Contemporary Ukraine

Contemporary
Ukraine
on the Cuftural Mapof Europe
Edited
by
Larissa
M.L. Zaleska0nyshkevych
and
Maria
G.Rewakowicz
PUBLISHED
I N C O O P E R A T I OW
NI T H
T H ES H E V C H E N K O
S C I E N T I F I CS O C I E T Y
&I.E.Sharpe
Armonk, New york
London, England
Copyright @ 2009 by the Shevchenko Scientific Society
Acknowledgmen
Introduction: The
Larissa M.
Ukraine on Histor
All rights reserved.No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the publisher, M.E. Sharpe, Inc.,
80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York I 0504.
Library of CongressCataloging'in-Publication Data
I. Mapping the N
Ukraineon the culturalmap of Europe/ LarissaM.L. ZaleskaOnyshkevychand
Contemporary
Maria G. Rewakowicz,editors.
p.cm.
andindex.
Includesbibliographicalreferences
(cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-7656-2400-0
l. Ukraine-Civilization.2. Ukraine-Relations-Europe.3. Europe-Relations-Ukraine.
LarissaM. L. Zaleska.II. Rewakowicz,Maria G.
I. Onyshkevych,
2. Cultural Faul
in Contempo
Mykola Ri
DK508.4.C662009
94'1.708'6-4c22
3. Ukraine's Ro
Giulia Lar
2008046853
Printed in the United Statesof America
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences
Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,
ANSI Z 39.48-1984.
@
EB (c) l0
1. The WesternI
Roman Sz
4. Finis Europae
from the Hun
Oxana Pa
5. The Statusof
Andrew S
6. Missionaries
Landscapein
Catherine
7. The Futureol
Polls Disclos
Elehie Na
8. Accountabili
Regimesa4d
Myroslav
9. Collective M
Marian J.
20
Colonial Linguistic Reflexesin
a Post-SovietSetting
The Galician Variantof the Ukrainian
LanguageandAnti-Ukrainian Discoursein
ContemporaryInternetSources
MichaelMoser
Ukrainian as
the"Zelexivl
German dict:
And the so-c
this volume),
serves as an i
Ukrainian ort
compromise,
of fact, many
the Ukrainian
Soviet Union.
a more Russii
has remained
is the reason ,
of the Moden
negative attitt
Anti-Galiciar
The areaknown as Galicia (Halyöyna)rhas always
functionedas a bridgebetwern
central-Eastern and EasternEurope. From the perspective
of the RussianEmpire
or
the Soviet union, it has beenconstantlyregardid
as the ..mostEuropean,,genuinery
Fast Slavic region,primarily for two ."uronr' first,
it was part of theiustnan Enpin
between1772 and19r 8 (Austro-Hungariansince lg67),
and second,it wasn'tinc.r
poratedinto the Soviet union until world war
II. Moreover,Galicia is knownasthe
traditional strongholdofa separateukrainian national
consciousness
andofwidespread
useof the Ukrainian language.Hence,Galicia and the
Galicians,aswell astheGalician
variety of ukrainian, have arways served as favorite
targets for anti-ukainianand
anti-Europeanattacks.The presentstudy demonstrates
that this remainsunchange/
today,despitethe fact that virtually all anti-Galician
stereotypicalattitudes,
especially
those concerninglanguage,are basedon false or at
leastquestionableassump['ns.
Someofthese stereotypesarewidespreadand occur
evenbeyondthe typesofsouras
presentedbelow. First, despitecertainlocal peculiarities,
the Galicianvanetyofthe
ukrainian language,as it comesinto play in the ringuistic
discussions
of today,
isnor
"a
Galician dialect" by origin. In reality,its most important
sourceis theriterary
languagethat developedin.the uhainian-speaking
territories of the RussianEmpire
and
that was adoptedin Galicia underthe influenceof the
most notableukainian writen
of the nineteenthcentury,Tarassevöenkoand pantelejmon
Kulis, beginning
inthe
1860s(Moser 2008, 2009). Second,it is true that
Galician ukrainian is characterizd
by various loan elements, but it is a fact that not
only Modern Standardukainian
but also other languages,including Russian,feature
a sizabrenumberof various
for.
eign elementsat all linguistic levels as well. Third,
some authorstry to characteria
recent efforts to introduce some changesinto the
orthography of ModernStandard
316
Philologistsst
their field has i
By its very na
Scholarly and r
of the Ukrainir
For instanc
the "Russian r
the publishers
llyd:luuuax LIt
have expected
devoted to the I
presentedas "a
me.{ecrneHuo
Although pz
merous substa
search for the a
ofPa5aeva'sou
world: theWeb
links to the boo
Ivan Naumovyi
tion, in an embl
oder Ukraine ü
.(parouauon, I
removed by Ocl
I
LINGUISTIC
REFLEXES
317
ukrainian
asGalicianby provenance.yet even
truly'.Galician,,orthographies,
"Zelexivka"
suchas
the
(rheorrhographv
designed
uy1""r,."äi;;;rü;5jif,
u*u,n,un_
German
dictionary of rgg6) inciudeo"non-ö"ri"imodels to a considerableextent.
orthographv
ofle2&and
1e2e
(cf.vunr"nrol,
chapter
in
ln
fil'"tffiffi*Lffrl""
1n
uffarnranorthography.was only
the result of a quite reasonableGalician_non_Galician
compromise'
abandonedin 1g33at the peakof
Siatinistterror in Ukraine.As a
matter
offact,many peculiarities of the
Galiciä, "".i"Iv "r ukrainian were
best preservedin
theukrainian diaspora,especially
in North America, after Galiciu
,u, un,i"^"d by the
Soviet
Union. In Soviet Ukraine, Galician
Uk ;il;
,ill1?"JL::lli*:::Jaiä:'r##
::T:T'"imponantrJ"Y$",'##';:'ff
sein
amore
Russi
anizedsoviet
variety
orukraini
an.Jälä:ffi
:ii:i"äil":t#::ff n
has
remained
morevirarin Galiciarh"" i;;;;;t
, -"u of ukraine.Mästrikely,this
Isthereason
why somecontemporaries,
espäcially.those
who sti' questiontheright
orthe
ModernStandard
y$ifan L"";;ü;;;ixist,
have
deveroped
a particurarlv
negative
artiruderowardGaliciaunOcuii"iän
üi.ornrun.
Anti-Galician
Sourceson the Internet
'ridge between
;ian Empire or
:an" genuinely
rstrian Empire
was not incor; known as the
of widespread
asthe Galician
Ukrainian and
Lnsunchanged
les, especially
: assumptions.
pes of sources
variety of the
rf today, is not
te literary lanm Empire and
'ainian writers
ginning in the
characterized
ard Ukrainian
rf various forr characterize
lern Standard
Phrlologists
studying the history ofSlavic languages
areperfectly awareofthe fact that
ff T3t#T"?"ät;5:"
* object
orpolitl"-uif,
.otiuuted
debate
andmanipuration.
schorarryandn;;;;;;;;'fi
ä$,:,f
ff":""rnffiT,";:h";:ä*::::lm*l;
oftheUkrainian languagehave
been *i."rn"iy'"*red
over the years.
Forinsrance,when N.M. paiaevap"uiirr,äa
a book in zool on rhe history
"Russian
the
of
movementin Galicia in tr,. nin.i*nth
and twentieth centuries,,,with
thepublishersof the renowned public
Historicar state Library
[rocy.apcrneuuax
lly6twuat tr'IcropauecxaaEu6,rzorera]
in rrlo."or, most readers would
certainly
have
expected
a history of Gariciannu*optrir"r.
Surprisingly,however,the book
.ev'red
is
to thehistoryof the Garician.,Ruttrenian",;
1,,ukrainian,,)awakening,which is
"a
presented
as complex phenomenonof the
fatherland,shistory,,
lcaoxn'ü QenonaeH
me'ecrseu'oüucropuul (pa.aeva
3) from a clearly nurriun p"rrf;;il.;
pasaeva's
Although
work containr r.* .""*rive
elementsand suffersfiom nu_
ner'us
substantialshortcomings.it is
still part of the scholarryar*"".r"."A
search
Google
for the author'sname,1H.M.
nu,u*iuj q*ckly demonstrates
that,
regardless
ofPalaeva's
own intentions,her work trasstitt'aioirrer
meaningoutsidethe academic
world:
theweb sitehttp://ukrstor.com,/paszaewa.htmr,
one
of the first results,contains
links
to thebook and io two more paiaeva,s
of
articles,on ttre caticianässophile
Ivan
Naumovyö
and the Russophileorganization
Halyc,ko-Rus,kaMatycja. In
u,n'in anemblemrocatedright
addi_
ab_ovJth"r.rlntr, on" can read: ..pyccxaa
faturlut
derUkaine über alles',and
find tt" nu."r-iI-o
IlparouaHon,
(http://ukrsr;;;.;;;r:r:XHi;,iiäl"J,i;,?lr"T;.;
A"op"r".r,i',
---'.r
nmoved
by Ocrober200g_-M.M.).
i l
@
J,/8
MICHAEL MOSER
The messageis obvious: accordingto certainRussianchauvinisttraditions,Galicia is viewed as one of the ancientRussianlands. whereas"Ukrainian nationalist"
Galicia is stigmatizedas the quite recentresult of an Austro-German-or Polish--+r
Jewish-at any rate,foreign-born,anti-Russianintrigue. Languagesare not onlythe
medium of such absurdpropagandabut also their objects,in many cases.In regard
to the debateson the role of Ukrainian and Russianin Ukraine, this obviouslyholds
true for both languages.It is remarkablethat the particularrole of the Galicianvariant
of the Ukrainian languagehas been strongly (re)emphasizedsince 1991withinthe
discussionson Ukrainian.
This chapterwill demonstratethat the Galicianvariantof the Ukrainianlanguageis
still one of the favorite targetsnot only of an anti-Galicianbut also of a moregeneral
anti-Ukrainian,and eventuallyanti-European,discourse.Being interestedin cunent
attitudestoward the Galician variety of Ukrainian, I recently conductedextensive
Google searchesfor the expressions"raluqxnü arrrr" (in Russian)and "raluqrra
naona"(in Ukrainian),both meaning"Galician language"(on March 20, July2, and
July 4, 2007,with someproofreadingsbetweenJuly l1 and July 20,2001).Of course,
theseelectronicsearchescan only be regardedas an initial stageof this subproject.
Yet
they provide a good impressionof the prevailingattitudestoward GalicianUkainian
in today's most important generalinformation source,the Internet.Moreover,they
provide accessnot only to the differentviews of various"experts"but alsoto thecurrent opinionsof numerous"nonexperts"who appearasparticipantsin variousInternet
forums and blogs and adoptthe "experts"' attitudesto someextentin theirownway,
Some of thesesourcesare very likely to disappearfrom the Internetwithin thenext
monthsor years.Yet, as a miror for certain linguistic ideologies,which provetobe
still alive at the turn ofthe twenty-firstcentury,they deserveto be studied,regardless
of their intellectuallevel, which quite often appearsto be very low.
Although the presentchapteris part of my project,"One thousandyearsof Ukainian
languagehistory in Galicia,"r the more unconventionalapproachesto the historyof
GalicianUkrainianencounteredin the sourcesusedherewill be largelyexcludedfrom
the presentanalysis,first dueto limited space,and secondin accordancewith thetopic
of this volume.aStill, it shouldbe mentionedthat,apartfrom the quite banaldiscourse
on the allegedlinguistic unity in Kyjivan Rus' and the long-lastinglinguisticunityof
"Little Russian,""Ruthenian,"
and Russianafterward.at leastsomeof thetendentious
scholarlysourcesdo containinterestinginformation on the history of the Ukainian
languagein the nineteenthcentury.Yet most interpretationsof thesematerials
in extremelyUkrainophobicworks (suchas Karevin 2006 or Uljanov 19661199612003i)ue
merely absurd,so that only a carefulexaminationcan make thesepublications
useful
as additionalsourcesfor the study ofthe Ukrainian language'shistory.Thentheygan
help overcomecertainshortcomingsof modernUkrainianistphilology,whichusually
pays too little attentionto phenomenasuchas the Galician Russophilemovement,0r
the contradictoryattitudetoward Ukrainian observedin some centralfiguresof the
nineteenth-century
Ukrainianmovement,suchasPantelejmonKuli5 andmanyothen
(cf. also Moser 2009).
For my anal
Ukrainian expre
about 1,000 prir
page to about fil
chapters from s
and nonscholar
Internet forums
Russianones.V
resultsoftheseC
especiallyin the
texts written in R
those written in
anti-Galician tex
interests,suchas
fatherlandl, or "t
blogs of this kinc
gers who oppose
assessmentsof tl
rarely, for instan
ties of Galician t
in some apologe
some scholarly a
Some anti-Ga
toward speakersr
American diaspo
of "Galician Ukr
stereotype that w
all rules of good r
hiding behind the
of the anonymity
tizations of Galic
are followers of S
organizer of the Ut
and "zapadency" I
been well-known
Galicia and of the
ideology (cf. Gera
adhereto a totalita
themselves.Other
still widespread ir
Camp Talerhof ne
last years of theAt
is well-known fror
P_,
-
{ F.
LINGUISTIC REFLEXES
Lsttraditions,Galiainian nationalist"
an-or Polish---or
es are not only the
ly cases.In regard
is obviouslyholds
ireGalician variant
:e l99l within the
rainianlanguageis
r of a more general
Iterestedin current
nducted extensive
m) and "r€urrubKa
rch20, July 2, and
,2007). Of course,
;hissubproject.Yet
lalician Ukrainian
:t. Moreover, they
but also to the curin variousInternet
t in their own way.
ret within the next
which prove to be
studied,regardless
V.
yearsof Ukrainian
)s to the history of
;ely excludedfrom
ancewith the topic
ite banal discourse
linguistic unity of
: ofthe tendentious
y of the Ukrainian
se materials in ex66/1996/20O3)are
rublicationsuseful
ory. Then they can
ogy,which usually
hile movement, or
rtral figures of the
i5 and many others
319
Formy analysis,I viewed the first 150-200entries
underboth the Russianand the
Llkrainian
expressions.
Altogetherthe morerelevantsourcesin this sampling
comprise
about
1,000printed pages-The documentsvary widely in
length (from one printed
page
to aboutfifty) and in intellectuallever.Among them,
we find variousrext rypes:
chapters
from scholarly and nonscholarlybooks, as well as
articles from scholarly
and
nonscholarly
journals, newspaperarticles,Internetarticles,
variousweblogs, and
Internet
forums.Most documentsoriginatefrom ukrainian
sources,and othersfrom
Russian
ones.very few authorsfrom other countriesappearin
theseforums. rn the
results
of theseGooglesearches,
anti-ukrainianandanti-Galicianviewsclearlyprevail,
especially
in the searchresultsfor Russian"ra,ruqxuü q3ur.,,
Not surprisingry,the
texts
writtenin Russiantendto be of an anti-Galicianorientation
much moreotten than
tlose
writtenin ukrainian, althoughthis is indeedonly a
tendency.euite frequentry,
anti-Galician
texts are locateclon sitesthat are explicitly <t"voted
toi"rtain political
interests,
suchas "-f-Anti-orange" [I am anti-orange],.,E4zuoe
oreqecrBo,,
[united
fatherlandl,
or "Eguuat pycr" [united Rus']. The Russianlanguage
clearlydominates
blogs
of this kind, whereascontributionsin ukrainian areusually
introducedby blog_
genwhoopposeanti-Galicianstatements.
As a matterol. fact.unanimouslypositive
assessments
of the Galician variant of ukrainian and its historical
role appearvery
rarely,
for instance,on the few ukrainian sitesthat are explicitly
devotedto peculiari_
lies
of Galicianukrainian (e.g.,"Fish" 2003 or ,,L,vivs'ka gvara,,
2007).Tney occur
insome
apologeticsources_fromwhich I will quote at the
end of this stu<ly,and in
some
scholarlyarticles(including my own).
Someanti-Galician sourcesare characterizedby a particurarly
hateful attitude
t'ward
speakers
of Galician ukrainian, that is, the Galiciin ukrainians
and the North
American
diaspora,wherebythe latter is usua[y viewed as an
important
stronghold
of"Galicianukrainianness."There is virtually no
anti-Galicianor anti_ukrainian
$ere.type
that would not appearin thesesources,and many of
them clearly violate
of eood rasre.In particular,this hordstbr someof rhe
forums, wherepeople
tl.ylel
srrongly confirm all the widely debateddisadvanrages
ii'#:.::g:t:"".f1""T"s
oftheanonymityof the cyberspace.Most of the
steadilyrepeatedtraditionarstigmatizations
of Galician ukrainians as "banderovcy" (or ,.bandörovcy,,)
[..peoplewho
uefollowers
of StepanBandera,"a readingideorogistof ukrainian
nationarismand
mganizerof
theukrainian resistance
againsitheNazi, aswelr asthe Soviet,regimesl_
md"zapadency"
(or "zapad€ncy")["westernizers(viewedin a negative
light),,] have
brcn
well-knownat leastsince Stalin's times. In the worst
sources,the Galiciansof
Oalicia
andof the diasporaare accuseilof being traditional
sympathizersof the Nazi
tdeology
(cf.GeraSöenko
200i): mostoften,thii occursin textswhoseauthors
crearry
dhere
toa totalitarian,antidemocratic,anti-western(andoften
anti-Semitic)ideorogy
henselves.
other authors,trying to appealto the Germanophobic
emotionsthat are
nillwidespread
in anti-westerncircles in postspviet countries,remind
readersof
crmp
Talerhofnear Graz, where Galiciun h.urroptites
were imprisonedduring the
lastyears
of theAustrian monarchy(Anisimova ztioo;. Rnottrer
rhetoricaldevicethat
iswell-known
from Stalinistdiscourseand appearsin the brogs,is the
comparisonof
I
I
320
MICHAEL MOSER
targetedgroups to various animals.Clearly, most
of the labersusedin anti_Galician
discourseare, aboveall, the expressionofcertain
intellectualdeficiencies.Theonly
interestinglabel, "ukrainian croatians"
[yxpazHcrrEexopnarsr],seemsto be quite
uncommon,appearingin only a single source(Baulin
2007).
Negative Labels for Galician Ukrainian
when an assessment
is basedon insufficient knowledge,various superficiar
labels
are often usedas substitutesfbr soundargument.
This holds true for assessments
of
languagesor varietiesof languages.
Not Ukrainian
In many anti-Galiciansources,Galician ukrainian
is placed in oppositionto ,,real,,
ukrainian and depictedas virtually non-ukrainian. .,Maskal,,'
(2007),fbr example,
writes about the "Galician . . . not the ukrainian"
language,
and addsthat it diffen
from "real ukrainian" "in pronunciation(intonation
of words and sentences)
andinthe
useof Polish words'" According to this widespread,
anti-Galicianand anti-ulaainian
"rear
myth, it is not
ukrainian," but "the Gaician language,'that has been
imposed
on all Ukrainianssinceat least1991.6
Dialect and Mixed Language
Most authors merely identify the Galician variant
of ukrainian as an entlty
that they call "the Galician dialect"
franzqrr'ü Ar4aneKr(polisöuk 2003)or Ha
fanI4IIKoMHapequv(Enals-Pilugina20O7)lor "the
so-calledGalician dialect"frar
Ha3brBaeMoe
ranuqKoe uapeuzel (Macuka 2004). Skvorcov (2007)
*.ites more
concretelyabout "the Galician urbanistic
not urbanlzopodtcrcoüi_xl.M.1dia_
[why
lect, generously 'enriched' by polonism, uni diurpo.a
Americanisms,,[raluqrnfi
y p6 auucr nuec xu ü Av aJreKT,MrrJro
crr.rBo"o6oraqeHH rrü', no,rouu3MaMfi
r.r
AzacnopHbrM'aMepvKa*W:uauul.7
Otherscall Galician ukrainian a.,westernizing
Polish dialect" [:anaaencxo(!-M.M.)-no^cxoe
napeune] (..Dreamer,,2007),and
still othersrefer to it as "the porish-Galicianlanguage"
[flo,rrcxo-fanuqruü r:ur]
(Ivanov 2007). Relatedlabelssuch as "Galician
SurZyk" [ratruguircxur4cypxl4K
(sic !, with capitals)l (Kornilov 2000), "ukrainian-polish .Surzyk',,
yxpauucxo_
nonbcKoMcypxur<el(Mlcuka 2004)or, more aggressively,..diity [ua
SurZyk,;1,tnonymous 2007a),8"Polish-Galicianjargon"
[lolrcxo-r arutluircxuirxaprou] (vadzra
2007a or Kolesnikov 2002), "polish-Hutsulianmixture
. . . with absurddialectisms,,
Flo,rrcxo-ryuy,'rrcruü MfiKc
HeJ.rerrbre
(Juröenko 2007),and
A'aneKrr.r3Mbr]
"hybrid
language-neither polish . . . nor ukrainian" (..stu.-un'i
io-tts;, urropu,
the emphasison the "mixed" or "dialectal" character
of Galician ukrainran.sodid
a nicknamed contributor for a blog on viktor Janukovyö,s
personal information
ss1vs1-whsse absurd text was, however, deleted
from the server betweenJuly
2 and July 11,
dialect" ("Vlar
Romanian-po
2OO7),and stil
ized" ("Anticor
reflects the gen
"Margo"
(200'
dialect" [ora nr
to Galician Uk
language in ge
ridiculous, whi
of it.r2
The Alien Inng
In some sources
alien, North An
"Western
dialec
diaspora,who th
(2003) even rrie
is characterizedt
a particularly har
preferring this .t
The Artificial Ia
If it is not the .,p
"Canadian,"
or..
allegedly "artifici
hesitate to call it
"artificial
Galicia
2007), in complel
torical myths cre
blogger argues th
compete with onr
made by HruSev
Eastern Ukraine 1
2OO6).t4Gera5öe
Galician literary li
cian dialect by thr
Austrian politics o
adjective "lurepat
of this language.t
r
LINGUISTICREFLEXES 321
lbelsusedin anti-Galician
tualdeficiencies.The only
pearul, seemsto be quite
t7).
varioussuperficial labels
ds true for assessmentsof
ed in opposition to "real"
<al"' (2007), for example,
;e, and adds that it differs
.sandsentences)
and in the
alicianand anti-Ukrainian
le" that has been imposed
Ukrainian as an entity
:r (Poli5öuk2003) or Ha
LedGaliciandialect" [rar
rcov (2007) writes more
zopodcxoü?-M.M.l diaaericanisms"Iranuuxuü
urrü" nonoHv3uaril u
Ikrainiana "Westernizing
"'l ("Dreamer" 2OOi), and
orrcxo-fanuqxnü q:Hx]
raruunücruü CYPXHK
SurZyk"' IHa yxpalrHcxo', "dirty SurZyk" (Anonyvritcxuir xap roH I (VadZra
with absurddialectisms"
'Il (Juröenko 2007), and
iturman" 20O5)ealso put
alicianUkrainian. So did
i's personal information
the server between July
2 andJuly 11, 2007: He called
Galician ukrainian ..a polonized
Roman_Galician
dialect"("vladimir" 2007),10
whereasunorr,". oroggerspeaks
,.the
about
Galician
Romanian-Polish
laneuage j:"
prrur"o-no,rrcxoü uonel (..Kharkov,,
yr.llor"
2007),
and still anothJris cerrain
"rhe
.ülrainian,
that
language,,isalso ..Lirhuanized"("Anticommunist" 2.00,7.a).tt
rrouuiry Ä"',nor, absurdlabel
of rhis sorr,which
teflects
rhe generalxenophobicartitude
orte anti carician di;;;;;,^i,
"Margo"
offered by
(200r), who introduces the
term .,ttrispotrrr-German-yiddish
Galician
dialect"[sra nolrcxo-HeMerIKo-a^r4rrrcKa{
raJ,rr.rrIKa
ronupra], while referring not
toGalician ukrainian in particular,
but to the contemporary ukrainian
standard
language
in general. others decide ro a"r"ri-ul
the Gaician oi"r;;;;
somerhing
while confessingrhat rh"v;;;;;;er
come upon authenticexampres
;ff*""t'
TheAlien Language of the Diaspora
Insomesources,Garician ukrainian
is primarily characterizedas the
languageof the
alien,Norrh American ukrainian
aiurpo*
onä ttogg". calls Galician ük uiniun
"western
u
dialect"' which is nothing out tr," ;alur"",
of the American and canadian
diaspora,
who thinks that ail of ukäine rrrourJiurt
hke that,,(,,Ar.,, 2006).polisöuk
(2003)
eventries to show that the "Galician
oi"r*," of the North a^"ri"un diaspora
rscharacterized
by more Russianelementsttraottre
ukrainian ranguagein ukraine. In
aparticularly
harefurarricle,he accusesth" N;;;-erican
oiasiorioi,*oirionuly
',dialect,'
peferringthis
to .,literary Utrainian.l,
lheArtificial Languqge
lf it is not the ,,polish,',,.Roman,,,,,Romanian,,,.,German,,,.,yiddish,,,
,.American,,,
-canadian," "dialectar"
or
characteror cancun ukrainian
that is attacked,then its
"artificiar"
dlegedly
characteris stressed.som. pu.tr.ipants
of
various forums do not
hesitate
to ca' ir "newspeak-.[uonoarr('a4;ri;;
c", 2007),or more expressivery,
anificial
Galiciannewspeak"1r"*y."r""nn'o
i-"u*rri
uoeoasr(..Enals-pilugina,,
2o7),in completeignoiance
of the original ."uning of the term.r3
Referringto his_
crearedby cerrain anti-uLainian
ideorogists
(cf.
[:::1ry*r
Karevin
2006), one
,l'ggerarguesthat it is 'the
tragedy of ukrainei' thai .,two
ukrainian l-unguug"r,,
mnpete
wirh one another,firsr "rhe-polonized
Galician invenrion ;;; ;, hastily
..rhe
and his ferows," unol".*o
y::bt,:r:""s'kyj
vernacularof centrar and
tastem
Ukrainepropasaredby Hrubevskyj,,
,"*i., Neöuj_Levyc,kyj,,(..nickpro,,
2ffi6)'ro
Gerasöento-zöoz.oparticularly
pggressiveauthor,speaksabout ..the
new
Galician
literary.language
thar was trastiiyciäted on rhe basis
of the polonizedGali_
'andialectby the activistsof
the ukrainian 'n.""-"",
in full accordancewith the
Austrian
potiticsof separatism,"andrhetori;it;r;,
the genuinelyporishform of the
'"'*0,?1rra"
j',::ll:
[riterary] in order to underlinethe ailegedry
arien character
Is
0ltlltslanguage.
322
MICHAEL MOSER
"
"
The N o nexistent I-anguage
Polish [!-M.
variant "raJrr4
widely used ir
"Westernizing
One of the most paradoxicalattitudestoward Galician Ukrainian, which is a well'
known componentof the generalanti-Ukrainiandiscourseusedsincethe nineteenth
plains that Ul
century,is off'eredin a forum by anotherparticularlyaggressivepersonhidingbehind
"Ivanov." He describesUkrainian in generaland Galician Ukainian
manner" [no-r
the nickname
"a nonexistentlanguagein a nonexistentstate" ("Ivanov" 2006),rb
whereas even
in particular as
paraits
with
1863
of
course,Baulir
circular
the
Valuev
of
wording
the
which comesquite closeto
"that never existed,does not existand
the Crimea wl
a
language
use
of
doxical limitation of the
present
to
who
tries
diaspora" [oH
contributor,
another
by
is
offered
view
cannotexist." The same
in
words
few
a
to
write
trying
Like so many r
while
painful
defeat
a
himself as a polyglot but suffers
"Ja wiem Rossijskii rozumie Polski. Ja movie-cholopy, chodzcieiz Krymu
language" [xs
Polish:
jezyk'
jakij
sie
nie
est
To
of 10% of the
nie
ma.
jezyka
Jego
Ukrainskiego.
do dupy! Ja nie wiem
ny
to
Crimea
go
the
from
peasants,
because,
acco
say,
Polish-I
[I know Russianand understand
at
language
not
a
This
is
cavou
ue
not
exist.
It
does
language.
[na
assI I do not know the Ukrainian
of
is
the
use
past
in
the
used
often
was
that
device
[!!!-M.M.]tl
alll ("Micha" 2007).Still another
vian," and "Rr
quotationmarks for Galician Ukrainian in particular,and Ukrainian in general.Cer"the inventionof a separate'Ukainian'
weak region o
tain authors,suchas Smolin (2007),speakof
"a
"yxpauucroro" lsura], and subsequently
referto
beggars'la
language"[ra:o6perenrleoco6oro
"the language"
(2006)
writes
Ljapunov
that
marks.
aims in th
quotation
in
again
it only as
[gurr],
"Western
"'Ukrainian' scholarlylanguage"
othr:rrx].
Still
nayvnuü
Ukri
["yxpanncruü"
aboutthe
"the so-calledstatelanguage"or "the statelanguagenamed
(TepHononrc
ers refer to Ukrainian as
"gepxannoü uonu," or "4epxaenblrra"qsbrxol'{
noÄ
last century" a
Ukrainian" [rax ua:unaerraoü
"the statelangue"
have settledir
simply
(Baulin
or
2007),
[4epxaeuar
yKpauHcKorol
Ha3BaHueM
Moeaorabbreviated..Aep)Krr,roea''](ibid.).Someauthorswriteaboutthe..LittleRussian
"Ukrainian" at the beginningofthe
"Glottonyms'
language"[uanopoccuücrulür:rtr] that was named
"Little Russiandialect"
[Ha uaropyccxot'l
twentiethcentury(Baulin 2004),aboutthe
"West Russianliterary language"
the
about
even
The last categ
Hapevurzl("Vpixatinec" 2004),or
abandoned
was
that
2007a)
("Anticommunist"
asrtr]
to Ukrainian i
nucllresnrtü
IranaAHopyccxuü
"'Ukrainian"r€urHqaHcbK
"absolutely
IrcKyccrBeHHuü]
artificial" [a6conrorno
for the sakeof an
can be interpr
Ruthenian'language" ["yxpaincrxo-pycsroro" (slc, in Ukrainian and in quotation
')
Yet
many
("vpixatinec"
2004).
letters)l
capital
with
other one is
marks)t3bIKA (slc, in Russian,
"the
A bloggerr
mothertongue" [pi4na ruoea]("Astakhov" 2007)orju$
referto it in Ukrainianas
"the language"
text.rl
Russian
a
within
2007)
(Baulin
Gerasöenko
2007;
manages
to cc
as
[naona]
The Innguage and lts SPeakers
"glottonyms" aim at characterizing
a
As usual,someof the most tastelessderogatory
"Ivanov"
its
speakers.
with
associate
authors
the
languageby hateful stereotypesthat
"the languageof Galician cattle" [r'aoeororanl4qaHcbKoro
calls Galician Ukrainian
"cattle nonsense" 6uÄnsueürapa6apulunel
[Ha
6uura)("Ivanov" 2006a),or merely the
"congönial" participant of another forum assertsthat "the
(..Ivanov" 2006b).rrrA
Ukrainian languageis not a language,but the sounclsof animals . . . of the Jewish'
...the
beyond
languag
an allus
throughr
I havenc
but only
in Band
"bunker
-
LINGUISTIC REFLEXES
which is a well:e the nineteenth
:n hiding behind
lician Ukrainian
vanov" 2006),16
63 with its paraes not exist and
) tries to present
e a few words in
tdzcie iz Krymu
. jakij sie jezyk"
re Crimea to my
rot a languageat
rast is the use of
in general. CerLrate'Ukrainian'
lquently refer to
rv (2006) writes
r:uxl. Still othlanguagenamed
N.r"qgrrxoN.ruoa
re" lÄepxasHat
e "Little Russian
beginning ofthe
la ruanopyccrou
erary language"
t was abandoned
rül "'Ukrainianmd in quotation
2004). Yet many
:v" 2007) orjust
Russiantext.lT
characterizing a
lakers."Ivanov"
TAIVIIAHCbKONO
ü rapa6apurunel
nserts that "the
. of the Jewish-
323
Polish
[!-M.M.l cattle from Galicia" (..Voin" 2007).tsThe pejorarive
derivarional
"ra,ruqaucxufr,"
variant
which is fbrmed from zanu,raur.rr
(inhabitantof Galicia), is
widely
used in the anti-Galiciansources.Baulin 2007
writes about the widespread
"Westernizing
pronunciation" [:anaAeHcroe(l_M.M.)
npor3norxeHze],and com_
plains
that ukrainian pupils have already begun ..to
pronounceg in the Galician
nanner"
(l-M.M.) "."-*uto;1ri.l, the author
[no-raauqaHcKr4
ctäty means..g,,,;1
whereas
even speakersof Russianin Ukraine pronoun"" ..softly,,
it
t(l_ M.M.)1. Of
course,
Baulin expresseshis sympathy for the people
from the Donbas region and
the
crimeawho do not want to rearn"the Galician
mother-tongueof the ukrainian
diaspora"
[oHrzue xorrr yr{r.rrb"pi^Hy raJ'rr4qaHcbKy
MoBy"yKpar4ucxoü
4uacnoprr].
Like
somanyothers,he is convincedthat,in the schools
of ukraine, it is the ,.Galicians,
language"
[rsrrx ra,'rnuaul.that
is being taughtat the moment,and that ..thelanguage
ofl07oof the population"is being impos"ion
the rest.This particularlyannoyshim
hcause,
accordingto him, it is Galicianthat is ,.theleast
developedand most archaic,,
Hepa3BuroM,
apxauqHoM
a:srxell
among
the
Iive iast Sravic languages
Priy*
Jll!-M.M.lthat he finds in ukraine (the othersareRussian,,,Little
Russian,,,,.polta_
vian,"
and"Rusyn"). Moreover,referring to the fact
that Galicia is an economicalry
weak
regionof ukraine, Baulin doesnot hesitate
to write aboutGaricianukrainian as
?beggars'
language"[-s:'r nnrqerrr]. In anotherparticularly
tastelesscontribution
hataimsin the samedirection,the Galician
variant
of
ukrainian
is not only calreda
-ivestern
ukrainian dialect from Ternopil' and Lviv,,
u,crcuitÄr4iureKr
[:ana4Hoyxpa
flepHonolrcxo-Jlrnoecxuü)],
but also;'partlythe languageofthe day laborers
ofthe
"partry
last
century"and
the ranguageof th. *u, criminals(the Banderapeopre)
who
bave
settledin Canadaand America' (,.Tania,,2006).20
\lattonyms" D eriv ed from Swearw ords
Ihlastcategoryamongthe derogatoryglottonyms
appliedto Galicianukrainian and
hukainianin generaris basedon ,n"r" sreair"o.di.-one
of them i, .,o.poro"u,, o.
tamvaucrra
4epruoaa,"which is derivedfrom R ussiandepo.tto,,dirt,mud,
smut,,and
unbe
interpreted
as a tastelessparody of ..AepNrraosa,,r,
lAnonymou, iOöZul.rrnn_
"Aynouoea,"
üeroneis
which is derived frim dyna, "ass,,(Anonymous
2007b).23
Ablogger
with the strangenickname"ukrainian patriot,,
u,,cr<uirnarpnor,,]
[,,vrpa
lanages
to combinearl of the most tasteressderogatory
labelswithin one entry:
"language"
'. . the
[ukrainian "mova,'in the Russiantext_M.M.] doesnot exist
beyond
the sphereof the radio and the rv ,"." idiot
decidedto declarea dead
the sratelanguage_
["ro'v4apcrn.nru.r" couroue ertrr.;; ;;i;;
lung,yug:
error or
"homo-"-M.tvt.l
anallusionto
:il) . .,. as long ps I havebeenalive"ÄJiraveling
through
all of ukraine(Luhansk'Done9k,
Kyjivihe crimea,Xarkiv,odesa,Xerson),
Ihavenotheardalive"thelanguage"
tukiainiunLouu" in theRussian,.*i_t r.u.r,
butonlyour belovedmothertonlue, the Russian
language,*", ;;;
.'. . maybe
inBandera's
land in the wild hii bunkersttrreworo is taken
from porishschron,
"bunker"l
far in the woodsand mountains;ttr" tunguug",,
evenexists,but rn what
I
321
MICHAEL
MOSER
way are thesewild placesrelatedto ukraine? .
. . so that the peopre,slanguage,
Russian,shouldbe
language,andnor rh" ,,d*,;;;;,;
äätunguug.ortl.
t...rtlp
peasants
andof the bulls.2a
Modern Standard Ukrainian_a
Galician project?
Interestingly,virtually all anti-Galicanauthors
claim that, since 1991,Galician
ukrainian has been imposed on the rest of Ukraine.
According to trrem,ukrainian
nationalists(the "consciousukrainians," cf. also
the formation ..cnu4onrzrrr,,,from
ukrainian ceidouuü, as usedby "anb" 2006 and ,.Tania,,
2006) regaä it as thebest
("exclusively conscious")variety of ukrainian.2s
Hence, th"irpr"ä the myth that,
after 1991,it was only the Galician ukrainians
and the North-Americanemigrants
who began reorganizingthe functionality, orthography,
and the very structureofthe
Ukrainian languagein Ukraine. In particular, the
suggestionsthat were madefor the
orthographic reforms are characterized as ..the
appearanceof a stubbornnessthat
is traditional in Galicia" [npoaeleuue rpa^r{rl}roHHoro
An, fa-nuq,n' ynp.arucrna]
(Kornilov 2000), becausethe Galicians
are allegedly unable to realizethatGalicia
is only one of ukraine's regions.Basedon that
attitude,other writers do not hesitate
to write about the emergenceof a "Galician"
or, in another version, ..GreatGalician imperialism" (l) [ra:rurlruü r.rM[epr4€urr,r3M
or BeJrvKoraJrrzqruü
uunepr.ra,ruru]
(Juröenko2007).
To be sure,within this strangenarrativeit is the
Galicianswho areallegedlyspoiling
sevöenko'slanguage(Juröenko2007), which is
describedas ..realukrainian,,or,as
othersput it in closerconformity with their view
of the world, real ..Little Russian.,,rn
the forums,someparticipantswould evenexplicitly
assertwhat someanti-ukainian
authorsstateonly implicitly: For them, eventually
nothing but Russiancan bethe
"real
Ukrainian" language[ | ] (..Anricommunisr,,2001b).
one componentof the anti-Galicianmyth asserts
that, since 199r, the Galicians
have been taking revengefor what the Borsheviks
did to them in r933, preventing
the Galiciansfrom imposing their languageon
the rest of Ukraine for the firsttime.
A lot of anti-Galicianauthorswould agreewith
Macuka (2004)or Skvorcov(2007)
that, since 1991, the "ukrainian westernizers"
[yrpau'rl'-:ana4uunzr havedone
their bestto passoff "the so-calledGariciandialect" ..the
as
ukrainian language,,and
to force the rest of ukraine to acceptit. According
to this view, Ukrainianstiom the
N^o-rth
Americandiasporajoined this effort, which was
nothing uur r"u"ng" (Kornilov
2000).' 6Now, the Galicianseven want to punish
those who äo no, ,p"ut like them,
especiallyspeakersof ukrainian-Russian;'SurZyk,,'
althoughu".o.äng to theanti_
Galicianfaction,the Galicianlanguageis the real ,.surZyk,"
andthe ukrainian_Russian
mixturethatis commonlyreferredto as"SurZyk,'
is thegenuine..LittleRussiandialect,,
[va'ropyccxoeHapevuel,spokenby far more people than '.the
Galician language,,
(Kornilov 2000).21Continuing in tllis
vein, Andrej yadLra,one of the authorswho
try to presentthemselvesas seriousscholars,
claims that ukraine is not characterized by bilingualism,but by trilingualism,wiih
Russian,rhe ..Litle Russiandialecr,,
("SurZyk"), an
of the countr
variety of Gal
Ukrainians."'
Orange Revol
Within the
Language itse
cian Ukrainiar
Sokolov (200?
it is represen
Ukrainian liter
creation, it app
Modern Ukrair
as their basis,.t
man words" [r
clonaunl (Kole
acceptedonly u
"the
Ukrainian i
Galicians from
pects "an entire
MaKapoHUr{ec
As a conseq
command of tru
Ukrainian Stand
origin. Some are
mous 2007),3ru
regard it as .,a hc
does not reply tc
wishful thinking
human language
to Ukrainianl.3l
"Enals-pilugi
speak Ukrainian I
Polish dialect an
basedon the inte
the unity of the L
Most of the s<
of "Viter" rhar G
unfortunately bec
Yet it is not or
growing inffuenc
diaspora's impac
this anti-Galician
I
LINGUISTIC
: people's language,
'the
language of the
r c e 1 9 9 1 ,G a l i c i a n
to them, Ukrainian
'csr.{Aor\aHrrr,"
from
'egardit as the best
,readthe myth that,
\mericanemigrants
ery structure of the
I were made for the
r stubbornnessthat
a'rnHsrynprucrea]
realize that Galicia
itersdo not hesitate
rsion, "Great Gali<uü uunepua:rn:u]
'eallegedlyspoiling
ll Ukrainian" or, as
"Little
Russian." In
omeanti-Ukrainian
Russiancan be the
1991,the Galicians
n 1933,preventing
refor the first time.
rr Skvorcov (2OO'7)
r4Huxu] have done
nian language" and
Jkrainiansfrom the
I revenge(Kornilov
ot speaklike them,
cording to the anti: Ukrainian-Russian
ttleRussiandialect"
Galician language"
of the authors who
re is not charactertle Russiandialect"
REFLEXES
325
("SurZyk"),and the ukrainian literary
ranguagefunctioning asthe threemain languages
0f the country. The ukrainian literary tangiage,
according to him, is nothing but a
varietyof Galician ukrainian, and is only
slpok"en
by ..ahandful of trained .conscious
ukainians."' Subsequentry,
this variety of'ukrainian is linked to the ideorogy
of the
0rangeRevolution;therefore, yadlr aiOOZ
cattsit,.orangeoid.,,za
Mthin the framework of this puzzling discourse,
the Modern ukrainian standard
Language
itself ultimately appearsto bJ"not real ukrainian,,'
but a variant of Galicianukrainian (Gerasöenko2007).2sMany
anti-Garician authors would agree with
sokolov(2001), who assertsthat "the real
ukrainian (Little Russianlanguage),,,as
it is representedin Kvitka's and sevöenko's
works, significantly differs from ..the
ukrainianliterary language,as it was formed
in Galicia.,,The latter is an ..artificial
creation,
it appearedunder a strong German and polish
influence,,and becamethe
Modern
ukrainian standardLanguage.30
The creatorsofthis languageallegedlytook
astheirbasis"the Gariciandiarect,which was
mosrheavily ,oil.ä uirorish and Ger_
manwords" [ra,rHqxoeHapeq[e,uau6olee
3acopeHHoe
rIoJIbcK]'Mrr
rr HeMerIKrrMr4
cronauul(Kolesnikov 2002),whereaselements
of the genuineUkrainian dialectswere
accepted
only with utmostcaution.Skvorcov(2007)even
feelsmotivatedto warn that
theUkainian languageitself will soonnot
be Slavicanymore,"if the influenceof the
Galicians
from Galicia and from the diasporacontinues.
As the final outcome,he ex_
"an
Fcts entirelyWestEuropeanmacaronicmixture,,
[nno,rnerunuoro""poneücryro
MaKapoHr.rrrecKyrc
norvrecs].
Asa consequence,
someardentanti,Ukrainiansevenassertthat,
despitetheir alleged
cornmand
of true Ukrainian, they do not know and do not
want to know the Modern
ukrainian
standardLanguage,becausethey are surethat
it is nothingbut Garicianby
origin'
some areconvincedthat only Galicianscan understand
this language(Anonymous
2007),3rwhile others "d9 n9t use this langua€e
as a matter of principle,, and
"a
regard
it
as hostileranguage"
("rvanov"2ooeil.n",,yr".g";;
il;,
rhatshe
itöbti
does
notreply to any messagesthat shegets in
ukrainian, and-probabry guided by
wishfulthinking-asserts that she has e'ien
forced firms from Lviv to switch to ..the
human
language"[ueronevecrnü aarrx, an often-used
label for Russianas opposed
toUkainianl.3s
"Enals-Pilugina"
(2007) assertsthat "the Kobzar's descendants',
do not want to
speak
ukainian becausethe modern ukrainian language ..a
is mixture of the Galician_
Polish
dialectand the newspeakthat was invented
in the lgth century.,,34
Of course,
based
on the interpretationof "ukrainian" and .,Galician,,
as two separateranguages,
theunityof the ukrainian stateis openly questioned
in someforums, too.35
Mostof the sourceswe have ue"n i"ating
with
up
to now confirm the opinion
of"viter" that Galician matters,including
ttr"eGalician variety of ukrainian, have
unf.rtunately
become the object of a true rinformation war,' (..Viter,,
2006s.t0
Yetit is not only openly anti-ukrainian
authorswho warn againstthe alregedly
gowinginfluence of the.Galician variety
of ukrainian and the North American
diaspora's
impact in ukraine. one of the most prominent
intelrectualswho joined
lhisanti-Galiciandiscourseto a certain
degreewas petro Toloöko, a renowned ar_
@
326
MICHAEL
MOSER
chaeologistfrom the Ukrainian National
Academy of Sciences.In his leaflet,,who
or whar Endangersthe ukrainian Language?',
lputtisnea in r sgai, Tirroökorefened
to the anti-Gariciandiscourseof ukraiiiariauthors
suchas tvan Neöuj_t_evyckyj
and
others,and reasserted,without any tempering,
that
the ukrainian languagehasbeen
"soiled"
"the
by
Galician dialect" (late. t " ,"t rc to the
sameidiom as ,.theGalician
language"),37
that "the Garician diarecf is .:entirelypolonized,,,
and that up to the
end of the twentiethcentury,"two riterary
,.Dnipro"
ranguages,,,the
literarylanguage
"Galician"
and the
literary language,have coexisted(Toloöko
l99g).
Accordingto
Toloöko'sabsurdcraim, the "cahcian" ..orthography,,
was
created
in
the
nineteenth
century on the basisof "Latin or polish"
moaels,ana the Gaticiansdid not want
"the
to
adopt
phonetic language"
[sicr]. Toroökocontinuesto write that, whereas
"Dnipro"
the
riterary languagehas proceededfar
aheadin its developmentduringthe
twentiethcentury,the "Galician" literary
language(..in its diasporavariant,,)remained
stuck in its position since the end of
ti.," nä"t""nth and beginning of the
twentieth
century.In this sameleaflet,Toloöko rejects
the allegedun"n'it oitt? iorth American
diasporato influencethe developm"nt
äf uk uinianin post-Sovietukraine.Toloöko,s
linguistic argumentsextendto somelexical
items,but focusmainry on someerements
that are usually regardedas matters
for',orthographic,,discussionin the
ukainian
context,althoughin reality they mean
much more, namely,variousapproaches
to the
crucial questionof what exactryStandard
ukrainian should look like (vakurenko,
in
this volume).18
What Is the Galician Language?
It is Toloöko's( I 998) leafletthat ultimately
confirmswhat we havehithertoobserved
in
virtually all of the sourcesthat we truve
unatyredup to no* uppu..niiv,unti_curi.i,
polemicistsusually fail to understand
the historicaland the currentroles of
Galician
ukrainian, and demonstratea very poor
understandingof its structureandits very
es
sence.No anti-Galicianauthorfrom our
sourcesaskeJthe innocent,cruciatquestions
"Avangard"
that are posedin a forum by
200o 1in ukrainian, from Moscow
Il]):
What is the Galician^t1lClT? S:r"
,_?Ithat it is a dialectof Ukrainian,others
call it a real ranguageof its own? . . .
w^ut elementsmake it differentfromthe
ukrainianriteraryranguage?
I havein -inJ uuou. a1lgrammatical,
orthoepic,
and
orthographicones.Is thereany linguistic
sketch this"questionüwitt uegraterut
-on
for any informationon this topic
t:Auung*0,, ZOOOI.
Even in the non-ukrainophobicforum
that',Avangard,,turned
to, no soundanswer
has been offered so far. Ali one can learn
is that ..theGalician languagecontains
a
lot of Polish words," and that it woulcr ,.,no."
b"
correctto write about ,theGalician
dialect of the ukrainian language"' ("Igor"
2006) or about ,,theGalician dialectof
Ukrainian + Galician SurZyk',
1;Senk,,1OOO,ZOOAu).
From a linguistic point of view, it is
clear that ..theGarician ukrainian dialect.,,
as so many a
guists accou
and shareso
discussin th
attack is dire
variant. As a
"the
Galicia
on the literar
Sevöenkoan
221;232-23
Language inc
it is not a dia
Thus, it is
ui nyjro,6r.rhis readers,b
colloquial lan
region," and t
Galicianson t
offered by a r
who encourag
sionism to "g
imposed as thr
might be expe
gilov" (2005),
discourseand
the conclusion
wide use of th
for the view o1
Inaaa:ueaHne
asrrxa]. Attack
anti-Ukrainian
of a separate,r
Russian conce
history," "rhe c
(1998) (cf. als
intellectual "ph
correctly pointr
role of the Wes
an alien, "non-t
unity.44yet, as I
"Galician
seed
ignore the fact r
maintenanceof
-
LINGUISTIC
In his leaflet "Who
8). Toloöko referred
\eöuj-Levyckyj and
n languagehas been
om as "the Galician
"
and that up to the
:o" literary language
1998).According to
.edin the nineteenth
ians did not want to
te that, whereas the
:lopment during the
a variant") remained
ing of the twentieth
'the
NorthAmerican
t Ukraine.Toloöko's
Iy on someelements
on in the Ukrainian
us approachesto the
:like (Vakulenko.in
:hithertoobservedin
rently, anti-Galician
:nt roles of Galician
lture and its very esrnt,crucial questions
r mM o s c o w [ ! ] ) :
of Ukrainian, others
it different from the
atical,orthoepic,and
ion?I will be grateful
to, no sound answer
languagecontains a
,about 'the Galician
: Galician dialect of
Ukrainian dialect,"
REFLEXES
327
assomany authorscall it without hesitation,
hasneverexistedas such.rnstead,lin_
guistsaccountfor certainsouthwestern
ukrainian dialectsthat are ,pok"n in Garicia
andsharesomecrucial linguistic qualities.yer
what the anti_Gariciänauthorsreally
discuss
in their texts actually doei not berongto
the sphereof dialects at ail. Their
attackis directed toward the Modern
ukrainian standard Languagein ir, cuti.iun
variant.
As anticipatedin the introduction,however,
this variety is neither basedon
"the
Galician dialect" nor on the southwestern
ukrainian dialeätsfrom Garicia,but
onthe literary form of uktuilill, as adopted
primarily from writers such as Taras
sevöenko
and panrelejmonKulis betweentnä taoos
and rg70s (cf. Moser2007,
221;232-237).of course,the Galician
variant of the Modern ukrainian Standard
Language
incorporatescertain diarectalelementsfrom
the Galician area,too. yet,
it is not a dialectas such.
Thus,it is nothing but absurdfor Juröenko
200i toquote the sentence,,Ta nninu
.
ui ryjro, 6n-lr narpyeaero. Ta BJ'racHoB
pyKoBAaBuy $ajrcy. . .,, and try to assure
hisreaders,based on a particularly ill-minded
sort of rhetoric,3ethat .,this is the
colloquial
languagethat exists in reality and is stilr
common in the lvano_Frankivsk
regl'n"'and that, moreover,this is the
languagethat is now being imposed by
the
Galicians
on the rest of ukraine. one of ttr"eco"rrect
responsesto such assertionsis
offered
by a non-anti-Galician participant of a forum
tn ,.Galicianimperialism,,,
whoencourages
those who constantlyattact the alleged
Galician linguistic expan_
to "give examples, where absurd Garician
dialectal
"remäts are reary
::Tr,
mposed
as the norm of the actively usedUkrainian
language,,f: nVJü;;zOO6);ou
as
mightbe expected'no convincing answer
has been posted so far. obviously, ..Angilov"(2005),who offers a parody
of the generalanti-Galician and anti-ukrainian
discourse
and its steadilyrepeatedstereoty=pes,
is perfectly right when he comes to
the.conclusion
that they ultimately o.iginarä ..i" irr" sovieiuräna.;;epurt
fiom rhe
wideuseof the traditional imagesof iiternal
and externalenemies,this arsoholds
fortheview of the ukrainian language
as the "'westernizing, catician ranguage,,
yKpaLrHcKoro,
[nan8stnaune
s AeücraureJ'rr,Hocrr.r
xe-..3ana^escKoro,, I.aluqxoro
mural'Attackson Galician ukrainian are,
in fact, most oftenjust a part of a general
anti-ukainianal
andeventua_lly
an anti-Europeanprogramthat aimsat the
destruction
ofa separate,
non-Russian.ukrainian identity, und i, pu.ru"d
in the name of pan_
"the
Russian
concepts,such as
united peopre,'l"th" co-mon roots,,,..the
common
"the
history,"
common language" (,.Angilov" 2005).12Another
uuit
oiito.
f_oriu
(1998)
(cf' also Hrabovskyj 2005), coirectry
wrires abour various anti-Galician
"phantoms"
intellectual
that are widespreadamong anti-ukrainian
authors.a:r
He
conectly
points out that, in this discouise,the
Gariciansare usually assignedthe
roleof thewestern, catholic, or simply
alien temptersof the ukrainian people,
of
analien,"non-ukrainian" force that tore
the ukrainians away from ,i,"
fui'_nurriun
unity.aa
Yet,as Losiv states,the creatorsof this myth
are unableto explain how the
"Galician
seed" could ultimatery spreadthrougdut
ukraine, and they stubbornly
ignore
the fact thar ukrainians from outside
äti.iu have been ,r.rggling fbr the
malntenance
of a separateukrainian identity, too.15In
essence,it urt,iuiif tu.n, out
328
MICHAEL MOSER
that in the typical anti-Galician discourse,virtually everything that is depictedas
Galician is just Ukrainian.ao
As regardsthe Ukrainian languagein particular, anti-Galician attitudesoftenresult
from the observation that the Galicians were the first to realize that the sphereof the
ukrainian literary languageshould not be limited to belles lettres in the long run,
but that a full-fledged,standardlanguageshouldbe developed(Moser 2007,10-1]
2009). The Galicians not only had the opportunity to make a serious contributionto
the development of such a truly polyfunctional standard language in the Austrian
Empire, they also made good use of it and started their efficient work on Ukainian
terminology and functional style. On the other hand, it is true that the Ukainians
under the RussianEmpire sufferedunder the Valuev circular of 1863 and theUkaz
of Bad Ems of 1876,which limited the use of Ukrainian in the RussianEmpire.But
it is also true that, beginning with PantelejmonKuli5 (Moser 2009), many leading
ukrainian intellectuals from the Russian Empire, and later from the Soviet Union,
failed to recognizethe significanceof the Galician efforts, while their reservations,
which were often basedon a certainarrogance,were usually not convincing.
Despite all of the anti-Galician attitudes,the Galician impact on the Ukainian languagehas in fact been quite powerful, at least since the turn of the twentiethcentury
(Shevelov 1966).Beginning at least with Stalin's rule, however, Soviet stigmatization
of the Galicians as "bourgeoisnationalists"or "banderovcy,"along with the extremely
restrictive and Russian-orientedSoviet languagepolicy, as symbolized by the strictly
imposed"orthographic"reformsof 1933and 1946(cf. Vakulenko,in this volume),helped
weaken this processfor decades.Yet it has never been "the Galician dialect" thathas
contributed to the developmentof Modern StandardUkrainian; it has alwaysbeenthe
Galician variant of the Modern Ukrainian StandardLanguage.In the post-Sovieter4
it is again not "the Galician dialect" that hascome into play, but the Galicianvariantof
Modem Standnrd Ukrainian, as it has been partly preservedand developedin Galicia
and within the Galician diaspora,particularly in North America. In the end,thereis
nothing amazing about the fact that the Galician variant of Ukrainian is now in fact
playing a certain role in the generaldevelopmentof Ukrainian again.Given thebroad
functionality of Ukrainian in Galicia, as opposedto most other regions of Ukaine,it
is not very likely that any anti-Galician, anti-Ukrainian, and ultimately anti-European
attitudes,asencounteredin the sourceswe havebeendealingwith, will stopthatproces
in the nearestfuture.
Notes
in Galicia in tl
the two mean
of "all-Russia
that interpreta
of Galicia ex1
identified witl
ued to refer t(
their term can
translateit intr
"Malorossijan
of the ninetee
3. The prc
the START:-pr
relations betw
significant rolt
4. The hir
volume in We
5. Cf. .,,copra, 6e,roxy
6. Even pn
that absurd asse
inhabitants of p
7. "Anticr
language, yet
nolrcraü].
8. "Bu Ne
EuÄ,rroxu xox,r
9. "Bor u r
r:rrx), u ue yxt
10. "Baszrc
11. "Harepr
Br4AHee."
12. "Kax-ro
noHrJra.Ilocue
3HUtr,HACmOtt4
TO CTAJIKI4BEUIC'
na VxpauHe, He
caonevxu, @pa:
from the fact thr
(not at) a dialec
13.Adopted
languageof Cor
14. "Tparesü
HbIM TAJIIIIIKHM
1.Sincethisis an articleon linguistics,
theconventional
linguistictransliteration
willbe
used,ratherthantheU.S.Libraryof Congress
transliteration.
"Rus"' in its moregeneralmeaning
2. As a reminder:geographically,
initiallyrefened
to
all territoriesof Kyjivan Rus' (in a narrowersenseit meantjust the Kyjiv-Perejaslav
region).
Russian
pyccrrü, "Russian,"is derivedfrom "Rus',"' andsomepeoplearguethatit hastwo
(l) "belonging
meanings:
to Russia,"(2) "belonging
to 'Rus'."Russian
chauvinists,
aswellas
"Russophile"
"Muscophile")
representatives
(or
of the
movement,
whichfoundmanyadherents
,
r3brKoMI_lenrpa
cxoro, Heuyü-.
15. "B nonno
ABI,I)KCHTT-' CIIEIII
HOro ran[qKoro
1 6 ." . . . 4 a n a
r3brKeB Hecyqei
-
LINGUISTIC REFLEXES
329
inGaliciain the secondhalfofthe
nineteenthcentury deniedany
substantiardifference between
üng that is depicted as
ranattitudesoften result
rc thatthe sphereofthe
lettresin the long run,
d (Moser20O7.lO-13:
seriouscontribution to
rguagein the Austrian
ent work on Ukrainian
ue that the Ukrainians
'of 1863
and the Ukaz
reRussianEmpire. But
r 2009), many leading
rom the Soviet Union,
hile their reservations,
notconvincing.
)t on the Ukrainian lan,f the twentieth century
r, Soviet stigmatization
ong with the extremely
nbolizedby the stricrly
, in this volume), helped
Lliciandialect" that has
it hasalways been the
In the post-Soviet era,
IheGalician variant of
d developedin Galicia
:a. In the end, there is
<rainianis now in fact
again.Given the broad
'regionsof
Ukraine, it
.imatelyanti-European
:, will stop that process
:ic transliteration will be
ll{*"t!i;ö;;;ile
$:.Tifr',1älgi::10"".[:"*
But
that
"üä."sf;ortcomings
inrerpretation.
-tlt"tI
rt is'ouul^t,11'-^u,tl
of
,r
c.
i.;;;öi;;;,
:
tiöiÄ
; ;lä** lilqi'F
{;;
1,";
I",F
::: when
*lltl
lUi
r."ri",.iö ortF Russian
riiiö1,,."ä.:fj
Empire
[T::t:"tJ'I|:ll,;Y;'l?**"
theycontin_
l"::r_i;ö;;ää;i'i:,x:;:#;H,7;:;ii,2!iö,i:|öiffirtHrääJ
ransrate
ir intoRussian
asnv.ccxuü.
r" "ra"ri" u..läirtvia.nrin.i.c;i;ir;::ärrr"r..and
"Malorossijane"
of theRusiian
rhe
E.pi.";;;p;;ä;ä".,ukrainians,,during
"'n;
rherasrdecades
n..ro'""ua",
äi,i"'ääu",n
century.
1li::::,,:::H:f:d
*,"Aü#j:;,i,:i::,tä3ä::iiü#?ffi
jil"äää+üy,ä:.f
i::j$,:TÄ:il1"x1
lunguage
t irio"",rnanarea
rhathasarways
prayed
a
ff"'närn}ff ,T:'ffi|d:lte'nal
the-ukrainianlanguagein general'
4. The historical uro".f :t
.
volume
in weimarlce#anyilffi"firäälvzed
5. Cf. "'.fl:rrr
""raa"-
in a studvto bepublished
in a conference
,,opraKa,,
HaÄo noJrararb. nnen'ä"p'ua
copra,6eaorypnx
*urhrrKr4x
?p.rüu.";,r";;";;;;;;'r[fffräirä:ä
6 Evenpro-ukrainian
oalticipanis
äläff
"0 BÄrcuero
or.."r" iär"ä., whoexplicittydistance
that
absurd
themserves
asserrion,
from
mavarsreth; currciun,.u*oiüä.9".0,9
.n"ak..normal
pottava
nhabitants
tlkrainian,,,
of
whereas
.u,rä
u.
ior..o
r".f"*'::;,;; uär,.,* accenr..(..Dybit..
T "Anticommunist"(z.o_lt);,s.."äi"
2006).
,
irräii:,tiruiniun, is a poronized
ord Russian
not Polish" ["Yrpauncxr'rü"
* ono"n"".HH'ücrapopyccx^üs:rrx,
,iJr*rX?t"?,1"t
Ho He
3HaergHr4r3br*a,Hz sepruonur
rpe'4rzre Harpr3HoMcypxr4Ke.
t*t;;31"ffi;""yr1i,,He
|
9 "Bor a [oJr] {aercr r3ux-ra6paÄ-a
Henoarcrcuü(TaKKaKHaÄoH anp*ar'cu
""?:,,rä,1,T,äl
srü vuorzera,rr'"ö no"o,n",'e
?'"Yä!::*
":Harcr).,,
^-l!',y**;;
14 yqurb
:ö;;.#ry#."ff:T:Hl'#'4l{iul€rrou
7^.{r zrbiÄ crllc 14oJrl4ToBrleutrü,
rro ero 3Haer,nu
B'üHee.,,
Qa.no,rornalr
"Kax-ro
12'
r,e-To r HarKHynacbna o6parqrr
ra,rrrirlKoroHapeqür: a6co,rrcr'o
norlla'llocuernacb' a coxpaHr'rr'
Hr.rireroHe
HeÄoÄyMaJracr.
Ho uHorÄaAnr Äe6aros 6rr,ro
6urnennoxo
6.Hapolr"."
HeKr{Mr4
naHaMr.r:{o.Bjr
IT^y:;y#:::::"npI4ÄyMaHHBre
"L,.ä.;vroxe!
rcro_
"v.p."*iltffi
;,fflä1ff":xii::;lT:XiT,,#"","iiäill,"ft#ffitm:
cl.BeqKli'
Qpaa')" ("IEE" 2005).rne anrlcailJi.täru"t.,
ot ttriscontrib'nionis ontyclear
"
r"
e"".J,'ä""ääy
il:i,l|:n'ii:il'J:,',""'J.:iXi,t1'.",;1i';r"-Ä;ää*"
iuugr,
uuout
l3
Adopredfrom Georsebrwell's
novel *rgg4,- the term ..newspeak,,was
language
appriedto the
of Communistpropagandain the
E*t"Ä bfä..
14"TpareaNrvrcpanirri oipra","*oiiä'ü
iri)rHcKuv, 13btKauu-noroHn3upoBaH_
ruMralrr.ruKr4M
HaKo!,reHoqH'rM
".oop.r.n'r.Ji;;;ä;_"."
coroBapuuu [sic!] a Hapo4x'v
tr;:Lff#ä.äX
ning initially referred to
lyjiv-Perejaslavregion).
ple argue that it has two
Lnchauvinists,as welt as
:h found many adherents
,.Rus,,,is
just.,Russian,,in
rhe
sense
I"
apart.from
,r'. tö
docro'rHoüvKp-""i t7*.iu'orpo"u".,,rMc'
yqare!'reM
rpyruen-
l5 "B no'rHoucooTBercrB,r
c arcrpaücrcoüno,ruru roü pa:geJ,reHr',
Äerreru y*par.rHcKofo
,'o"y.u.",u"-t;;;;;;;.v ',,ä;;ää.
i,"")i
frff#Ää:T:;"."ä:,T"n,
iä"oJi,,"oo"u,_
".
16. . . Äasaüreeqe nonu6epanbHr{r{aeM
u caMuHag
ßtrKe
BHecyuecrByr.orreM
.o.youp.r"..
rpuo,uron,#:Til::3J:lJ;:lä::."ylorqeM
@,
330
MICHAEL MOSER
l7' "Heroropue HaqnoHuulbHo-oga6oqenHsre
ÄerreJr, nonbrrarorc, npr4nucarbHaMocrop6"rreuue
Mosr,r."
"[
I 8' ' . . ] qner ruryls noit uar\uu-ra,ür{aHeroBoprr
Ha6'Arqqeü rapa6apruuHe,roropar
Her{MeerHrjKaKoroorHorrreHilrr yrpauncr<oüuone:rb
N Qarcr,,a,pa6yaurrA ÄoKa3areJrbcrB,,
("Ivanov" 2006b).
19."vrcpaiucrra MoBa-3To He13brK,3ToKpr,*u xnnorHux
(ubrqaHbe,raBKaHbe,
xpro*aHbe,
KapKaHbe)-xu.[ononbcKoro 6ua,ra
Il] ng fa,rr,rqrzHrr.. .,,
"Hasszrtsaercq
20'
nMeHHo3anaÄHoy*parzucrufiAuarerr (Tepnono,rr,cxo-Jlraorcr<uü)
u
orr{acrr{ ALraJ'reKT
rrporrlJrocroJirernux
:apoouruaH U BOeHHbrx
,,pecrynH14KOB
(6aHÄeponuer),
qro oceJrr4
qacrHocrn
B
s KaHaaea Auepuxe.,,
2l' "Brl xe' rBapu t!-M'M'], "..nu.r. Hr4r3r,rKa
[obviously,Russianis meanthere],
Hu gepr'voBrl t ' ' ' I A uro crocyerl'ct r.l'srcoif,
ro rle-qucro 'ra,ruqancrruü,gia.nercr
riei
xe aepuvoaa! Br- 6erpoaui.)ttuaflra
r!:!-M.M.r. rri Hi.roroHe svircrs. rprv o6rnaaHur
'raüHon cyciga, xxuitporyvnitruü ga sac. V turruÄana"no"y
4ia,rercriNr,sxaf qacro 3aMlHro€
nany !,, HarrphKJlaÄ-r'inra-4iuca. I nu rqe xoqere
cKa3arr4,,IO Ue rasroriunr i e yxpuora?
EPEIIIETE,CyKI4I!l [!-M.M.] I_{ee ra-nvvaHcbra
AepbMoBa,
cyviur MoBrr3 nueubrnu liareKroM. Koporrue,sixolu ue 6yaeno aaruonay!
HIKOJII4I,,
22. Interestingly,it is the^very sameauthor who appeals
to the Europeancharter fbr Regional
or
Languagesas for the protection of Russranin Ukraine.
\I]norltV
"AyIIOMOBA
23.
B CBI{HApHAXE [ . . . ] Bear MoBasBrrerc,
xno6crsa ocHosoü,
Eö uacax4aer uyranrurrü ypo,. oT toü
aynoro"or Hac cr.r!'rbHo
rorrHrr'ro [ . . . r repnerr sry
Mep3.crr' p(e Hery calH, or MoBbrxejryaoK r{ Hory
cBerro.[ . . . ] Bcö 6änr.ue cBr.rHapHr.r(
cMepÄr,TÄynouoaoü, t{ro ge,rarr, He 3HaerHecqacrnlrü
"upoa, pyrru, pa:pyxa-ucö oro ne
"o"^o.. Bcö:ro ycrporrJrHav na,ruuxuüc6po4.,,
..:
24."1 . .. ] uona HecyilIecrByer3anpe,eJraMn
pa, no u.rB,rarcou[!, a typing error_M.M.]
rrÄr'rorHa4yMarlMeprByroMoBy foMygap rBeHHbrM
[cf. above] ".",no, ;ä";;",
:))) t . . . l
cKonbro)rr'rByz 6rrsarc no nceü vrpaune (,rryraucn,
loneqr, rcir.", ip"r^o iäprxon, oÄecca,
Xepcon) , He cJrbrrrraJ'r
Bxr'rByroMoBy,KpyroM nau, po4noü n rrc6ulruü pycc*r4,
r:ur [. .. ]
Moxer raM Ha6auleponrqr{Her{ ecrb MoBaB
sa6urbrx a*poru* ru,,iJ* "'rr."u* ".opu*,
ÄUKr.rx
HOKaKoeorHo'''eHüe r4Merorre_arKne Mecra x
vrpalrHe ? t . . . ] TaKrrro aoayuup"rranrrr"
aorlxHe [!, a_typing enor-M.M.] 6brrb s:uK ,uporu_py..#;;;,
;;
cerrroKoBcKar
Äep^bMoMoBa
6srqaqr,q,'
(.,Ukrainskijpatriot" 2005).
25' "Bor :ror g14a!'reKr
ü HaBr3Hnaercsuceü vxpar.rHe,KaKBbrHrrKoBo-cBr4ÄoMuri,,
(..Tania,,
2006).
"luacnopa
26.
sce 6oru[e ücno!,r63oBara
r4MeHF
MeqTalIA I
Bcena'
To,vro"o"r;""H#ü"t""Ji##,t"rT.Tti?1i:r1;
Mepe
3ror.ur",ü
p.run-l3trb
"3a 'yvur'reunoe
BaHtII raJll4qaHe
27.
uc*ar{eHre' yKpal,rHcKoror36IKa HaquoHarrlrcrbr
HaMepeHbr
Bcex
noÄprÄ urpa$orarr, noÄ roprqyrc pyr(y
ÄonxHbr noracr' npexae Bcefo re, Icro foBopr4T
Ha
pyccKo-yKpar4Ho<oü
cuecn, cypxrzxe,'[ . . . ].
28'"Ys"acHeÄByr3brque,KaKnpvHrrocqurarb,arpr{r3brque.lyuarorge-ro
g5vonaceteHr{r coBpeMeHHOü
vxpa'nrr roBopr,r r,IAyMaer r4nuHa pycc*oM '3r,lKe,
r.rJ,rrl
Ha
MaJropyccKoM
Hapequu(cypxr.rxe).tr4.;.ntssr
.cBr,r4oMbrx
Hr4qroxHarropcrKa Äpeccr4poBaHHbrx
yK pafiumtus,
;;;
tiJäx1i#,TJ;.f
:il::ffi?
äilffii#"r:äJJ#Hä:ffiä'äi.;;ll"T
29."1 . . .1tr16ou co3aareJrr{
ero, u ero rrporr""r., Ha3brBaJrr4,3brK
raJrr.ru^nM,
a Hey(pa_
hHcKr.tM.
fa,rrqrau no csoeü c),Tr.,x crpyKrype oH ocraJrc,
a roHr,rHe.,,
yrcpauucxn; q3s,* B roM BuÄe,B KaKoMos
jg.l
6sr o6pasonan
r
::: ]-lTlpuwpHrrü
I""a.:t.urlLru,
BecbMa
cyrqecrBeHHo
orJruqaltcqor co6crset
or'3brKa
Knnrxu
, ur""".n*o,
14
rrpe'craBnnrr
*#X".ö::lJ.tffi:HT#:T:*:il:?
noÄ cunbHbrM HeMe(KnM u nonbcKlrM iazrHaelr.,'
31. ,.pass
n,r.scKü6,,rr{:r
7) "r
posyrr.rI ro ura6
,Tüuyrc üpaBo
rr( Tr4 'yKpon
Bopoxolo, 3H
6oporuc.aa ro1
the source-M
33. "A q H
nucruo, Qarc
Brr :saere-lol
("Margo" 2007
34. ,.IIoqeM
rou? !a norov:
HOBOr3a,
npuÄy
35. "3aqel,rr.
2006).
36. "Iae iuÖ
2006).
37. "B uiü n
lireparypHa lror
roaiprcoro" (Tolc
38. Toloöko's
on the Internet,r
39. "Her, ser
AüaJ'rercrü3 npol
peaJrbHocyqecr
(Juröenko2007)
4O. "llpunepu
HeJlenbreavureK
4 1 . Y e tt h e s e
42."l4xoue\u
s,rrc6,'reHnrrxn ca
qTo caMOCTOrTe
ToJ'roraMn6lr,r up
apceHaJra,o6pa: n
uapo4a-3ana4 nr
oyuonqz-6aHgep
npocTo-Harlr4oH
:a CIIIA. A rarx
la,ruqrcoro a$rxa.
poÄ,' 'o6rque xopr
pa3opBarbe1tHuü
yr(paHHUeB
lpaBo i
rrepKoBb"("Angilo
43. yet thesean
44. "Cr<raÄoso
.
rtcno nos'qgauzüg
no,rirurli iNnrri no
ncExono,rirlr.lHoi x
-
faIoTCrnpuIucaTl HaM
OC_
rteir t apa6aptuuHe, r(oropa,
peoyrcrqzü4oxa3areJ.rbcrB"
{aHbe,r-aBKaHr,e,
xptoKaHbe,
pHono,rrcxo-,flrzovcxuir)
u
lrynH14KoB
(6anaspoeuea),
y. Russianis meant herel.
e,rnqaHcsrcuü'
aia,rerr riei
BMllorb,xpiu o6,runanur
ni Nr'-sra
f .racro rauiurce
l faBKorlHHq
i e yrcplrona?
rrIIMoBu: nureulxulr
Äia_
)peanCharter for Regional
erc.r N,'Io6crsa ocHonofi
,
ruu.no[. . . ] Tepnerr arv
Bcö 6o,rrure "urrupn"*
rHa,pa3pyxa-scö lro ne
[, a typing error-M.M.]
rorao6b.qsür:r)t . . .
[
]
(pbrM.XapbKos,
Oaecca,
rtupyccrcuürcrx
[... ]
ÄiureKoB J'recax14ropax,
K qTOfocyÄapcrBeHHbrM
3bIK, A HC CCJ'IIOKOBCK,UI
,no-cnzaonruü"(..Tania"
tanrn opQorpa$nu. pe_
ÄL\-r4 ecrr, n 6olsruoü
.rlacTbrHaMepeHbrBCeX
)ero Te, Kfo roBopHTHa
arcrÄe-To95Vo uacene_
i, t4r1t4
Ha ManopyccKoM
lr4ÄoMbrx
yxpafiunqxa'
:.[...]llo,ryvaercr
,paHXOZ4OU."'
:,fanauKr.rM,a He yKpa_
I ou 6rur o6paroaau a
MaJropyccxoro)rrur4
CO3ÄAHI,IE, BO3HüKIIICC
LINGUISTIC REFLEXES
I
-:l
;;;tt;nt&ffi
ffi
"ffi
331
14
xa
pbKo
BqaHhHy
;,"J#-',":
T:.:v,,.r,
rJru:;nltiJ#;J:':l^MoBvr;;";;;#vJ[?{lTi}}jiltt#
'äl'J:td;ÄH"",".H;d*lt'll$"1**';ry-;;
äo:1"äo:J;#';,ix;^ü1ff
"i;,1{ilüäTi",:.trtrjfiI**rl*
,',,:,".:1,.:;;ö#*i:il::",#X,';,i,iif
fpvu,eac
r<on
;H"ffJx'tr l:o,"uJ'"^.JiT.ü
tiq"r,*ffi
:::=*rr;n:",'n_t;r;?##Lfr{##flfrlif:xä"#"fiT::;r""ä;$fl:1iäflH:-?t:;"T:;ffi:^,:t?:::.
;
"'o"o"b eÄHHorl
crpaHbr
"la'
c eA,Ho,iuonoü?,,(,.Era,,
,'j.',l]#,
iu*opnaauiüsa
:::::::tt"u'"
siirua,
aqeücarir_e411.
m6lu!.
, ;;.;;:"
;;". l,:;::,
-r*
ii:T"x,',,j,1'#;i'"1"x.y;trIffi
*,ättr#ütffi
::ä,#;ff
rffi
ääx
tl[Tilliy;*#;;[:i]]rT:ffä;ö:
: !.1:
whchisalso
availab
e
ff![flresnonse
A*t1x*t**i****s,t,äTxä,.,,"r#
,t#[,tt,Wr;n:ffi
'iT:f,tffi
friffL*äTiffi111Tffiä!:öä"äffi
li.iti,,Tr.',",)ra.ryu(rae
-ä#if,::i;'ää,r*It'frts1*.$;1*ru
-
r,nfi*;f*fii****'r*l*il;n*,{l:lhffiiiläll#"f:,lilö:Ti..;'g,lä,,,,ä#
ffi:rll;r***##i;lxft
:#"':#l-ä1rr.,rfu*;::t;::"
T..n""'l
-"- reppt4
*tlrunl,jl,r:J;T;llll?liil*:;:'1fu;;ffiJääi?'#liffi
ruf
rop,to.
; ,r*. ;;;;-ä;iir"#äJ
43.yer
thesä
r",r
ürrr,r" ;::^l
ffifif
#ä'1i;änru*nnxi;q;;#i*!rilä0i:Tö,,'tr,h"
''ffiil'I,il:i:ä::Jffi
i:r.ffi*;ff''*Til,'#trtr,:,,*,äffi
'ü'ffi,#
@
332
MICHAEL
MOSER
'rrcKyct4Te,lu'
yrpa'rncrxoro HapoÄy,'uro6perareru' yrpaiHcrrcoro
uaqiosa,rr:uy i narirr
:osciNane yrpaiHrli, ari uaawr<y 6ararrox-pocirH,uanu 6yrlr
uaaaurronauinpopocificrrl
3a Bu3HaqeHHru"
(Losiv l 998).
45. "Taopurv lriQy npo ,ralzqrry 3apa3y'BaxKonprr3Harucl
caMvtMco6i,uo niro,ruue
upopoc,ro.6ra,rv qbKe3epHrrKono sciü xpaini, rx6n ue 6yno
4,"a q"o.o 6,"aroaurronoryyHry,
ncüxojrori'rHofo, MoBHOTO,
noairravHolo, KynbrypHofo, qx6n BernKa vrcpaina He Br{3HaBana
falnvr'rHy cnoerc opnanivHolo qacrlrHoro, He Brr3HaBiura
6 raxorc ru "nä*ya" nrv6rurol,ry
ni4cnil0vonaypinHi,HearaxaroqilHa nasirceaHi(40Curr qiaecnprvoeauo!.1
no6yroniurrau':anaae'ui.'
nn-'6au4epirui' i
. . . MiN ruu, i 4o renepiurHsoiouacy r pociücrxiü nepioaHrrrnaHyeAyuxa: rr6u He r€urHriaHfi,ro ue 6y,ro 6 npoo,rerur Ma,ropäciä, *ril
: vccp, qr
: ninleuHo-raxiluuu xpaev, vu 'npexpacHsrrlr
loroM iroaa"r.' r "ory* ,a ara^yrorb(rK[lo
3Harorb),u10HaaiD ro4i, roru fa,rzquHa nepe6yna,rara MexaMr{
Be;rrzroivxpainu, npo6neur
r yrpaiuunvu eceoaHo6yrr. . . . A qrcuto6 BÄW,,lHBuü
aocriaHHr lsep"y" y"ury HayrpaiHcrxuü rucu\esrcrxuä pyx 60-x, 70-x porin, ro noMirne 6u cepe4 p.np".ou'u"r"
yrcpaiucrxux
rpoMaacbKr4x
air.Jia. nzcurveHnHrcie.
BqeHHx,cryaeHriaay*a "arr*y rilsncrs rrx, xro
HapoaxBct I BllxoByBaBctHa cxogi Vrpaiur'r. Ta sna.rHonpocriure
i npllerranirre'cnucyBar1r'
sce Ha fanu.raHy"(Losiv 1998).
46' "Bce' uropociücrr<acsiÄovicrs cxHJtbHa
xea,ri$iryaarlrrK rulJu,rubKe.
no cyri c npocro
yrpaiucrxuu. . . . faruvnuy HeMoxJ.rrrBo
siaÄirr{rz "ia ynpair", "* i vrcpairy ei4 faruvuru"
(Losiv 1998).
References
"Al' "
in: Forum on "Galickij imperializm," www.fraza.com.ua/zametki/20.1
I .06/30g32.html.
November20, 2006. l5: 18.
"anb"
"Galickij
in: Forum on
imperializm," www.fraza.com.ua/zametkir20.1
1.06/30g32.html,
November 21, 2006,O2:35.
"Angilov"www.parenr.net.ua./intelrectuslforuml|/r93/ua.html.July
1l,2005.
Anisimova, v. in: Materik-informacionno-analitiöeskij po*d pÄtrou;;k;g"
prosranswa,
"2000"
from: Gazeta
(httptl/2000.net.ua,/print/svobodasiovn/zaschititduiffiu.html),
www
materik.ru/index.php?section=analitics&bulid=l0g&bulsectionid=103
gl . iooo.
.
Anonymous,Obra5öenie,www.usa52.narod.ru/addres.htm.
2007.
Evropejskajaxartija regional'nyxjazykov,in: vlasti.net.Set'nezavisimyx
Zurnalistov,
www.vlasti.net/index.php?Screen=news&id
=2147 65. June,24, 2007a, l 5:;i.
Dupomovav svinarike,in: vlasti.net.Set'nezavisimy* Zrinutistov,
tritp:Zwww.vlasti.
net/index.php?Screen=new
s&id=214765. Jtne 24, 200jb, Og:44.
"Anticommunist,"
,,Istorija
in: Forum^on
ta poxodZennjaukrajins,koji movy,,,www.novy.ua/
l9d6r zasilozzziat8fb.
lo--_Yy"y.pic.php?p=gglQgsasia=:5zso49feceb
February,
26.2007.03:08.
in: Forum on "Istorija ta_poxodZennjaukrajins'koji movy,,,
www.novy.ua,/fbrur/
viewtopic.php?p=88209g&sid=35i 5649feceutqoot:asqlozb2raßfb.
F.ebruary
27,
2007,0l:20.
_,-Ihltp://novy.tvlforum/viewtopic.php?p=ggQlg4&highlight=&sid=c56g508ce3ff46b7b
7500f2cb4bfc00b. February 26,2OO7, i2151.
"nsl$hov'l'http://provokator.com.ua./phorum/read.php?l,2g750r,page=2.
April 25,200j,
08:43:18.
"Av^angard,"
in: ukrajins'kyj Forum/ukrajins'ka mova. Halyc'ka mova, www.ukrcenter.con/
forum/messaSe.asp?message-id=76184&forum_name=7oD
3VoEAvoFoToE|voBFvoEDvaF
|7oFCvaEAvoE07o2oraCCvoEEVoE2%E0&page=
I. octobert 3, 2006,I 9o0.
Baulin'P.B.,Jazykovaja
problemaukrainy:potitieeskie
mify i real'nost,'*.u*.nrr.,.gou.ru/
ru/conference/kniga_conf/baulin.htm.
2007.
"Dybil,"
in: Fon
html. Novemt
"Dreamer,"
http:
l7:13:02.
"Enals-pilugina,,
. 04. Iune 19,2(
"Ella,"
in: Forumr
November 20,
"Fish,"
in: Misto I
neüthread,_14
GeraSöenko,G., Izl
02_09.htm.200
Hornjatkevyö,A.,S
146_153,cf. hn
Hrabovs'kyj, S. in:
. December 7, 20
"IEE."
in: Regiona
rintertopic=1&t:
3 0 , 2 0 0 5 ,t 2 : t 8
"Igor,'in:
Ukrajins,
message.asp?m
EAVoEjVo2\VoC
"Ivanov,,'LL
(..Iva
com.uaJzametki/,
a, in: Forum
html. November
b, in: Forum
html. NovemberI
Ivanov, V., in: URA_
_ Iickij jazyk. hnp:l
Juröenko. K., Gali;ki
oteöestvo, www.
metki/20.I1.06/3
Karevin, A.
"Kharkov." Rus.neru.
www.vlas
Kolesnikov. A. Kako
russtane.org/l0l.h
-Kolesnikov.A., Ruso
(2OO4l. http:llrodin
__
Kornilov, D. Nosjats.i
stranstva Ukrainy,
year"), www.geoc
conren/view/1962/
, .
Lrapunov.8.M., Edi
view/47/62/t/9/.M
_
Losiv. L. ..Halyc'kyj m
nrtp://ukrlife.org/m
,,
L vrvs ka gvara 2007:t
ridne.net/viewthrea
-Macuka. A.. Dva proek
ticle969.html. Nover
I
:rxorouauioHa,rirvyi Haeirs
I Ha,raurroeaHi
npopociücrru
rcr caMHM
co6i, ruo Hixo,rn ue
r qroro 6laro4arHoro rpyHry,
lenuxaVxpaiHa"" "rrnäu-u
lolo Ha rKoMyct rru6uHnoruy
rprvouauo! ) no6yroai urranr_
lro qacya pociücrrciüneoio_
Ma.nopociero,
.{u s VCCp. qil
rrot\rycb
He jraÄyrorb (rr(tuo
tseruroi Vxpais n, npo6,reu r
K3BepHyB
yBary na yrpaiHcr_
penpecoBaHr,rx
yrpaiHcr,xHx
ne,ury ri,rrrcicrb rnx, xro
re r npzenHirue,cnucyaaru,
( ra-[r..,ubKe.
no cyri c npocro
rr t YrpaiHyaiÄ fanH.tr.ruH..
"oro,,...in:
I
Forum on ..Galinrz;;:*_^._. ,.
eriatizm:'
INGIJISTICREFLEXES
JJJ
www.rraza.com
;, ;8#:"Jl ,ät
.ua/zametki/20.11
I *-g],
.06/30832.
"l?Tfi;\:y"#;
hup://provoka,or..orirulpr,orum/reac
"Enars-pirugina,',
Aprjt 24, 2007,
in: Gara.net,;J:::w"read'php?1'287501'page=2'
Politika'
http://rbrum'gala.net/?page=re
ad&ü=336e22&rr=tQ
,,f #f*jjn'1ijr...r;lä"t'
.ua/zamerki/20.r.06/30832.htmj.
,,il:l:'1H"?l;ri,9,.j:Slimperiarizm'''www.rraza.com
ricrnoho
diarektu.
www.misro.ridne.
.".::ljli'.^'*i.ir.i']i,Ti1T,i'il:l3rT.':.j;,1:"ooou
".äjäü.1,?ro;
jzobrannoeorc.,u,iruCJ;;;;i"."
www ravnopravie'khark
ov'ua/2007/2007-
uom.latkevyö,
A., söo abo xto *".,.,r, -:':".uurt:u'
ojf "''inSuöa
kvi,e
',4:ti';i:il$l4lf' ry;
n
ffi1l
H
äol snis,2000/4
(a nazetil
f.lläi(no'ilii:fi
54t. www.gazera.lviv.ualanicles/2
006/t2/07/20206/.
,83:::Jl"-:l::"qq:
:,I":üflfiätiff
=ät?f;
,fli:,_:yffi
ä,täl3*ili
J*,,*itäi:Tfi;s8ff
''lgor"
in; Ukrajins.kyiForu
metki/20.I I .06/30832.htmt.
metki/2o.I I .06/30832.htm1.
ly ll,2005.
)stsovetskogoprostranstva,
:hititdulcineyu.html),www
rid=10387.
2000.
rt'nezavisimyxZurnalistov,
2007a,15:29.
nalistov.
hrtp://www.vlasti.
t.
<ojimovy." www.novy.uay'
i 47 6322fa | 8fb. February,
/y," www.nov y.ualforum/
\22fa18fb. February 27,
&sid=c569508ce3ff46b7b
,page=2. Aprll 25, 2007,
ova,www.ukrcenter.corn/
AVoFjToEOVoBFVoEDVoF
2006, l9:00.
'nost,'
www.niurr.gov.ua./
ffi r*i[#;ä#,,$#;ä[rä#T:i#:#ü;iy;ä
izm wwwrr aza
ö dä*til?,jl,",lsä:ä,3ixä,,*;$'#
;.;,^g1,.,uJ
.,:'o"ria,
' qlf'äi:ä:;;3ä'r!T,'fl:?i;il""11r'li^l-'?;:x:;f":J;;:;;';,';',,
perializm.'www.rraza.com
.ua/zametki/20.r
1.06/30s32.
::'lr'f
,,"pP,,lglö:33:rr?f
,uTo]:V..
in: URA_lnfoÄoon-Uulr.
Nezavisimoe
rtcxrj
inr
1azyk.http://ura.dr
,
#ffi
n++ä:;l*;,ffi
J*',iffi*ll,l*It1i;ffi
;;
K:ä.5r'riä,tTr,.1:}itiääo#i
{ffi[ä]itxr:ii;i#::iit:i;::{ifr
www
duer
rurzooiosnö)-i3fr
www
ord
iil;*'
.x,öilffi
T:'il,,3;ä,,,i:riyi::l
nasaj,
ru
ss
k.jLa,
-.*ii{,','"]r,:-j"{,H,äl"':ffr
v
l,d;i,,lH:"
f/ff
^_:.::.
HirrlParriame
üiä#:]!;ö:3lff*T,;:'J:il:;
rtäli[äi.l.i':i::::;;;i;;;;ä'#":iliff
nroot
ll'l,r,i;# ;' ill edrus
org/
d:ff 13:,ü'.'i#311i3#.'o""r
"fü:fi1{j'?"ffi
i1,#;:::;
egonareöij
ax'wwwedrus
org/conten
r,
Sevastoporja'
no'3.
hruden'rees
,'litiX$iiTr%ä'flfli*::yt",iv.htm
rsö8'-''in
r.
',1[:li.nil*:llillf=l;i";qril::t
,i.t.qos.i'nil.
in:L'viv
Forum
ridnoho
misra.
hrtp:,,misto
Novajaporitika,
$"""ä; :y;,'\tot;'Internet-zurnar
www.novopor.rular_
9
334
MICHAEL
"til:ii.'
MOSER
http://forum.pravda.com.ua/read.php?4,1805997,
I 809236.January 28,200i,
"Viter,"
"Maskal',"
in:
html. No
"Vladimir"
"Micha,"
forunl46
12:02.
"Voin,"in:vla
in: viktor Janukovyö. personal Information
Server www.y a2006.com.uarengr
foru^/4682279fr9404/(dereiedbetween
|ury2,2007 andrury li,2ööij.lun.27,200i,
in: Gala.net:Polikika, http://forum.gala.net/?page=r
ead&tt=336g22&ff=1004.
June
20,200'7.09:42.
"Rutheni.sche"
Moser, M.
(ukr_ainische)Sprach- uncr vorsteilungswerten
in tren garizischen
volksschuresebücherntrer Jahre t s7 I ind I g72. yienna:
iii-ü.rr"g, äoö2.
ThrasSevöenkound die moderneukrainischeschriftsprache-viÄici
eine, wnraigung.
Nördlingen: Sreinbeck,2009.
Pantele-imon
Kulis, die Galizier und die ukrainischeSprachezwischen g63
l
und 1g76,
in: Conferencevolume,
"Myslyvec"': "Mysryvec'."Münster.2009...Movni
in: Forumon
miZnacionar.ni
pyrannja...
hrtp://forum.
.ta
g2525l,page=L February,
ua./read.php?4,1
t, 200: , 1| :46.
.. . t.uudl:1o*.
"nickpro,"
Tragedi-iaukrainy: b...
l"rgr,Jr gvumja ukräinikimi.lazytami [ . . . J, http://dirty.
rulcomments/l52766.August 12,
2006, O3:24.
Pasaeva,N'M. oöerki is.toii.russkogo äviIenija
v Gariöine. Moscow: Gosudarstvennaja
PubliönajaIstoriöeskajaBiblioteka, 2001.
"sergej's"
PoliSöuk,v', Kanadskaja
contributiontothe forum http://forum.mediaport.
9i1r^p-op,--,
info/read.php?39,864r,3.32212.
Noveäüerrc, 20.03,
rs,sä,10,-o.'t
uiiltileinuu.utogrpot,
cornl2o07l04ri-i-i-4.htmr,
only
for
registered
members
onJulyn, 2o0T
"Senk,"
,freeaccess
befbre.
in: ukrajins'kyj Forum/ukrajiniku -ouu. Halyc'ka
mova,www.ukrcenter.com/fbrunr/
e=voD3voEAVoFoEaE|qoBF%EDvoFrvoFCrc
1r9s;g9.asn?message-id=76184&forum_nam
-- "
EAToE\Vo2OVoCCVoEEVoE2VoEO&page=t.
Ocrober |4, 2006, }gt .
in: ukrajins'kyj Forum/ukrajinr'iu.ouu. Halyc'ka
mova,www.ukrcenter.com/forum/
T?rj€!fr-p,?.essage-id=76rg4&forum-nam e=Eoi)3EoEAvopoE"eonsFEBDVaFrVoFCVa
EAToEOVo20VoCCVaEF.VoE2VoE0&page=
L Ocrober 14, 2006,17:46. 2006a.
Shevelov,G'Y' Die ukrainische schriftipiache tzg|-t965.
Ihre Enwicklung unter demEinflulJ
der Dialekte.Wiesbaden:Hanasiowitz, 1966.
.."Sturman,"
Sekretsamobytnostigaliöan,in: Forum ,.rr1-Anti-orange,',
www.antl_orange_ua.
com'ru/forum/viewtopic-php-?frint..topic= t aJ4&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=g&
fi nish_rel=-I 0000. Ocrober3: 2005, t,J 4.
Skvorcov,D', ukrajinci-naipy^semnisha nacija svitu,
www.otechestvo.org.ua/mainlz*,.,2l212l.
hrm or www. rusk.ru/st.php?idar= | | | 27O. F ebruiry
2 l, 2007.
Smolin, M., ukrainofil'srvo.v Rossii-Ideorogija*rtgra^a
in: Edinaja Rus,: pubricistika,htrp/
ukrstor.com/ukrstor/smolin_ukrainofilstv"oi tm.
2OO7
.
Sokolov,L., Russka.ja
liberal'najaintelligencijai poritiöeskoeukrainofir,stvo,
in: EdinajaRus,:
Publicistika,http://ukrstor.com/ukrstor/sololov_lib-int.html.
.._
2007.
"Tania,"
in: Forum on "Galickij Jmperializm," www.fraza.com.ua/zametki/20.11.06/30g32.
html. November 20,2006. lg:39.
Toloöko,P.,5öo aboxto zahroZuje.ukrajins'kij
movi, Kyjiv r 99g, in: ukrainskie stranicy,
hrtp://
ukrstor.com/ukrstor/toloczko_htoabor.oräg.ozhuleukrmovi.html.
I 99g.
"Ukrainskrj
patriot," www.patent.net.ua/intellectusTfbrum/l/193/uu.tnnlt.
eugu, t 4,2005,
Ul'-ianov,N. ProisxoZdenie^ukrainskogo
separatizma,Madrid (1966), reprint 1996,on the
Inrernetlasr modified in 2003,***rtiu.ÄrpoLIToLoG/uli";"*_;l;;i;;.i;,.
Yadlra, A., ukraina [in Latin rerterql,Mif "Ukrainslogo jazyka,',
in: Lebed,no.52g, www.
lebed.com/2O0i/ art5026.htm. Mäv 2i . 20Oi.
[in Latin letters]:.i
k k-arastrofe
[interview-withAndrei vadZra],in: poljarnaja
Tif3
zvezda, http:// zv ezda.ru/politics/2}}7
/05/ | i / ukr aina_2.htm. 2007a.
June23, I
"Vpixatinec
Vpixharin
le&sid=ll
I
LINGUISTIC
136.January 28, 2OOj,
vw.ya2006.com.ua/ ens./
,2007). June27,2OO1.
,336922&ff=1004.
June
Iten in den galizischen
g,2007.
rsucheiner Würdigung.
iischenI 863 und I g76,
ytannja," http://forum.
t6.
ami [ . . . l, http://dirty.
w: Gosudarstvennaja
lttp://forum.medi aport.
ttp://lifei n ua.blogspor.
r/. Iree accessbefore.
ukrcenter.com/forum/
raBFToEDVoFlVoFCVo
ukcenter.com/forurn/
bBFVoEDVoFIVoFCVo
2006a.
rngunter dem Einflup
vww.anti-orange-ua.
order=asc&start=O&
talmain/20072/2121.
: Publicistika, http://
vo, in: EdinajaRus':
tki/20.11.06/30832.
skie stranicy.http://
t.
l. August 4,2005,
:print 1996, on the
rna.txt.
ed'no. 528, www.
Zral, in: Poljarnaja
.rmitltli;ä,
335
peridizm,"
www.rraza.com
.ua/zametki/20.t1.06/30832.
;8ä::li,ää
;n*r;J,ff
,J,XT,ä;iliii?g*'''"
REFLEXES
:'"";':'ff
fffii"*';Ty;z+'T;:if
iT'i,#ef
f;ii'T;i!stl',
Zumalistov'
www'vlasd'net/index.php?screen=new
s&id=214765.
;ruru:f
:;rüäi:.äifi
ttrll'"äiä,ix;,1t;,1t"-äfi""_j.ff
ffi["3":J