’attente sala d’aspetto Wartezimmer
The waiting room at the doctor’s was full.
wallpaper n /"wO:lpeIp@(r)/
● papier peint carta da parati Tapete
I don’t like the wallpaper – it’s old-fashioned.
water n /"wO:t@(r)/
● eau acqua Wasser
There is a jug of water on the table.
water v /"wO:t@(r)/
● arroser innaffiare giessen
I’ve just watered all the plants.
worldwide adv /w3:ld"waId/
● dans le monde entier in tutto il mondo weltweit
It’s a big company with offices worldwide.
(be) worth (sth) adj /w3:T/
● valoir (qch) valere qc. wert
Do you think it could be worth something?
wrapping paper n /"r&pIN %peIp@(r)/
● papier d’emballage, papier cadeau carta da regali Geschenkpapier
I need wrapping paper to wrap this present.
writing paper n /"raItIN %peIp@(r)/
● papier carta da lettere Briefpapier
I have a big pad of writing paper that you can use.
Unit 11
abbreviation n /@%bri:vi"eISn/
● abréviation abbreviazione
Abkürzung
GB is the abbreviation for Great Britain.
absent-mindedness n /%&bs@nt "maIndIdn@s/
● étourderie distrazione Zerstreutheit
You can’t always use your absent-mindedness as an excuse.
affectionately adv /@"fekS@n@tli/
● affectueusement affettuosamente liebevoll
He treated that cat so affectionately, better than he treats me!
aggressive adj /@"gresIv/
● agressif aggressivo aggressiv
John is a very aggressive player, isn’t he?
● fête qui dure toute la nuit festa che dura tutta la notte
Party, die die ganze Nacht dauert
We had an all-night party to celebrate my birthday.
anyway adv /"eniweI/
● bon, de toute façon comunque also
Anyway, in the end we decided not to do it.
appear v /@"pI@(r)/
● jouer (dans le rôle de) comparire auftreten
Guess who’s appearing at the theatre next week?
appointment n /@"pOIntm@nt/
● rendez-vous appuntamento Termin
I have an appointment with Mr. Green at two thirty today.
backing vocalist n /"b&kIN %v@Uk@lIst/
● choriste cantante che accompagna Begleitsänger/-sängerin
He started off as a backing vocalist, but now he has his own band.
beard n /bI@d/
● barbe barba Bart
Do you think Jerry’s beard suits him or not?
bite v /baIt/
● mordre, ronger mordere, mangiarsi (le unghie)
kauen an, beissen
He’s a friendly dog; he won’t bite you.
Don’t bite your nails!
blame v /bleIm/
● accuser, mettre sur le compte de criticare, dare la colpa a die
Schuld geben
I’m not trying to blame anyone, I just want to know what happened.
bring up (a child) v /%brIN "Vp/
● élever allevare grossziehen
Bringing up children is the most difficult job in the world.
campsite n /"k&mpsaIt/
● camping campeggio Campingplatz
I’ll book the campsite for five nights.
caring adj /"ke@rIN/
● aimant, bienveillant premuroso sozial eingestellt
My grandmother is the most caring person I know.
cartoonist n /kA:"tu:nIst/
● dessinateur/trice humoristique vignettista, cartonista
Karikaturist/Karikaturistin
She’s working as a cartoonist for one of the daily newspapers.
catastrophe n /k@"t&str@fi/
● catastrophe catastrophe Katastrophe
It’s nothing really, but she acts like it’s a catastrophe.
check in v /%tSek "In/
● arriver fare il check-in einchecken
You have to check in, and then they’ll show you to your rooms.
cheerleader n /"tSI@li:d@(r)/
● majorette cheerleader Mitglied einer Gruppe, die vor
Sportveranstaltungen Stimmung macht
Were you a cheerleader when you were at school?
chew v /tSu:/
● mâcher masticare kauen
Chewing raw carrots is good for your teeth.
childbearing n /"tSaIldbe@rIN/
● maternité maternità, gravidanza Kinderkriegen
Childbearing is not my idea of fun. I’m glad I’m a man!
childbirth n /"tSaIldb3:T/
● accouchement parto Geburt
The risk of dying in childbirth is very low in Britain.
climb v /klaIm/
● monter, grimper salire su steigen auf
Have you ever climbed a mountain?
construction work n /k@n"strVkSn/
● travaux (de construction) lavori di costruzione Bauarbeiten
The construction work started on Monday and should last for six weeks.
contract n /"kQntr&kt/
● contrat contratto Vertrag
Don’t sign the contract until your lawyer has checked the details.
23
cope v /k@Up/
● faire face farcela
forgetfulness n /f@"getfln@s/
es schaffen
She coped very well with the pressures of her new job.
couch potato n /"kaUtS p@%teIt@U/
● pantouflard/e (qui passe son temps devant la télévision)
persona teledipendente jemand, der nur vor dem Fernseher sitzt
I love exercise. I have never been a couch potato.
crate n /kreIt/
● caisse cassetta Kiste
That crate looks big enough to hold all the bottles.
creature n /"kri:tS@(r)/
● créature creatura Lebewesen
What a strange looking creature. What is it?
cross off (from a list) v /%krQs "Qf/
● rayer spuntare streichen von
I’ve crossed her off my list. She was very rude.
crucify v /"kru:sIfaI/
● crucifier crocifiggere kreuzigen
The Romans used to crucify criminals.
currently adv /"kVr@ntli/
● actuellement, en ce moment attualmente gegenwärtig
This is the best home computer that is currently available.
deduce v /dI"dju:s/
● déduire dedurre folgern
The answer can be deduced from the clues.
define v /dI"faIn/
● définir definire definieren
It’s hard to define what it is that makes her special.
deli (= delicatessen) informal n /"deli/
● restaurant-traiteur salumeria Feinkostgeschäft
I’ll pick up a sandwich from the deli at lunch time.
dental floss n /"dentl %flQs/
● fil dentaire filo interdentale Zahnseide
My dentist advised me to use dental floss every day.
desk n /desk/
● bureau scrivania Schreibtisch
My new desk has a lot more storage space than the old one.
dinosaur n /"daIn@sO:(r)/
● dinosaure dinosauro Dinosaurier
The T-rex was a very fierce dinosaur.
discover v /dI"skVv@(r)/
● découvrir scoprire entdecken
Do you think scientists will discover a cure for the disease?
drop (sb) a line /%drQp @ "laIn/
● écrire un petit mot (à qn) mandare due righe a qlcu. ein paar
Zeilen schreiben
I’ll drop you a line next week with all the details.
drummer n /"drVm@(r)/
● batteur batterista Trommler/Trommlerin
She was the drummer in the band and her brother played the guitar.
emotion n /I"m@USn/
● émotion emozione Gefühl
Doctors have to be good at hiding their emotions.
employer n /Im"plOI@(r)/
● employeur datore di lavoro Arbeitgeber/Arbeitgeberin
It should be okay. I’ll check the dates with my employer.
energy n /"en@dZi/
● énergie energia Energie
Going to the gym just fills me with energy!
equivalent adj /I"kwIv@l@nt/
● équivalent equivalente gleichwertig
It costs £10 or the equivalent amount in euros.
eruption n /I"rVpSn/
● éruption eruzione Ausbruch
The eruption was devastating – it killed a great number of people.
feelings pl n /"fi:lINz/
● sentiments sentimenti Gefühle
It really hurts my feelings when you say things like that.
forgetful adj /f@"getfl/
● distrait smemorato vergesslich
Poor Grandma! She is so forgetful these days.
● distraction, perte de mémoire smemoratezza
Vergesslichkeit
You must expect old people to display a certain amount of forgetfulness.
gadget n /"g&dZIt/
● gadget aggeggio Gerät
That’s a handy little gadget. I must get one.
go back v /%g@U "b&k/
● (un arbre) être vieux de, (une idée) remonter à risalire
zurückgehen
Jim and I have know each other for ages. We go back twenty years.
grab v /gr&b/
● saisir, s’emparer de afferrare, prendere al volo holen
I haven’t got time for dinner. I’ll just grab a sandwich before I go out.
gum n /gVm/
● chewing-gum gomma da masticare Kaugummi
This gum is fruit flavoured. I don’t like it.
halfway adj /"hA:fweI/
● au milieu de, à mi-chemin a metà halb, halbwegs
He had to kick the ball from the halfway line.
hammer n /"h&m@(r)/
● marteau martello Hammer
A good knock with a hammer should sort it out!
handheld computer n /%h&ndheld k@m"pju:t@(r)/
● ordinateur de poche computer palmare Computer im
Taschenformat
I’d love a handheld computer, but they are very expensive.
H-bomb n /"eItS %bQm/
● bombe H bomba H Wasserstoffbombe
There are weapons today that can do even more damage than the
H-bomb.
hiccup n /"hIkVp/
● hoquet singhiozzo Schluckauf
If I eat too quickly, I get hiccups.
historically adv /hI"stQrIkli/
● d’un point de vue historique storicamente geschichtlich
It’s a good book, but it isn’t historically accurate.
hit v /hIt/
● frapper, percuter colpire schlagen
Don’t hit your sister! She’s only little.
hit the roof /%hIt D@ "ru:f/
● sauter au plafond andare su tutte le furie an die Decke gehen
Dad will hit the roof when he sees the scratch on his car.
hold your breath /%h@Uld jO: "breT/
● retenir sa respiration trattenere il fiato die Luft anhalten
Hold your breath when you dive into the pool.
hug v /hVg/
● serrer dans ses bras abbracciare umarmen
Sally hugged her parents and thanked them for everything.
in fact adv /%In "f&kt/
● en fait in realtà eigentlich
I think I’m right. In fact, I’m sure I am.
insane adj /In"seIn/
● fou matto, malato di mente verrückt
You must think I’m insane if you think I’ll say yes!
instinctive adj /In"stINktIv/
● instinctif istintivo instinktiv
Peter is a very instinctive person and I trust his judgement.
kick v /kIk/
● donner un coup de pied dare un calcio treten
She kicked the ball into the goal.
kick the habit /%kIk D@ "h&bIt/
● arrêter liberarsi da un vizio die Gewohnheit aufgeben
Have you really tried to kick the habit?
kiss (sth) goodbye /%kIs gUd"baI/
● dire adieu à (qch) dire addio a qlco. vergessen
You can kiss that goodbye if you’ve lent it to her.
ladder n /"l&d@(r)/
● échelle scala a pioli Leiter
Mark has gone to get the ladder out of the shed.
24
landscape n /"l&ndskeIp/
● paysage paesaggio
purse n /p3:s/
Landschaft
The English landscape is beautiful because it is so green.
lick v /lIk/
● lécher leccare lecken
The dog always licks his dish completely clean, but the cat doesn’t.
life expectancy n /"laIf Ik%spekt@nsi/
● espérance de vie durata media della vita Lebenserwartung
Women have a greater life expectancy than men.
lifestyle n /"laIfstaIl/
● mode de vie stile di vita Lebensstil
Mum doesn’t approve of my best friend’s lifestyle.
litter n /"lIt@(r)/
● ordures, détritus rifiuti, cartacce Abfall
Pick up all that litter and throw it in the bin, please.
man-made adj /"m&n meId/
● fabriqué par l’homme, artificiel sintetico vom Menschen
geschaffen
I don’t like clothes made out of man-made fibres.
meat packer n /"mi:t %p&k@(r)/
● employé/e d’un abattoir commerciante in carne
Fleischverarbeiter
He had a part-time job working as a meat packer.
nail n /neIl/
● clou, ongle chiodo, unghia Nagel
He hammered the nail into the wall.
Stop biting your nails!
natural disaster n /%n&tSr@l dI"zA:st@(r)/
● catastrophe naturelle catastrofe naturale Naturkatastrophe
Volcanic eruptions can result in dreadful natural disasters.
naturally adv /"n&tSr@li/
● naturellement, bien sûr naturalmente natürlich
Katie is so lucky. Her hair is naturally curly.
neglect v /nI"glekt/
● négliger trascurare vernachlässigen
Those poor children were neglected for years.
nevertheless adv /%nev@D@"les/
● malgré tout tuttavia trotzdem
She was an unknown, but nevertheless interesting, writer.
orbit v /"O:bIt/
● graviter en orbite autour de orbitare attorno a umkreisen
The space craft orbited the moon before returning to earth.
outlive v /aUt"lIv/
● survivre sopravvivere a überdauern
My granddad is very fit. He’ll probably outlive us all!
owner n /"@Un@(r)/
● propriétaire proprietario Besitzer/Besitzerin
Does anyone know who the owner of this car is?
personal trainer n /%p3:s@nl "treIn@(r)/
● entraîneur personnel allenatore personale privater Fitnesstrainer
Karen got a job at the gym working as a personal trainer.
philosopher n /fI"lQs@f@(r)/
● philosophe filosofo Philosoph/Philosophin
Aristotle was a great philosopher.
police officer n /p@"li:s %QfIs@(r)/
● officier de police agente di polizia Polizist/Polizistin
Did you want to be a police officer when you were a little boy?
population n /%pQpj@"leISn/
● population popolazione Bevölkerung
It is a small country, but it has a large population.
poster n /"p@Ust@(r)/
● affiche, poster poster, cartellone Poster
Have a look at the poster. The details are on there.
primary adj /"praIm@ri/
● primaire primario, fondamentale wichtigst
The primary objective is to raise funds for the club.
prove v /pru:v/
● prouver dimostrare beweisen
It’s hard to prove when there are no witnesses.
● porte-monnaie portamonete Portmonee
She put the money in her purse.
pyramid n /"pIr@mId/
● pyramide piramide Pyramide
When you went to Egypt did you visit the Pyramids?
rainforest n /"reInfQrIst/
● forêt tropicale foresta pluviale Regenwald
The damage being done to the rainforests concerns us all.
range n /reIndZ/
● gamme gamma Skala
It’s too expensive. It’s out of our price range.
risky adj /"rIski/
● risqué rischioso gefährlich
It’s a risky job, but Joe loves it.
row n /r@U/
● rangée fila Reihe
I’ve got tickets for the second row, so we’ll have a good view.
shut down v /%SVt "daUn/
● fermer, s’arrêter smettere di funzionare abschalten
The power station was shut down last year.
slipper n /"slIp@(r)/
● pantoufle pantofola Hausschuh
Please take off your shoes and put on your slippers.
smart (= well-dressed) adj /smA:t/
● élégant elegante schick
Stephen wore a very smart suit to work today.
stare v /ste@(r)/
● regarder fixement fissare starren
I’ve been staring at this screen too long. My eyes hurt.
stone n /st@Un/
● pierre pietra Stein
The boys were throwing stones, so I told them off.
stressed adj /strest/
● stressé stressato gestresst
Go to the doctor and tell her how stressed you feel.
suggest v /s@"dZest/
● suggérer suggerire vorschlagen
I suggested a picnic but it started to rain!
symbol n /"sImbl/
● symbole simbolo Symbol
It’s supposed to be a symbol of peace.
think (twice) v /TINk/
● réfléchir (à deux fois) pensare nachdenken
I’ll think twice before I do that again.
transportation n /%tr&nspO:"teISn/
● transport trasporto Transport
It was a popular form of transportation 100 years ago.
unfortunately adv /%Vn"fO:tS@n@tli/
● malheureusement purtroppo leider
Unfortunately, Peter will be leaving the band soon.
volcanic adj /vQl"k&nIk/
● volcanique vulcanico VulkanThere has been a lot of volcanic activity in that part of the world.
whistle n /"wIsl/
● sifflet fischio Pfeife
The referee blew the whistle at the end of the game.
whistle v /"wIsl/
● siffler fischiettare pfeifen
He’s been whistling that tune all day; it’s driving me mad!
wipe out (= destroy) v /%waIp "aUt/
● anéantir annientare auslöschen
That disease could wipe out a whole community within weeks.
Unit 12
add v /&d/
● ajouter aggiungere
hinzufügen
Add the eggs and sugar to make a cake.
25
admit v /@d"mIt/
● admettre ammettere
feature v /"fi:tS@(r)/
zugeben
Are you going to admit you did it?
argue v /"A:gju:/
● se disputer litigare sich streiten
They always argue about money.
ask v /A:sk/
● demander chiedere fragen
He asked me where I live.
baby-sit v /"beIbi sIt/
● garder, faire du baby-sitting fare da baby-sitter babysitten
I’m going to baby-sit for Jack and Eliza.
blow n /bl@U/
● coup colpo, botta Schicksalsschlag
It was a terrible blow for Jill when her husband left her.
bow n /b@U/
● nœud fiocco Schleife
That is a very pretty bow in your hair.
bury v /"beri/
● enterrer seppellire beerdigen
He was buried in the grounds of his local church.
byway n /"baIweI/
● chemin strada secondaria, stradina Nebenstrasse
Yesterday I was walking along the byway when I met Frank.
captain n /"k&ptIn/
● capitaine capitano Kapitän
The captain sailed the boat safely to the port.
chart v /"tSA:t/
● tracer tracciare planen
She charted her route across the desert.
coffin n /"kQfIn/
● cercueil bara Sarg
The coffin was made out of wood with metal handles.
commemorate v /k@"mem@reIt/
● commémorer commemorare gedenken
They are attending a service commemorating his life.
cot n /kQt/
● petit lit (de bébé) lettino Kinderbett
Put the baby in his cot. It’s time for his sleep.
cotton n /"kQtn/
● coton cotone Baumwolle
That shirt is made out of good quality cotton.
course n /kO:s/
● cours, route rotta Kurs
They planned their course carefully before the boat journey.
crew n /kru:/
● équipage equipaggio Besatzung
The ship’s crew worked very hard.
crowded adj /"kraUdId/
● bondé affollato eng
Crowded rooms always make me nervous.
dismantle v /dIs"m&ntl/
● démonter smantellare, distruggere auseinander nehmen
You’ll have to dismantle it and start again.
dotted line n /%dQtId "laIn/
● ligne pointillée linea tratteggiata punktierte Linie
Can you sign on the dotted line, please?
doubt n /daUt/
● doute dubbio Zweifel
He had some doubts about marrying her.
dove n /dVv/
● colombe colomba Taube
The dove is a symbol of peace.
drum n /drVm/
● tambour tamburo Trommel
I wish I’d never bought him that drum!
expect (a baby) v /Ik"spekt/
● attendre (un bébé) aspettare (un bambino) erwarten
They are expecting their first baby in June.
● paraître, presenter pubblicare, dare un posto preminente
bringen
They are making a programme featuring my favourite band.
funeral n /"fju:n@r@l/
● enterrement funerale Beerdigung
When he died, hundreds of people went to his funeral.
get engaged v /%get In"geIdZd/
● se fiancer fidanzarsi sich verloben
They are going to get engaged soon.
groom n /gru:m/
● marié sposo Bräutigam
The groom made a great speech. I nearly cried!
hearing aid n /"hI@rIN %eId/
● prothèse auditive apparecchio acustico Hörgerät
My mum wears a hearing aid, because she cannot hear well.
helicopter n /"helI%kQpt@(r)/
● hélicoptère elicottero Hubschrauber
I have never flown in a helicopter, but I’d like to.
hell n /hel/
● enfer inferno Hölle
I don’t think I believe in hell. Do you?
highway n /"haIweI/
● route strada principale Strasse
A big lorry caused an accident and blocked the highway.
invite v /In"vaIt/
● inviter invitare einladen
Josie has invited everyone in her class to her birthday party.
judge n /dZVdZ/
● juge giudice Richter/Richterin
Everybody stood up when the judge entered the court.
juicy adj /"dZu:si/
● juteux succoso saftig
That big, juicy apple was delicious!
kneel v /ni:l/
● se mettre à genoux inginocchiarsi knien
I’ve been kneeling down and now my legs ache.
liar n /"laI@(r)/
● menteur/euse bugiardo Lügner/Lügnerin
Don’t believe a word he says. Everyone knows he’s a liar.
lifeboat n /"laIfb@Ut/
● canot de sauvetage lancia di salvataggio Rettungsboot
The men who go out on the lifeboat are very brave.
lifeboatman n /"laIfb@Utm@n/
● sauveteur marinaio di lancia Rettungsbootmann
That’s the lifeboatman who saved my life.
mainland n /"meInl@nd/
● continent terraferma Festland
I can see the mainland. We’re nearly home!
manage to do (sth) v /%m&nIdZ t@ "du:/
● réussir à faire (qch) riuscire a fare (qlco.) es schaffen,
etwas zu tun
The exam was difficult, but I managed to answer the questions.
marriage guidance counsellor n /%m&rIdZ "gaId@ns %kaUns@l@(r)/
● conseiller/ère conjugal(e) consulente matrimoniale
Eheberater/Eheberaterin
I would go to a marriage guidance counsellor if our marriage was
in trouble.
midwife n /"mIdwaIf/
● sage-femme levatrice Hebamme
The midwife was very friendly and helpful.
miss v /mIs/
● manquer (à qn/qch) sentire la mancanza di vermissen
He missed his family terribly when he went to Spain.
moan v /m@Un/
● gémir lamentarsi klagen
All she does is moan about her boyfriend.Why doesn’t she finish
with him?
26
mourner n /"mO:n@(r)/
● personne assistant aux obsèques chi piange un defunto
throw v /Tr@U/
Trauergast
There were a lot of mourners at the old man’s funeral.
muffled adj /"mVfld/
● assourdi smorzato, attutito gedämpft
He spoke in a muffled voice, so I could hardly hear him.
nappy n /"n&pi/
● couche pannolino Windel
The baby’s crying. I need to change her nappy.
naught n /nO:t/
● rien nulla nichts
I tried so hard, but it all came to naught.
noon n /nu:n/
● midi mezzogiorno Mittag
We always have lunch at noon as the office closes for an hour.
offer v /"Qf@(r)/
● offrir offrire anbieten
I offered to help, but she said she could manage on her own.
overhead adv /%@Uv@"hed/
● au-dessus de la tête in alto in der Luft
We looked up when the plane flew overhead.
pregnant adj /"pregn@nt/
● enceinte incinta schwanger
Jane is pregnant. She’s really excited about it.
prison n /"prIzn/
● prison prigione Gefängnis
He went to prison for stealing the car.
proposal (of marriage) n /pr@"p@Uzl/
● demande en marriage proposta di matrimonio Heiratsantrag
Lisa has accepted Jake’s proposal of marriage.
reception n /rI"sepSn/
● réception ricevimento Empfang
They plan to hold their reception at the new hotel near the church.
regret n /rI"gret/
● regret rimpianto Bedauern
My biggest regret is that I didn’t learn a second language at school.
remind v /rI"maInd/
● rappeler ricordare erinnern
Can you remind me to post the letter?
rose-coloured adj /"r@Uz kVl@d/
● rose di color rosa rosa
She looks at the world through rose-coloured glasses.
say v /seI/
● dire dire sagen
She said she was from Scotland.
scarf n /skA:f/
● foulard, écharpe sciarpa, foulard Schal
It’s cold outside, so you’ll need your scarf and gloves.
scribble v /"skrIbl/
● griffonner scarabocchiare (hin) kritzeln
Let me scribble down your number so that I don’t forget it.
selfish adj /"selfIS/
● égoïste egoista egoistisch
You are very selfish. You only think about yourself.
spit v /spIt/
● cracher sputare spucken
You try giving the cat his tablets – he just spits them out!
subside v /s@b"saId/
● diminuer, s’apaiser calmarsi nachlassen
She couldn’t talk to him until her anger had subsided.
sweep up v /%swi:p "Vp/
● balayer spazzare auffegen
I’ll have to sweep up. It’s such a mess.
take (sth) back (= return) v /%teIk "b&k/
● rapporter restituire zurückbringen
It isn’t worth the money I paid. I’m going to take it back.
tell v /tel/
● raconter dire sagen, erzählen
Did he tell you all about the argument they had?
● jeter gettare werfen
I was going to throw it away but John thought he could mend it.
translate v /tr&ns"leIt/
● traduire tradurre übersetzen
I’ll try to translate it for you, but my Spanish isn’t very good!
volunteer n /vQl@n"tI@(r)/
● bénévole volontario Freiwillige/Freiwilliger
He’s a volunteer, but he works as hard as the paid workers.
wake v /weIk/
● (se) réveiller svegliare wecken
He woke to the sound of birds singing.
warning n /"wO:nIN/
● avertissement ammonimento, diffida Verwarnung
It would be silly to ignore the warning.
wedding n /"wedIN/
● mariage nozze, matrimonio Hochzeit
Are you going to Sally’s wedding in August?
widow n /"wId@U/
● veuve vedova Witwe
She has been a widow for ten years now.
wreath n /ri:T/
● couronne corona funebre Kranz
The big wreath was sent to the funeral by his old workmates.
27
Grammar Reference
Unit 1
Introduction to auxiliary verbs
● Initiation aux verbes auxiliaires
Introduzione ai verbi ausiliari
Einführung in die Hilfsverben
● Il existe trois catégories de verbes en anglais.
Ci sono tre categorie di verbi in inglese.
Im Englischen gibt es drei Gruppen von Verben.
1
● Les verbes auxiliaires do, be, et have
Ils sont utilisés pour former les temps, et pour indiquer les formes,
comme la forme interrogative et négative.
I verbi ausiliari do, be e have
Vengono usati per formare i tempi degli altri verbi e per formare le
domande e le frasi negative.
Die Hilfsverben do, be und have
Mit ihrer Hilfe bildet man die Zeiten und formuliert Fragesätze und
verneinte Sätze.
2
● Les verbes auxiliaires modaux
Must, can, should, might, will, et would sont des exemples de verbes
auxiliaires modaux. Ils « aident » d’autres verbes, mais,
contrairement à do, be, et have, ils possèdent aussi un sens propre. Par
exemple, must exprime l’obligation de faire quelque chose et can la
capacité de faire quelque chose. (Voir les unités 4, 5, 8, et 9.)
I verbi modali ausiliari
Must, can, should, might, will e would sono esempi di verbi modali
ausiliari. ‘Aiutano’ un altro verbo, ma a differenza di do, be e have,
hanno un significato proprio. Per es. must esprime obbligo e can
esprime abilità (vedi unità 4, 5, 8 e 9).
Modale Hilfsverben
Must, can, should, might, will und would sind Beispiele für modale
Hilfsverben. Sie ‘helfen’ anderen Verben, haben aber (anders als do, be
und have) eine eigene Bedeutung. Beispielsweise drückt must eine
Verpflichtung und can eine Fähigkeit aus. (Siehe Kapitel 4, 5, 8 und
9.)
3
● Les verbes complets
Ceux-ci représentent l’ensemble des autres verbes de la langue, par
exemple, play, run, help, think, want, go, etc.
Do, be, et have peuvent également être employés comme verbes
complets avec une signification particulière.
I verbi veri e propri
Sono tutti gli altri verbi inglesi, per es. play, run, help, think, want, go,
ecc.
Do, be e have possono essere usati come verbi con un significato
proprio.
Vollverben
Dies sind alle anderen Verben im Englischen, z.B. play, run, help,
think, want, go usw.
Do, be und have können auch als Vollverben mit eigener Bedeutung
benutzt werden.
do
I do my washing on Saturdays.
She does a lot of business in Eastern Europe.
What do you do? = What’s your job?
● (Le premier do est un auxiliaire ; le second un verbe complet.)
(Il primo do è un ausiliare, il secondo è un verbo vero e proprio.)
(Das erste do ist ein Hilfsverb; das zweite ein Vollverb.)
be
We are in class at the moment.
They were at home yesterday.
I want to be a teacher.
have
He has a lot of problems.
They have three children.
● Une remarque sur have et have got
Il existe deux formes du verbe have: have, en tant que verbe complet
(précédé de do/does/did dans les formes interrogative et négative, ou
remplacé par do/does/did dans les réponses abrégées, et have got.
Dans la forme du verbe have got, have est un auxiliaire.
Se reporter à la p. 8 du livre d’exercices pour plus de renseignements
sur have/have got.
Una nota su have e have got
Il verbo have ha due forme: have, verbo vero e proprio che usa
do/does/did per formare le domande, le frasi negative e le risposte
brevi, e have got dove have è un ausiliare.
Nel Workbook pag. 8 troverai ulteriori informazioni su have/have got.
Anmerkung zu have und have got
Es gibt zwei Formen des Verbs have: have als Vollverb (mit
do/does/did in Fragesätzen, verneinten Sätzen und kurzen Antworten)
und have got. In dem Verb have got ist have ein Hilfsverb.
Siehe Workbook S.8 für weitere Informationen zu have/have got.
1.1 Tenses and auxiliary verbs
● Les temps et les verbes auxiliaires
Verbi ausiliari per formare i tempi
Zeiten und Hilfsverben
● Lorsque do, be, et have sont employés en tant que verbes auxiliaires,
ils produisent différentes formes verbales.
Quando do, be e have sono usati come verbi ausiliari, servono a
formare vari tempi verbali.
Wenn do, be und have als Hilfsverben benutzt werden, bilden sie
verschiedene Verbformen.
do
● Au Present Simple (présent de l’indicatif) et au Past Simple (prétérit),
on n’utilise pas de verbe auxiliare pour la forme affirmative, mais do,
does, et did sont utilisés pour former les interrogations et négations
(sauf dans les cas de be et have got).
Nel Present Simple e nel Past Simple non si usa un verbo ausiliare per
la forma affermativa, ma si usano do, does, did per le domande e le
frasi negative (eccetto con i verbi be e have got).
Im Present Simple und im Past Simple werden keine Hilfsverben
verwendet, also nimmt man do, does und did zur Bildung von
Fragesätzen und verneinten Sätzen (ausser bei be / have got).
Where do you work?
She doesn’t like her job.
What did you buy?
We didn’t buy anything.
be
1
● On utilise be + verbe + -ing pour composer la forme progressive des
verbes.
La forme progressive du verbe décrit des activités en cours ou
temporaires.
Be + forma in -ing del verbo si usa per i tempi ‘progressivi’. I tempi
progressivi o continuous descrivono azioni in corso e temporanee.
28
Be + Verb + ing-Form wird benutzt, um die Verlaufsformen der
Verben zu bilden.
Die Verlaufsform (Continuous) beschreibt Tätigkeiten, die gerade
stattfinden, und vorübergehende Tätigkeiten.
He’s washing his hair (Present Continuous)
They were going to work. (Past Continuous)
I’ve been learning English for two years. (Present Perfect Continuous)
I’d like to be lying on the beach right now. (Continuous infinitive)
2
● On utilise be + participe passé pour former la voix passive.
Be + participio passato si usa per formare il passivo.
Be + Partizip Perfekt wird benutzt, um das Passiv zu bilden.
Paper is made from wood. (Present Simple passive)
My car was stolen yesterday. (Past Simple passive)
The house has been redecorated. (Present Perfect passive)
This homework needs to be done tonight. (Passive infinitive)
● Vous trouverez une introduction à la voix passive à la p33.
Vedi l’introduzione al passivo a pag. 33.
Eine Einführung in das Passiv steht auf S. 33.
have
● On utilise have + participe passé pour former le perfect verb forms
(passé des verbes, dans ses différentes formes).
Have + participio passato si usa per formare i tempi composti o
‘Perfect tenses’.
Have + Partizip Perfekt wird benutzt, um die Perfektformen der
Verben zu bilden.
He has worked in seven different countries. (Present Perfect)
She was crying because she had had some bad news. (Past Perfect)
I’d like to have met Napoleon. (Perfect infinitive)
● Perfect signifie « avant ». Le Present Perfect (passé composé) signifie
donc « avant l’heure actuelle » (Se reporter aux unités 7 et 10.) Le
Past Perfect (plus-que-parfait) signifie « avant un moment donné
dans le passé » (Se reporter à l’unité 3.)
Perfect significa ‘prima’, perciò il Present Perfect significa ‘prima d’ora’
(vedi unità 7 e 10). Il Past Perfect significa ‘prima di un momento nel
passato’ (vedi unità 3).
Perfect bedeutet ‘vor’, also bedeutet Present Perfect ‘vor jetzt’. (Siehe
Kapitel 7 und 10.) Past Perfect bedeutet ‘vor einem Zeitpunkt in der
Vergangenheit’. (Siehe Kapitel 3.)
Es gibt noch eine andere Möglichkeit, verneinte Sätze zu bilden. Man
kann die Kurzformen von be und have zusammen mit not
verwenden.
He’s not playing today. (= He isn’t playing today.)
We’re not going to Italy after all. (= We aren’t going to Italy …)
I’ve not read that book yet. (= I haven’t read the book yet.)
● Mais:
Ma attenzione:
Aber:
I’m not working. NOT I amn’t working.
1.3 Questions and auxiliary verbs
● La forme interrogative et les verbes auxiliaires
Verbi ausiliari per formare le domande
1
● Pour poser une question, inversez l’ordre du sujet et du verbe
auxiliaire de la phrase à l’affirmative.
S’il n’y a pas d’auxiliaire, ayez recours à do/does/did.
Per formare le domande, si invertono il soggetto e il verbo ausiliare.
Se non c’è un verbo ausiliare, si usano do/does/did.
Zur Bildung eines Fragesatzes vertauscht man das Subjekt mit dem
Hilfsverb.
Wenn es kein Hilfsverb gibt, verwendet man do/does/did.
Question
She’s wearing jeans.
What is she wearing?
You aren’t working.
Why aren’t you working?
You were born in Paris.
Where were you born?
Peter’s been to China.
Has Peter been to China?
We have been studying.
Have you been studying?
I know you.
Do I know you?
He wants ice-cream.
What does he want?
They didn’t go out.
Why didn’t they go out?
2
● Do/does/did n’apparaissent généralement pas dans les questions
portant sur le sujet. Comparez:
Non si usano do/does/did se il pronome interrogativo è il soggetto
1.2 Negatives and auxiliary verbs
● La forme négative et les verbes auxiliaires
Verbi ausiliari per formare le forme negative
Fragesätze und Hilfsverben
della domanda. Confronta:
Wenn nach dem Subjekt gefragt wird, verwendet man do/does/did
normalerweise nicht. Vergleiche:
Who wants ice-cream?
What flavour ice-cream do you want?
What happened to your eye?
What did you do to your eye?
Who broke the window?
How did you break the window?
Verneinte Sätze und Hilfsverben
● Pour former le négatif, ajoutez -n’t à l’auxiliaire. S’il n’y a pas
d’auxiliaire dans la phrase, utilisez alors don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Per ottenere la forma negativa, si aggiunge -n’t al verbo ausiliare. Se
non c’è un verbo ausiliare, si usano don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Zur Bildung der Verneinung hängt man -n’t an das Hilfsverb an.
Wenn es kein Hilfsverb gibt, verwendet man don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.
Positive
Negative
Affirmative
Négative
Forma affermativa
Forma negativa
Aussagesatz
Verneinter Satz
He’s working.
He isn’t working.
I was thinking.
I wasn’t thinking.
We’ve seen the play.
We haven’t seen the play.
She works in a bank.
She doesn’t work in a bank.
They like skiing.
They don’t like skiing.
He went on holiday.
He didn’t go on holiday.
● Il existe également une autre façon de composer la forme négative
d’un verbe auxiliaire.Vous pouvez contracter les auxiliaires be et have,
puis ajouter not.
Con gli ausiliari be e have si può anche usare la forma contratta
dell’ausiliare seguita da not.
1.4 Short answers and auxiliary verbs
● Les réponses abrégées et les verbes auxiliaires
Verbi ausiliari per formare le risposte brevi
Kurze Antworten und Hilfsverben
● Il est très courant de répondre en abrégé dans l’anglais parlé. Il peut
en effet paraître impoli de se contenter de répondre par Yes ou No. Il
est ainsi coutumier d’employer des réponses abrégées pour répondre
aux questions qui demandent une réponse affirmative ou négative.
Pour former une réponse abrégée, reprenez le verbe auxiliaire. Au
Present (présent) et Past Simple (prétérit), employez do/does/did.
Nell’inglese parlato non è cortese rispondere solo Yes o No. Per
rispondere alle Yes/No questions si usano le risposte brevi. Per
formare le risposte brevi, si ripete il verbo ausiliare. Nella forma
affermativa del Present Simple e del Past Simple si usano do/does/did.
Kurze Antworten sind im gesprochenen Englisch sehr häufig. Wenn
man einfach Yes oder No sagt, kann das unhöflich klingen. Auf
Ja/Nein-Fragen gibt man deshalb eine kurze Antwort, in der man das
Hilfsverb wiederholt. Im Present Simple und im Past Simple bildet
man kurze Antworten mit do/does/did.
29
Short answer
Yes, I am.
No, I haven’t.
No, she doesn’t. She hates it.
Yes, she did. You were out.
No, I won’t.
Are you coming with us?
Have you had breakfast?
Kate likes walking.
Mary didn’t phone.
Don’t forget to write.
2
● On ajoute toutefois -es aux verbes qui se terminent en -ss, -sh, -ch, -x,
et -o.
Se il verbo termina in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o si aggiunge -es.
kisses washes watches fixes goes
Unit 2
3
● On remplace le -y par -ies pour les verbes qui se terminent par une
consonne.
2.1 Present Simple
Se il verbo termina in -y preceduta da consonante, si cambia -y in
Form
Positive and negative
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
Question
work.
don’t work.
do
Where
does
works.
doesn’t work.
Do you live in Bristol?
Does he have a car?
I
we
you
they
live?
he
she
it
Short answer
Yes, we do.
No, he doesn’t.
qu’un -s.
Ma se il verbo termina in -y preceduta da vocale, la -y non cambia.
Das Present Simple wird verwendet, um Folgendes auszudrücken:
eine Handlung, die immer wieder stattfindet (eine Gewohnheit).
I go to work by car.
She drinks ten cups of coffee a day.
I wash my hair twice a week.
2
à la fin d’un mot.
Vedi Workbook pag. 14 per la pronuncia di -s alla fine della parola.
Adverbs of frequency
● Adverbes de temps
Avverbi di frequenza
● Les adverbes de temps s’emploient souvent avec le présent de
l’indicatif.
Con il Present Simple si usano spesso gli avverbi di frequenza.
Im Present Simple verwendet man oft Häufigkeitsadverbien.
never
eine Tatsache, die immer zutrifft.
Ronaldo comes from Brazil.
Some birds fly south in winter.
My daughter has brown eyes.
50%
rarely
not often
sometimes
100%
often
usually
always
2
● Ils précèdent généralement les verbes, à l’exception du verbe be qu’ils
suivent. Comparez:
Si mettono di solito prima del verbo, ma dopo il verbo be. Confronta:
3
eine Tatsache, die für eine lange Zeit zutrifft (ein Dauerzustand).
He works in a bank.
I live in a flat near the centre of town.
I prefer coffee to tea.
Spelling of verb + -s
● Orthographe du verbe + -s
Regole ortografiche per la terza persona singolare
Schreibung des Verbs + -s
1
● Pour former la troisième personne du singulier du verbe, on ajoute,
dans la plupart des cas, un -s à la racine du verbe.
La maggior parte dei verbi aggiunge -s alla forma base.
Bei den meisten Verben wird -s an die Grundform angehängt.
wants eats helps drives
Häufigkeitsadverbien
1
● un fait qui est vrai pour un long moment (un état de choses).
uno stato o una situazione permanenti.
Siehe Workbook S. 14 für die Aussprache von -s am Wortende.
0%
● un fait qui demeure exact.
un fatto che è sempre vero.
Aber bei Verben, die auf einen Vokal + -y enden, wird nur -s
angehängt.
● Se reporter à la p. 14 du livre d’exercices pour la prononciation du -s
1
● Mais pour ceux qui se terminent par une voyelle + -y, on n’ajoute
buys says plays enjoys
● une action répétitive (une habitude).
un’azione che succede regolarmente (azione abituale).
-ies.
Bei Verben, die auf einen Konsonanten + -y enden, wird das -y zu
-ies.
carries flies worries tries
Use
● Le Present Simple (présent de l’indicatif) s’emploie pour exprimer:
Si usa il Present Simple per esprimere:
Bei Verben, die auf -ss, -sh, -ch, -x und -o enden, wird -es angehängt.
Sie stehen vor dem Hauptverb, aber nach dem Verb be. Vergleiche:
I usually start school at 9.00. They’re usually in a hurry in the
morning.
I don’t often go to bed late.
I’m not often late for school.
She never eats meat.
He’s never late.
I rarely see Peter these days.
We’re rarely at home at the weekends.
3
● Sometimes et usually peuvent également se trouver en tête ou en fin
de phrase.
Sometimes e usually si possono anche mettere all’inizio o alla fine
della frase.
Sometimes und usually können auch am Anfang oder am Ende
stehen.
Sometimes we play cards.
We play cards sometimes.
Usually I go shopping with friends. I go shopping with friends usually.
● On ne peut toutefois pas déplacer never, always, rarely, et seldom de
cette façon.
Invece never, always, rarely, e seldom non si possono spostare.
Never, always, rarely und seldom können das nicht.
NOT Never I go to the movies.
Always I have tea in the morning.
30
4
● Every day, etc., se place en fin de phrase.
Le espressioni di frequenza come every day, ecc. vanno alla fine della
frase.
Every day usw. steht am Ende.
He phones me every night.
Spelling of verb + -ing
1
● Pour former la forme progressive du présent, la plupart des verbes
ajoutent -ing à la racine du verbe.
La maggior parte dei verbi aggiunge -ing alla forma base.
going wearing visiting eating
2.2 Present Continuous
Form
2
● Les verbes qui se terminent en -e perdent leur -e avant -ing.
Se il verbo termina in -e, si elimina -e e si aggiunge -ing.
I
’m
’m not
He/She/It
’s
isn’t
We/You/They
’re
aren’t
● Toutefois les verbes qui se terminent par -ee conservent leurs -ee.
I verbi che teminano in -ee non eliminano la -e.
am
I
is
he/she/it
are
we/you/they
Are you going by train?
● Les verbes qui se terminent par -ie changent le -ie en -y.
I verbi che terminano in -ie cambiano -ie in y.
doing?
3
● Dans le cas des verbes qui ne comportent qu’une syllabe, et qui se
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
terminent par une voyelle suivie d’une consonne, on redouble la
consonne finale.
Se il verbo è monosillabo e termina con una vocale + una
consonante, si raddoppia la consonante.
Wenn das Verb nur aus einer Silbe mit einem Vokal und einem
Konsonanten besteht, wird der Konsonant verdoppelt.
Das Present Continuous wird verwendet, um Folgendes
auszudrücken:
1
● une activité qui a lieu en ce moment même.
un’azione che avviene in questo momento.
! L’uso è obbligatorio. Invece in italiano si possono usare sia il presente
sia ‘stare + gerundio’.
* Fa il bagno/Sta facendo il bagno.
eine Tätigkeit, die gerade stattfindet.
Don’t turn the TV off. I’m watching it.
You can’t speak to Lisa. She’s having a bath.*
stopping getting running planning
jogging
● Mais, si la consonne finale est -y ou -w, on ne la redouble pas.
Se la consonante finale è -y o -w, non si fa il raddoppiamento.
Wenn der Endkonsonant -y oder -w ist, wird er nicht verdoppelt.
playing showing
2.3 State verbs
● Les verbes d’état
Verbi di stato
Zustandsverben
1
2
● une activité ou situation qui est vraie à l’heure actuelle, mais qui n’a
pas nécessairement lieu au moment où la conversation a lieu.
un’azione che avviene ora, ma forse non nel momento in cui si parla.
eine Tätigkeit oder Situation, die jetzt stattfindet, aber nicht
unbedingt genau zum Sprechzeitpunkt.
Don’t take that book. Jane’s reading it.
I’m doing a French evening class this year.
3
● une activité temporaire.
un’azione temporanea, che avviene in questo periodo di tempo.
eine vorübergehende Tätigkeit.
Peter is a student, but he’s working as a waiter during the holidays.
I’m living with friends until I find a place of my own.
● Certaines catégories de verbes ne sont employées qu’au Present
Simple (présent de l’indicatif), la raison étant que ces verbes
décrivent des états ou conditions, considérés comme des faits et non
pas des activités / actions. C’est une caractéristique de l’emploi du
présent de l’indicatif. Ces catégories regroupent:
Ci sono alcuni verbi che si usano generalmente solo nel Present
Simple. Sono verbi che esprimono uno stato, una condizione, un dato
di fatto piuttosto che un’azione o un’attività. Si possono dividere in
queste categorie:
Bestimmte Gruppen von Verben werden normalerweise nur im
Present Simple verwendet. Das liegt daran, dass ihre Bedeutung sich
auf Zustände oder Bedingungen bezieht, die nicht Tätigkeiten
sondern Tatsachen sind. Dies ist eine Besonderheit der Verwendung
des Present Simple. Diese Verbgruppen sind:
Verbs of thinking and opinions
4
● un arrangement planifié dans le futur.
un programma prestabilito per l’immediato futuro.
Bei Verben, die auf -ie enden, wird ie zu y.
lie lying
Use
● Le présent progressif s’emploie pour exprimer:
Il Present Continuous si usa per esprimere:
Bei Verben, die auf -ee enden, fällt kein -e weg.
agreeing seeing
Short answer
Bei Verben, die auf ein -e enden, fällt das -e weg.
smoking coming hoping writing
eating.
Question
What
Bei den meisten Verben wird -ing an die Grundform angehängt.
ein Plan oder eine Vereinbarung für die Zukunft.
I’m having lunch with Glenda tomorrow.
We’re meeting at 1.00 outside the restaurant.
● Les verbes exprimant la pensée et les opinions, tels que:
Verbi di pensiero e opinione
Verben für Denken und Meinungen
believe
agree
mean
think
understand
doubt
know
imagine realize
suppose
expect
remember forget
deserve
prefer
31
I believe you.
Do you understand?
I know his face, but I forget his name.
Verbs of emotions and feelings
● Les verbes décrivant les émotions et sentiments, tels que:
Verbi di emozione e sentimento
Verben für Emotionen und Gefühle
like love hate care hope wish want admit
I like black coffee.
Do you want to go out?
I don’t care.
Verbs of having and being
● Les verbes de possession et d’état, tels que:
Verbi di possesso e modo di essere
Verben für Besitz und Beschaffenheit
belong
need
own have
depend on
possess contain cost seem appear
weigh come from
resemble
This book belongs to Jane.
How much does it cost?
He has a lot of money.
Verbs of the senses
● Les verbes exprimant les sens, tels que:
Verbi di percezione
● Initiation à la voix passive
Introduzione al passivo
Einführung in das Passiv
● La voix passive est étudiée dans les unités 2, 3, et 7.
Il passivo viene trattato nelle unità 2, 3 e 7.
Das Passiv wird in den Kapiteln 2, 3 und 7 behandelt.
Form
● Le verbe to be + participe passé
to be + participio passato
to be + Partizip Perfekt
● On forme différents temps à la voix passive en changeant la forme du
verbe to be. Comparez:
Per formare vari tempi verbali al passivo, si cambia la forma del
verbo to be. Confronta:
Man bildet verschiedene Zeiten im Passiv, indem man die Form des
Verbs to be ändert. Vergleiche:
A party is being held by the Patels
(Present Continuous passive)
next week.
My neighbour is invited to their
(Present Simple passive)
party every year.
He was invited last year, I wasn’t.
(Past Simple passive)
I’d love to be invited to their party. (Passive infinitive)
Use
Verben für Sinneseindrücke
1
● A la voix passive, l’attention passe du sujet au complément d’objet de
look hear taste smell feel
la phrase à la voix active.
La frase passiva sposta l’attenzione dal soggetto all’oggetto della frase
The food smells good.
● On utilise souvent can avec ces verbes, lorsque le sujet est une
personne.
Con questi verbi si usa spesso can se il soggetto è una persona.
Introduction to the passive
Man verwendet sie oft mit can, wenn das Subjekt ein Mensch ist.
Can you smell something burning?
NOT
Are you smelling something burning?
I can hear someone crying.
NOT
I’m hearing someone crying.
2
● Certains de ces verbes peuvent être employés au présent progressif.
Ceci en modifiera toutefois le sens. A la forme progressive, le verbe
exprime en effet une activité et non plus un état. Comparez:
Alcuni di questi verbi possono essere usati nel Present Continuous,
ma il significato cambia. Nel Present Continuous esprimono
un’azione, non uno stato. Confronta:
Einige dieser Verben können im Present Continuous stehen, aber die
Bedeutung ändert sich dann. In der Verlaufsform drückt das Verb
eine Tätigkeit aus, keinen Zustand. Vergleiche:
I think you’re right.
We’re thinking of going to the cinema.
(opinion)
(activité mentale)
(opinione)
(attività mentale)
(Meinung)
(geistige Tätigkeit)
He has a lot of money. She’s having a bad day.
(possession)
(activité)
(possesso)
(attività)
(Besitz)
(Tätigkeit)
I see what you mean.
Are you seeing Nigel tomorrow?
(compréhension)
(activité)
(constatazione)
(attività)
(verstehe)
(Tätigkeit)
The soup tastes awful. I’m tasting the soup to see if it needs salt.
(état)
(activité)
(stato)
(attività)
(Zustand)
(Tätigkeit)
attiva.
Ein Passivsatz verschiebt die Betonung vom Subjekt auf das Objekt
eines Aktivsatzes.
Alfred Hitchcock directed Psycho in 1960.
Psycho, one of the classic thrillers of all time, was directed by Alfred
Hitchcock.
● La voix passive n’est pas simplement une autre façon d’exprimer la
même phrase qu’à la voix active. On choisit la voix active ou passive
selon ce qui nous intéresse le plus. Dans la première phrase, l’intérêt
porte sur Alfred Hitchcock ; dans la seconde, Psycho est passé en tête
de phrase car c’est le film qui nous intéresse.
La frase passiva non è semplicemente un altro modo di esprimere la
stessa frase. Scegliendo l’attivo o il passivo sottolineiamo che cosa ci
interessa di più. Nella prima frase, ci interessa di più Alfred
Hitchcock, nella seconda ci interessa di più il film e quindi spostiamo
Psycho all’inizio della frase.
Mit dem Passiv drückt man nicht einfach einen Aktivsatz anders aus.
Der Sprecher wählt das Aktiv oder das Passiv, je nachdem, was für
ihn wichtiger ist. Im ersten Satz ist Alfred Hitchcock dem Sprecher
wichtiger; im zweiten Satz wird Psycho an den Satzanfang gestellt,
weil der Film für den Sprecher das Wichtigere ist.
2
● L’agent précédé de by est souvent omis dans les phrases à la voix
passive, si l’agent:
By + l’agente (chi compie l’azione) viene omesso se l’agente:
By und der Urheber der Handlung wird in Passivsätzen oft
ausgelassen, wenn der Urheber:
● – est inconnu.
– non è noto.
– nicht bekannt ist.
My apartment was robbed ● (Je ne sais pas qui l’a cambriolé.)
last night.
(Non so chi l’ha svaligiato.)
(Ich weiss nicht, wer eingebrochen
ist.)
32
● – n’est pas important.
– non è importante.
– nicht wichtig ist.
This bridge was built in
1886.
Form
● (Il n’est pas important de savoir qui
l’a construit.)
(Non è importante sapere chi l’ha
costruito.)
(Es ist nicht wichtig, wer sie gebaut
hat.)
● – est évident.
– è ovvio.
– offensichtlich ist.
I was fined £100 for
speeding.
is
is being
They
are
are being
mended.
Use
● Les emplois de la voix passive sont les mêmes que ceux de la voix
active.
Gli usi di questi tempi verbali sono identici nell’attivo e nel passivo.
● (La police m’a donné une amende.)
(È la polizia che mi ha dato la multa.)
(Die Polizei hat mir das Bussgeld
gegeben.)
3
● On associe la voix passive à un style formel et impersonnel. On
l’emploie souvent dans les notices et les annonces.
Il passivo ha un carattere formale e impersonale. Viene spesso usato
It
in avvisi e annunci pubblici.
Das Passiv verbindet man mit einem unpersönlichen, förmlichen Stil.
Es wird oft in Hinweisen und Bekanntmachungen verwendet.
Customers are requested to refrain from smoking.
It has been noticed that reference books have been removed from the
library.
4
● Dans le langage courant, on utilise souvent you, we, et they pour
parler des gens en général et donc d’aucune personne en particulier.
De cette façon la voix passive peut être évitée.
Nel linguaggio informale si usano spesso you, we, they per riferirsi ad
un soggetto generico, non a una persona in particolare. In questo
modo si evita il passivo.
In der Umgangssprache verwendet man oft you, we und they, um von
Leuten allgemein oder von niemand Bestimmtem zu sprechen. Auf
diese Weise kann man es vermeiden, das Passiv zu benutzen.
You can buy stamps in lots of shops, not just the post offices.
They’re building a new department store in the city centre.
We speak English in this shop.
● Attention! De nombreux participes passés sont employés comme
adjectifs. Ne les confondez pas avec la forme passive.
Attenzione! Molti participi passati sono usati come aggettivi. Non
vanno confusi con le forme passive vere e proprie.
Vorsicht! Viele Partizip Perfekt-Formen werden als Adjektive benutzt.
Man darf sie nicht mit der Passivform verwechseln.
I’m very interested in modern art.
We were extremely worried about you.
I’m exhausted! I’ve been working hard all day.
2.4 Present Simple and Present Continuous passive
● Voix passive du Present Simple (présent de l’indicatif) et du
Present Continuous (présent progressif)
Il Present Simple passivo e il Present Continuous passivo
Present Simple und Present Continuous im Passiv
● Présent de l’indicatif à la voix passive am/is/are + participe passé
Présent progressif à la voix passive am/is/are being + participe passé
Present Simple passivo am/is/are + participio passato
Present Continuous passivo am/is/are being + participio passato
Present Simple Passiv am/is/are + Partizip Perfekt
Present Continuous Passiv am/is/are being + Partizip Perfekt
Die Verwendung im Passiv ist genauso wie im Aktiv.
My car is serviced every
● (habitude)
six months.
(azione abituale)
(Gewohnheit)
Computers are used in all
● (vérité permanente)
areas of life and work.
(fatto che è sempre vero)
(Tatsache, die immer zutrifft)
Sorry about the mess. The
● (activité en cours)
house is being redecorated (azione in corso in questo momento)
(gerade stattfindende Tätigkeit)
at the moment.
Unit 3
Introduction to past tenses
● Initiation aux temps du passé
Introduzione ai tempi del passato
Einführung in die Zeitformen der Vergangenheit
● On utilise différents temps dans le passé pour décrire différents
moments et périodes dans le passé.
Regardez le diagramme. Lisez les phrases.
Si usano tempi verbali diversi per evidenziare diversi momenti e
periodi di tempo nel passato.
Osserva il diagramma e leggi le frasi.
Man verwendet unterschiedliche Zeitformen der Vergangenheit, um
sich auf unterschiedliche Zeitpunkte und Zeiträume in der
Vergangenheit zu beziehen.
When Andrea arrived at work at 9.00 a.m …
8.30
9.00
9.30
10.00
Her secretary opened the post.
Her secretary was opening the post.
Her secretary had opened the post.
3.1 Past Simple
Form
● La forme du prétérit est la même pour toutes les personnes.
Il Past Simple ha la stessa forma per tutte le persone.
Die Form des Past Simple ist in allen Personen gleich.
Positive
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
finished
left
arrived
yesterday.
at 3 o’clock.
three weeks ago.
33
3
Negative
I
She
They
(etc.)
● Si le verbe ne comporte qu’une seule syllabe et se termine par une
didn’t
finish
leave
yesterday.
at 3 o’clock.
did
you
he
they
(etc.)
finish the report?
get married?
Question
When
stopped planned robbed
● On écrira toutefois cooked, seated, et moaned à cause de la présence de
Short answer
Did you enjoy the meal?
voyelle suivie d’une consonne, redoublez la consonne avant d’ajouter
-ed.
Se il verbo è monosillabo e termina con una vocale + una
consonante, si raddoppia la consonante.
Wenn das Verb nur aus einer Silbe besteht und auf einen Vokal und
einen Konsonanten endet, wird der Konsonant verdoppelt und dann
-ed angehängt.
Yes, we did.
No, we didn’t.
deux voyelles.
Ma si scrive cooked, seated, moaned perché qui ci sono due vocali.
Aber man schreibt cooked, seated und moaned, weil zwei Vokale da
sind.
4
● On ne redouble pas la consonne si la syllabe se termine en -y ou -w.
Se la consonante finale è -y o -w, non si fa il raddoppiamento.
Use
● Le prétérit s’emploie pour exprimer:
Il Past Simple si usa per esprimere:
Das Past Simple wird verwendet, um Folgendes auszudrücken:
1
● une action terminée dans le passé.
un’azione conclusa nel passato.
2
● Dans la plupart des verbes à deux syllabes, on redouble la consonne
finale si l’accent d’intensité se trouve sur la seconde syllabe.
Nella maggior parte dei verbi bisillabi, si raddoppia la consonante
finale se l’accento cade sulla seconda sillaba.
In den meisten zweisilbigen Verben, wird der letzte Konsonant
verdoppelt, wenn die Betonung auf die zweite Silbe fällt.
pre'ferred ad'mitted
● On écrira toutefois 'entered et 'visited parce que l’accent porte sur la
● des actions qui se suivent dans un récit.
azioni che si susseguono in un racconto.
première syllabe.
aufeinander folgende Handlungen in einer Geschichte.
Mary walked into the room and stopped. She listened carefully. She
heard a noise coming from behind the curtain. She threw the curtain
open, and then she saw …
Ma si scrive 'entered, 'visited perché qui l’accento cade sulla prima
sillaba.
Bei den meisten zweisilbigen Verben wird der Endkonsonant
verdoppelt, wenn die Betonung auf der zweiten Silbe liegt.
6
3
● une situation qui remonte dans le temps ou une ancienne habitude.
una situazione o abitudine del passato.*
eine Situation oder Gewohnheit in der Vergangenheit.
When I was a child, we lived in a small house by the sea. Every day I
walked for miles on the beach with my dog.
● Cet emploi s’exprime également souvent avec used to.
In questo caso si usa spesso used to. * In italiano si esprime solo con
l’imperfetto.
Diese Verwendung wird oft durch used to ausgedrückt.
We used to live in a small house … I used to walk for miles …
1
● Dans l’ensemble, on ajoute -ed à la racine du verbe pour former le
prétérit.
La maggior parte dei verbi aggiunge -ed alla forma base.
Bei den meisten Verben wird -ed an die Grundform angehängt.
worked wanted helped washed
remplace le -y par -ied.
Se il verbo termina in -y preceduta da consonante, si cambia -y in 2
Wenn das Verb auf -e endet, wird -d angehängt.
ied.
Bei Verben, die auf einen Konsonanten + -y enden, wird das -y zu -ied.
carried hurried buried
● On écrira toutefois enjoyed, parce que le verbe se termine par une
voyelle suivie de -y.
Ma si scrive enjoyed perché qui -y è preceduta da una vocale.
●
● Lorsque le verbe se termine en -e, n’ajoutez qu’un -d.
Quando il verbo termina in -e, si aggiunge solo -d.
liked used hated cared
● Dans le cas des verbes qui se terminent par une consonne + -y, on
●
Spelling of verb + -ed
played showed
5
! In italiano si può esprimere con il passato remoto o con il passato
prossimo.
eine abgeschlossene Handlung in der Vergangenheit.
We met in 2000.
I went to Manchester last week.
John left two minutes ago.
Wenn der Konsonant -y oder -w ist, wird er nicht verdoppelt.
●
Aber man schreibt enjoyed, weil es auf einen Vokal + -y endet.
Il existe de nombreux verbes communs irréguliers.
Se reporter à la page 58 pour une liste de ces verbes.
Molti verbi comuni sono irregolari.
La lista dei verbi irregolari è a pag. 58.
Es gibt viele häufige unregelmässige Verben.
Siehe die Liste S. 58
Past Simple and time expressions
Le Past Simple (prétérit) et les expressions de temps
Il Past Simple con espressioni di tempo passato
Das Past Simple mit Zeitangaben
Etudiez les expressions de temps que l’on retrouve souvent avec le
Past Simple (prétérit).
Osserva le espressioni di tempo che si usano di solito con il Past
Simple.
Sehen Sie sich die Zeitangaben an, die häufig mit dem Past Simple
verwendet werden.
34
I met her
3
last night.
two days ago.
yesterday morning.
in 2001.
in summer.
when I was young.
● exprimer une activité interrompue dans le passé.
per esprimere un’azione in corso nel passato interrotta da un’altra.
für eine unterbrochene Tätigkeit in der Vergangenheit.
When the phone rang, I was having a shower.
While we were playing tennis, it started to rain.
4
3.2 Past Continuous
● exprimer une activité inachevée dans le passé à l’opposé du prétérit
Form
per esprimere un’azione passata incompleta, a differenza del Past
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
qui exprime une activité terminée.
Question
was
wasn’t
was
working.
were
weren’t
Were you looking for me?
Were they waiting outside?
What
were
I
she
he
it
doing?
we
you
they
Short answer
Yes, I was./No, I wasn’t.
Yes, they were./No, they weren’t.
Use
● On emploie souvent le prétérit progressif dans les récits qui utilisent
aussi le Past Simple (prétérit).
Le prétérit progressif décrit des activités plus longues, qui ont lieu en
arrière plan, tandis que le prétérit concerne des actions plus courtes
et terminées.
Il Past Continuous si usa spesso in frasi che hanno un verbo nel Past
Simple.
Il Past Continuous esprime azioni di maggior durata che descrivono
la scena, mentre il Past Simple si riferisce ad azioni più brevi e
concluse.
Das Past Continuous wird oft in einem Satz mit dem Past Simple
zusammen verwendet.
Das Past Continuous bezieht sich auf längere Tätigkeiten, die im
Hintergrund ablaufen, während das Past Simple kürzere,
abgeschlossene Handlungen beschreibt.
The children were playing in the garden when their grandparents
arrived.
● On emploie le prétérit progressif pour:
Il Past Continuous si usa:
Das Past Continuous wird verwendet:
1
● exprimer des activités en cours qui précèdent et continueront
probablement après un moment particulier dans le passé.
per esprimere azioni in corso prima, e probabilmente dopo, un certo
momento nel passato.
für Vorgänge, die vor (und wahrscheinlich auch nach) einem
bestimmten Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit stattfanden.
At 7 o’clock this morning I was having my breakfast.
I walked past your house last night. There was an awful lot of noise.
What were you doing?
2
● effectuer des descriptions dans le passé, dans les histoires
notamment.
per fare descrizioni nel passato, specialmente nelle narrazioni.
für Beschreibungen in der Vergangenheit, vor allem beim Erzählen
von Geschichten.
Jan looked beautiful. She was wearing a green cotton dress. Her eyes
were shining in the light of the candles that were burning nearby.
●
●
Simple che esprime un’azione portata a termine.
für eine nicht beendete Tätigkeit in der Vergangenheit; im Gegensatz
zum Past Simple, das eine abgeschlossene Tätigkeit beschreibt.
I was reading a book during the flight. ● (Je ne l’ai pas fini.)
(Non l’ho finito.)
(Ich habe es nicht zu Ende
gelesen.)
I watched a film during the flight.
● (le film entier)
(tutto il film)
(den ganzen Film)
A remarquer: Le prétérit s’emploie normalement pour exprimer une
habitude ou situation qui se répète ou se déroule dans le passé, tandis
que le prétérit progressif s’emploie lorsque l’habitude devient la base
de quelque chose de plus durable. Comparez:
Nota: Un’azione o situazione abituale ripetuta nel passato si esprime
con il Past Simple. Ma si può esprimere con il Past Continuous se
diventa una situazione continuata che fa da sfondo a un’altra azione.
Confronta:
Anmerkung: Normalerweise nimmt man das Past Simple, um eine
wiederholte Gewohnheit oder Situation in der Vergangenheit zu
beschreiben. Man kann aber auch das Past Continuous verwenden,
wenn die wiederholte Gewohnheit zum längeren Rahmen für etwas
wird. Vergleiche:
I went out with Jack for ten years.
I first met Harry while I was going out with Jack.
Se reporter à la page 20 du livre d’exercices pour plus de
renseignements sur while, during, et for.
Vedi Workbook pag. 20 per ulteriori informazioni su while, during,
for.
Siehe Workbook S. 20 für weitere Informationen zu while, during und
for.
3.3 Past Simple or Past Continuous?
1
● On peut quelquefois utiliser l’un comme l’autre. Le prétérit simple
décrit des actions passées en tant que faits simples. Le prétérit
progressif attire l’attention sur la durée des situations et activités
passées. Comparez:
Talvolta la stessa azione può essere espressa con il Past Simple o il Past
Continuous. Il Past Simple mette in evidenza l’azione passata come
fatto puro e semplice. Il Past Continuous mette in evidenza la durata
della situazione o azione nel passato. Confronta:
Manchmal kann man das Past Simple oder das Past Continuous
benutzen. Das Past Simple drückt Handlungen in der Vergangenheit
als einfache Tatsachen aus. Das Past Continuous betont die Dauer von
Situationen und Handlungen in der Vergangenheit. Vergleiche:
A I didn’t see you at the party last night.
B No. I stayed at home and watched football.
A I didn’t see you at the party last night.
B No, I was watching football at home.
2
● Les questions au prétérit et prétérit progressif se rapportent à
différents moments dans le temps. Au prétérit progressif, on
demande ce qui se passait avant un événement particulier dans le
passé tandis qu’au prétérit, on demande ce qui s’est passé après
l’événement.
35
Le domande nel Past Simple e nel Past Continuous fanno riferimento
PAST
a periodi di tempo diversi. Per chiedere che cosa è successo prima di
un certo evento passato si usa il Past Continuous, per chiedere che
cosa è successo dopo si usa il Past Simple.
Fragen im Past Simple und im Past Continuous beziehen sich auf
unterschiedliche Zeiträume. Das Past Continuous fragt danach, was
vor einem Ereignis in der Vergangenheit geschah, und das Past Simple
fragt, was nach dem Ereignis geschah.
When the war broke out, Peter was studying medicine at medical
school. He decided that it was safer to go home to his parents and
postpone his studies.
What was Peter doing when the war broke out? He was studying.
What did Peter do when the war broke out?
He went home to his
parents.
3.4 Past Perfect
● Perfect signifiant « avant », le Past Perfect décrit une action dans le
passé qui s’est terminée avant une autre action également dans le
passé.
Perfect significa ‘prima’, perciò il Past Perfect si riferisce ad un’azione
del passato completata prima di un’altra azione passata.
Perfect bedeutet ‘vor,’ deshalb bezieht sich das Past Perfect auf eine
Handlung in der Vergangenheit, die vor einer anderen Handlung in
der Vergangenheit abgeschlossen war.
PAST
Where had
X
X
NOW
I saw the play
My friends saw the play
Action 1: I saw the play.
Action 2: My friends went to the theatre to see the play.
2
● Notez la différence entre ces phrases:
Nota la differenza di significato tra queste frasi:
Beachten Sie den Unterschied zwischen den folgenden Sätzen:
When I got to the party,
● (J’arrive d’abord, puis Peter rentre
Peter went home.
chez lui.)
(Prima sono arrivato io, poi è andato
via Peter)
(Erst kam ich, dann ging Peter.)
When I got to the party,
● (Peter rentre d’abord chez lui, puis
Peter had gone home.
j’arrive.)
(Prima è andato via Peter, poi sono
arrivato io)
(Erst ging Peter, dann kam ich.)
3.5 Past tenses in the passive
● Le passé à la voix passive
Il passivo dei tempi del passato
Question
NOW
I didn’t want to go to the theatre with my friends because I’d seen the
play before.
Die Form des Past Perfect ist in allen Personen gleich.
seen him before.
finished work at 6 o’clock.
X
Action 1: Someone broke into my apartment and stole my DVD
player.
Action 2: I got home and called the police.
’d (had)
hadn’t
X
My DVD player was stolen I arrived home I called the police
Form
● La forme du plus-que-parfait est la même pour toutes les personnes.
Il Past Perfect ha la stessa forma per tutte le persone.
I
You
We
(etc.)
X
Vergangenheitsformen im Passiv
Form
you
she
they
(etc.)
Had he already left?
been before?
Past Simple passive
Past Continuous passive
Past Perfect passive
Short answer
Use
● Les emplois sont les mêmes à la voix passive qu’à la voix active:
Gli usi di questi tempi verbali sono identici nell’attivo e nel passivo.
Yes, he had.
No, he hadn’t.
●
Use
1
● On emploie le Past Perfect (plus-que-parfait) pour indiquer
clairement qu’une action (dans le passé) a eu lieu avant une autre
action, également dans le passé.
Il Past Perfect si usa per specificare che un’azione passata è avvenuta
prima di un’altra azione anch’essa passata.
Das Past Perfect wird verwendet um zu verdeutlichen, dass eine
Handlung in der Vergangenheit vor einer anderen Handlung in der
Vergangenheit stattfand.
When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my apartment
and had stolen my DVD player, so I called the police.
●
●
was/were + past participle
was/were being + past participle
had been + past participle
Die Verwendung ist im Passiv genau wie im Aktiv.
The bridge was built in 1876.
(action terminée dans le passé)
(azione conclusa nel passato)
(abgeschlossene Handlung in der Vergangenheit)
The bomb was being defused when it exploded.
(activité interrompue dans le passé)
(azione passata interrotta)
(unterbrochene Tätigkeit in der Vergangenheit)
The letter didn’t arrive because it had been sent to my old address.
(une action précède une autre dans le passé)
(un’azione avvenuta prima di un’altra azione passata)
(eine Handlung vor einer anderen Handlung in der Vergangenheit)
36
● ou on a recours à d’autres expressions:
o sono sostituiti da altre espressioni:
Unit 4
Introduction to modal verbs
● Initiation aux verbes modaux
Introduzione ai verbi modali
●
Einführung in die Modalverben
● Can, could, may, might, must, will, would, should et ought to
représentent les verbes modaux. On les appelle verbes auxiliaires
modaux car ils « aident » les autres verbes. (Se reporter également
aux unités 1, 5, 8, et 9.)
I verbi modali sono can, could, may, might, must, will, would, should,
ought to. Si chiamano modali ausiliari perché ‘aiutano’ un altro verbo
(vedi anche unità 1, 5, 8 e 9).
Die Modalverben sind can, could, may, might, must, will, would,
should, ought to. Sie werden modale Hilfsverben genannt, weil sie
anderen Verben ‘helfen’. (Siehe auch Kapitel 1, 5, 8 und 9.)
I can swim.
Do you think I should go?
●
Form
1
● Ces verbes ne prennent pas de -s en fin de mot à la troisième
personne du singulier.
I verbi modali non aggiungono -s alla terza persona singolare.
In der dritten Person Singular wird kein -s angehängt.
She can ski. He must be tired. It might rain.
2
● On n’utilise pas do/does/don’t/doesn’t à la forme interrogative ou
négative.
Non usano do/does/don’t/doesn’t per formare le domande o le forme
negative.
Fragesätze und verneinte Sätze werden ohne do/does/don’t/doesn’t
gebildet.
What should I do? Can I help you? You mustn’t steal!
He can’t dance. I won’t be a minute.
3
● Les verbes auxiliaires modaux sont suivis d’un infinitif sans le « to »,
à l’exception de ought to.
Sono seguiti da un verbo nella forma base (infinito senza to), eccetto
ought to.
Nach modalen Hilfsverben folgt der Infinitiv ohne to. Ausnahme:
ought to.
You must go. I’ll help you. You ought to see a doctor.
4
● Ils n’ont pas d’infinitif et pas de formes en -ing. On utilise à la place
d’autres expressions.
Non hanno né l’infinito né la forma in -ing. In questi casi sono
sostituiti da altre espressioni.
Sie haben keinen Infinitiv und keine ing-Form. Man benutzt
stattdessen andere Ausdrücke.
I’d love to be able to ski.
I hate having to get up on cold, winter mornings.
5
● Les verbes auxiliaires modaux n’ont normalement pas de forme
passée. Pour remédier à ceci, on les emploie avec l’infinitif passé:
Di solito non hanno la forma del passato. In questo caso si possono
usare con l’infinito passato:
Sie haben normalerweise keine Vergangenheitsformen. Man kann sie
stattdessen mit dem Infinitiv Perfekt verwenden:
You should have told me that you can’t swim. You might have
drowned!
oder man benutzt andere Ausdrücke:
I had to work hard in school.
A remarquer: On emploie Could pour parler d’une capacité générale
dans le passé.
Nota: Could si usa con significato di passato per parlare di un’abilità
in senso generico.
Anmerkung : Man benutzt could in der Vergangenheit, um von einer
allgemeinen Fähigkeit zu sprechen.
I could swim when I was six.
● (= capacité générale)
(= abilità in generale)
(= allgemeine Fähigkeit)
Pour parler d’une capacité particulière, liée à un moment donné, on
utilise was able to/managed to.
Per parlare di abilità in un caso specifico del passato, si usano was
able to/managed to.
Um von einer Fähigkeit in einer ganz bestimmten Situation zu
sprechen, sagt man was able to/managed to.
The prisoner was able to/managed to escape by climbing on to the roof
of the prison. NOT could escape
Use
1
● Les verbes modaux expriment les attitudes, opinions, et différentes
façons de percevoir les événements. Comparez:
I verbi modali esprimono atteggiamenti, opinioni e giudizi su ciò che
accade. Confronta:
Modalverben drücken aus, welche Einstellung oder Meinung man zu
einem Ereignis hat, wie man es beurteilt. Vergleiche:
‘Who’s that knocking on the door?’
‘It’s John.’
● (C’est un fait.)
(È un dato di fatto.)
(Es ist eine Tatsache.)
‘Who’s that knocking on the door?’
‘It could/may/might/must/should/can’t/’ll be John.’
● (Ces différentes options expriment, toutes, une attitude ou opinion.)
(Qui si esprime un atteggiamento o un’opinione.)
(Diese Modalverben drücken alle eine Einstellung oder Meinung
aus.)
2
● Les verbes modaux en anglais ont au moins deux sens. Ils expriment
toutefois, tous, une possibilité ou une probabilité. (Se reporter à
l’unité 9, à la p. 51.)
Tutti i verbi modali inglesi hanno almeno due significati, uno dei
quali di solito esprime un certo grado di possibilità o probabilità
(vedi unità 9 pag. 51.)
Alle Modalverben im Englischen haben mindestens zwei
Bedeutungen. Sie bringen aber alle entweder eine Möglichkeit oder
eine Wahrscheinlichkeit zum Ausdruck. (Siehe Kapitel 9, S. 51.)
I must post this letter!
● (= obligation)
(= obbligo)
(= Verpflichtung)
You must be tired!
● (= déduction, probabilité)
(= deduzione, probabilità)
(= Schluss, Wahrscheinlichkeit)
Could you help me?
● (= demande)
(= richiesta)
(= Bitte)
We could go to Spain for our holiday. ● (= possibilité)
(= possibilità)
(= Möglichkeit)
You may go home now. ● (= permission)
(= permesso)
(= Erlaubnis)
37
‘Where’s Anna?’ ‘I’m not sure. She may be at work.’ ● (= possibilité)
(= possibilità)
(= Möglichkeit)
● Have got to exprime une obligation spécifique.
Have got to esprime un obbligo in un caso specifico.
Modal verbs of obligation and permission
● Verbes modaux indiquant une obligation ou permission
Verbi modali per esprimere obbligo o permesso
Modalverben, die Verpflichtung und Erlaubnis ausdrücken
Have got to drückt eine Verpflichtung zu einem bestimmten Anlass
aus.
I’ve got to get up early tomorrow to catch a train.
Can and be allowed to
Form
4.1 have (got) to
Form
I/You/ We/They
I/You/We/They
He/She
have to
don’t have to
has to
doesn’t have to
Do
Question
have to work hard?
Use
● Have to n’est pas un verbe modal.
Have to non è un verbo modale.
Can
I/you/we etc.
Am
I
Are
you
Is
he
allowed to
park here?
Use
● Can est un verbe modal.
Have to ist kein Modalverb.
1
● Have to exprime une forte obligation. Il exprime une obligation
déterminée par une loi ou règle ou par l’autorité d’une autre
personne. Le verbe est impersonnel.
Si usa have to per esprimere un forte obbligo. È un obbligo generale
basato su leggi o regolamenti o sull’autorità di un’altra persona,
quindi è qualcosa di impersonale.
Have to drückt eine starke Verpflichtung, einen Zwang aus. Dabei
handelt es sich um eine allgemeine Verpflichtung, die in einem
Gesetz oder einer Vorschrift enthalten ist oder auf der Autorität eines
anderen beruht. Es ist unpersönlich.
Children have to go to school ● (une loi)
until they are 16.
(è la legge)
(ein Gesetz)
Mum says you have to clean ● (exigence de la mère)
your room before you go out. (è un ordine della mamma)
(Anordnung der Mutter)
2
● Have got to, une expression plus décontractée que have to, s’emploie
couramment en anglais britannique.
Nell’inglese britannico si usa comunemente have got to, che è meno
formale di have to.
Have got to ist im britischen Englisch häufig, ist aber
umgangssprachlicher als have to.
I’ve got to go now. See you!
Don’t go to bed late. We’ve got to get up early tomorrow.
‘Go and tidy your room.’ ‘Have I got to?’ ‘Yes, you have!’
3
● Have to exprime la répétition d’une obligation générale.
Have to esprime un obbligo generale che si ripete regolarmente.
park here.
can/can’t
isn’t allowed to
He/She
work hard.
Question
I
you
(etc.)
can/can’t
are allowed to
aren’t allowed to
is allowed to
Have to drückt eine allgemeine wiederholte Verpflichtung aus.
I always have to tell my parents where I’m going.
Can et be allowed to expriment tous les deux la permission de faire
quelque chose. Can, plus décontracté que be allowed to, s’emploie
couramment dans le language parlé.
Can è un verbo modale.
Sia can che be allowed to esprimono permesso. Can è meno formale
di be allowed to e si usa di più nell’inglese parlato.
Can ist ein Modalverb.
Can und be allowed to drücken beide eine Erlaubnis aus. Can ist
weniger förmlich als be allowed to. Man verwendet es meist in der
gesprochenen Sprache.
You can borrow my bike, but you can’t have the car. I need it.
They can’t come in here with those muddy shoes!
You’re allowed to get married when you’re 16.
Are we allowed to use a dictionary for this test?
He isn’t allowed to park here.
4.2 should, ought to and must
Form
● Should, ought to et must sont des verbes modaux.
Should, ought to e must sono verbi modali.
Should, ought to und must sind Modalverben.
I/You/We/They
He/She/ It
should/shouldn’t
ought to/ought not to
must
work hard.
Use
1
● Should et ought to expriment une obligation « légère », une
suggestion, ou un conseil. Ils communiquent ce qui est, selon
l’interlocuteur, juste ou ce qui représente la meilleure chose à faire
dans des circonstances données. On les utilise souvent avec
I think/don’t think … .
Should e ought to esprimono un leggero obbligo, un suggerimento o
un consiglio. Esprimono quello che è giusto o è meglio fare secondo
l’opinione di chi parla. Sono spesso usati dopo I think/don’t think …
38
Should und ought to drücken eine gewisse Verpflichtung, einen
Vorschlag oder Ratschlag aus. Sie werden verwendet, wenn der
Sprecher sagen will, was seiner Meinung nach das Richtige oder das
Beste ist. Sie werden oft mit I think/I don't think eingeführt.
You’re always asking me for money. I think you should spend less.
You shouldn’t sit so close to the television! It’s bad for your eyes.
You ought to be more careful with your money.
3
● Have to se conjugue à toutes les personnes, mais pas must.
Have to ha tutte le forme, must no.
2
● Should I/she/we … ? est possible, mais on emploie souvent la
tournure Do you think … ?
È possibile dire Should I/she/we … ?, ma spesso si preferisce dire Do
you think … ?
Should I/she/we … ? ist möglich, aber meist sagt man Do you
think … ?
Should I try to eat less?
Do you think I should see a doctor?
3
● Must, comme have to, exprime une forte obligation. Must exprime
une obligation qui fait intervenir l’opinion de l’interlocuteur. C’est
un verbe qui traduit ce qui est personnel.
Must, come have to, esprime un forte obbligo. È un obbligo secondo
l’opinione di chi parla, quindi esprime qualcosa di personale.
Must drückt ebenso wie have to eine starke Verpflichtung aus. Bei
must handelt es sich um eine Verpflichtung, die auf der Meinung des
Sprechers beruht. Es ist persönlich.
I must get my hair cut.
● (Je me parle à moi-même)
(Sono io che me lo sto dicendo.)
(Hier spreche ich mit mir selbst.
You must go and visit your ● (Un parent s’adressant à un enfant.)
grandmother.
(Un genitore che parla al figlio.)
(Ein Elternteil spricht mit einem
Kind.)
4
● On associe également must à un style de langue écrite, officielle.
Must ha carattere formale e si usa di più nell’inglese scritto.
Must kommt auch oft in der förmlichen, geschriebenen Sprache vor.
All visitors must ● (Panneau dans le foyer d’un immeuble de
show proper ID.
bureaux)
(Avviso nell’entrata di un palazzo di uffici)
(Schild in der Eingangshalle eines
Bürogebäudes)
Books must be returned ● (Consignes dans une bibliothèque)
on or before the due date. (Istruzioni per gli utenti della biblioteca)
(Anweisung in einer Bibliothek)
have to and must, don’t have to and mustn’t
4
● Don’t have to et mustn’t ont des significations complètement
●
●
différentes.
Don’t have to exprime l’absence d’obligation, c. à d. vous pouvez faire
quelque chose mais ce n’est pas obligatoire.
Don’t have to e mustn’t hanno significati completamente diversi.
Don’t have to esprime assenza di obbligo (puoi farlo, ma non è
necessario).
Don’t have to und mustn’t haben völlig unterschiedliche
Bedeutungen.
Don’t have to drückt aus, dass es keine Verpflichtung, keinen Zwang
gibt – man kann es tun, aber es ist nicht nötig.
Some people iron their socks, but you don’t have to. I think it’s a waste
of time.
When you go into a shop, you don’t have to buy something. You can just
look.
Mustn’t exprime une obligation au négatif, c. à d. il est impératif de
ne pas faire quelque chose.
Mustn’t esprime un obbligo negativo o proibizione (è importante
non farlo).
Mustn’t drückt ein Verbot aus – man darf etwas nicht tun.
You mustn’t steal other people’s things. It’s wrong.
You mustn’t drive if you’ve been drinking. You could kill someone!
Se reporter à la p. 28 du livres d’exercices pour plus d’exercices sur
must et have to.
Vedi Workbook pag. 28 per ulteriori esercizi su must e have to.
Siehe Workbook S. 28 für weitere Übungen zu must und have to.
4.3 Making requests: can, could, will, and would
● Demander quelque chose: can, could, will et would
Fare una richiesta: can, could, will e would
Bitten: can, could, will und would
1
● Il existe plusieurs façons de demander quelque chose en anglais.
Ci sono molti modi per fare una richiesta in inglese.
1
Es gibt im Englischen viele Möglichkeiten, um etwas zu bitten.
Can
Could
Will
Would
● Have to et must sont quelquefois interchangeables.
Talvolta have to e must sono intercambiabili.
Have to und must sind manchmal austauschbar.
I must be home by midnight. I have to be home by midnight.
● On emploie toutefois have to plus souvent que must. Si vous ne savez
pas lequel choisir, il est probablement plus sûr d’utiliser have to.
Ma have to si usa più spesso di must. Nel dubbio, è meglio usare have
to.
Aber have to wird häufiger verwendet als must. Wenn man sich nicht
sicher ist, was man verwenden soll, ist es wahrscheinlich besser, have
to zu nehmen.
Have to kann alle Formen bilden; must nicht.
I had to work until midnight last night. (Past)
You’ll have to study hard when you go to college. (Future)
She’s a millionaire. She’s never had to do any work. (Present Perfect)
I hate having to get up on cold, winter mornings. (-ing form)
If you were a nurse, you would have to wear a uniform. (Infinitive)
you
help me, please?
pass the salt, please?
Would you mind helping me, please?
Can
Could
I
speak to you, please?
ask you a question?
● Must I … ? s’utilise, mais il est plus courant d’employer have to à la
Do you mind if I open the window?
Would you mind if I opened the window?
● Can, could, will et would sont tous des verbes modaux.
Can, could, will e would sono tutti verbi modali.
Can, could, will und would sind alle Modalverben.
Must I … ? esiste, ma sono più comuni le domande con have to.
● Could est d’un registre un peu plus élevé que can, qui est un peu plus
2
forme interrogative.
Must I … ? ist möglich, aber Fragen mit have to sind häufiger.
Do I have to do what you say, or can I do what I want?
2
décontracté. Les tournures Could I … ? et Could you … ? sont très
utiles car elles peuvent être employées dans différents contextes.
39
Could è leggermente più formale; can è più familiare. Could I …? e
Could you …? sono utili perché si possono usare in molte situazioni
diverse.
Could ist etwas förmlicher; can etwas vertraulicher. Could I … ? und
Could you … ? sind nützliche Ausdrücke, weil man sie in vielen
verschiedenen Situationen verwenden kann.
3
● Voici quelques exemples de réponses à une demande:
Ecco alcuni modi di reagire ad una richiesta:
Hier sind einige Möglichkeiten, wie man auf Bitten antworten kann:
A Excuse me! Could you help me?
B Sure.
Of course.
Well, I’m afraid I’m a little busy right now.
A Would you mind if I opened the window?
B No, not at all.
No, that’s fine.
Well, I’m a little cold, actually.
4.4 Making offers: will and shall/should
● Proposer quelque chose: will et shall/should
Offrire aiuto: will e shall/should
Angebote: will und shall/should
1
● On emploie will et shall/should, des verbes modaux, tous les deux,
pour proposer quelque chose.
Will e shall/should si usano per esprimere un’offerta di aiuto. Sono
verbi modali.
Will und shall/should werden verwendet, um etwas anzubieten. Beide
sind Modalverben.
2
● La forme contractée de will s’emploie pour communiquer une
●
●
intention, décision ou proposition formulée ou prise au moment de
l’énonciation.
La forma contratta di will si usa per esprimere intenzioni, offerte di
aiuto, decisioni improvvise prese nel momento stesso in cui si parla.
Die Kurzform von will wird verwendet, um eine spontane Absicht,
Entscheidung, oder ein spontanes Angebot zum Ausdruck zu
bringen.
Come over after work. I’ll cook dinner for you.
‘It’s Jane’s birthday today.’ ‘Is it? I’ll buy her some flowers.’
Give him your suitcase. He’ll carry it for you.
Don’t worry about catching the bus. Dave’ll give you a lift.
Give it back or we’ll call the police!
Dans plusieurs langues, on exprime souvent cette idée en employant
le présent, mais en anglais, ceci serait incorrect.
In molte lingue, compreso l’italiano, quest’idea si esprime con il
presente, ma in inglese sarebbe un errore usarlo.
In vielen Sprachen, auch im Deutschen, verwendet man hier die
Gegenwart, aber im Englischen ist das falsch.
I’ll give you my number.
NOT
I give you my number.
I’ll carry your suitcase.
NOT
I carry your suitcase.
L’unité 5 examine d’autres façons d’employer will.
Altri usi di will sono presentati nell’unità 5.
Andere Verwendungen von will werden in Kapitel 5 behandelt.
‘Shall I carry your bag for you?’ ‘That’s very kind. Thank you.’
‘Shall we go out for a meal tonight?’ ‘Mmm. I’d love to.’
‘What shall we do? We haven’t got any money.’ ‘We could ask Dad.’
● On utilise should pour faire une suggestion en toute simplicité.
Si usa should per una richiesta informale.
Man verwendet should, um einen informellen Vorschlag zu machen.
What should we have for dinner?
What should we do tonight?
Unit 5
Introduction to future forms
● Initiation aux formes du futur
Introduzione alle forme del futuro
Einführung in die Zukunftsformen)
● Il n’existe pas, en anglais, comme c’est le cas dans plusieurs langues
européennes, de temps spécifique exprimant le futur. Cependant,
l’anglais a plusieurs formes du futur, parmi lesquelles figurent will,
going to et le Present Continuous (présent à la forme progressive).
L’inglese non ha un tempo verbale ‘futuro’ come in molte lingue
europee. Ma ha parecchie forme per esprimere il futuro, tra cui will,
going to e il Present Continuous.
Im Englischen gibt es kein Futur wie in vielen anderen europäischen
Sprachen. Das Englische hat aber mehrere Formen, die sich auf die
Zukunft beziehen können. Drei davon sind will, going to, und das
Present Continuous.
I’ll see you later. (will)
We’re going to see a film tonight. Do you want to come? (going to)
I’m seeing the doctor tomorrow evening. (Present Continuous)
● La différence entre ces trois formes n’est ni une question d’avenir
proche ou distant, ni une question de certitude. L’interlocuteur
choisit la forme qui correspond à sa façon de voir l’événement futur.
Est-ce un projet, une décision, une intention, une proposition, une
prédiction ou un arrangement? C’est la question à se poser avant de
choisir une des formes qui expriment le futur. Pour plus de
renseignements sur ce sujet, reportez-vous à Use, à la p. 42.
La differenza non consiste nel grado di certezza o di immediatezza
del futuro. Chi parla sceglie una forma verbale in base a come
percepisce l’evento futuro: è un progetto, una decisione,
un’intenzione, un’offerta di aiuto, una previsione, qualcosa di
organizzato? Questa è la domanda da farsi quando si sceglie la forma
del futuro da usare in inglese. Ulteriori spiegazioni vengono date
nella sezione Use pag. 42.
Der Unterschied zwischen diesen Formen liegt nicht darin, ob man
sich auf die nahe oder ferne Zukunft bezieht, oder wie sicher etwas
ist. Der Sprecher wählt die Zukunftsform je nachdem, wie er das
Ereignis in der Zukunft sieht. Handelt es sich um einen Plan, eine
Entscheidung, eine Absicht, ein Angebot, eine Vorhersage oder eine
Abmachung? Das ist die wichtige Frage bei der Entscheidung, welche
Zukunftsform man verwendet. Mehr dazu in Use (siehe S. 42).
3
● Shall/Should …? s’emploient pour les questions à la première
personne du singulier ou du pluriel (I et we). Ils expriment une
proposition, une suggestion ou une demande de conseils.
Shall/Should …? si usano nelle domande in prima persona (I e we).
Esprimono un’offerta di aiuto, un suggerimento o una richiesta di
consiglio.
Shall/Should …? wird in Fragesätzen mit der ersten Person (I und we)
verwendet. Es drückt ein Angebot, einen Vorschlag oder eine Bitte
um Rat aus.
40
5.1 will/going to and the Present Continuous
Form
I
He
They
won’t
help you.
going to
watch TV tonight.
I’m/I’m not
He’s/He isn’t
You’re/You aren’t
catching the 10 o’clock train.
Question
will you
are you going to
arrive?
are you meeting the manager?
● A remarquer: On évite de dire going to come ou going to go. On utilise,
à la place, comme forme du futur, le présent progressif.
Nota: In genere si evita di dire going to come o going to go. In questi
casi per esprimere il futuro si preferisce usare il Present Continuous.
Anmerkung: Man vermeidet going to come oder going to go.
Stattdessen verwendet man das Present Continuous als Zukunftsform.
We’re coming tomorrow.
When are you going home?
Use
● Projets, décisions et intentions (will et going to)
Progetti, decisioni e intenzioni (will e going to)
Tatsachen und Vorhersagen (will und going to)
will
● L’emploi le plus courant de will est comme verbe auxiliaire traduisant
’ll
I’m/I’m not
She’s/She isn’t
We’re/We aren’t
What time
● Faits et prédictions (will et going to)
Fatti e previsioni (will e going to)
Pläne, Entscheidungen und Absichten (will und going to)
will
● Will s’emploie comme verbe auxiliaire modal pour exprimer une
décision, intention, ou proposition liée au moment de l’énonciation.
Nous avons déjà abordé cette utilisation dans l’unité 4. (Voir 4.4.)
N’oubliez pas que vous ne pouvez pas utiliser le présent dans cet
emploi.
Will si usa come modale ausiliare per esprimere intenzioni, offerte di
aiuto, decisioni improvvise prese nel momento stesso in cui si parla,
come abbiamo visto nell’unità 4 (vedi 4.4). Ricordati che non si può
usare il presente in questo caso.
Will wird als modales Hilfsverb benutzt, um eine spontane
Entscheidung, Absicht oder ein spontanes Angebot zum Ausdruck zu
bringen. Diese Verwendung wurde in Kapitel 4 behandelt. (Siehe 4.4.)
Denken Sie daran, dass man hier nicht die Gegenwart verwenden
darf.
I’ll have the steak, please. NOT I have the steak.
I’ll see you tomorrow. Bye! NOT I see you tomorrow.
Give me a call sometime. We’ll go out for coffee.
‘Jeff, there’s someone at the door!’ ‘OK, I’ll get it.’
going to
● Going to s’emploie pour exprimer un projet, une décision ou une
intention future liés à un moment qui précède l’énonciation.
Going to si usa per esprimere progetti, intenzioni o decisioni prese
prima del momento in cui si parla.
Going to wird verwendet, um einen Plan, eine Entscheidung oder
Absicht für die Zukunft auszudrücken, der/die vor dem
Sprechzeitpunkt gefasst wurde.
When I grow up, I’m going to be a doctor.
Jane and Peter are going to get married after they graduate.
We’re going to paint this room blue.
le futur. Il exprime une prédiction ou un fait futur. C’est ce qu’on
appelle le futur pur ou le Future Simple (futur de l’indicatif).
L’uso più comune di will è come verbo ausiliare per indicare il futuro.
Esprime un fatto futuro o una previsione e viene chiamato futuro
vero e proprio o Future Simple.
Die gebräuchlichste Verwendung von will ist als Hilfsverb, um die
Zukunft anzuzeigen. Es drückt eine Tatsache in der Zukunft oder
eine Vorhersage aus. Man nennt es das reine Futur oder das Future
Simple.
We’ll be away for two weeks.
Those flowers won’t grow under the tree. It’s too dark.
Our love will last forever.
You’ll be sick if you eat all those sweets!
● Dans le cas d’une prédiction, will peut être basé plus sur une opinion
que sur un fait.
Si usa will per le previsioni basate piuttosto su un’opinione che su un
dato di fatto.
Will als Vorhersage beruht oft mehr auf einer Meinung als auf einer
Tatsache.
I don’t think Laura will do very well in her exam. She doesn’t do
any work.
I am convinced that inflation will fall to three per cent next year.
going to
● Going to peut également traduire une prédiction, surtout lorsque la
●
●
●
prédiction est liée à un fait présent (il est maintenant évident que
quelque chose va véritablement avoir lieu).
Anche going to può esprimere una previsione, specialmente se basata
su un fatto attuale, cioè se si sa di sicuro che una cosa sta per
accadere.
Going to kann auch eine Vorhersage ausdrücken, vor allem, wenn die
Vorhersage auf einer Tatsache in der Gegenwart beruht. Es gibt jetzt
Beweise, dass etwas ganz bestimmt geschehen wird.
She’s going to have a baby. ● (On peut voir qu’elle est enceinte.)
(Si vede che è incinta.)
(Man kann sehen, dass sie schwanger
ist.)
Our team is going to win the match.
● (Le score est quatre à zéro et il ne reste que cinq minutes de jeu.)
(Siamo quattro a zero e mancano solo cinque minuti alla fine della
partita.)
(Es steht vier zu null, und das Spiel ist in fünf Minuten zu Ende.)
It isn’t going to rain today. ● (Regardez ce ciel merveilleusement
bleu.)
(È sereno. Guarda che cielo azzurro!)
(Schau dir den schönen blauen
Himmel an.)
A remarquer: Quelquefois, il n’y a aucune différence, au niveau du
sens, entre will et going to.
Nota: Talvolta non c’è differenza di significato tra will e going to.
Anmerkung: Manchmal besteht kein Bedeutungsunterschied
zwischen will und going to.
This government will ruin
the country with its stupid
is going to ruin economic policies.
Arrangements (Present Continuous, présent progressif)
Appuntamenti e cose organizzate (Present Continuous)
Vereinbarungen (Present Continuous)
On peut employer le présent progressif pour exprimer un
arrangement dans le futur (généralement le futur proche).
41
Il Present Continuous si usa per parlare di appuntamenti e di cose già
●
●
●
organizzate. Di solito si riferisce ad un futuro prossimo o immediato.
Das Present Continuous kann verwendet werden, um eine
Vereinbarung für die Zukunft auszudrücken. Es bezieht sich
normalerweise auf die nahe Zukunft.
We’re going out with Jeremy tonight.
I’m having my hair cut tomorrow.
What are we having for lunch?
Pensez aux choses que vous inscrivez dans votre agenda pour ne pas
oublier ce que vous faites au cours des prochains jours et semaines.
C’est ce genre d’événements qui est souvent exprimé par le présent
progressif (avec une signification future). Les verbes traduisent une
activité ou un mouvement.
Pensa alle cose che scrivi nell’agenda per ricordarti di quello che devi
fare nei prossimi giorni o nelle prossime settimane. Sono queste le
cose da esprimere con il Present Continuous con valore di futuro. Di
solito si tratta di verbi di moto o di azione.
Überlegen Sie, welche Dinge man oft in den Terminkalender einträgt,
damit man nicht vergisst, was man in den nächsten Tagen und
Wochen vorhat. Dies sind die Dinge, die oft durch das Present
Continuous als Zukunftsform ausgedrückt werden. Die Verben
beinhalten eine Tätigkeit oder Bewegung.
I’m meeting Peter tonight.
The Taylors are coming for dinner.
I’m seeing the doctor in the morning.
N’oubliez pas que vous ne pouvez pas utiliser le présent ordinaire
pour exprimer ce sens.
Ricordati che non si può usare il presente in questo caso.
Denken Sie daran, dass Sie (anders als im Deutschen) hier nicht die
Gegenwart benutzen dürfen.
We’re going to a party on Saturday night.
NOT We go to a party on Saturday night.
We’re catching the 10 o’clock train.
NOT We catch the 10 o’clock train.
What are you doing this evening?
NOT What do you do this evening?
Quelquefois, il n’y a aucune différence entre un arrangement
confirmé (Present Continuous) et une intention (going to).
Talvolta non si fa differenza tra una cosa decisa e organizzata (Present
Continuous) e un’intenzione (going to).
Manchmal besteht kein Unterschied zwischen einer vereinbarten
Abmachung (Present Continuous) und einer Absicht (going to).
We’re going to get
We’re getting
I like to sit in a hot bath and read. ● (habitude ou préférence)
(un’abitudine o una preferenza)
(Gewohnheit, Vorliebe)
● Like en tant que verbe est précédé d’un sujet (une personne):
Il verbo like ha come soggetto la persona*:
Das Verb like hat eine Person als Subjekt:
I like modern art.
I don’t like the way he looks at me.
Do you like fish?
Would you like a drink?
* In italiano ‘piacere’ ha come soggetto la cosa:
Mi piace l’arte moderna. Mi piacciono i quadri di Picasso.
Like
en tant que préposition est suivi d’un complément d’object:
●
La preposizione like è sempre seguita da un complemento oggetto:
Die Präposition like steht vor einem Objekt:
She’s wearing a hat like mine.
He’s nothing like his father.
That sounds like the postman.
You’re behaving like children.
6.1 What ... like?
● What is/are/was/were … like? s’emploie lorsqu’on veut se renseigner
sur le caractère permanent de certaines personnes ou choses.
L’expression invite en retour une description, une impression ou une
comparaison.
What is/are/was/were … like? si usano per fare domande sulla natura
delle cose o delle persone, cioè per chiedere una descrizione o
un’impressione o un paragone.
Mit What is/are/was/were … like? fragt man danach, wie Menschen
und Dinge auf Dauer beschaffen sind. Mit dieser Frage bittet man
um eine Beschreibung, einen Eindruck oder einen Vergleich.
What’s the health service like in your country?
What are the new students like?
1
● Dans le cas d’une description ou d’une impression, on n’utilise pas
like dans la réponse.
Con una descrizione o un’impressione, non si usa like nella risposta.
married in the spring.
Wenn man als Antwort eine Beschreibung oder einen Eindruck gibt,
darf man like in der Antwort nicht verwenden.
What’s London like? It’s quite big, and it’s very interesting.
NOT It’s like quite big …
What’s Amanda like? She’s tall, attractive, and very funny.
NOT She’s like tall …
2
● En ce qui concerne les comparaisons, on peut employer like dans la
Unit 6
Introduction to like
● Présentation de like
Introduzione a like
Einführung: like
● Like peut être verbe ou préposition.
Lorsque like est un verbe, il peut être suivi d’un autre verbe en -ing
ou à l’infinitif. Ceci change quelquefois le sens. Comparez:
Like può essere un verbo o una preposizione.
Quando like è un verbo, può essere seguito dalla forma in -ing o da
to, talvolta con un cambiamento di significato. Confronta:
Like kann ein Verb oder eine Präposition sein.
Nach dem Verb like kann die ing- Form oder to stehen, manchmal
mit unterschiedlicher Bedeutung. Vergleiche:
I like going out at the weekend. ● (activité de loisir général)
(un piacere in generale)
(etwas, das man allgemein gern tut)
réponse. Ici, like signifie en effet similar to / the same as (semblable à /
pareil que).
Con un paragone, si usa like nella risposta. Qui like significa ‘simile
a/uguale a’.
Wenn man als Antwort einen Vergleich gibt, kann man like in der
Antwort verwenden. Hier bedeutet like ähnlich wie / genauso wie.
What’s London like? It’s like New York, but without the tall
buildings.
(= C’est comme …)
(= È simile a …)
(= Es ist ähnlich wie …)
What’s Amanda’s daughter like? She’s just like Amanda.
(= Elle est exactement comme …)
(= È proprio come …)
(= Sie ist genauso wie …)
Se
reporter
à
la
p.
39
du
livre
d’exercices
pour plus de renseignements
●
sur like et as.
Vedi Workbook pag. 39 per l’uso di like e as.
Siehe Workbook S. 39 für like und as.
42
6.2 How ...?
6.5 Relative clauses
1
● Propositions relatives
Frasi relative
● How … ? s’emploie pour poser des questions sur la condition actuelle
d’une situation qui change souvent, par ex. le temps, la circulation,
etc.
How … ? si usa per fare domande sullo stato attuale di situazioni che
cambiano spesso, per es. il tempo, il traffico, ecc.
Mit How … ? fragt man nach dem momentanen Zustand von oft
wechselnden Situationen (z.B. Wetter, Verkehr usw.).
How’s work these days?
It’s better than last year.
How was the traffic this morning?
It was worse than usual.
● Pour se renseigner sur les conditions météorologiques, on peut
toutefois employer les deux types de questions.
Per chiedere com’è il tempo, si possono usare due tipi di domanda.
Um nach dem Wetter zu fragen, kann man beide Formen verwenden:
How’s the weather
What’s the weather like
where you are?
2
● On emploie how … ? également pour s’enquérir de la santé et du
bonheur de quelqu’un. Dans ce cas, il ne s’agit pas d’une description.
Comparez:
How …? si usa anche per fare domande sulla salute e sulla felicità di
una persona. Ma non si può usare per chiederne la descrizione.
Confronta:
Mit How … ? fragt man auch nach der Gesundheit und dem
Wohlergehen anderer Menschen. In diesem Fall bittet man nicht um
Beschreibung. Vergleiche:
How’s Peter?
He’s fine.
What’s Peter like?
He’s a nice guy. He’s quite tall, has dark hair …
3
● On emploie aussi How … ? pour se renseigner sur les réactions et
sentiments de quelqu’un.
How … ? si usa anche per chiedere ad una persona le sue reazioni o i
suoi sentimenti.
Mit How … ? fragt man auch nach den Reaktionen und Gefühlen
anderer Menschen.
How’s your meal?
How’s your new job?
Relativsätze
1
● On emploie les propositions relatives pour préciser de qui ou de quoi
on parle. Elles permettent d’apporter plus de renseignements sur la
personne ou la chose dont on parle.
Le frasi relative si usano per identificare di quale cosa o persona si
parla e per fornire altre informazioni su di esse.
Relativsätze werden verwendet, um zu sagen, von welcher Person
oder Sache man spricht. Sie ermöglichen es, mehr Informationen
über die Person oder Sache zu geben, von der die Rede ist.
The boy has gone to the beach. ● (Quel garçon?)
(Quale ragazzo?)
(Welcher Junge?)
The boy who lives next door has gone to the beach.
The book is very good.
● (Quel livre?)
(Quale libro?)
(Welches Buch?)
The book that I bought yesterday is very good.
This is a photo of the hotel.
● (Quel hôtel?)
(Quale hotel?)
(Welches Hotel?)
This is a photo of the hotel where we stayed.
2
● On utilise who lorsqu’on parle de personnes (on peut aussi utiliser
that).
Si usa who per riferirsi a persone (e si può anche usare that).
Man verwendet who für Personen (und man kann auch that sagen).
The book is about a girl who marries a millionaire.
● On utilise that lorsqu’on parle de choses (on peut aussi utiliser
which).
Si usa that per riferirsi a cose (e si può anche usare which).
Man verwendet that für Sachen (und man kann auch which sagen).
What was the name of the horse that won the race?
3
● On peut omettre who ou that lorsqu’il s’agit du complément d’objet
d’une proposition relative,
Quando who o that sono l’oggetto della frase relativa, si possono
6.3 How ... ? or What ... like?
● On peut quelquefois utiliser What … like? ou How …?, mais ils ne
sont pas identiques. What … like? sollicite une description objective.
How …? par contre invite une appréciation personnelle. Comparez:
In certe situazioni si può chiedere What …like? oppure How …?, ma
non hanno lo stesso significato. Con What …like? si chiede una
descrizione oggettiva. Con How …? si chiede qual è la reazione
personale. Confronta:
Manchmal kann man What …like? oder How …? sagen, aber sie sind
nicht austauschbar. Mit What …like? bittet man um eine objektiven
Beschreibung. Mit How …? fragt man nach persönlichen Gefühlen.
Vergleiche:
How’s the party?
It’s great!
What’s the party like? It’s very noisy, but there’s lots to eat and drink.
omettere.
Wenn who oder that das Objekt des Relativsatzes ist, kann es
weggelassen werden.
The person you need to talk to is on holiday.
The book I bought yesterday is very good.
● mais pas lorsqu’il s’agit du sujet d’une proposition relative.
Ma quando who o that sono il soggetto della frase relativa, è
obbligatorio usarli.
Aber wenn who oder that das Subjekt des Relativsatzes ist, darf es
nicht weggelassen werden.
I like people who are kind and considerate.
I want a computer that is easy to use.
4
● On peut employer which pour faire allusion à la totalité de la
proposition ou idée précédente.
6.4 Verb + -ing or infinitive
● Se reporter à la p. 60 pour plus de renseignements sur les
constructions des verbes.
Vedi costruzioni verbali pag.60.
Für Verbmuster siehe S. 60.
Which può anche essere usato per riferirsi a un’intera frase o idea
precedente.
Which kann man verwenden, wenn man sich auf den ganzen
vorhergehenden Satz oder Gedanken beziehen will.
I passed my driving test on my first attempt, which surprised everyone.
Jane can’t come to the party, which is a shame.
43
5
● On emploie whose lorsqu’il s’agit de possessions.
Si usa whose per riferirsi a ciò che possiede una persona.
Man verwendet whose, wenn man davon spricht, was jemand besitzt.
That’s the woman whose dog ran away.
That’s the man whose wife won the lottery.
7.1 The Present Perfect
Form
6
● On peut utiliser where lorsqu’il s’agit d’endroits particuliers.
Si usa where per riferirsi a un luogo.
Man kann where für Orte verwenden.
The hotel where we stayed was right on the beach.
We went back to the place where we first met.
’s
hasn’t
How long has
lived in Rome.
I
we
you
known Peter?
she
he
Short answer
Have you always lived in Budapest?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
Use
● Le Present Perfect (passé composé) exprime:
Il Present Perfect esprime:
Das Present Perfect drückt Folgendes aus:
1
● une action qui, commencée dans le passé, continue toujours (passé
inachevé).
Introduction to the Present Perfect
un’azione cominciata in passato che continua ancora (passato non
● Initiation au Passé composé
Introduzione al Present Perfect
He
She
How long have
● Les participes (présent ou passé), après un nom, définient et
Unit 7
’ve
haven’t
Question
6.6 Participles
identifient de la même façon que les propositions relatives.
I participi presenti e passati usati dopo un nome servono a
identificare il nome esattamente come una frase relativa.
Ein Partizip nach einem Nomen definiert und identifiziert es genau
wie ein Relativsatz.
That woman driving the
● (= la femme qui conduit)
red Porsche is my aunt.
(= la donna che guida)
(= die Frau, die fährt)
The men seen outside were ● (= les hommes qui ont étés vus)
probably the thieves.
(= gli uomini che sono stati visti)
(= die Männer, die gesehen wurden)
I
We
You
They
Einführung in das Present Perfect
● La même forme (have + participe passé) existe dans plusieurs langues
européennes, mais son utilisation est différente en anglais. En anglais,
le passé composé est fondamentalement un présent, mais il exprime
également l’effet d’anciennes actions et activités sur le présent.
La costruzione have + participio passato è comune a molte lingue
europee, ma in inglese viene usata in modo diverso. In inglese il
Present Perfect è essenzialmente un tempo presente che esprime gli
effetti di azioni e attività passate sul presente.
Ähnliche Formen (have + Partizip Perfekt) gibt es in vielen
europäischen Sprachen, aber die Verwendung im Englischen ist
anders. Im Englischen ist das Present Perfect im Grunde eine
Gegenwartsform, die aber zusätzlich die Auswirkung von
Handlungen und Vorgängen in der Vergangenheit auf die Gegenwart
zum Ausdruck bringt.
● Le Present Perfect signifie ‘avant maintenant’. Le Present Perfect
n’exprime donc pas une action au moment où elle a lieu. Si, en effet
on mentionne un moment précis, on doit alors utiliser le Past Simple
(prétérit).
Il Present Perfect significa ‘prima d’ora’. Il Present Perfect non dice
quando un’azione è stata compiuta. Se il momento esatto è
menzionato, si deve usare il Past Simple.
Present Perfect bedeutet ‘vor jetzt’. Das Present Perfect sagt nichts
darüber aus, wann eine Handlung stattfand. Wenn man die genaue
Zeit angibt, muss man das Past Simple verwenden.
In my life, I have travelled to all seven continents.
I travelled around Africa in 1998.
●
●
concluso).
eine Handlung, die in der Vergangenheit anfing und bis in die
Gegenwart andauert (unvollendete Vergangenheit).
We’ve lived in the same house for 25 years.
Peter’s worked as a teacher since 2000.
How long have you known each other?
They’ve been married for 20 years.
A remarquer: Plusieures langues expriment cette idée avec le présent,
mais en anglais ceci serait inexact.
Nota: In molte lingue, compreso l’italiano, quest’idea si esprime con
il presente, ma in inglese sarebbe un errore usarlo.
Anmerkung : Vorsicht: In vielen Sprachen, auch im Deutschen, wird
dieses Konzept mit einer Gegenwartsform ausgedrückt, aber im
Englischen ist das falsch.
Peter has been a teacher for ten years.
NOT Peter is a teacher for ten years.
On trouve souvent les expressions de temps suivantes dans cet emploi
du passé composé:
Ecco alcune espressioni di tempo che si usano comunemente in
questo caso.
Folgende Zeitangaben kommen bei dieser Verwendung häufig vor:
for
two years
a month
a few minutes
half an hour
ages
since
1970
the end of the class
August
8 o’clock
Christmas
● On utilise for pour décrire une certaine période de temps et since
lorsqu’il s’agit d’un point précis dans le temps.
Si usa for con un periodo di tempo e since per il momento iniziale.
Man verwendet for für einen Zeitraum und since für einen Zeitpunkt.
44
2
● une expérience que quelqu’un aurait faite à un moment donné de sa
●
●
vie. Bien que l’action se situe dans le passé et qu’elle soit terminée, les
effets se font toujours sentir. Le moment de l’action n’est pas un
critère important.
un’esperienza che è successa ad un certo punto nella vita di una
persona. L’azione appartiene al passato ed è conclusa, ma gli effetti
sono ancora evidenti. Quando sia successa l’azione non è importante.
ein Erlebnis, das man irgendwann seinem Leben hatte. Die Handlung
fand in der Vergangenheit statt und ist abgeschlossen, aber die
Auswirkungen dieser Handlung sind noch von Bedeutung. Wann die
Handlung stattfand, ist nicht wichtig.
I’ve been to the United States. ● (Je m’en souviens toujours.)
(Lo ricordo ancora.)
(Ich erinnere mich noch daran.)
She’s written poetry and
● (au cours de sa carrière d’écrivain)
children’s stories.
(durante la sua carriera di scrittrice)
(in ihrer Schriftstellerlaufbahn)
Have you ever had an ● (à un moment donné de votre vie
operation?
avant le présent, jusqu’à l’heure actuelle)
(prima d’ora, nel corso della tua vita)
(irgendwann in Ihrem Leben bis zum
jetzigen Zeitpunkt)
How many times has he been married? ● (dans sa vie)
(in vita sua)
(in seinem Leben)
On trouve souvent les adverbes ever, never et before dans cet emploi
du passé composé:
In questo caso si usano spesso gli avverbi ever, never e before.
Die Adverbien ever, never und before kommen bei dieser Verwendung
häufig vor.
Have you ever been to Australia?
I’ve never tried bungee jumping.
I haven’t tried sushi before.
Les questions et réponses concernant des moments définis
s’expriment au prétérit.
Le domande e le risposte relative a un momento specifico si
esprimono con il Past Simple.
Fragen und Antworten mit genauen Zeitangaben stehen im Past
Simple.
When did you go to the United States?
Was her poetry published while she was alive?
I broke my leg once, but I didn’t have to stay in the hospital.
He met his second wife in the dry cleaner’s.
3
● une action passée, qui a un résultat dans le présent. L’action se situe
généralement dans le passé récent.
un’azione del passato che ha risultati o conseguenze nel presente. Di
solito si tratta di un’azione compiuta recentemente.
ein Geschehen in der Vergangenheit, das sich auf die Gegenwart
auswirkt. Oft liegt es nur eine kurze Zeit zurück.
The taxi hasn’t arrived yet. ● (Nous l’attendons toujours.)
(Lo stiamo ancora aspettando.)
(Wir warten immer noch darauf.)
What have you done to your lip? ● (Elle saigne.)
(Sta sanguinando.)
(Sie blutet.)
● On annonce souvent les nouvelles au Present Perfect car le
présentateur ou énonciateur met l’accent sur le fait qu’il s’agit d’un
événement actuel.
Spesso le notizie vengono comunicate al Present Perfect per mettere
in risalto che si tratta di un avvenimento attuale.
Neuigkeiten werden oft im Present Perfect angekündigt, weil der
Sprecher betonen will, das das Ereignis eine Tatsache in der
Gegenwart ist.
●
●
●
●
Have you heard? The Prime Minister has resigned.
Susan’s had her baby!
I’ve ruined the meal.
Les détails portant sur un moment précis seront néanmoins donnés
au Past Simple (prétérit).
I dettagli dell’avvenimento vengono dati al Past Simple.
Einzelheiten über den genauen Zeitpunkt stehen aber im Past Simple.
She resigned because she lost a vote of no confidence.
She had a baby boy this morning. It was a difficult birth.
I didn’t watch it carefully enough.
Les adverbes yet, already et just sont courants dans cet emploi du
passé composé.
In questo uso del Present Perfect si trovano spesso gli avverbi yet,
already e just.
Die Adverbien yet, already und just kommen bei dieser Verwendung
häufig vor.
I haven’t done my homework yet. (Negative)
Has the postman been yet? (Question)
I’ve already done my homework.
She’s just had some good news.
Attention à been et gone.
Attenzione all’uso di been e gone.
Vorsicht bei been und gone.
He’s been to the United States. ● (expérience – il n’y est plus
maintenant)
(un’esperienza nella sua vita – ora
non è là)
(früheres Erlebnis – er ist jetzt
nicht dort)
She’s gone to the United States. ● (résultat dans le présent – elle y est
maintenant)
(risultato nel presente – è là in
questo momento)
(Resultat in der Gegenwart – sie
ist jetzt dort)
Se reporter à la p. 45 du livre d’exercices pour des exercices
supplémentaires sur been et gone
Vedi Workbook pag. 45 per ulteriori esercizi su been e gone.
Siehe Workbook S. 45 für weitere Übungen zu been und gone.
7.2 Present Perfect or Past Simple?
1
● Le Present Perfect fait référence à des actions inachevées, tandis que le
Past Simple exprime des actions terminées. Comparez:
Il Present Perfect si usa per azioni che non sono finite, il Past Simple
●
●
per azioni concluse nel passato. Confronta:
Das Present Perfect wird für nicht abgeschlossene Handlungen
verwendet. Das Past Simple wird für abgeschlossene Handlungen
verwendet. Vergleiche:
Present Perfect
Past Simple
I’ve lived in Texas for six years.
I lived in Texas for six years.
(J’y vis toujours.)
(Je vis ailleurs maintenant.)
(Abito ancora lì.)
(Ora abito da un’altra parte.)
(Ich wohne immer noch dort.)
(Jetzt wohne ich woanders.)
I’ve written several books.
Shakespeare wrote 30 plays.
(Je peux toujours en écrire d’autres.) (Il ne peut plus en écrire.)
(Posso scriverne altri.)
(Non può più scriverne.)
(Ich kann noch mehr schreiben.)
(Er kann nicht noch mehr
schreiben.)
2
● Il est clair, si l’on étudie les expressions de temps employées par les
deux temps que le Present Perfect (passé composé) décrit un moment
indéfini dans le temps tandis que le Past Simple (prétérit) décrit un
moment précis dans le temps.
45
Si può notare che il Present Perfect si riferisce a un momento non
specifico del passato e il Past Simple a un momento specifico
osservando le espressioni di tempo usate nei due casi.
Man kann sehen, dass das Present Perfect sich auf eine unbestimmte
Zeit und das Past Simple sich auf eine bestimmte Zeit bezieht, wenn
man die Zeitangaben betrachtet, die mit diesen beiden Zeiten
verwendet werden.
Prétérit – défini
● Passé composé – indéfini
Past Simple – specifico
Present Perfect – non specifico
Present Perfect – unbestimmt
Past Simple – bestimmt
for a long time.
since July.
I’ve done it
I did it
before.
recently.
I’ve already done it.
I haven’t done it yet.
yesterday.
last week.
two days ago.
in 1987.
at 8 o’clock.
when I was young.
for a long time.
● Attention à this morning/afternoon, etc.
Attenzione alle espressioni this morning/afternoon, ecc.
Vorsicht bei this morning/afternoon usw.
Have you seen Amy this morning? ● (C’est toujours le matin.)
(È ancora mattino.)
(Es ist immer noch Vormittag.)
Did you see Amy this morning?
● (C’est l’après midi ou dans la
soirée.)
(È pomeriggio o sera.)
(Es ist Nachmittag oder
Abend.)
● Il existe quatre types de verbes à particule. Types 1, 2, et 3 ont un sens
●
a
b
●
●
●
7.3 Present Perfect Simple passive
● Le passé composé à la voix passive
Il Present Perfect passivo
Present Perfect Simple im Passiv
Form
has/have been + past participle
● has/have been + participe passé
has/have been + participio passato
has/have been + Partizip Perfekt
It
has been
They
have been
●
sold.
Use
● Les emplois du passé composé sont les même à la voix passive qu’à la
a
b
●
voix active.
Gli usi di questo tempo verbale sono identici nell’attivo e nel passivo.
Die Verwendung ist im Passiv genau wie im Aktiv.
Two million cars have been
● (passé inachevé)
produced so far this year.
(passato non ancora concluso)
(unvollendete Vergangenheit)
Has she ever been made
● (expérience passée)
redundant?
(un’esperienza nella vita)
(früheres Erlebnis)
‘Have you heard? Two hundred ● (importance dans le présent)
homes have been washed away (importanza attuale)
(Resultat in der Gegenwart)
by a tidal wave!’
7.4 Phrasal verbs
● Verbes à particule
Verbi frasali
Phrasal Verbs – feste Verbindungen von Verben und Partikeln
soit littéral, soit idiomatique. Le 4ème type est presque toujours
idiomatique.
Ci sono quattro categorie di phrasal verbs. I verbi delle categorie 1, 2,
e 3 possono avere un significato letterale o idiomatico. Quelli della
categoria 4 sono quasi sempre idiomatici.
Es gibt vier Arten von phrasal verbs. Typ 1, 2 und 3 kann eine
wörtliche und eine übertragene (idiomatische) Bedeutung haben.
Typ 4 hat fast immer eine übertragene Bedeutung.
Type 1
Verbe + particule (pas d’objet)
Verbo + particella (senza complemento)
Verb + Partikel (ohne Objekt)
He put on his coat and went out.
I didn’t put enough wood on the fire and it went out.
Dans a, le verbe et la particule sont employés littéralement. Dans b,
ils ont un sens idiomatique. Go out signifie ‘s’arrêter de brûler’.
In a, il verbo e la particella sono usati in senso letterale. In b, sono
usati in senso idiomatico. Go out qui significa ‘spegnersi’.
In Beispiel a wird das Verb mit Partikel wörtlich verwendet. In
Beispiel b wird es idiomatisch verwendet: Go out bedeutet ‘aufhören
zu brennen’.
Exemples ayant un sens littéral:
Esempi con significato letterale:
Beispiele mit wörtlicher Bedeutung:
Sit down.
She stood up and walked out.
Please go away.
She walked right past the store without noticing it.
Exemples ayant un sens idiomatique:
Esempi con significato idiomatico:
Beispiele mit idiomatischer Bedeutung:
The marriage didn’t work out. ● (= réussir)
(= riuscire)
(= Erfolg haben)
Our plans fell through.
● (= échouer)
(= fallire)
(= scheitern)
Type 2
Verb + particule + complément d’objet (séparable)
Verbo + particella + complemento (separabile)
Verb + Partikel + Objekt (trennbar)
I put up the picture.
I put up my sister for the night.
Dans a, le verbe et la particule sont employés litéralement. Dans b, ils
sont employés idiomatiquement. Put up signifie accueillir quelqu’un
(le nourrir et le loger), généralement pour la nuit ou pour quelques
jours.
Les verbes à particule du Type 2 sont séparables. Le complément
d’objet (nom ou pronom) peut être intercalé entre le verbe et la
particule.
usati in senso idiomatico. Put up qui significa ‘dare ospitalità a
qualcuno’ (di solito per qualche giorno).
I verbi della categoria 2 sono separabili. Il complemento (nome o
pronome) può essere messo tra il verbo e la particella.
Beispiel b wird es idiomatisch verwendet: Put up bedeutet hier, dass
man jemandem Essen und ein Bett gibt, normalerweise für eine
Nacht oder ein paar Tage.
Phrasal verbs vom Typ 2 sind trennbar. Das Objekt (Nomen oder
Pronomen) kann zwischen dem Verb und der Partikel stehen.
I put up the picture.
I put up my sister.
I put the picture up.
I put my sister up.
46
● Si le complément d’objet est un pronom, il se situe toujours entre le
●
●
●
a
b
●
●
●
verbe et la particule.
Se il complemento è un pronome personale, è obbligatorio metterlo
tra il verbo e la particella.
Wenn das Objekt ein Pronomen ist, steht es immer zwischen dem
Verb und der Partikel.
I put it up.
NOT I put up it.
I put her up. NOT I put up her.
The waiter took away the plates.
Don’t throw it away.
They’re pulling that old building down.
I put off the meeting. ● (= reporter à plus tard)
(= posticipare)
(= verschieben)
Don’t let me down.
● (= décevoir)
(= deludere)
(= enttäuschen)
Type 3
Verbe + particule + complément d’objet (inséparable)
Verbo + particella + complemento (non separabile)
Verb + Partikel + Objekt (nicht trennbar)
She came across the room.
She came across an old friend while she was out shopping.
Dans a, le verbe et la particule sont utilisés littéralement. Dans b, ils
sont employés idiomatiquement. Come across signifie trouver par
accident.
L’ordre des mots dans les verbes à particule du Type 3 n’est pas
interchangeable. Le complément d’objet (nom ou pronom) suit
toujours la particule.
usati in senso idiomatico. Come across qui significa ‘trovare per caso’.
I verbi della categoria 2 non sono separabili. Il complemento (nome
o pronome) deve essere messo dopo la particella.
Beispiel b wird es idiomatisch verwendet: Come across bedeutet
‘zufällig finden’.
Phrasal verbs vom Typ 3 sind nicht trennbar. Das Objekt (Nomen
oder Pronomen) steht immer nach der Partikel.
NOT She came an old friend across. or She came her across.
I’m looking for Jane.
They ran across the park.
We drove past them.
I’ll look after it for you.
● (= en prendre soin)
(= prendersi cura di)
(= aufpassen)
She takes after her father. ● (= ressembler à qn. en termes de
gabarit, caractère, ou disposition)
(= assomigliare in termini di aspetto,
corporatura, caratere, o temperamento)
(= im Aussehen, Körperbau, Charakter
oder Wesen ähnlich sein)
●
●
He never got over the death of his wife. ● (= se remettre de qch.)
(= superare)
(= sich erholen von)
Type 4
Verbe + particule + particule
Verbo + particella + particella
Verb + Partikel + Partikel
I get along very well with my boss.
I’m looking forward to it.
How can you put up with that noise?
Les verbes à particule du Type 4 sont quasiment toujours
idiomatiques. Le complément d’objet ne peut pas changer de
position. On ne peut ni le faire précéder les particules, ni le placer
entre ces dernières.
I verbi della categoria 4 sono quasi sempre idiomatici. Il
complemento non può cambiare di posizione. Non può essere messo
né prima delle particelle né in mezzo alle due particelle.
Phrasal verbs vom Typ 4 sind fast immer idiomatisch. Das Objekt
kann nicht umgestellt werden. Es kann nicht vor oder zwischen den
Partikeln stehen.
NOT I’m looking forward it to.
Unit 8
Introduction to conditionals
● Initiation aux différentes formes du conditionnel
Introduzione al periodo ipotetico
Einführung in den Konditional
● La construction de phrases ou de propositions commençant par if
(si) s’effectue de différentes façons et dépend de ce que l’on essaie
d’exprimer: une potentialité ou une hypothèse impossible / irréelle. Il
est donc impératif d’établir tout d’abord de quelle option il s’agit.
Ci sono vari modi di formare delle frasi con if. È importante capire la
differenza tra le frasi che esprimono possibilità reali e quelle che
esprimono situazioni non reali o poco probabili.
Es gibt viele verschiedene Arten, Sätze mit if zu bilden. Dabei ist es
wichtig, dass man den Unterschied zwischen Sätzen mit echten
Möglichkeiten und Sätzen mit unwahrscheinlichen Situationen
versteht.
Real possibilities
● Potentielle (hypothèses dont la réalisation est possible)
Possibilità reali
Echte Möglichkeiten
If it rains, we’ll stay home.
(if + Present Simple + will)
If you’ve finished your work, you can go home.
(if + Present Perfect + modal auxiliary verb)
If you’re feeling ill, go home and get into bed.
(if + Present Continuous + imperative)
Unreal situations
● Situations / faits irréels
Situazioni non reali
Unwahrscheinliche Situationen
You would understand me better if you came from my country.
(would + if + Past Simple)
If I were rich, I wouldn’t have any problems.
(if + were + would)
If I stopped smoking, I could run faster.
(if + Past Simple + modal auxiliary verb)
Pour
comprendre les différentes variations, vous devrez en
●
reconnaître les modèles. Remarquez qu’on emploie généralement une
virgule après la proposition conditionnelle (commençant par if (si)),
lorsque celle-ci se situe en début de phrase.
47
Per capire queste variazioni è necessario imparare come si
costruiscono. Nota che ci sono sempre due frasi: la frase con if (la
condizione) e la frase principale (il risultato). Se la frase con if
precede, viene separata con una virgola dalla frase principale.
Es gibt verschiedene Muster, die man kennen muss, um die
Unterschiede zu verstehen. Beachten Sie, dass ein Komma gesetzt
wird, wenn der if-Satz am Anfang steht.
8.1 First conditional
● Conditionnel du premier type
Periodo ipotetico di primo tipo
Der Konditional I
Form
if + Present Simple + will
Positive
If I find your wallet, I’ll let you know.
We’ll come and see you on Sunday if the weather’s good.
Negative
You won’t pass the test if you don’t study.
If you lose your ticket, you won’t be able to go.
Question
What will you do if you don’t find a job?
If there isn’t a hotel, where will you stay?
● A remarquer: on n’utilise généralement pas will dans la proposition
subordonnée conditionnelle.
Nota che di solito non si usa will nella frase con if, mentre in italiano
il futuro è possibile.
Beachten Sie, dass man will im if-Satz normalerweise nicht
verwendet.
NOT If you will leave now, you’ll catch the train.
If I’ll go out tonight, I’ll give you a call.
● If peut être remplacé par unless (= if … not) ou in case (= because of
the possibility …).
If può essere sostituito da unless (a meno che non) o da in case (nel
caso che).
If kann durch unless (= if … not) oder in case (= für den Fall, dass…)
ersetzt werden.
Unless I hear from you, I’ll come at 8.00.
I’ll take my umbrella in case it rains.
Use
1
● Les subordonnées au First conditional (conditionnel du premier type)
expriment une hypothèse réalisable et son résultat probable à
l’avenir.
Il periodo ipotetico di primo tipo esprime una condizione possibile e
il suo probabile risultato nel futuro.
Sätze im Konditional I drücken um eine mögliche Bedingung und
deren wahrscheinliche Folge in der Zukunft aus.
Résultat (proposition principale,
● Condition (proposition
subordonnée conditionnelle)
résultante)
Risultato (frase principale)
Condizione (frase con if)
Bedingung (if-Satz)
Folge (Folgesatz)
If I find a jumper in your size,
I’ll buy it for you.
If you can’t do the homework,
give me a call.
If you can find my purse,
I might buy you an ice-cream.
If you’ve never been to Wales,
you should try to go there one day.
2
● On peut employer le conditionnel du premier type pour
communiquer différentes fonctions (qui expriment toutes une
hypothèse réalisable et un résultat probable).
Il periodo ipotetico di primo tipo può essere usato per diverse
funzioni: tutte esprimono una condizione possibile e il suo probabile
risultato nel futuro.
Man kann den Konditional I mit unterschiedlichen Funktionen
verwenden (die alle eine mögliche Bedingung und eine
wahrscheinliche Folge ausdrücken).
If you do that again, I’ll kill you!
● (une menace)
(minaccia)
(Drohung)
Careful! If you touch that, you’ll burn yourself! ● (un avertissement)
(avvertimento)
(Warnung)
I’ll post the letter if you like.
● (une proposition)
(offerta di aiuto)
(Angebot)
If you lend me £100, I’ll love you for ever.
● (une promesse)
(promessa)
(Versprechen)
8.2 Time clauses
● Propositions subordonnées de temps
Frasi temporali
Temporale Nebensätze
● Will ne suit généralement pas les conjonctions de temps (when, as
soon as, before, until, after). On utilise à la place le présent bien que
l’on se réfère à un moment dans l’avenir.
Le congiunzioni temporali (when, as soon as, before, until, after) di
solito non sono seguite da will. Si usa il presente anche se si fa
riferimento a un momento del futuro, mentre in italiano è possibile
usare il futuro.
Nach temporalen Konjunktionen (when, as soon as, before, until,
after) steht normalerweise nicht will. Man verwendet eine
Gegenwartsform, obwohl man von einer Zeit in der Zukunft spricht.
I’ll call you when I get home.
As soon as dinner is ready, I’ll give you a call.
Can I have a word with you before I go?
Wait until I come back.
● On peut employer le Present Perfect (passé composé) dans la
subordonnée de temps, s’il est important de montrer que l’action à
laquelle on fait référence est terminée.
Si può usare il Present Perfect se è importante indicare che l’azione
nella frase temporale è finita.
Man kann das Present Perfect verwenden, wenn es wichtig ist zu
zeigen, dass die Handlung im temporalen Nebensatz beendet ist.
When I’ve read the book, I’ll lend it to you.
I’ll go home after I’ve done the shopping.
8.3 Zero conditional
● Conditionnel « zéro »
Periodo ipotetico generale
Der Konditional 0
● Les subordonnées conditionnelles dites « Zéro » s’appliquent à
n’importe quel moment et non pas simplement au présent ou au
futur. Elles expriment une situation qui est toujours vraie. If dans ce
cas signifie when ou whenever.
Il periodo ipotetico generale si riferisce a ‘qualsiasi momento,’ non
solo al presente o al futuro. Esprime una situazione che è sempre
vera. In questo caso if significa ‘quando’ o ‘tutte le volte che’.
Sätze im Konditional 0 beziehen sich auf ‘die ganze Zeit’, nicht nur
die Gegenwart oder die Zukunft. Sie beschreiben eine Situation, die
immer zutrifft. If bedeutet hier when oder whenever.
If you spend over £50 at that supermarket, you get a five per cent
discount.
48
8.4 Second conditional
8.5 First or second conditional?
● Conditionnel du second type
Periodo ipotetico di secondo tipo
● Conditionnel du premier ou du second type?
Periodo ipotetico di primo o secondo tipo?
Der Konditional II
Form
if + Past Simple + would
Positive
If I won some money, I’d go around the world.
My father would kill me if he could see me now.
Negative
I’d give up my job if I didn’t like it.
If I saw a ghost, I wouldn’t talk to it.
Question
What would you do if you saw someone shoplifting?
If you needed help, who would you ask?
● A remarquer: On peut substituer were à la place de was dans la
subordonnée conditionnelle.
Nota che was può essere sostituito da were nella frase con if.
Beachten Sie, dass was im Bedingungssatz zu were werden kann.
If I
If he
were rich,
I
he
wouldn’t have to work.
Use
1
● On emploie le conditionnel du second type pour exprimer une
situation irréelle et son résultat tout aussi peu probable. La situation
ou condition est improbable, impossible, imaginaire, ou contraire à
des faits certains.
Il periodo ipotetico di secondo tipo esprime una situazione non reale
e il suo probabile risultato. La situazione o condizione è poco
probabile, impossibile, immaginaria o contraria a ciò che si sa.
Der Konditional II wird benutzt, um eine unwahrscheinliche
Situation und deren wahrscheinliche Folge zu beschreiben. Die
Situation oder Bedingung ist unwahrscheinlich, unmöglich,
vorgestellt, oder sie entspricht nicht den uns bekannten Tatsachen.
If I were the president of my ● (Mais il est fort peu probable
country, I’d increase taxes.
que je sois jamais président.)
(Ma non è molto probabile che io
diventi presidente.)
(Aber es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass
ich je Präsident werde.)
If my mother was still alive, ● (Mais elle est morte.)
she’d be very proud.
(Ma è morta.)
(Aber sie ist tot.)
If Ted needed money, I’d
● (Mais il n’en a pas besoin.)
lend it to him.
(Ma non ne ha bisogno.)
(Aber er braucht keins.)
2
● D’autres verbes modaux peuvent apparaître dans la proposition
résultante (principale).
Si possono trovare altri verbi modali nella frase principale.
Im Folgesatz können andere Modalverben verwendet werden.
I could buy some new clothes if I had some money.
If I saved a little every week, I might be able to save up for a car.
If you wanted that job, you’d have to apply very soon.
3
● La tournure If I were you, I’d … s’emploie pour donner des conseils.
La costruzione If I were you, I’d … viene usata per dare un consiglio.
Konditional I oder II?
● Ces conditionnels s’appliquent, tous les deux, au présent et au futur.
If I were you, I’d … sagt man, um einen Ratschlag einzuleiten.
If I were you, I’d apologize to her.
I’d take it easy for a while if I were you.
La différence se situe au niveau de la probabilité, et non pas au niveau
du temps. Le choix entre les deux est normalement évident. Les
phrases employant le conditionnel du premier type traduisent une
possibilité réelle tandis que les phrases qui contiennent un
conditionnel du second type expriment des situations qui n’auront
sans doute jamais lieu.
Sia il primo che il secondo tipo di periodo ipotetico si riferiscono al
presente o al futuro. La differenza sta nella probabilità, non nel
tempo. Di solito il senso chiarisce qual è la costruzione da usare. Il
periodo ipotetico di primo tipo si riferisce a situazioni reali e
possibili; quello di secondo tipo esprime situazioni che
probabilmente non si verificheranno mai.
Sowohl der Konditional I als auch der Konditional II bezieht sich auf
die Gegenwart und die Zukunft. Der Unterschied liegt in der
Wahrscheinlichkeit, nicht in der Zeit. Meist ist es klar, welchen
Konditional man verwenden muss. Sätze im Konditional I sind real
und möglich, Sätze im Konditional II drücken Situationen aus, die es
wahrscheinlich nie geben wird.
If I lose my job, I’ll …
● (La performance de la société pour
laquelle je travaille est médiocre. Il est
fort possible que je sois licencié.)
(La società per cui lavoro è in cattive
acque. C’è una forte possibilità che
mi licenzino.)
(Meiner Firma geht es schlecht. Es ist
durchaus möglich, dass ich entlassen
werde.)
If I lost my job, I’d …
● (Je ne perdrai sans doute pas mon
emploi. Je ne fais que spéculer.)
(Probabilmente non perderò il
lavoro. Sto solo facendo un’ipotesi.)
(Wahrscheinlich werde ich meine
Stelle nicht verlieren. Ich stelle nur
Vermutungen an.)
If there is a nuclear war,
● (prononcé par un pessimiste.)
we’ll all …
(Chi parla è un pessimista.)
(Ausspruch eines Pessimisten.)
If there was a nuclear war,
● (Mais je ne pense pas que cela aura
I’d …
lieu.)
(Ma non credo che succederà.)
(Aber ich glaube nicht, dass es
passieren wird.)
would
● Notez l’emploi de would dans les phrases suivantes:
Nota l’uso di would nelle frasi seguenti:
Beachten Sie die Verwendung von would in den folgenden Sätzen:
She’d look better with
● (= Si elle se coupait les cheveux,
shorter hair.
cela lui irait mieux.)
(= Se si tagliasse i capelli, starebbe
meglio.)
(= Wenn sie kurze Haare hätte, sähe
sie besser aus.)
● would pour exprimer une préférence:
would per esprimere una preferenza
would zum Ausdruck der Vorliebe
I’d love a cup of coffee.
Where would you like to sit?
I’d rather have coffee, please.
I’d rather not tell you, if that’s all right.
What would you rather do, stay in or go out?
49
● would pour exprimer une demande:
would per esprimere una richiesta
would zum Ausdruck einer Bitte
Would you open the door for me?
Would you mind lending me a hand?
Unit 9
●
Modal verbs
● Les verbes modaux peuvent exprimer la capacité de faire qch,
l’obligation ou la permission de faire qch. et une demande de qch. Ils
peuvent également exprimer l’idée de probabilité ou le niveau de
certitude d’une situation donnée. Vous trouverez une présentation
des verbes modaux à la p. 38.
I verbi modali possono esprimere abilità, obbligo, permesso o
richiesta. Possono anche esprimere l’idea di probabilità o il grado di
certezza di una situazione. Vedi l’introduzione ai verbi modali
ausiliari a pag. 38.
Modalverben können eine Fähigkeit, Verpflichtung, Erlaubnis oder
Bitte ausdrücken. Sie können auch angeben, wie wahrscheinlich oder
sicher eine Situation ist. Eine Einführung in die modalen Hilfsverben
steht auf S. 38.
●
●
Modal verbs of probability
● Les verbes modaux de probabilité
Verbi modali che esprimono probabilità
He might be lost.
They could move to a different place.
Dave and Beth aren’t at home. They could be at the concert, I suppose.
We may go to Greece for our vacation. We haven’t decided yet.
Take your umbrella. It might rain later.
I might not be able to come tonight. I might have to work late.
The continuous infinitive
L’infinitif progressif
La forma progressiva dell’infinito
Der Infinitiv der Verlaufsform
Must/could/can’t/might + be + -ing constituent la forme progressive
de l’infinitif au présent.
Must/could/can’t/might + be + forma in -ing si usano per la forma
progressiva nel presente.
Must/could/can’t/might + be + ing-Form bilden die Verlaufsform in
der Gegenwart.
Peter might be working late.
They can’t be working very hard.
Comparez:
Confronta:
Vergleiche:
‘John’s grass is lovely. He must cut ● (habitude)
it regularly.’
(abitudine)
(Gewohnheit)
‘What’s John doing in the garden?’ ● (maintenant)
‘He might be cutting the grass.’
(in questo momento)
(jetzt)
Modalverben, die die Wahrscheinlichkeit ausdrücken
9.2 Expressing possibility/probability: the past
9.1 Expressing possibility/probability: the present/future
● Exprimant une possibilité/probabilité: le présent/futur
Esprimere possibilità/probabilità nel presente e nel futuro
Möglichkeit/Wahrscheinlichkeit in der Gegenwart/Zukunft
1
● Must et can’t expriment la conclusion logique d’une situation: must =
● Exprimant une possibilité/probabilité: le passé
Esprimere possibilità/probabilità nel passato
The perfect infinitive
● L’infinitif passé
L’infinito passato
logiquement probable; can’t = logiquement improbable (on ne
dispose pas de tous les faits ; on n’est par conséquent pas entièrement
certain de quelque chose, mais on en est presque sûr).
Must e can’t esprimono la conclusione logica di una situazione: must
= è logicamente probabile; can’t = è logicamente improbabile. Non
abbiamo tutte le informazioni necessarie, perciò non siamo
completamente sicuri che sia vero, ma lo riteniamo molto probabile.
Must und can’t drücken die logische Folge einer Situation aus: must =
wahrscheinlich; can’t = unwahrscheinlich. Man kennt nicht alle
Einzelheiten, also ist man sich nicht absolut sicher, aber ziemlich
sicher.
He must be exhausted. He can’t even stand up.
Sue can’t have a ten-year-old daughter! Sue’s only 24!
He’s in great shape, even though he must be at least 60!
A walk in this weather! You must be joking!
Is there no answer? They must be in bed. They can’t be out this late!
●
2
● Could et may/might expriment une possibilité au présent ou au futur.
May/Might + not en est la forme négative. Couldn’t est rare dans ce
sens.
Could e may/might esprimono una possibilità nel presente o nel
futuro. Per la forma negativa si usano may/might + not. Couldn’t si
usa raramente.
Could und may/might drücken eine Möglichkeit in der Gegenwart
oder Zukunft aus. Die verneinte Form ist may/might + not. Couldn’t
ist in dieser Verwendung selten.
Möglichkeit/Wahrscheinlichkeit in der Vergangenheit
●
●
●
Der Infinitiv Perfekt
Must/could/can’t/might + have + participe passé expriment des degrés
de probabilité dans le passé.
Must/could/can’t/might + have + participio passato esprimono vari
gradi di probabilità nel passato.
Must/could/can’t/might + have + Partizip Perfekt drückt den Grad der
Wahrscheinlichkeit in der Vergangenheit aus.
He must have been exhausted.
She can’t have told him about us yet.
He might have got lost.
They could have moved house.
The continuous infinitive
L’infinitif progressif
La forma progressiva dell’infinito passato
Der Infinitiv der Verlaufsform
Must/could/can’t/might + have + been + -ing constituent la forme
progressive de l’infinitif au passé.
Must/could/can’t/might + have + been + forma in -ing si usano per la
forma progressiva nel passato.
Must/could/can’t/might + have + been + ing-Form bilden die
Verlaufsform in der Vergangenheit.
She must have been joking.
They can’t have been trying very hard.
He could have been lying to you.
supplémentaires sur l’infinitif progressif.
Vedi Workbook pag. 57 per ulteriori esercizi sul continuous infinitive.
Siehe Workbook S. 57 für weitere Übungen zum Infinitiv der
Verlaufsform.
50
9.3 Asking about possibilities
9.5 too and either/neither
● Se renseigner sur ce qui est possible
Fare domande sulla possibilità
● Pour montrer que l’on a la même idée/opinion que quelqu’un
Fragen nach der Möglichkeit
● Pour se renseigner sur ce qui est possible ou probable, on emploie
généralement la tournure Do you think …? L’utilisation de verbes
modaux de probabilité à la forme interrogative est inhabituelle.
Per fare domande sulla possibilità o probabilità di solito si usa Do you
think …? Le domande con i verbi modali di probabilità si usano
raramente.
Um nach der Möglichkeit/Wahrscheinlichkeit zu fragen, sagt man
normalerweise Do you think …? Fragesätze mit Modalverben, die die
Wahrscheinlichkeit ausdrücken, sind selten.
‘Do you think she’s married?’
‘She can’t be.’
‘Where do you think he’s from?’
‘He might be Spanish or
Portuguese.’
‘Do you think they’ve arrived yet?’ ‘They may have. Or they might
have got stuck in the traffic.’
9.4 So do I! Neither do I!
Unit 10
Continuous forms
● Moi, aussi! Moi, non plus!
Esprimere accordo o disaccordo
d’autre, on utilise either/neither. Avec too et either, on répète le verbe
auxiliaire présent dans la première affirmation ou, s’il n’y a pas
d’auxiliaire, on utilise do/does/did.
Per dire che abbiamo qualcosa in comune con un’altra persona,
possiamo anche usare too e either/neither. Con too e either, si ripete il
verbo ausiliare. Se non c’è l’ausiliare, si usano do/does/did.
Wenn man ausdrücken will, dass man das gleiche denkt oder tut wie
jemand anders, sagt man too oder either/neither. Bei too und
either/neither wird das Hilfsverb wiederholt; wenn es kein Hilfsverb
gibt, nimmt man do/does/did.
I like ice-cream.
I do, too./Me too.
I have always studied hard.
I have, too./Me too.
I don’t like working.
I don’t, either./Me neither.
I can’t play a musical instrument.
I can’t, either./Me neither.
● Les formes progressives
Le forme progressive
Ich auch! Ich auch nicht!
● Lorsqu’on utilise So… /Neither… I pour indiquer qu’on est d’accord
ou pas avec un point de vue, on répète le verbe auxiliaire présent
dans la première affirmation. S’il n’y a pas d’auxiliaire, on utilise alors
do/does/did. Faites attention à l’endroit où se trouve l’accent
d’intensité de la phrase.
Quando si esprime accordo con So/Neither … I, si ripete il verbo
ausiliare. Se non c’è l’ausiliare, si usano do/does/did. Nota la parola su
cui cade l’accento. Attenzione a come si esprime disaccordo.
Wenn man seine Zustimmung oder Ablehnung mit So …/Neither … I
zum Ausdruck bringt, wiederholt man das Hilfsverb. Wenn es kein
Hilfsverb gibt, verwendet man do/does/did. Achten Sie auf die
Betonung im Satz.
AGREEING
●
I like ice-cream.
I’m wearing jeans.
I can swim.
I went out.
So do I.
So am I.
So can I.
So did I.
I don’t like working.
I can’t drive.
I haven’t been to Paris.
Neither do I.
Neither can I.
Neither have I.
Die Verlaufsform
● N’oubliez pas que les idées suivantes se communiquent toutes par
des formes progressives:
Ricordati che tutte le forme progressive esprimono le seguenti idee:
Zur Erinnerung: Alle Verlaufsformen drücken Folgendes aus:
1
● activité en cours.
un’azione in corso di svolgimento.
eine Tätigkeit, die gerade stattfindet.
Be quiet! I’m thinking.
I was having a shower when the phone rang.
I’ve been working since 9 o’clock this morning.
2
● activité temporaire.
un’azione temporanea.
●
eine vorübergehende Tätigkeit.
We’re staying with friends until we find a place of our own.
We’ve been living with them for six weeks.
3
● activité qui peut être incomplète.
un’azione che potrebbe non essere stata portata a termine.
eine Tätigkeit, die evtl. noch nicht beendet ist.
I’m writing a report. I have to finish it by tomorrow.
Who’s been eating my sandwich?
● Se reporter à la p. 63 du livre d’exercices pour des exercices
supplémentaires sur les formes simples et progressives.
Vedi Workbook pag. 63 per ulteriori esercizi sulle forme semplici e
progressive.
Siehe Workbook S. 63 für weitere Übungen zu einfachen Formen und
Verlaufsformen.
DISAGREEING
●
I don’t like Mary.
We’re going now.
I can speak Polish.
I haven’t been skiing.
I do.
We aren’t.
I can’t.
I have.
I like blue cheese.
I saw Pat yesterday.
I’m going to have some coffee.
I don’t.
I didn’t.
I’m not.
●
10.1 Present Perfect Continuous
● Le passé composé progressif
Il Present Perfect Continuous
Das Present Perfect Continuous
51
Form
I’ve been working all day.
We
You
They
He
She
It
Have you been crying?
’ve
haven’t
been working.
’s
hasn’t
Question
have
How long
has
I
you
we
been working?
she
it
Use
● On emploie le passé composé progressif pour exprimer:
Si usa il Present Perfect Continuous per esprimere:
Man benutzt das Present Perfect Continuous, um Folgendes
auszudrücken:
1
● une activité qui, commencée dans le passé, continue toujours dans le
présent.
un’azione iniziata nel passato che continua ancora adesso.
eine Tätigkeit, die in der Vergangenheit begann und jetzt immer noch
andauert.
I’ve been studying English for three years.
How long have you been working here?
● Quelquefois, il n’y a aucune différence entre le passé composé simple
et progressif.
Talvolta non c’è differenza tra la forma semplice e quella progressiva.
Manchmal besteht kein Unterschied zwischen der einfachen Form
und der Verlaufsform.
I’ve played
I’ve been playing
● (Je suis fatiguée maintenant.)
(Adesso sono stanco.)
(Du hast rote Augen.)
Roger’s been cutting the grass. ● (Je peux sentir l’herbe.)
(Sento odore di erba.)
(Ich kann es riechen.)
L’activité
dans
le
passé
peut
être
terminée ou non. Ceci pourra
●
normalement être déterminé selon le contexte.
L’azione passata può essere finita oppure no. Di solito si capisce dal
contesto.
Die Tätigkeit in der Vergangenheit kann beendet sein oder auch
nicht. Das wird normalerweise aus dem Zusammenhang deutlich.
Look out of the window! It’s
● (Il ne neige plus maintenant.)
been snowing!
(È smesso di nevicare ora.)
(Es hat jetzt aufgehört zu
schneien.)
I’ve been writing this book
● (Il n’est toujours pas achevé.)
for two years.
(Il libro non è ancora finito.)
(Es ist immer noch nicht fertig.)
I’m covered in paint because
● (La peinture peut être terminée
I’ve been decorating the
ou pas. On ne le sait pas.)
bathroom.
(Può darsi che il lavoro sia finito
oppure no. Non si sa.)
(Es kann fertig sein oder auch
nicht. Man weiss es nicht.)
10.2 Present Perfect Simple or Continuous?
1
● Le passé composé simple indique une action terminée.
Il Present Perfect Simple esprime un’azione portata a termine.
the piano since I was a boy.
● Dans la mesure du possible, l’anglais favorise l’emploi du progressif.
Le progressif peut quelquefois exprimer une activité temporaire, et le
simple un état permanent.
Se la forma progressiva esiste, in inglese si preferisce usarla.
Talvolta la forma progressiva esprime un’azione temporanea, quella
semplice esprime uno stato permanente.
Wenn die Verlaufsform möglich ist, wird sie im Englischen gerne
benutzt.
Die Verlaufsform kann manchmal eine vorübergehende Handlung
ausdrücken, die einfache Form einen Dauerzustand.
I’ve been living in this house
● (temporaire)
for the past few months.
(situazione temporanea)
(vorübergehend)
I’ve lived here all my life.
● (permanent)
(situazione permanente)
(Dauerzustand)
● N’oubliez pas qu’on utilise rarement la forme progressive avec les
verbes d’état (voir 2.3 p32).
Ricordati che i verbi di stato si usano raramente nella forma
progessiva (vedi 2.3 pag. 32).
Denken Sie daran, dass Zustandsverben selten in der Verlaufsform
stehen (siehe 2.3 S.32).
I’ve had this book for ages.
I’ve always loved sunny days.
2
● une activité dans le passé qui a une répercution sur le présent.
un’azione passata che ha conseguenze nel presente.
eine Tätigkeit in der Vergangenheit, die Folgen in der Gegenwart hat.
(Ich bin jetzt müde.)
● (Tes yeux sont rouges.)
(Hai gli occhi rossi.)
●
●
Die einfache Form beschreibt eine abgeschlossene Handlung.
I’ve painted the kitchen, and ● (La cuisine est terminée, mais pas
now I’m doing the bathroom.
la salle de bain.)
(La cucina è finita, il bagno no.)
(Die Küche ist fertig, das Bad
nicht.)
La forme progressive exprime une activité qui a lieu sur une certaine
période ainsi que ce qui s’est passé au cours de l’activité en question.
Il Present Perfect Continuous esprime un’azione che è durata un certo
tempo durante il quale sono successe alcune cose.
Die Verlaufsform beschreibt eine länger dauernde Tätigkeit und die
Ereignisse, die im Laufe dieser Tätigkeit stattfanden.
I’ve got paint in my hair because I’ve been decorating.
Puisque la forme simple exprime une action terminée, on l’emploie si
la phrase indique un nombre ou une quantité particulière. Dans ce
cas en effet il est impossible d’utiliser le progressif.
Siccome il Present Perfect Simple esprime un’azione portata a
termine, lo usiamo se nella frase c’è un numero o una quantità. In
questo caso non si può usare il Present Perfect Continuous.
Da die einfache Form eine abgeschlossene Handlung beschreibt,
muss sie verwendet werden, wenn im Satz eine Anzahl oder Menge
angegeben wird. Die Verlaufsform ist hier nicht möglich.
I’ve been reading all day. I’ve read ten chapters.
She’s been eating ever since she arrived. She’s eaten ten biscuits already.
2
● Certains verbes ne transmettent pas une idée de longue période de
temps, par exemple: find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop. On trouve
par conséquent ces verbes au passé composé simple.
D’autres verbes toutefois expriment une idée de longue durée, par
exemple: wait, work, play, try, learn, rain. On trouve ainsi souvent ces
verbes au passé composé progressif.
52
Alcuni verbi non esprimono l’idea di durata, per es. find, start, buy,
die, lose, break, stop. Questi verbi di solito vengono usati nel Present
Perfect Simple.
Alcuni verbi esprimono l’idea di una lunga durata, per es. wait, work,
play, try, learn, rain. Questi verbi di solito vengono usati nel Present
Perfect Continuous.
Manche Verben beinhalten keine längere Dauer, z.B. find, start, buy,
die, lose, break, stop. Diese Verben stehen gewöhnlich in der einfachen
Form.
Manche Verben beinhalten eine längere Dauer, z.B. wait, work, play,
try, learn, rain. Diese Verben stehen oft in der Verlaufsform.
I’ve cut my finger.
● (Une action brève.)
(Un’azione istantanea.)
(Eine kurze Handlung.)
I’ve been cutting firewood. ● (Pendant plusieurs heures peut-être.)
(Probabilmente per alcune ore.)
(Vielleicht mehrere Stunden lang.)
11.1 Indirect questions
● Questions indirectes
Domande indirette
10.3 Time expressions
● Expressions de temps
Espressioni di tempo
Zeitangaben
Indirekte Fragesätze
1
● Voici quelques expressions qui exigent souvent des temps
particuliers.
Ecco alcune espressioni di tempo usate spesso con certi tempi verbali.
Hier sind einige Zeitangaben, die oft in bestimmten Zeiten
vorkommen.
Past Simple
I lived in Chicago for six years.
I saw Jack two days ago.
They met during the war.
She got married while she was at university.
Present Perfect
We’ve been married for ten years.
They’ve been living here since June.
She hasn’t been working since their baby was born.
Future
We’re going on vacation for a few days.
The class ends in 20 minutes.
I’ll be home in half an hour.
● Prépositions et dates, mois, années, etc.
Preposizioni usate con date, mesi, anni, ecc.
Präpositionen mit Datums-, Monats-, Jahresangaben usw.
September
Monday
7 o’clock
1965
Monday morning
the end of May
summer
in
on 8 August
at Christmas
the holidays
Christmas Day
the age of ten
the 1920s
holiday
dinner-time
the 20th century
● Les questions indirectes adoptent le même ordre de mots que la
forme affirmative. On n’introduit pas non plus do/does/did.
Nelle domande indirette l’ordine delle parole è lo stesso che nelle
2
les adoucir (ou les rendre plus polies).
Spesso si trasformano le domande dirette in domande indirette per
●
Question words
● Pronoms interrogatifs
Gli interrogativi
●
Fragewörter
● Examinez les questions. Remarquez que What, Which, et Whose
peuvent être suivis d’un nom, tandis que How peut être suivi d’un
adjectif ou d’un adverbe.
Osserva le domande. Nota che What, Which e Whose possono
precedere un nome e How può precedere un aggettivo o un avverbio.
frasi affermative e non si usano do/does/did.
Indirekte Fragesätze haben die gleiche Wortstellung wie Aussagesätze,
man bildet sie auch nicht mit do/does/did.
Tom lives in California.
Do you know where Tom lives ?
NOT Do you know where does Tom live?
● On tourne souvent les questions directes en questions indirectes pour
Unit 11
Sehen Sie sich diese Fragen an. Man sieht, dass What, Which und
Whose mit einem Nomen kombiniert werden können und How mit
einem Adjektiv oder Adverb.
What kind of music do you like?
What size shoe do you wear?
What colour are your eyes?
Which pen do you want?
Which way is it to the station?
Whose book is this?
How much do you weigh?
How many brothers and sisters do you have?
How many times have you been on a plane?
How much homework do you get every night?
How tall are you?
How often do you go to the dentist?
How long does it take you to get to school?
renderle meno brusche e più cortesi.
Man macht aus direkten Fragen oft indirekte Fragen, damit sie
‘weicher’ oder höflicher klingen.
Direct question
What time do the banks close?
Indirect question
Could you tell me
Do you know
Do you happen to know
what time the banks close?
Have you any idea
Do you remember
Would you mind telling me
S’il n’y a pas de pronom interrogatif, utilisez if ou whether, qui ont la
même signification.
Se non c’è un pronome, aggettivo o avverbio interrogativo, si usano if
o whether. Tutti e due significano ‘se’.
Wenn kein Fragewort vorhanden ist, kann man if oder whether
benutzen. Beide haben die gleiche Bedeutung.
I don’t know if I’m coming or not.
I wonder whether it’s going to rain.
Les expressions supplémentaires suivantes appellent des questions
indirectes:
Ecco altre espressioni che introducono le domande indirette:
Hier sind noch einige Ausdrücke, mit denen man eine indirekte Frage
einleiten kann:
53
I don’t know
I wonder
I can’t remember
I’ve no idea
I’d like to know
I’m not sure
‘You’re coming, aren’t you?’
how long the journey takes.
● « queues de phrases interrogatives »
Le question tags
Frageanhängsel
Form
1
● On utilise très couramment les question tags dans l’anglais parlé. Les
constructions les plus usuelles sont:
Lorsque la phrase antérieure est affirmative, la question tag sera
interro-négative:
You’re Jenny, aren’t you?
Inversement, à une phrase antérieure négative correspondra une
question tag interrogative simple:
It isn’t a very nice day, is it?
Le
question tags sono molto comuni nell’inglese parlato. Le
costruzioni più usate sono:
frase positiva – tag negativa
frase negativa – tag positiva
Frageanhängsel sind im gesprochenen Englisch sehr gebräuchlich.
Die häufigsten Muster sind:
bejahter Satz – verneintes Anhängsel
verneinter Satz – bejahtes Anhängsel
2
● On répète l’auxiliaire employé dans la principale dans le tag. Au cas
●
●
(= Je viens.)
(= Vengo)
(= Ich komme.)
‘No.’ (= Je ne viens pas.)
(= Non vengo)
(= Ich komme nicht.)
Use
● On utilise les question tags pour encourager une conversation en
11.2 Question tags
‘Yes.’
où il n’ y aurait pas d’auxiliaire dans la principale, utilisez
do/does/did.
Nella question tag si ripete il verbo ausiliare. Se non c’è l’ausiliare, si
usano do/does/did.
Im Anhängsel wird das Hilfsverb wiederholt. Wenn es kein Hilfsverb
gibt, nimmt man do/does/did.
You haven’t been here before, have you?
You can speak French, can’t you?
We should take the dog out, shouldn’t we?
Banks close at four, don’t they?
She eats meat, doesn’t she?
You went to bed late, didn’t you?
A remarquer: pour les tags négatives des questions commençant par
I’m…, utilisez aren’t.
Nota: Per formare la question tag negativa di I’m …, si usa aren’t.
Anmerkung: In verneinten Frageanhängseln mit I’m … verwendet
man aren’t.
I’m late, aren’t I? NOT I’m late, am’t I?
Mais,
Ma,
Aber,
I’m not late, am I? NOT I’m not late, aren’t I?
invitant ceux qui écoutent à participer. La signification d’une
question tag dépend de la manière dont vous la prononcez:
Une question tag posée avec une intonation qui monte équivaut à une
question – elle solicite une confirmation. Elle signifie « Je ne suis pas
sûr, je vérifie donc ». L’interlocuteur pense en effet qu’il / elle connaît
la réponse, mais n’en est pas absolument certain/e.
Le question tags si usano per mantenere viva la conversazione
invitando chi ascolta a partecipare.
Il significato della question tag dipende da come viene pronunciata.
La question tag con intonazione ascendente è come una vera
domanda – chiede una conferma. Significa ‘Non sono sicuro, perciò
controllo’. Chi parla pensa di sapere la risposta, ma non è
completamente sicuro.
Man benutzt Frageanhängsel, um eine Unterhaltung in Gang zu
halten, indem man die Zuhörer mit einbezieht und zur Teilnahme
am Gespräch auffordert.
Die Bedeutung von Frageanhängseln hängt davon ab, wie man sie
spricht.
Ein Frageanhängsel mit steigender Intonation ist wie eine richtige
Frage – es bittet um eine Bestätigung. Es bedeutet: ‘Ich bin mir nicht
sicher, also frage ich nach’. Der Sprecher glaubt die Antwort zu
wissen, ist sich aber nicht ganz sicher.
Your name’s Abigail, isn’t it?
You’re in advertising, aren’t you?
You work in the city, don’t you?
● Une question tag posée avec une intonation qui descend n’est pas
vraiment une question – c’est un moyen de faire la conversation. Cela
signifie « Parlez-moi ». L’interlocuteur s’attend à ce que l’on soit
d’accord avec lui / elle.
La question tag con intonazione discendente non è affatto una
domanda – è un modo per attaccare discorso. Significa ‘Parla con me’.
Chi parla si aspetta che gli altri esprimano accordo.
Ein Frageanhängsel mit fallender Intonation ist eigentlich gar keine
Frage – es dient nur der Konversation. Es bedeutet ‘Reden Sie mit
mir’. Der Sprecher erwartet, dass die anderen ihm zustimmen.
Beautiful day, isn’t it?
It’s wonderful weather for swimming, isn’t it?
That was a great concert, wasn’t it?
You haven’t been here before, have you?
● A remarquer: On peut également employer une question tag en fin de
phrase négative pour effectuer une demande de renseignements ou
pour demander de l’aide poliment.
Nota: Si può anche usare una question tag dopo una frase negativa
per chiedere cortesemente un aiuto o un’informazione.
Anmerkung: Man kann Frageanhängsel auch in Verbindung mit
verneinten Sätzen benutzen, wenn man höflich um Informationen
oder Hilfe bitten möchte.
You couldn’t lend me your car this evening, could you?
3
● Remarquez la signification de Yes et No dans les réponses aux
question tags.
Nota il significato di Yes e No nelle risposte alle question tags.
Beachten Sie die Bedeutung von Yes und No als Antwort auf
Frangeanhängsel.
54
● D’autres ne changent pas.
Altri verbi modali non cambiano.
Unit 12
12.1 Tense changes in reported statements
● Changement de temps dans le discours indirect
Cambiamento dei tempi nel discorso indiretto
Verschiebung der Zeiten in der indirekten Rede
1
● Il est de norme pour le verbe de la subordonnée, dans un discours
indirect, de passer à « un temps situé plus en arrière d’un cran » que
le verbe de la principale si celui-ci (rapportant le discours) est au
passé (par ex. said, told).
Se le parole di qualcuno vengono riferite con un verbo al passato (per
es. said, told), di solito i verbi della frase riferita ‘si spostano’ verso il
passato, nel modo seguente:
Normalerweise wird das Verb in der indirekten Rede um eine Zeit
‘nach hinten verschoben’, wenn das einleitende Verb in der
Vergangenheit steht (z.B. said, told).
Present
Past
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Past
Past Perfect
‘I’m going.’ He said he was going.
‘She’s passed her test.’ He told me she had passed her test.
‘My father died when I was six.’ She said her father had died when she
was six.
● Le verbe passe également à « un temps situé plus en arrière d’un
cran » lorsque l’on relate des pensées ou des sentiments.
Il verbo ‘si sposta’ verso il passato, anche quando si riferiscono
pensieri e sentimenti.
Das Verb wird auch um eine Zeit ‘nach hinten verschoben’, wenn man
über Gedanken und Gefühle berichtet.
I thought she was married, but she isn’t.
I didn’t know he was a teacher. I thought he worked in a bank.
I forgot you were coming. Never mind. Come in.
I hoped you would call.
2
● Le temps demeure le même si:
Non vi sono cambiamenti di tempi verbali se:
Die Zeit ändert sich nicht, wenn:
● – Le verbe de la principale (rapportant le discours) est au présent
(par ex. says, asks).
– il verbo con cui si riferiscono le parole è al presente (per es. says,
●
●
asks).
– das einleitende Verb in der Gegenwart steht (z.B. says, asks).
‘The train will be late.’ He says the train will be late.
‘I come from Spain.’ She says she comes from Spain.
– le discours indirect concerne quelque chose qui demeure vrai.
– la frase riferita riguarda qualcosa che è sempre vero.
– die indirekte Rede von etwas handelt, das immer noch zutrifft.
‘Rain forests are being destroyed.’
She told him that rain forests are being destroyed.
‘I hate football.’
I told him I hate football.
Dans le discours indirect, certains verbes modaux changent.
Alcuni verbi modali cambiano.
Manche Modalverben werden verändert.
can
could
will
would
may
might
‘She can type well.’ He told me she could type well.
‘I’ll help you.’ She said she’d help me.
‘I may come.’ She said she might come.
Andere Modalverben werden nicht verändert.
‘You should go to bed.’ He told me I should go to bed.
‘It might rain.’ She said she thought it might rain.
● Must demeure must, ou est remplacé par had to.
Must rimane must, o cambia in had to.
Must bleibt unverändert oder wird zu had to.
‘I must go!’ He said he must/had to go.
12.2 Reporting verbs
● Verbes rapportant un discours
Verbi per riferire le parole di qualcuno
Das einleitende Verb
● Il en existe plusieurs. On emploie rarement say avec un complément
d’objet indirect (c. à d. la personne à qui l’on parle).
Ci sono molti verbi usati per riferire le parole di qualcuno.
Il verbo say si usa di solito se non si menziona la persona a cui si
parla.
Man verwendet say nur ganz selten mit einem Dativobjekt (d.h. die
angesprochene Person).
She said she was going. NOT She said to me she was going.
● On emploie toujours tell avec un complément d’objet indirect dans le
discours indirect.
Il verbo tell è sempre seguito dalla persona a cui si parla.
Tell wird in der indirekten Rede immer mit Dativobjekt verwendet.
She told
me
the doctor
us
her husband
the news.
● On peut utiliser that après say et tell.
Dopo say e tell si può usare that.
Nach say und tell kann man that verwenden.
He told her (that) he would be home late.
She said (that) sales were down from last year.
● Il existe plusieurs verbes plus descriptifs que say et tell, par exemple,
explain, interrupt, demand, insist, admit, complain, warn.
Altri verbi sono più specifici di say e tell, per es. explain, interrupt,
demand, insist, admit, complain, warn.
Es gibt viele Verben, die aussagekräftiger sind als say und tell, z.B.
explain, interrupt, demand, insist, admit, complain, warn.
He
explained
complained
admitted
that he would be home late.
that sales were down that year.
● Quelquefois c’est l’idée que l’on relate plutôt que les termes en
question.
Talvolta viene riferito il concetto espresso, non le parole vere e
proprie.
Manchmal wird in der indirekten Rede das Gesagte mit anderen
Worten wiedergegeben.
‘I’ll lend you some money.’ He offered to lend me some money.
‘I won’t help you.’ She refused to help me.
55
2
12.3 Reported questions
● Utilisez not avant to, pour communiquer un ordre à la forme
● Questions rapportées
Domande riferite
négative.
Per riferire comandi negativi o proibizioni, si mette not davanti a to.
Fragesätze in der indirekten Rede
1
● L’ordre des mots dans les questions formulées dans un discours
indirect est différent de celui du discours direct: il n’y a pas
d’inversion du sujet et de l’auxiliaire et on n’a pas recours à
do/does/did. Il est semblable à celui des questions indirectes (voir
p54).
L’ordine delle parole nelle domande riferite è diverso da quello delle
domande dirette. Non si fa l’inversione di soggetto e ausiliare e non si
usano do/does/did. Questo comportamento è simile a quello delle
domande indirette (vedi pag. 54).
Die Wortstellung bei Fragesätzen in der indirekten Rede ist anders als
bei normalen Fragen. Man vertauscht das Subjekt nicht mit dem
Hilfsverb und verwendet auch nicht do/does/did. Dies ist ähnlich wie
bei den indirekten Fragen (siehe S. 54).
‘Why have you come here?’ I asked her why she had come here.
‘What time is it?’
He wants to know what time it is.
‘Where do you live?’
She asked me where I lived.
● A remarquer: On n’emploie ni de point d’interrogation, ni le verbe
say dans les questions appartenant au discours indirect.
Nota: Non si usa il punto interrogativo nelle domande riferite.
Non si usa il verbo say per riferire una domanda.
Anmerkung: Nach Fragen in der indirekten Rede steht kein
Fragezeichen.
Fragen in der indirekten Rede kann man nicht mit say einleiten.
He said, ‘How old are you?’ He asked me how old I am.
2
● S’il n’y a pas de pronom d’interrogation, utilisez if ou whether.
Se non c’è un pronome, aggettivo o avverbio interrogativo, si usano if
o whether. Tutti e due significano ‘se’.
Wenn kein Fragewort vorhanden ist, nimmt man if oder whether.
She wants to know
if
whether
she should wear a dress.
12.4 Reported commands, requests, etc.
● Ordres, demandes, etc. rapportés
Cornaudi, richieste ecc. riferite
Befehle, Bitten usw. in der indirekten Rede
3
● Tell s’emploie à la fois pour les déclarations effectuées dans un style
●
●
●
●
●
1
● On utilise le verbe + la personne + to + l’infinitif pour exprimer un
ordre, une demande, une proposition ou des conseils dans le discours
indirect.
Per riferire comandi, richieste, offerte e consigli si usa questa
costruzione:
verbo + persona (a cui si parla) + to + forma base.
Bei Befehlen, Bitten, Angeboten und Ratschlägen in der indirekten
Rede verwendet man Verb + Person + to + Infinitiv.
They told us to go away.
They asked me to look after their cat.
He urged the teachers to go back to work.
She persuaded me to have my hair cut.
I advised the President to leave immediately.
● Say ne s’emploie pas. Utilisez à la place asked, told, etc.
Non si può usare il verbo say. Si usano invece asked, told, ecc.
Say kann man hier nicht sagen. Man nimmt ask, told usw.
Bei Verboten verwendet man not vor to.
He told me not to tell anyone.
The police warned people not to go out.
●
indirect et pour les ordres exprimés dans un style indirect, mais la
construction n’est pas la même.
Tell si usa sia per riferire un’affermazione che un comando, ma la
costruzione è diversa.
Man verwendet tell bei Aussagen und bei Befehlen in der indirekten
Rede, aber die Formen sind unterschiedlich.
Déclarations effectuées dans un style indirect
Affermazioni
Aussagen in der indirekten Rede
He told me that he was going.
They told us that they were going abroad.
She told them what had been happening.
Ordres exprimés dans un style indirect
Comandi
Befehle in der indirekten Rede
He told me to keep still.
The police told people to move on.
My parents told me to clean up my room.
Ask s’emploie à la fois pour les ordres et pour les questions formulés
dans un style indirect, mais la construction n’est pas la même.
Ask si usa sia per riferire un comando che una domanda, ma la
costruzione è diversa.
Man verwendet ask bei Befehlen und bei Fragen in der indirekten
Rede, aber die Formen sind unterschiedlich.
Ordres formulés dans un style indirect
Comandi
Befehle in der indirekten Rede
I was asked to attend the interview.
He asked me to open my suitcase.
She asked me not to leave.
Questions indirectes
Domande
Fragen in der indirekten Rede
He asked me what I did for a living.
I asked her how much the rent was.
She asked me why I had come.
supplémentaires sur ask et tell.
Vedi Workbook pag. 77 per ulteriori esercizi su ask e tell.
Siehe Workbook S. 77 für weitere Übungen zu ask und tell.
56
Irregular verbs
Base Form
Past Simple
Past Principle
be ● être essere sein
beat ● battre battere schlagen
become ● devenir diventare werden
begin ● commencer cominciare beginnen
bend ● tordre piegare biegen
bite ● mordre mordere beissen
blow ● souffler soffiare blasen
break ● casser rompere (zer) brechen
bring ● amener portare bringen
build ● construire costruire bauen
buy ● acheter comprare kaufen
can ● pouvoir potere können
catch ● attraper prendere fangen
choose ● choisir scegliere wählen
come ● venir venire kommen
cost ● coûter costare kosten
cut ● couper tagliare schneiden
dig ● creuser scavare graben
do ● faire fare tun, machen
draw ● dessiner disegnare zeichnen
dream ● rêver sognare träumen
drink ● boire bere trinken
drive ● conduire guidare fahren
eat ● manger mangiare essen
fall ● tomber cadere fallen
feed ● nourrir dar da mangiare füttern
feel ● sentir sentire fühlen
fight ● combattre lottare kämpfen
find ● trouver trovare finden
fit ● être à sa taille andare bene passen
fly ● voler volare fliegen
forget ● oublier dimenticare vergessen
forgive ● pardonner perdonare verzeihen
freeze ● geler gelare, congelare (ein) frieren
get ● obtenir ottenere, diventare, arrivare (a) bekommen
give ● donner dare geben
go ● aller andare gehen
grow ● grandir, pousser crescere wachsen
hang ● pendre pendere, appendere hängen
have ● avoir avere haben
hear ● entendre sentire hören
hide ● (se) cacher nascondere verstecken
hit ● frapper colpire schlagen
hold ● tenir tenere halten
hurt ● faire mal (à) far male weh tun
keep ● garder tenere behalten
kneel ● s’agenouiller, être à genoux inginocchiarsi knien
know ● savoir sapere, conoscere wissen, kennen
lay ● mettre (à plat), (se) coucher posare legen
lead ● mener condurre führen
learn ● apprendre imparare lernen
leave ● laisser, partir lasciare, partire lassen, gehen
lend ● prêter prestare leihen
let ● laisser, permettre permettere lassen
lie ● se coucher, être couché sdraiarsi, trovarsi liegen
light ● allumer accendere anzünden
lose ● perdre perdere verlieren
make ● faire fare machen
mean ● signifier significare bedeuten
meet ● recontrer incontrare (sich) treffen
must ● devoir dovere müssen
pay ● payer pagare (be) zahlen
put ● mettre mettere tun, legen, stellen
was/were
beat
became
began
bent
bit
blew
broke
brought
built
bought
could
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dug
did
drew
dreamed/dreamt
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fit
flew
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hanged/hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knew
laid
led
learned/learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
had to
paid
put
been
beaten
become
begun
bent
bitten
blown
broken
brought
built
bought
been able
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dug
done
drawn
dreamed/dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fit
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got
given
been/gone
grown
hanged/hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
known
laid
led
learned/learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
had to
paid
put
Intermediate Irregular Verbs
57
Base Form
Past Simple
Past Principle
read ● lire leggere lesen
ride ● monter à cheval, aller à cheval, vélo, etc andare (in bici, a cavallo)
ring ● appeler, téléphoner suonare, telefonare läuten
rise ● monter, s’élever sorgere steigen
run ● courir correre laufen
say ● dire dire sagen
see ● voir vedere sehen
sell ● vendre vendere verkaufen
send ● envoyer mandare schicken
set ● placer mettere setzen, stellen
shake ● secouer scuotere schütteln
shine ● briller splendere leuchten, scheinen
shoot ● tirer (un coup de fusil) sparare schiessen
show ● montrer mostrare zeigen
shut ● fermer chiudere schliessen
sing ● chanter cantare singen
sink ● couler affondare sinken
sit ● (s’)asseoir, être assis sedersi sitzen
sleep ● dormir dormire schlafen
slide ● glisser scivolare rutschen
speak ● parler parlare sprechen
spend ● dépenser, passer spendere, passare ausgeben
spoil ● gâter, gâcher rovinare verderben, verwöhnen
spread ● étaler diffondere, spalmare (sich) ausbreiten
stand ● se lever, être debout stare in piedi, sopportare stehen
steal ● voler rubare stehlen
stick ● coller incollare, ficcare stecken, kleben
swim ● nager nuotare schwimmen
take ● prendre prendere nehmen
teach ● enseigner insegnare unterrichten
tear ● déchirer strappare reissen
tell ● raconter dire, raccontare sagen, erzählen
think ● penser pensare denken
throw ● lancer gettare werfen
understand ● comprendre capire verstehen
wake ● (se) réveiller svegliare, svegliarsi wecken
wear ● porter (un habit) indossare tragen
win ● gagner vincere gewinnen
write ● écrire scrivere schreiben
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
shook
shone
shot
showed
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
slid
spoke
spent
spoiled/spoilt
spread
stood
stole
stuck
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
won
wrote
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
shaken
shone
shot
shown
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
slid
spoken
spent
spoiled/spoilt
spread
stood
stolen
stuck
swum
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
won
written
reiten, fahren
Intermediate Irregular Verbs
58
Verb patterns
Verbs + ing
Verbs + sb + to +infinitive
adore
can’t stand
don’t mind
enjoy
finish
look forward to
advise
allow
ask
beg
encourage
expect
help
invite
need
order
remind
tell
want
warn
would like
doing
swimming
cooking
Note
● Go + -ing est souvent employé pour parler
de sports ou d’activités.
Spesso si usa il verbo go + la forma in -ing
per gli sport e le attività.
Man verwendet oft das Verb go + ingForm, wenn man über Sport und andere
Aktivitäten spricht.
I go swimming every day
I go shopping on weekends
Verbs + to + infinitive
agree
choose
dare
decide
expect
forget
help
hope
learn
manage
need
offer
promise
refuse
seem
want
would hate
would like
would love
would prefer
●
to do
to go
to come
Note
Help kann man ohne to verwenden.
I helped him do the dishes.
Verbs + sb + infinitive (no to)
help
let
make
her
us
do
Note
to do
to come
to cook
● 1 Au passif, make est toujours suivi de to.
1 Make nel passivo è seguito da to.
1. Wenn make im Passiv steht, verwendet
man to.
We were made to work hard.
● 2 Au passif, allowed to s’employe à la place
de let.
2 Let non si può usare nel passivo. Si usa
invece allowed to.
2. Let kann nicht im Passiv stehen. Man
verwendet stattdessen allowed to.
She was allowed to leave.
Notes
●
remember
stop
try
● Help peut s’employer sans to.
Help si può usare senza il to.
● 1 Help et dare peuvent s’employer sans to.
1 Help e dare si possono usare senza il to.
me
him
them
someone
Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive
(avec un changement de signification)
(con differenza di significato)
(mit Bedeutungsänderung)
1 Help und dare kann man ohne to
verwenden.
We helped clean up the kitchen.
They didn’t dare disagree with him.
2 Have to exprime l’obligation.
2 Have to si usa per esprimere un obbligo.
2 Have to drückt eine Verpflichtung aus.
I have to wear a uniform.
3 Used to s’emploie pour exprimer des
habitudes révolues.
3 Used to si usa per abitudini del passato.
3 Used to drückt frühere Gewohnheiten
aus.
I used to smoke, but I quit last year.
Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive
● (sans changement de signification)
(con poca o nessuna differenza di
significato)
(mit geringer oder keiner
Bedeutungsänderung)
begin
continue
hate
like
love
prefer
start
doing
to do
doing
to do
Notes
1 I remember posting the letter.
● (= je me souviens maintenant d’une action
passée: l’envoi de la lettre.)
(= mi ricordo di aver fatto una cosa in
passato: imbucare la lettera.)
(= Ich erinnere mich jetzt an eine
Handlung in der Vergangenheit: das
Einwerfen des Briefes.)
I remembered to post the letter.
● (= Je me suis rappellé d’envoyer la lettre. Je
n’ai pas oublié de le faire.)
(= mi sono ricordato di imbucare la lettera.
Non ho dimenticato di farlo.)
(= Ich habe daran gedacht, den Brief
einzuwerfen. Ich habe es nicht vergessen.)
2 I stopped drinking coffee.
● (= j’ai arrêté, j’ai perdu l’habitude)
(= ho smesso, non ho più questa
abitudine.)
(= Ich habe es mir abgewöhnt.)
I stopped to drink a coffee.
● (= j’ai interrompu autre chose pour boire
un café.)
(= ho interrotto di fare una cosa per
prendere un caffè.)
(= Ich habe eine andere Tätigkeit
unterbrochen, um eine Tasse Kaffee zu
trinken.)
3 I tried to sleep.
● (= je voulais dormir, mais c’était difficile.)
(= ho cercato di dormire, volevo farlo, ma
mi era difficile.)
(= Ich wollte schlafen, aber ich konnte
schlecht einschlafen.)
I tried counting sheep and drinking a glass
of warm milk.
● (= j’ai essayé différentes méthodes pour
m’endormir.)
(= ho provato vari modi possibili per
addormentarmi.)
(= Diese Dinge habe ich ausprobiert um
einzuschlafen.)
Intermediate Verb Patterns
59
Phonetic symbols
Consonants
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/l/
/m/
/n/
/h/
/r/
/j/
/w/
/T/
/D/
/S/
/Z/
/tS/
/dZ/
/N/
Vowels
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
pen /pen/
big /bIg/
tea /ti:/
do /du:/
cat /k&t/
go /g@U/
four /fO:/
very /"veri/
son /sVn/
zoo /zu:/
live /lIv/
my /maI/
near /nI@/
happy /"h&pi/
red /red/
yes /jes/
want /wQnt/
thanks /T&Nks/
the /D@/
she /Si:/
television /"telIvIZn/
child /tSaIld/
German /"dZ3:m@n/
English /"INglIS/
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
/i:/
/I/
/i/
/e/
/&/
/A:/
/Q/
/O:/
/U/
/u:/
/V/
/3:/
/@/
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
see /si:/
his /hIz/
twenty /"twenti/
ten /ten/
stamp /st&mp/
father /"fA:D@/
hot /hQt/
morning /"mO:nIN/
football /"fUtbO:l/
you /ju:/
sun /sVn/
learn /l3:n/
letter /"let@/
Diphthongs (two vowels together)
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
/eI/
/@U/
/aI/
/aU/
/OI/
/I@/
/e@/
/U@/
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
name /neIm/
no /n@U/
my /maI/
how /haU/
boy /bOI/
hear /hI@/
where /we@/
tour /tU@/
Intermediate Phonetic symbols
60

the THIRD edition

Transcription

Similar documents

64 OUR Recordings

Wortschatz: chronologisch