Muscular System - atkinsonpowerpoints

Muscular System
Muscle Tissue Types
Smooth Muscle - Nonstriated and Involuntary
Cardiac Muscle - Striated and Involuntary
Skeletal Muscle – Striated and Voluntary
Muscle Functions
Movement
Posture
Protection
Body Heat - Endothermic
Fig. 8.01
Figure 6.1 Connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscle.
Muscle
fiber
(cell)
Blood vessel
Perimysium
Epimysium
Fascicle
(wrapped by
perimysium)
Endomysium
(between
fibers)
Tendon
Bone
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.3a Anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber (cell). (a) Segment of a muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma
Myofibril
Dark
Light
(A) band (I) band
Nucleus
(a) Segment of a muscle fiber (cell)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.3b Anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber (cell). (b) Myofibril or fibril.
Z disc
H zone
Z disc
Thin (actin) filament
Thick (myosin)
filament
(b) Myofibril or fibril
(complex organelle
composed of bundles
of myofilaments)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
I band
A band
I band
M line
Sarcomere
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.5b
Figure 6.3c Anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber (cell). (c) Sarcomere.
I band
I band
Sarcomere
Z disc
M line
Z disc
Thin (actin) filament
Thick (myosin) filament
(c) Sarcomere (segment of a myofibril)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.3d Anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber (cell). (d) Myofilament structure.
Thick filament
Bare zone
Thin filament
(d) Myofilament structure (within one sarcomere)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Sliding Filament Theory
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2:59
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRxsOMenNQM&featur
e=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&saf
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Figure 6.4a Motor units. (a) Portions of two motor units are shown.
Spinal cord
Axon terminals at neuromuscular junctions
Motor Motor
unit 1 unit 2
Nerve
Motor neuron Axon of motor
cell bodies
neuron
Muscle
Muscle fibers
(a)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.5a The neuromuscular junction. (a) Axon terminal of a motor neuron forming a neuromuscular junction
with a muscle fiber.
Myelinated axon of motor neuron
Action potential
Axon terminal
Sarcolemma
of the
muscle fiber
Nucleus
(a)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.5b The neuromuscular junction. (b) The axon terminal contains vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (ACh), which is released when the nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal.
Axon terminal of
a motor neuron
Synaptic vesicle
containing ACh
Mitochondrion
Synaptic cleft
Ca2+
T tubule
Invagination
of the sarcolemma at
neuromuscular
junction
Action
potential
Part of a
myofibril
(b)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Neuromuscular Junction
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?v=QO7WCNBaWuA&safety_
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de=1&safe=active
1:00
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter
10/animation__function_of_the_neuromuscular_ju
nction__quiz_1_.html
1:30
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ASKJJoSY&feature=related
8:51
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endscreen&v=9FF6UKvDgeE&NR=1&s
afety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode
=1&safe=active
1:30
Figure 6.5c The neuromuscular junction. (c) Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to ACh
receptors on the sarcolemma, initiating changes in the electrical condition of the sarcolemma.
Axon terminal
Fusing synaptic
vesicle
ACh molecules
Acetic acid
Choline
Synaptic
cleft
K+
Na+
AChE
Binding of Ach
to receptor opens
Na+/K+ channel
(c)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.12 Muscle attachments (origin and insertion).
Pg. 199
Muscle
contracting
Origin
Brachialis
Tendon
Insertion
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
•
•
•
•
• About 600 Skeletal Muscles
• Muscles Cannot Push
• Skeletal Muscles work in units (pg. 2020
Prime Mover (Agonist)
Antagonist
Synergist
Fixators
• Types of Muscle Contractions
• Isotonic
– Belly (Gaster)
• Isometric
Figure 6.15 Superficial muscles of the face and neck.
Frontalis
Cranial
aponeurosis
Temporalis
Orbicularis
oculi
Occipitalis
Zygomaticus
Buccinator
Orbicularis
oris
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Platysma
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.16a Muscles of the anterior trunk, shoulder, and arm. (a) Muscles crossing the shoulder joint, causing
movements of the arm.
Clavicle
Deltoid
Sternum
Pectoralis
major
Biceps
brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
(a)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.16b Muscles of the anterior trunk, shoulder, and arm. (b) Muscles of the abdominal wall.
Pectoralis
major
Rectus
abdominis
Transversus
abdominis
Internal
oblique
External
oblique
Aponeurosis
(b)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.17a Muscles of the posterior neck, trunk, and arm. (a) Superficial muscles.
Occipital bone
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Spine of scapula
Deltoid (cut)
Deltoid
Triceps
brachii
Latissimus
dorsi
(a)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Humerus
Olecranon process of
ulna (deep to tendon)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.17b Muscles of the posterior neck, trunk, and arm. (b) The erector spinae muscles (longissimus,
iliocostalis, and spinalis), deep muscles of the back.
C7
T1
Erector spinae
• Iliocostalis
• Longissimus
• Spinalis
Quadratus
lumborum
(b)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.19a Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the right side of the body. (a) Posterior view of the hip and
thigh muscles.
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Adductor
magnus
Iliotibial tract
Biceps femoris
Hamstring
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus group
Gastrocnemius
(a)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.19b Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the right side of the body. (b) Diagram showing deep structures of
the gluteal region and the proper site for administering an injection into the gluteus medius muscle.
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Iliac crest
Safe area in
gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Sciatic nerve
(b)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.19c Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the right side of the body. (c) Anterior view of pelvic and thigh muscles.
12th rib
Iliac crest
Psoas
Iliopsoas major
Iliacus
Quadriceps
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Sartorius
Rectus
femoris
Vastus
lateralis
Vastus
medialis
12th
thoracic
vertebra
5th
lumbar
vertebra
Adductor
group
Patella
Patellar
ligament
(c)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.19d Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the right side of the body. (d) Diagram showing the proper site for
administration of an injection into the lateral thigh (vastus lateralis muscle).
Inguinal
ligament
Adductor
muscles
Sartorius
Vastus
lateralis
(d)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.20a Superficial muscles of the right leg. (a) Anterior view.
Fibularis
longus
Fibularis brevis
Tibialis anterior
Extensor
digitorum longus
Tibia
Soleus
Fibularis tertius
(a)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.20b Superficial muscles of the right leg. (b) Posterior view.
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Calcaneal (Achilles)
tendon
Medial malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
(b)
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.21 Major superficial muscles of the anterior surface of the body.
Facial
• Temporalis
• Masseter
Shoulder
• Trapezius
• Deltoid
Arm
• Triceps brachii
• Biceps brachii
• Brachialis
Forearm
• Brachioradialis
• Flexor carpi radialis
Facial
• Frontalis
• Orbicularis oculi
• Zygomaticus
• Orbicularis oris
Neck
• Platysma
• Sternocleidomastoid
Thorax
• Pectoralis minor
• Pectoralis major
• Serratus anterior
• Intercostals
Abdomen
• Rectus abdominis
• External oblique
• Internal oblique
• Transversus abdominis
Pelvis/thigh
• Iliopsoas
Thigh
• Sartorius
• Adductor muscle
Thigh (Quadriceps)
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
Leg
• Fibularis longus
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Tibialis anterior
• Gracilis
Leg
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 6.22 Major superficial muscles of the posterior surface of the body.
Neck
• Occipitalis
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Trapezius
Arm
• Triceps brachii
• Brachialis
Forearm
• Brachioradialis
• Extensor carpi radialis
longus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor digitorum
Shoulder/Back
• Deltoid
• Latissimus dorsi
Hip
• Gluteus medius
• Gluteus maximus
Iliotibial tract
Thigh
• Adductor muscle
• Hamstrings:
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Leg
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Fibularis longus
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Systems in Sync (1 of 2) Homeostatic Relationships Between the Muscular System and Other Body Systems
Nervous System
Endocrine System
• Growth hormone and androgens
influence skeletal muscle strength
and mass
• Facial muscle activity allows
emotions to be expressed
• Nervous system stimulates and
regulates muscle activity
Respiratory System
Lymphatic System/Immunity
• Physical exercise may enhance
or depress immunity depending
on its intensity
• Lymphatic vessels drain leaked
tissue fluids; immune system
protects muscles from disease
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
• Muscular exercise increases
respiratory capacity
• Respiratory system provides
oxygen and disposes of carbon
dioxide
Cardiovascular System
• Skeletal muscle activity increases
efficiency of cardiovascular
functioning; helps prevent
atherosclerosis and causes
cardiac hypertrophy
• Cardiovascular system delivers
oxygen and nutrients to muscles;
carries away wastes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Systems in Sync (2 of 2) Homeostatic Relationships Between the Muscular System and Other Body Systems
Reproductive System
Digestive System
• Physical activity increases
gastrointestinal mobility when
at rest
• Digestive system provides
nutrients needed for muscle
health; liver metabolizes
lactic acid
Urinary System
• Physical activity promotes normal
voiding behavior; skeletal muscle
forms the voluntary sphincter of
the urethra
• Urinary system disposes of
nitrogenous wastes
• Skeletal muscle helps support
pelvic organs (e.g., uterus in
females); assists erection of
penis and clitoris
• Testicular androgen promotes
increased skeletal muscle size
Integumentary System
• Muscular exercise enhances
circulation to skin and improves
skin health; exercise also
increases body heat, which the
skin helps dissipate
• Skin protects the muscles by
external enclosure
Skeletal System
• Skeletal muscle activity maintains
bone health and strength
• Bones provide levers for
muscle activity
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e
by Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.