persatuan pemakanan malaysia

Transcription

&
Of the
25-26 March 2010
Crowne Plaza Mutiara Hotel
Jalan Sultan Ismail
Kuala Lumpur
Members of the 12th Council
&
Organising Committee of 25th Scientific Conference
President Dr Tee E Siong
Vice-President Prof Dr Mohd Ismail Noor
Honorary Secretary Assoc Prof Dr Norimah A Karim
Honorary Treasurer Assoc Prof Dr Zaitun Yassin
Honorary Assistant Secretary Mr Mahenderan Appukutty
Council Members Dr Tony Ng Kock Wai
Dr Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib
Datin Dr Safiah Mohd Yusof
Dr Hazizi Abu Saad
ii
The Nutrition Society of Malaysia gratefully
acknowledges contributions from the
following to the 25th Scientific Conference:
Major sponsors
Dutch Lady Milk Industries Bhd
Nestle Malaysia Bhd
GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Sdn Bhd
Sponsor for NSM Publication Prize
2008-2012
Sponsors for Conference Lunches
Mead Johnson Nutrition (M) Sdn Bhd
Other sponsors
Ajinomoto (M) Bhd
Beneo Asia Pacific Pte Ltd
Carotino Sdn Bhd
Cotra Enterprises Sdn Bhd
Danisco (M) Sdn Bhd
Danone Dumex (M) Sdn Bhd
F&N Beverages Marketing Sdn Bhd
Heinz Sinsin Pte Ltd
Kotra Pharma (M) Sdn Bhd
Roche (M) Bhd Bhd
Yakult (M) Sdn Bhd
Advertisers
DKSH (M) Sdn Bhd
Fonterra Brands (M) Sdn Bhd
Pepsico (M) Sdn Bhd
Placement of advertisements in this Souvenir
Programme and display of products and services in the
trade exhibition do not necessarily imply endorsement
of these products and services by the Nutrition Society
of Malaysia
iii
iv
Page
Organising Committee
i
Acknowledgement
iii
Nutrition Month Malaysia 2010 Highlights
iv
Welcome Message from
President, Nutrition Society of Malaysia
vii
Official Opening
1
Scientific Programme
2
NSM Awards & Prizes
Outstanding Members Award
Partners in Nutrition Promotion Award
NSM Prizes 2010
9
10
11
NSM Publication Prize 2011 Announcement
13
List of Posters
15
List of trade exhibitors
29
Messages from sponsors
30
Abstract of Papers
Oral presentations – Day 1
Oral presentations – Day 2
Poster presentations – Day 1
Group A posters
Group C posters
Group F1 posters
Poster presentations – Day 2
Group B poster
Group D posters
Group E posters
Group F2 posters
v
43
54
60
92
108
111
140
152
158
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PRESIDENT’S WELCOME MESSAGE
March 2010 is the Silver Jubilee of the Nutrition Society of Malaysia!
This is therefore a particularly significant occasion for the NSM. In recognition of our
achieving this important milestone, this annual scientific conference will include special
commemorative activities.
On behalf of the Nutrition Society of Malaysia, I extend a special warm welcome to our
guest of honour, YB Dato’ Sri Liow Tiong Lai, Minister of Health Malaysia. We are indeed
honoured to have Yang Berhormat launching the silver jubilee commemorative book of the
NSM. This book documents NSM’s unwavering commitment to support nutrition for life.
YB shall also launch a video highlighting the activities of the Society for the past 25 years.
Yang Berhormat shall be presenting special awards to several key members of the NSM, in
recognition of their outstanding contributions to the foundation and continuous growth of
the Society.
The NSM has been in support of the policies and programmes of the Ministry of Health
and contributed to its various activities. An example of this is in the revision of the
Malaysian Dietary Guidelines. Taking advantage of the presence of a large number of
nutritionists in this conference, the Honourable Minister of Health shall be launching the
revised Dietary Guidelines 2010 at this occasion.
The NSM annual scientific conference has been THE nutrition meeting for the country for
the past 24 years. This is the event that nutritionists and dietitians look forward to every
year as it provides an excellent platform for them to meet new friends and previous
acquaintances, be updated on nutrition science and share experiences and views.
Recognizing the importance of promoting healthy eating amongst children, we have
chosen to focus on Healthy children, healthier nation – Start Young as the theme of the
Conference. There will be 5 symposia sessions, with a total of 23 oral presentations,
many of which are related to the child nutrition. A regular feature is a symposium to
enable members of NSM to share their research findings on a variety of issues on
nutrition and health. The Young Investigator’s Symposium enables budding nutritionists
to experience making a presentation before their peers. More than 150 scientific posters
touch on a wide variety of research topics.
I take this opportunity to place on record our sincere gratitude to all who have
contributed to the successful organizing of this Conference: all speakers and poster
presenters, all participants and all sponsors. I thank my colleagues in the 12th Council of
the NSM for their cooperation and support throughout the year.
Dr Tee E Siong, KMN
[email protected]
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DAY 1
THURSDAY 25 MARCH, 2010
0730 hrs
Registration
0900 hrs
OFFICIAL OPENING
Venue: Nirwana Ballroom 1
0900 hrs
Arrival of Yang Berhormat Dato' Sri Liow Tiong Lai,
Minister of Health Malaysia
0905 hrs
Welcome address by Dr Tee E Siong,
President, Nutrition Society of Malaysia (NSM)
0915 hrs
Speech and official opening by
Yang Berhormat Dato' Sri Liow Tiong Lai,
Minister of Health Malaysia
0940 hrs
Launch of - NSM 25th Anniversary Commemorative Book
- Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 2010
0955 hrs
Presentation of Outstanding Contributions Award to NSM
members
1005 hrs
Presentation of NSM Prizes
1015 hrs
Presentation of souvenir to YB Minister of Health Malaysia
1020 hrs
Viewing of NSM 25th Anniversary video
1030 hrs
Tour of Trade Exhibition/Posters by invited guests
1030 hrs
Refreshment
Poster session: presenters in attendance for discussion
1
DAY 1
THURSDAY 25 MARCH, 2010
SYMPOSIUM 1: Childhood Health & Nutrition (I)
Chairperson: Prof Dr Khor Geok Lin
Universiti Putra Malaysia
1115 hrs
Healthy children, healthier nation – Start Young
Nutrition Month Malaysia 2010
Dr Tee E Siong
Chairman, Steering Committee, Nutrition Month Malaysia 2010
1135 hrs
Prevalence and trends in childhood obesity in Malaysia
Prof Dr Mohd Ismail Noor
President, Malaysian Association for the Study of Obesity (MASO)
1155 hrs
Are Malaysian school-aged children physically active?
Assoc Prof Dr Poh Bee Koon
Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health
Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
1215 hrs
The association between BMI and hemoglobin concentration
to physical fitness of elementary school-age children in
Kartasura, Central Java, Indonesia
Listyani Hidayati
Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Faculty, Muhammadiyah
University, Surakarta, Center Java, Indonesia
1235 hrs
Sustainability and continuity of School Milk Programme in
Peninsular Malaysia
Prof Dr Aminah Abdullah
School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
1255 hrs
Lunch
1330 hrs
Poster Viewing / Trade Exhibition
Poster presenters in attendance for discussion
Note:
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All scientific sessions shall be in the Nirwana Ballroom 1, Lower Lobby
Poster presentations & trade exhibitions shall be in foyer area of Lower Lobby
Lunch shall be served at Nirwana Ballroom 3, Lower Lobby
Morning and afternoon refreshment shall be served around the poster and
trade exhibition area
2
SYMPOSIUM 2: Childhood Health & Nutrition (II)
Chairperson: Assoc Prof Dr Norimah A Karim
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
1430 hrs
Physical activity and sedentary lifestyle practices in relation
to body composition and body fat mass among Malay and
Chinese female adolescents in Kelantan, Malaysia
Teo Pey Sze
School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang
Kerian, Kelantan
1450 hrs
The relationship between media use and body mass index
(BMI) among secondary school students in Kuching South
City
Cheah Whye Lian
Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
1510 hrs
Effects of breakfast composition on cognitive performance in
high school children
Roxana Dev Omar Dev
Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies,
SYMPOSIUM 3: Young Investigator’s Symposium
Chairperson: Dr Yasmin Ooi
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
1530 hrs
Dietary diversity and nutritional status of Orang Asli
children (Jah Hut, Temuan and Che Wong) in Krau Wildlife
Reserve, Pahang
Chua EY & Zalilah MS
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and
Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
1550 hrs
Relationship between sleep duration and body mass index
(BMI) among Malaysian adults
Koay HH & Ismail MN
Department Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,
1610 hrs
Nutritional status and associated feeding practices among
Iban children in Sekuau Village, Sibu, Sarawak
Devebra Andira Mawar & Huang MSL
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and
Health Sciences,Universiti Putra Malaysia
3
1630 hrs
Validity and reliability of a physical activity questionnaire
for Malaysian adults
Pang YL & Wong JE
Department of Nutrition &Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health
1650 hrs
Factors associated with body weight status of adolescents
Choong S & Mohd Nasir MT
Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and
Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
1710 hrs
Compliance to vitamin and mineral supplementation among
pregnant women
Thirukkanesh S & Zahara AM
1730 hrs
Refreshment / Trade exhibition
4
DAY 2
FRIDAY 26 MARCH, 2010
SYMPOSIUM 4: Food and nutrient needs and performance
Chairperson:
Dr Tee E Siong
President, Nutrition Society of Malaysia
0900 hrs
The interactive roles of nutrition and cognitive ability in
children
Dr Ng Lai Oon
Health Psychology Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,
0930 hrs
Milk, a model for nutrition in the 21st Century
Prof Dr Bruce German
Department of Food Sciences and Technology, University of
California, Davis, USA
1000 hrs
Refreshment / Trade exhibition
1030 hrs
Vitamin D: its role in ensuring healthy children
Prof Dr Susan Whiting
College of Pharmacy & Nutrition,
University of Saskatchewan, Canada
1100 hrs
Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 2010
Prof Dr Mohd Ismail Noor
Chair, Technical Working Group on Nutritional Guidelines, NCCFN,
Ministry of Health Malaysia
c/o Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health
1200 hrs
Lunch
Poster Viewing / Trade Exhibition
Note:
 All scientific sessions shall be in the Nirwana Ballroom 1, Lower Lobby
 Poster presentations and trade exhibitions shall be in the foyer area of Lower
Lobby
 Lunch shall be served at Nirwana Ballroom 3, Lower Lobby
 Morning and afternoon refreshment shall be served around the poster and
trade exhibition area
SYMPOSIUM 5: Nutrition Potpourri
Chairperson:
Mahenderan Appukutty
Universiti Teknologi MARA
1445 hrs
Binge eating behavior is associated with obesity and high
caloric intake: a population based-study
Dr Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof
Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
5
1500 hrs
Taste alterations, taste preferences and eating behavior
among breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
treatment at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center
and Hospital Kuala Lumpur
Dr Suhaina Sulaiman
1515 hrs
Can Healthy Eating Index-2005 predict risk of breast cancer
among Malaysian women?
Mohd Razif Shahril
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health
Sciences, Universiti Darul Iman Malaysia, Kuala Terengganu
1530 hrs
Impact of nutritional status on the quality of life of advanced
cancer patients in hospice home care
Negar Shahmoradi
Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health
1545 hrs
Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid intakes amongst staff and
students at the International Medical University, Kuala
Lumpur
Assoc Prof Dr Tony Ng Kock Wai
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, International Medical
University, Kuala Lumpur
Prize Giving Ceremony
1600 hrs
Young Investigator’s Symposium
Best Undergraduate Poster Prize
1630 hrs
Refreshment
1715 hrs
25th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
(NSM Members Only)
Venue: Lower Penthouse, 30th Floor,
Crown Plaza Mutiara Hotel, Kuala Lumpur
2000 hrs
CONFERENCE DINNER
Venue: Windows on KL, 30th Floor
Crowne Plaza Mutiara Hotel, Kuala Lumpur
Dinner is only for pre-registered Conference participants and invited
guests
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The Nutrition Society of Malaysia has achieved an important milestone, in
having successfully concluded 25 years of activities in
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

promoting, advancing and disseminating the scientific knowledge of food
and nutrition; in promoting the interest of nutrition scientists in the
country;
facilitating communication and fostering friendship among nutrition
scientists;
informing the government with matters related to food and nutrition;
and
promoting healthy nutrition among the public
Many parties have contributed to the success achieved by the NSM. These
include many members who have contributed to the establishment of the NSM
and the advancement of its objectives and activities. Several members have
been recognized to have made outstanding contributions towards the success of
the NSM.
In commemoration of the 25th Anniversary of the Nutrition Society of Malaysia,
the 12th Council is pleased to present NSM Outstanding Contributions Award to
the following members:
Dr Chong Yoon Hin (L001)
Prof Dr Mohd Ismail Noor (L002)
Dr Tee E Siong (L003)
Assoc Prof Dr Tony Ng Kock Wai (L004)
Assoc Prof Dr Zaitun Yassin (L009)
Prof Dr Khor Geok Lin (L006)
Presented on 25 March 2010
9
The Nutrition Society of Malaysia is fully aware that it is with the support and
collaboration of various parties, including the corporate sector that the NSM has
been able to carry out its activities over the years.
In commemoration of the 25th Anniversary of the Nutrition Society of Malaysia,
the 12th Council of the NSM is pleased to recognize the following companies as
Partners in Nutrition Promotion of the NSM for their consistent collaboration
with us in promoting nutrition in the country:
Abbott Nutrition Malaysia
Beneo Asia Pacific Pte Ltd
Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad
F&N Beverages Marketing Sdn Bhd
Fonterra Brands (M) Sdn Bhd
GlaxoSmithKline
Consumer Healthcare Sdn Bhd
Malaysian Palm Oil Council
Mead Johnson Nutrition (M) Sdn Bhd
Nestlé Malaysia Berhad
Pepsico (M) Sdn Bhd
Roche (M) Sdn Bhd
Unilever (M) Holdings Sdn Bhd
Yakult (M) Sdn Bhd
Kraft (M) Sdn Bhd
Presented on 26 March 2010
10
Two types of NSM Prizes are awarded under the Education Fund of the
Nutrition Society of Malaysia, according to the Bye-Laws of the Society.
The NSM Undergraduate Prize is awarded for a thesis accepted for a
basic/first degree whereas the Postgraduate Prize is awarded for a thesis
accepted for a MSc or PhD. All prizes comprise a cash award and a
certificate. The total cash award for this year is RM3,750.
Three Post-Graduate Prizes were awarded to the following candidates:
1.
Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof
Randomized control trial of low glycaemic index against conventional
carbohydrate exchange diet on glycaemic control and metabolic
parameters in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (PhD thesis)
Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Ruzita Abd Talib
Co-supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Norimah A Karim
Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,
2.
Hasnah Haron
Calcium absorption and bioavailability of isoflavones from tempeh
compared to milk among post-menopausal Malay women (PhD thesis)
Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Amin Ismail1
Co-supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Suzana Shahar2, Dr Loh Su Peng1 & Dr
Azrina Azlan1
1Department
of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,
3.
Norsharina Ismail
Neuroprotective effects of Nigella Sativa Linn fractios and thymoquinone
on Alzheimer peptide A1-40-induced neurotoxicity in cultured primary
cerebellar granule neurons (MSc thesis)
Supervisor: Prof Dr Maznah Ismail1
Co-supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Latiffah Latiff 2, Prof Dr Musalmah Mazlan3
1Department
of Nutrition & Dietetics, 2Department of Community Health,
Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 3Faculty
of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
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Three Under-Graduate Prizes were awarded to the following candidates:
1.
Nurul Jannah Ahmad
Development of waist circumference percentiles for adolescents
2.
Sim Yeo Yuin
Relationship between eating habits of schoolchildren with family lifestyle
3.
Nurliyana binti Abdul Razak
Breakfast composition and cognitive functions in 11 year-old primary
school children in SK Likas, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
School of Food Science and Nutrition
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
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PERSATUAN PEMAKANAN MALAYSIA
(NUTRITION SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA)
Applications are invited for:
NSM Publication Prize 2011: Infant and Childhood Nutrition
Members of the Nutrition Society of Malaysia (NSM) are invited to apply for the NSM
Publication Prize: Infant and Childhood Nutrition.
Objective:
To encourage and promote local research publications on infant and childhood
nutrition
The Prize:
There shall be a maximum of 3 awards each year, each to carry a cash prize of
RM2,000 and a certificate by the NSM. For the years 2008-2015, this Prize shall be
sponsored by Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad.
Applications for the Prize:
Members of NSM are invited to submit their publications following a prescribed
procedure given below. Applications shall be considered by a Selection Committee.
The selection shall be based on a set of prescribed criteria described below.
Presentation of awards:
Prizes are to be presented during the opening ceremony of the Annual Scientific
Conference of the Nutrition Society of Malaysia. Winners shall be invited to attend the
ceremony, at his/her own expense, to receive the prize from the Guest of Honour
officiating the opening ceremony.
Application procedure:
1. The NSM Council shall invite applications for the Publication Prize through
NutriWeb (www.nutriweb.org.my), research institutions, academia and government
departments
2. Applicants must be Malaysian citizens and Ordinary (with no outstanding
membership fees) or Life members of NSM
3. Applicants must submit 10 copies of each published paper to be considered by the
Selection Committee and the following details:
a. Name
b. NSM membership number
c. Address of work place
d. Address for correspondence
e. Email, phone and fax
f. A note indicating intent to apply for consideration for the publication prize and
stating the number of publications submitted as well as the full details of each
publication (author(s), title of publication, journal details)
4. Provide a statement stating why the submitted publication(s) should be considered
for the Prize, pointing out, for example, significance of study and findings, its
usefulness and impact
5. Applications must be received before 28 Feb 2011
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6. All applications must reach the President at the following address before the
stipulated deadline:
President
Nutrition Society of Malaysia
c/o 46, Jalan SS22/32
47400 Petaling Jaya
Selangor DE
7. For enquiries, email the President at: [email protected]
Criteria for Selection:
1. Publication(s) submitted for consideration by the Selection Committee must be in
the field of nutrition of Malaysian infant and children (up to 18 years), arising from
human intervention, epidemiology or clinical studies or critical reviews
2. The publication(s) must be in the English language, published in a peer reviewed
journal, in the year 2005 and later. There is no limit to the number of publications
submitted for consideration.
3. The applicant must be the first author of the publication(s) submitted for
consideration
4. Selection of winners shall be based on multiple criteria, including relevance to
focus area of Publication Prize, relevance to national nutrition scene, soundness of
research methodology and overall presentation of the publication
5. Criteria for selection may be amended from time to time by the NSM Council
6. Decision of the Selection Committee is final
March 2010
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______________________________________________________________________________
Scientific posters have been grouped into the following themes and shall
be presented according to the following schedule:
Day 1: Poster themes A, C and F1
Day 2: Poster themes B, D, E and F2
Poster themes:
A= nutritional status (various groups) and community interventions
B= dietary intake, consumption pattern and diseases
C= nutrients and other components in food
D= clinical nutrition/intervention trials
E= food science and technology
F= experimental nutrition
The best 3 posters put up by undergraduates shall be awarded cash prizes !
Poster Presentations: Day 1
Group A: Nutritional Status (various groups) and Community
Interventions
A01
Relationship between body weight status, attitudes and strategies for
weight control behaviour among government staff in Bangunan
Persekutuan Pulau Pinang (BPPP)
Aina Mardiah B & Hazizi AS
A02
The impact of BMI and gender on health related quality of life (HRQoL)
Ang JC & Ismail MN
A03
Determination of folate status among Malaysians by using
microbiological assay
Chew SC, Loh SP & Khor GL
A04
Relationship between understanding and usage of nutritional labelling
with socio-demographic factors, food intake and nutritional status
among adults in Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur
Chong WK, Hasnah H, Suhaina S & Hanis Mastura Y
15
A05
Assessment of nutritional status of Iranian postgraduate students in
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Fatemeh Zarei, Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib, Hazizi Abu Saad, and Maryam
Zarei
A06
Relationship between body composition and nutritional status with bone
ultrasound measurement in children
Fong CY & Poh BK
A07
Factors associated with energy balance among athletes of selected sports
in National Sports Institute, Bukit Jalil
Gary Arwin & Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib
A08
Relationship between body weight, dietary calcium intake and physical
activity level with bone health status among adolescents
Goh SK & Chan YM
A09
Environmental factors and child malnutrition among 3 to 5 years old
children in Baghdad city, Iraq
Hasanain Faisal Ghazi & Jamsiah Mustafa
A10
The association between birth weight and nutritional status of primary
school children in Bachok, Kelantan
Hasmiza H, Pim CD, Wan Manan WM, Hamid Jan JM
A11
Weight management practices of adults in Kampung Suba Bau, Sarawak
Hilda Shatilla I & Hazizi AS
A12
An email-linked-website intervention improves knowledge on cancer
related nutrition and lifestyle risk factors
Kandiah M, Ang YK, Zalilah MS, Hazizi AS and Chan YM
A13
Perceived barriers to physical activity among Malay men in Kuala
Lumpur
Lai LJ & Norimah AK
A14
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults in Bachok,
Kelantan using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and National
Cholesterol Education Program Adults Treatment Panel III (ATPIII)
criteria
Laila Ruwaida MZ, Nur Firdaus I, Wan Manan WM and Hamid Jan JM
A15
Physical activity barriers among Malay primary school children in rural
area of Selangor
Lee CH & Norimah AK
A16
Development and validation of physical activity questionnaire for
Malaysian children aged10-12 years old
Lim KN, Ong WW, Wong JE & Poh BK
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A17
Bone health status and its relationship with osteoporosis self-efficacy,
dietary calcium intake and physical activity among Chinese female
teachers
Lim RH & Zaitun Y
A18
Relationship between the understanding of dietary guidelines of
Malaysia and healthy lifestyle among Malay adults in Kuala Lumpur
Mah CH & Norimah AK
A19
Relationship between osteoporosis knowledge, dietary calcium intake
and physical activities with bone health status among secondary school
students aged 15-17 years old
Mak PW & Zaitun Y
A20
Development, validity and reliability of a Pregnancy Symptoms
Questionnaire for nutritional study
Marhazlina M, Loy SL, Nik Mohamed Zaki NM, Nor Azwany Y & Hamid
Jan JM
A21
Metabolic syndrome and its components among normal weight,
overweight and obese adolescents in Kuala Lumpur
Mazliyana M, Poh BK & Ismail MN
A22
Validation of body composition among elderly using three different
techniques: dual energy x-ray absorbtiometry, bio-impedance analysis
and skinfolds
Mohamad Hasnan A, Suzana S, Zahara AM, Noor Ibrahim MS, Zaitun MY
& Norshafarina S
A23
Physical activity pattern and quality of life (QoL) among primary school
children with normal body mass index (BMI) using accelerometer
Nathirah M, Nur Hana H, Sharifah Wajihah Wafa SSTW & Ruzita AT
A24
Weight management behaviours among participants registered in a
weight management programme
Noor Shuhadah S & Hazizi AS
A25
Impacts of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of nutrition level
and physical activity level of parents in influencing changes of BMI z
score of obese child underwent MASCOT programme
Nor Hidayah A, Sharifah Wajihah Wafa SSTW, Reilly JJ, Ruzita AT,
Nurhana H
A26
Nutritional status and health behaviours among teachers in Marang,
Terengganu
Nor Izzati Aqmar AR & Rokiah MY
A27
Assessment of nutritional status, appetite and depression among male
patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at Institution
Medical Respiratory and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center
Norazida AB, Suzana S & Elham P
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A28
Risk behaviors on body weight management among Malay women in
Kuala Lumpur
Nurrus Saadah MG, Norimah AK & Zawaha HI
A29
Association of nutritional status with cognitive function and behavioral
problems among primary school children in Ledang district, Johor
Nurul Fatihah Hanim G & Zahara AM
A30
The relationship between nutritional status and early childhood caries
(ECC) among preschool children in Tumpat district, Kelantan
Ruhaya H, Jaafar N, Marhazlinda J, Ismail AR, Ismail NM, Badariah TC ,
Zaiton MS and Mat A
A31
The relationship between oral health and nutritional status among older
adults aged 55 years and above
Shareena Delaila MS, Zaitun Y & Tanti Irawati R
A32
Comparison of bone health status between Chinese lacto-ovo vegetarians
and vegans in Klang Valley
Shu PS & Chan YM
A33
Determinants of physical activity among working women
Siti Affira K, Mohd Nasir MT, Hazizi AS, Kandiah M
A34
Relationship between body weight status with knowledge, attitude and
practices towards body weight management among adolescents in
secondary school, in Putrajaya
Siti Fatimah K & Rokiah MY
A35
Factors associated with eating behavior among athletes in Universiti
Putra Malaysia
Siti Norsafiah MY & Mohd Nasir MT
A36
Nutritional status of spastic children in a spastic centre
Mohana Devi K & Snigdha M
A37
Determination of mothers‟ perception towards their preschooler‟s body
weight index (BMI) status in Felda settlements Segamat Johor
Sulaiman MM & Zahara AM
A38
Relationship between osteoporosis health belief, dietary calcium intake
and physical activity with bone health status among male
undergraduates
Tan SSK & Zaitun Y
A39
Health-related behaviors among a sample of undergraduate students at
a local public university
Tee YYS & Zaitun Y
A40
Pedometer-determined physical activity levels in primary school children
Wee BS, Poh BK, Bulgiba AM, Ruzita AT & Ismail MN
18
A41
Nutritional adequacy of children and adolescents in selected
orphanages, Selangor
Joseph Wong Kwong Yee & Snigdha M
A42
Weight management knowledge and body image perception of a cohort of
nurses from private hospitals in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Karen Wong Pye Yen & Yim Hip Seng
A43
Relationship between screen time, snacking during screen time and
physical activity with body weight status among school children in
Kamunting, Perak
Yuhanis Auri AK & Rokiah MY
A44
Nutritional status and stages of change in body weight management and
exercise among Malay government staff in Kangar, Perlis
Zahratul Nur Kalmi & Hazizi Abu Saad
A45
Relationship between bone health status and anthropometric
measurements among young adults at a local public university
Maryam V, Zaitun Y, Tan SKK and Chan YM
A46
Determinants of physical activity-friendly neighborhoods for children in
Klang Valley, Malaysia
Zamri MM & Ismail MN
Group C: Nutrients and Other Components in Food
C01
Total dietary fibre and mineral content of jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam.) cv. Madu pulp
Ang YC & Ahmad R
C02
Total active vitamin C of selected tropical and temperate fruits
Ani Fadhlina Mustaffa & Aminah Abdullah
C03
Antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation of bitter melon (Momordica
charantia) tea
Aminah Abdullah & Anna Permatasari Kamarudin
C04
Characteristics of seeds and seed oil of „Timun Betik‟ (Cucumis sativus L.)
Azie AO & Nor Hayati I
C05
Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content in selected legume
leaves
Fazrina J & Azrina A
C06
Determination of antioxidant activities, total phenolic content and total
flavonoid in microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and Chaetoceros gracilis
Huang SY & Loh SP
19
C07
C08
Comparative study on total lipid determination and Fatty Acids Methyl
(FAME) preparation methods in determining trans fatty acids in human
milk
Ili Dalila T & Norhaizan ME
The effects of cooking methods on the bioaccessibility of carotenoids
from selected vegetables
Kew ZK & Loh SP
C09
Flavonoids content in pink-flesh guava fruit and byproducts
Khalid Hamid Musa & Aminah Abdullah
C10
Comparison of extraction methods on fatty acids composition and
carotenoids from marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata and
Chaetoceros gracilis
Lee SP & Loh SP
C11
Antioxidant activity and vitamins antioxidants of different parts of Carica
papaya
Maisarah AM & Asmah R
C12
Antioxidant properties of virgin coconut oil
Marina AM, Che Man YB & Amin I
C13
Proximate content and fatty acid composition of germinated legumes
(soy, kidney, mung bean and peanut)
Megat Rusydi MR & Azrina A
C14
Glycemic index of twelve varieties of rice in Malaysia
Noraini K, Ruzita AT & Norimah AK
C15
Proximate content and fatty acid composition of germinated rice varieties
Noraliza CW & Azrina A
C16
Determination of trans fatty acids in various biscuit products
Norhayati M & Azrina A
C17
Antioxidant components and capacity of underutilized vegetables
commonly consumed among Orang Asli in Pahang
Norsuhaila AW & Amin I
C18
Determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid, vitamin C and vitamin E
as well as antioxidant activities of durian, cempedak and jackfruit seeds
Nurul Amira B & Asmah R
C19
Glycemic index determination of three local sweet kuih
Nurul Hidayah A, Nik Shanita S & Hasnah H
C20
Comparison of total phenolic, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid, beta
carotene and lycopene content as well as antioxidant activity of papaya
in fresh and pickles form
Nurul Shazini R & Asmah R
20
C21
Nutrient composition of underutilised vegetables commonly consumed
among Orang Asli in Pahang
Rohaina A & Amin I
C22
Proximate and dietary fiber content among local sweet potato in
Malaysia
Sabeetha S, Nor Azmah U & Nazarifah I
C23
Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content in oven-dried and freezedried legume leaves
Saw YS & Azrina A
C24
Antioxidant capacity and total phenolics content of three selected
Garcinia fruits
Tang ST & Amin I
C25
Comparison of total phenolic content, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity
and antioxidant vitamins of fresh bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi) and star fruit
(Averrhoa carambola) to their dry forms
Yan SW & Asmah R
C26
Determination of β-carotene and lycopene contents in cherry tomato,
pink guava and red grapefruit
Ying SW & Amin I
C27
Antioxidant properties and polyphenolic compounds of selected local
fruit juices in Malaysia
Zabidah AA & Amin I
Group F1: Animal and Experimental Nutrition
F01
F02
Effects of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chaetoceros gracilis on key
enzymes related to diabetes and hypertension
Azlin ZAA & Loh SP
Inhibitory potential of phenolics on selected Malaysian plants against key
enzymes related to type 2 diabetes and hypertension
Hadira O & Loh SP
F03
Cytotoxicity of glutamate in human glial cell
Mohd Shazuan Irwan MS, Khaza’ai H & Mutalib MSA
F04
Effect of Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott extract on the
proliferation of colon cancer (HT-29), liver cancer (HepG2), breast cancer
(MCF-7) and ovary cancer (Caov-3) cell lines
Nor Zuriati M & Norhaizan ME
F05
Total antioxidant activities and anti-proliferative effects of rice germ
extracts on proliferation of colon (HT-29), ovary (Caov3) and liver
(HepG2) cancer cell lines
Suhaniza Hasnur J & Norhaizan ME
21
Group B: Dietary Intake, Consumption Pattern and
Association with Diseases
B01
Development of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for sugar among
adults in Klang Valley
Abu Hanifah S, Nik Shanita S & Norimah AK
B02
Risk behaviours in food consumption pattern and physical activity
among adults in Kuala Lumpur
Asyraf MAM, Norimah AK & Zawaha HI
B03
The influence of dietary composition and sugar intakes of daily diet on
weight status among adults in Klang Valley
Celciar Hor CY & Nik Shanita S
B04
Body image as a mediator between socio-cultural factors and disordered
eating behaviors in adolescent girls
Chin YS, Mohd Nasir MT, Zalilah MS, and Khor GL
B05
Eating frequency and nutritional status of adolescents (aged 13 to 14
years) in Puchong, Selangor
Chong SY & Zalilah MS
B06
Perceptions of athletes on the food service quality of the Athlete‟s
Cafeteria at the National Sports Council of Malaysia
Chua CH & Rosita J
B07
Nutrient intakes of low income households in Kampung Tebobon, Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah
Dora LAL & Ooi YBH
B08
Comparison of postnatal body mass index changes between exclusive
breastfeeding mothers and combined feeding mothers
Farah AA & Zahara AM
B09
Eating behavior, physical activity and body weight status among
adolescents in Kuantan, Pahang
Farah Wahida Z, Mohd Nasir MT & Hazizi AS
B10
Development of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Malaysian
children aged 7-9 years old
Fatihah F, Ng BK, Ong WW, Norimah AK & Poh BK
B11
Snacking pattern, physical activity level and weight status among
adolescents
Foo FY & Rosita J
22
B12
Physical activity and body image as predictors of disordered eating
among Malaysian university students
Gan WY, Mohd Nasir MT, Zalilah MS & Hazizi AS
B13
An LP analysis of optimal diet plan for Malaysian male adults
Hasfaliza T, Safiah MY, Adibah S & Pa’ezah H
B14
The relationship between “family food environment” factors and
nutritional status of 4-6-year-old preschoolers in Teluk Intan, Perak
Heng PP & Khor GL
B15
Abnormal eating pattern among overweight and obese Malay adolescents
in Klang Valley
Kok YS & Ismail MN
B16
Relationship between sweetened beverages intake with body mass index
and dietary intake among teenagers in Klang
Lee HP & Norimah AK
B17
Association between Vitamin A and Vitamin E Status and Apolipoprotein
E with Mild Cognitive Impairment among Elderly People in Cheras
Lim CL, Lee LK, Suzana S, Norfadilah R & Mohd Fairulnizal MN
B18
Family meal patterns and nutritional status of adolescents in Puchong,
Selangor
Lim MY & Zalilah MS
B19
The acceptance, preference and consumption of tofu and egg tofu by
Chinese in Klang Valley and northern Malaysia
Maizura Murad, Aminah Abdullah & Wan Aida Wan Mustapha
B20
Body weight status and dietary habits of adolescents studying at the
Iranian secondary school in Kuala Lumpur
Maryam Zarei, Huang MSL, Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib & Fatemeh Zarei
B21
Prevalence of overweight and obesity and food intake pattern in Malay
pregnant women in Kuala Lumpur
Nadrah F & Ismail MN
B22
Assessing the dietary intake and anthropometric status of children
treated for leukemia at two hospitals in Kuala Lumpur
Nadrah MH, Tan SY, Nurul Jannah A & Poh BK
B23
Food at Home (FAH) & Food Away from Home (FAFH) of married couples
living in an urban area in Selangor
Asma’ A, Nawalyah AG, Rokiah MY & Mohd Nasir MT
B24
Factor analysis on dietary patterns and risk of oral cancer in Peninsula
Malaysia
Helen-Ng LC, Razak IA, Ghani WMN, Marhazlinda J, Norlida A, Raja
Latifah RJ & Zain RB
23
B25
Child feeding practices and childhood overweight
Ng MJ, Khor GL, Zalilah MS1 & Amir Hamzah AL
B26
Disordered eating attitudes among adolescent girls in Kuala Terengganu,
Terengganu
Noor Farahi K & Wan A Manan WM
B27
Dietary pattern analysis related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
among elderly people in Cheras
Noorashikin R & Suzana S
B28
Multiple exposures to target vegetables among preschoolers in Muar
district: What is the effect to target vegetable acceptance?
Noradilah MJ & Zahara AM
B29
Food preferences among Malay adolescents - Traditional, Western or
fusion?
Normaini CA & Poh BK
B30
Relationship of knowledge, attitude and practices with cardiovascular
disease (CVD) risk factors among teachers in Puchong, Selangor
Norshafawati AA & Nawalyah AG
B31
Assessment of validity and reproducibility of newly modified dietary food
frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in assessing dietary intake of Malay
school-aged boys and girls in Kelantan
Nurul-Fadhilah A, Teo PS & Foo LH
B32
Development of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among infants in
Malaysia
Ooi SY, Ng BK, Ong WW, Norimah AK & Poh BK
B33
Energy, nutrients intake and physical activity level of overweight/obese
and normal-weight elderly in Klang Valley
Rabiatul Adawiyah H & Ismail MN
B34
Urinary iodine and iodised salt consumption status: findings from
national iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) survey 2008
Rusidah S, Wan Nazaimoon WM, Ahmad Ali Z, Nor Syamlina CAR,
Suhaila AG & Tahir A
B35
Snacks and fast foods intake among primary school children: a
preliminary study
Sharifah Intan Zainun SI, Shohaimi S & Kandiah M
B36
Breakfast consumption and nutritional status among adolescents
Soo TF & Zalilah MS
24
B37
Changes in dietary intake among two years post-diagnosis of breast
cancer survivors
Soraya Hanie S, Suhaina S, Mohd Razif S, Nor Aina E & Sharifah Noor
Akmal SH
B38
Dietary Calcium intake and bone health status in normal, overweight
and obese postmenopausal women aged 50-65 years old in Tehran, Iran
Tajik E, Zalilah MS, Chan YM & Rasouli B
B39
Eating attitude, dietary practices and body image perception among a
sample of female adolescents in Klang, Selangor
Tiew SH
B40
Dietary zinc and iron intake of thalassemia children and effect to
cognitive performance
Tok PC, Noor Aini MY, Zahara BAM & Saffiyah AA
B41
Perceived benefits and perceived barriers of fat reduction and eating
more fruits and vegetables among adults
Wong CY, Zalilah MS, Mirnalini Kandiah & Mohd Nasir MT
B42
Factors associated with dietary supplement use among fitness club
members in Klang Valley
Wong LH & Mohd Nasir MT
B43
Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ): associations
with BMI and dietary fat intake of primary school children
Wong YW, Shohaimi S & Zalilah MS
Group D: Clinical Nutrition/Intervention trials
D01
Design and feasibility of a website aimed at promoting cancer prevention
through modification of nutrition and lifestyle factors
Ang YK, Kandiah M, Zalilah MS, Hazizi AS & Chan YM
D02
Beneficiary effects of dietary soy on improving features of metabolic
syndrome among elderly women
Bakhtiari A, Zaitun Y, Asmah R, Zaiton A & Hanachi P
D03
Quality of life of thalassemia children and their caregiver
Choong YC, Noor Aini MY & Suzana S
D04
Validation of the Kenz Lifecorder e-Steps accelerometer for assessing
steps count and energy expenditure
Heng Kiang Soon & Hazizi Abu Saad
25
D05
Complications of diabetes mellitus type 2 among long-term patients in
relation to knowledge, attitudes, and practices at Klinik Kesihatan
Sarikei, Sarawak
Lim SSE & Nawalyah AG
D06
Changes in dietary behaviors among colorectal cancer patients in
Hospital Kuala Lumpur
Nazihah MP & Kandiah M
D07
Nutritional status of colorectal cancer patients in Hospital Selayang,
Selangor
Noor Hanida MR & Kandiah M
D08
Relationship between frequency and meal timing on body composition
among outpatients at UKM Medical Center
Nor Syamila S, Nik Shanita S & Samirah Taufik AW
D09
Effect of addition of fresh mango flesh in bread on blood glucose
response
Nur Azlin I, Nazution Z & Hayati MY
D10
Changes in health behaviors among adults diagnosed with colorectal
cancer
Nurul Ain S & Kandiah M
D11
Evaluation of the nutritional status, antioxidant status and respiratory
function among male COPD patients
Pirabbasi E, Shahar S, Abdul Manaf Z, Rajab N, Abdul Manap R, Ahmad
Mahayiddin A
D12
Nutritional status and food intake of cancer patients at Imam Khomeini
Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Samarghand E, Suhaina S, Ali M, Mohd Razif S & Nik Shanita S
D13
Life style practices after diagnosis of colorectal cancer
Sathiya Devi R, Kandiah M, Vaidehi U, Zalina Z, Faizal JA, Fijeraid H &
Normayah K
D14
Sociodemographic profile, anthropometric and dietary status of male HIV
patient in Sungai Buloh Hospital
Siti Nurhamiza R, Roslee R, Wan Zakiah WAR & Lee KC
D15
Prevalence of obesity among patients with colorectal cancer
Vaidehi U, Kandiah M, Sathiya Devi R, Zalina Z, Faizal JA, Fijeraid H,
Normayah K & Gooi BH
D16
Study of knowledge, practice, emotion and food intake among male HIV
patients at Hospital Sungai Buloh
Wan Zakiah WAR; Nurhamiza R Roslee R1& Lee KC
26
D17
Effects of combined supplementation of caffeine and Panax ginseng on
cardiovascular parameters and thermoregulation during endurance
performance in the heat
Fadzel Wong Chee Ping, Amit Bandyopadhyay & Chen Chee Keong
D18
Assessment of physical activity level among hemodialysis patients
Wong SW & Chan YM
Group E: Food Science and Technology
E01
Chemical and organoleptic characteristics of traditional Malaysian dadih
Nifea, Ahmad R & Putra AP
E02
Colour and betalain content in spray dried powder of red pitaya
(Hylocereus polyrhizus) juice
Chemah TC, Aminah A, Wan Aida WM & Noriham A
E03
Effect of soymilk on fat content and sensory acceptance of nasi lemak
(rice cooked in coconut milk)
Cheong KM, Nasution Z & Nor Hayati I
E04
Improvement of fiber content in bread with the incorporation of mango
peel powder
Erma Nur Shadila & Z Nasution
E05
Chemical and organoleptic properties of pineapple (Ananas comosus)
flavored dadih
Nifea, Ahmad R & Putra AP
E06
Modified starch from local sweet potato as potential ingredient for glass
noodles
Nor Azmah U, Mohd. Kamal AK & Zaiton A
E07
Physicochemical characteristics of starch extracted from ubi keling
(Plectranthus rotundifolius)
Nur Salwa S & Nor Hayati I
E08
Effects of texture and colour on comminuted beef and chicken meat
substituted with different levels of Zea mays hairs
Nurhanan AR, Wan Rosli WI & Mohsin SSJ
E09
Effect of oil and emulsifier concentrations on stability and properties of
catfish oil-in-water emulsions
Nurul Najwa MY & Nor Hayati I
E10
Effect of modified yam starch on the physical properties and stability of
model low-fat mayonnaises
Shamini NA & Nor Hayati I
27
F06
Effect of spray dried red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) powdered
supplementation on plasma glucose level of induced hyperglycemic rats
Mohd Asyran MN & Rokiah MY
F07
Effect of spray dried red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) powdered
supplementation on plasma lipid profile in diet-induced
hypercholesterolemic rats
Muhamad Mursyid I & Rokiah MY
F08
Pink guava (Psidium guajava) puree intake improved lipid profile of high
fat diet (HFD) induced-obese rats
Ayub MY, Mamot S, Norazmir MN, Hadijah H, Jeeven K & Wan Abd Aziz
WM
F09
Lipid and urine profile of high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity rat
supplemented with pink guava fruit leather
Ayub Mohd Yatim, Norlia Jainal & Norazmir Md Nor
28
Name of company
Table number (s)
Ajinomoto (M) Bhd
12
BENEO Asia Pacific Pte Ltd
Carotino Sdn Bhd
7&8
13A
Direct Access
14 & 15
1&2
19
3&4
GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare
5&6
Heinz Sinsin Pte Ltd
13
Kotra Pharma (M) Sdn Bhd
9 & 10
Nestle Malaysia Bhd
16, 17 & 18
Yakult (M) Sdn Bhd
11
Placement of advertisements in this Souvenir Programme and display of
products and services in the trade exhibition do not necessarily imply
endorsement of these products and services by the Nutrition Society of
Malaysia
29
41
42
Day 1
Symposium 1:
Childhood Health & Nutrition (I)
“Healthy Children, Healthier Nation – Start Young” Nutrition
Month Malaysia 2010
Tee E Siong
Chairman, Steering Committee, Nutrition Month Malaysia 2010
Initiated in 2002, Nutrition Month Malaysia (NMM) has been observed in the month of
April for the past 8 years. The objective of NMM is to promote greater awareness and the
practice of healthy eating, in line with the Government‟s healthy lifestyle programme.
The NMM project is a collaborative effort among fellow professional bodies, namely the
Nutrition Society of Malaysia (NSM), Malaysian Dietitians‟ Association (MDA), and
Malaysian Association for the Study of Obesity (MASO). The project also has the support
of the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), particularly the Nutrition Division. For the
year 2010, the Ministry of Education is also collaborating in this programme.
During NMM, a number of activities have been carried out, using a variety of approaches
and media, to further raise the visibility of nutrition. Different themes have been selected
for each NMM. The topics given focus over the years were:
2002:
2003:
2004:
2005:
2006:
2007:
2008:
2009:
Building Healthy Families
Healthy Eating, Healthy Life
Eat Right, Work Well
Youth & Nutrition: Future Of The Nation
Women & Nutrition
Adolescents & Nutrition
Eat Right, Enjoy Life
Healthy Children, Healthier Nation
Available data from various studies have highlighted the underweight and overweight
problems affecting children in Malaysia, as well as iron deficiency anaemia, vitamin A
deficiency and iodine deficiency disorder as among the most important micronutrient
deficiencies. The National Plan for Nutrition of Malaysia (NPANM II 2006-2015) has
therefore given due focus to improving the nutritional status of children in the country.
In cognizance of the importance of improving the nutritional status of Malaysian
children, NMM will for the second consecutive year, focus on children but now moving on
to the next phase which is the primary school aged children (ages 7 – 12 years). This is
an important phase of children‟s life to start inculcating healthy eating habits from
young, which will provide a strong foundation as they grow into adulthood.
43
With the theme „Healthy Children, Healthier Nation – Start Young‟, NMM is intended to
empower parents to raise healthy, active children. NMM will focus on bringing about
greater awareness of the importance of optimum nutrition, physical activities and
hygiene in children to all parents and caretakers; thus equipping them with basic
knowledge about child nutrition and practical guides. It is a call for all stakeholders
(government, industry, professional organisations, consumer bodies and the public) to
collaborate in promoting healthier Malaysian children.
In celebrating NMM 2010, we will be conducting various activities targeting both parents
and primary school children. The “hero” of NMM 2010 shall be the two publications,
namely Smart Nutrition for Your Growing, Active Kids which is a guide book for parents
and Kembara Alam Sam, a comic & activity booklet for children.
The Smart Nutrition guide book is an informative publication that aims to empower
parents by providing them with simple basic knowledge about nutrition; meal planning;
healthy cooking as well as healthy eating guides including the child food pyramid. This
book also aims to help parents inculcate healthy eating habits in children as well as
imparting nutrition knowledge in them; which eventually will stand them in good stead
as they grow into adulthood.
Educating children on healthy eating has always been a challenge. As such, the comic &
activity booklet Kembara Alam Sam is developed to spark children‟s interest to learn the
basics of healthy eating and healthy living through fun, interesting stories. The book also
has sections on simple activities to reinforce the key messages and thus making learning
fun. This would go a long way towards promoting optimal nutrition and inculcating
healthy eating habits and physical activity into our younger generation.
Apart from these two publications, there will be a number of educational press articles to
reach out to all parents throughout the country. The first 4 articles have been scheduled
for publication from mid April till first week of May. All these write ups, to be published
in an English, Malay and Chinese national newspaper, are focused on various aspects of
nutrition for primary school children, including tips on empowering primary school
children on healthy eating . The second series of press articles is targeted for publication
throughout the month of May till early July; tackling issues on appropriate snacking
habits, making meals fun, healthy living, healthy digestive system and probiotics.
In addition to these print educational campaigns, various out-reach activities targeting
both the children and parents have also been planned. The main highlight is the series of
fun-educational school road shows called Nutrifun which will be conducted in 65 schools
in the Klang Valley. Through these road shows, NMM hopes to impart simple yet fun,
basic healthy eating messages to the primary school children. Messages will be conveyed
directly to students through a „fun story-telling session.‟ It is also through these road
shows that the educational materials, such as the comic & activity booklet, educational
classroom posters and a book mark will be distributed.
To further reinforce the importance of healthy eating amongst primary school children,
NMM will also carry out an inter-school contest titled, “Buku Skrap Sihatku”. This
contest aims to encourage children to express their learnings from the “NutriFun” school
road show into a scrap book. In this contest, the schools will be looped in to encourage
their respective students to participate.
For the parents and the masses at large, the highlight will be a family carnival titled
“Healthy Children, Healthier Nation – Start Young“, scheduled on May 15-16 in Mid Valley
Exhibition Centre. This two-day event will have a wide range of fun-filled and educational
activities for all members of the family; such as family and child nutrition screening,
44
children‟s performances, interactive games/activities
giveaways/samplings by the sponsors of NMM 2010.
at
NutriActive
Corner
and
Throughout all these years, NMM is able to successfully conduct all these activities
targeted at the masses only because of the generosity from several caring corporate
citizens in the country. The Steering Committee of NMM gratefully acknowledges their
generous support.
Particularly for the year 2010, we truly appreciate the collaboration of the Ministry of
Education to enable us to reach out to the primary targets of our project, the primary
school children.
There is a need to continue to empower Malaysians with healthy eating knowledge. There
is a need for continuous efforts to provide more unbiased nutrition information to the
public. There is therefore a need for Nutrition Month Malaysia to continue; and grow and
reach out to all corners of the country, all segments of the population.
It is certainly not sufficient just to have a few booklets published and a dozen articles in
the press and magazines. We need to disseminate these information to the people. We
need the help of all of you at the community level to assist in this. We need you as a
nutritionist, a dietitian, a food scientist, a doctor, a health professional, an academician,
and even you as a member of the community to help promote the messages of NMM, to
promote healthy eating.
I am of the belief that there are people who benefit from these activities. I urge you to do
your bit in promoting NMM 2010.
Prevalence and trends in childhood obesity in Malaysia
Ismail MN, Ruzita AT1, Norimah AK1, Poh BK1, Nik Shanita S1, Nik Mazlan M1,
Roslee R1, Nurunnajiha N1, Wong JE1, Nur Zakiah MS2 and Raduan S3.
1Department
of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of
Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 3Department of Mass
Communication, Faculty of Creative Industries, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
Obesity has reached epidemic globally and the prevalence of obesity rises dramatically in
the Asia-Pacific area including Malaysia. Over 155 million school-age children are
overweight and this generation is the first predicted to have a shorter lifespan than their
parents (IASO, 2009). Cross-sectional studies can often be useful in providing a
“snapshot” view of the prevalence of obesity at a given time. However, the estimation of
the prevalence and secular trends in childhood obesity, both within and between
countries has been severely restricted by the wide range of different definitions and cutoff points for overweight and obesity in different populations of children. Numerous local
studies have reported prevalence of childhood obesity over the last decades, including
the NHMS (2006). This paper will focus on prevalence and trends of overweight and
obesity among primary school children aged 6 to 12 years old in four regions of
Peninsular Malaysia in two separate studies – survey I (2001/02) involving 11,264
children and survey II (2007-08) involving 9987 children. The prevalence was estimated
using both the Cole et al. (2000) cut-off points and the recently introduced WHO (2007)
growth reference. The prevalence of overweight children increased by 5% using the Cole
et al. (2000) as compared to only 1.8% using WHO (2007). Obesity prevalence among the
children recorded an increase of 2.5% (Cole et al. 2000) as compared to 3.9% (WHO
2007). Overall, the increase in prevalence of overweight and obesity using Cole et al.
45
(2000) was 1.8% higher as compared to (WHO, 2007). However, the study also revealed
that the percentage of obesity in both surveys increased markedly using the WHO (2007)
growth reference. This paper will also highlight differences between region, sex, ethnic
and urban and rural settings. In conclusion, there is an apparent trend of a steady rise
in prevalence of overweight and obesity among children aged 6-12 years from 16.4% to
24% using (Cole et al. 2007) and from 20.7% to 26.4% using (WHO 2007), between 2002
and 2008. Further studies to compare trends in childhood obesity using appropriate
reference cut-off points are still required to determine the seriousness of the problem in
Malaysia over time.
Are Malaysian school-aged children physical active?
Poh Bee Koon
Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur.
Physical activity has been positively associated with health and well-being, while
inactivity is recognised as an important determinant of chronic diseases. In children, the
benefits of physical activity beyond the prevention of obesity and chronic diseases are the
more immediate benefits on increasing bone density, aerobic endurance and muscle
strength, as well as better self-esteem and lower levels of stress and anxiety. This
presentation will review the existing data on physical activity pattern of Malaysian
children. A literature search found no published article specifically addressing the
physical activity of primary school-aged children in Malaysia. Limited data was found on
participation in physical activity and the majority of these studies were based on selfreport. In recent years, however, it is known that more studies have been conducted
which assess the physical activity pattern of schoolchildren using mostly self-report
methods, as well as less-commonly objective methods such as pedometers or
accelerometers. Generally, these studies report high proportions of participation in
sedentary activities (30 – 97%), such as television viewing, studying or doing homework,
reading, and playing computer or video games; and less participation in moderate to
vigorous intensity physical activities (20 – 62%), such as walking, jogging/running,
badminton, football, and cycling. All studies reported that boys were more physically
active than girls, and the majority of them found that physical activity decreased among
older children. It must be noted, however, that many of these studies were conducted in
the Klang Valley, and only two provided nationwide data. Methodological issues also
need to be addressed as many studies did not use validated physical activity
questionnaires.
The association between BMI and hemoglobin concentration
to physical fitness of elementary school-age children in
Kartasura, Central Java, Indonesia
Listyani Hidayati1, Endang Nurwidyaningsih1, Siti Zulaekah1, Dwi Sarbini1,
Isnaeni Herawati2
1Department
of nutrition, Health Sciences Faculty, Muhammadiyah University, Surakarta,
Center Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Physiotherapy, Health Sciences Faculty,
Muhammadiyah University, Surakarta, Center Java, Indonesia.
46
Anemia is one of the major health problems for almost half of children in developing
countries, including in Indonesia. In addition to anemia, problems related to school
children are undernutrition and overweight.
Anemia and nutritional status can
influence the physical fitness of children. The objective of this study is to analyze the
association between BMI and hemoglobin concentration with physical fitness of
elementary school-age children. The research was conducted using the crossectional
design. The subjects consisted of 186 children aged 8-12 y from public school,
Kartasura, Central Java, Indonesia. The measurement for haemoglobin was performed
by applying cyanmenthemoglobin method. The anthropometrical indicator was used to
see the nutritional status by using BMI for the school-aged children. Physical fitness was
measured by the children activity in bench stepping up and down with the protocol from
the Havard Step Test. Subjects who suffer anemia reach 11.29% of the total samples.
According the BMI indicator 25.41% of the samples are thin and 2.7% are in overweight
condition, and 8.65% are in obesity. Physical fitness index shows that the number of
subject in poor-moderate category is 22.04%. The result of the correlation test
demonstrates that there is not any relation between BMI and the physical fitness index
(p=0.837) and also between Hb concentration and the physical fitness index (p=0.448).
The results of the study prove that there is not any relation between BMI and
Hemogloblin concentration to the subjects physical fitness. This suggests that other
factors other than BMI and haemoglobin concentration should be considered in seeing
the children physical fitness.
Sustainability and continuity of School Milk Programme in
Peninsular Malaysia
Aminah Abdullah
School of Chemical Science and Food Technology,Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.43600 UKM-Bangi
School Milk Programme (SMP) was introduced as a welfare program by the
administration of the British army after World War II. However, in 1985 the SMP was
taken over by the government and was extended to the whole nation. By 1997 a total of
9.5 millions packet of chocolate-flavoured milk amounting to RM7.5 million were given to
eligible primary school children. This programme was fully supported by the government
through the School Division, Ministry of Education. Eligible school children were from
hard core poor and poor families with income level below RM500. It is anticipated that
SMP will play a very important role in inculcating and maintaining milk drinking habit
until adulthood and beyond. However, this vital health implicating programme was
suspended since 2007 due to sporadic food poisoning reported to be due to school milk.
While other countries are finding means and ways to improve and encourage every
primary school child to drink milk through SMP, we in Malaysia is putting the
programme to a temporary halt. Current issues related to SMP and possible participation
benefits of SMP to manufacturers, schools/canteen operators and students will be
addressed. This paper will highlight the evolution of SMP in Malaysia, its importance to
health and reasons why SMP should be resumed and sustained. Comparisons of
implementation SMP in Malaysia and other South East Asian countries will be included.
47
Symposium 2:
Childhood Health & Nutrition (II)
Physical activity and sedentary lifestyle practices in relation
to body composition and body fat mass among Malay and
Chinese female adolescents in Kelantan, Malaysia
Teo PS1, Nurul-Fadhilah A1, Aziz ME2, Foo LH1
1School
of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan;
of Radiology, School of Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian,
Kelantan.
2Department
The study was carried out to determine the influence of daily participation of physical
activity (PA) and sedentary lifestyle practices on body composition profiles such as Body
Mass Index (BMI), abdominal body fat and whole body fat mass (WBFM) among 250
Malay and Chinese female adolescents aged 12 to 19 year-old in Kelantan, Malaysia. A
validated tool was used to assess the habitual PA and sedentary lifestyle practices,
whereas body composition and WBFM were measured using standard anthropometric
measurement and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry device, respectively.
The mean age of participants were 15.31.9 years, in which most of them having a
normal range of BMI (75.2%). Mean estimated daily PA was 2.61.6 hours/day with
47.2% was attributed to leisure-based PA, whereas mean total time spent for sedentary
practices was 9.12.9 hours/day, in which largest proportion was spent on television,
video and computer playing (37.0%). Analysis of multivariate models indicated that daily
sedentary practices and pubertal status were emerged as significant independent
predictors of BMI, waist circumference (WC), WBFM and percentage of body fat, whereas
total daily PA levels was significant negative predictor of these body composition profiles,
after adjustments for known confounders. In contrast, there was no significant predictor
of PA level and sedentary practices on waist-hip-ratio, indicating that WC may be more
useful indicator for abdominal adiposity than waist-hip-ratio in healthy adolescents. In
conclusion, continuous participation of higher PA level and reducing sedentary lifestyle
practices should be actively encouraged among adolescents in order to avoid excessive
accumulation of body fat during rapid pubertal growth spurt.
(This study was funded by Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Research University grant 1001/PPSK/812015).
The relationship between media use and body mass index
(BMI) among secondary school students in Kuching South City
Cheah WL1, Chang CT2, Rosalia S3, Tiong PH3, Lai, D3, Yii SL3 & Yeap, KP3
1Department
of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak; 2Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and
Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak; 3Faculty of Medicine and Health Science,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
48
Overweight and obesity rates among adolescents have increased substantially over the
years. Many cross-sectional studies have identified a positive relationship between
media use and children‟s weight status. This study aimed to determine the relationship
between media use and Body Mass Index (BMI) among the secondary school students in
Kuching South City. Based on multistage sampling method, a total of 317 adolescents
aged 13-17 years from seven secondary schools participated. Data was collected using
questionnaire and anthropometric measurement. Z-score for BMI-for-age was generated
using WHO AthroPlus v1.0.2. About 49% of the respondents were boys, with the majority
was Chinese. The mean BMI for boys was 20.56±4.33 kg/m 2 and girls, 20.15±3.91
kg/m2. There was no significant difference in terms of z-score for BMI-for-age and sociodemographic factors (gender, parents‟ occupation and education level). Almost all the
respondents have one or more TV set in the house. Average number of hours spent on
media use for weekdays was 4.69±2.93 hours and weekends, 5.69±2.87 hours. Boys
were found to spend more hours on media use compared to girls, and this difference was
significant (p<0.01). The respondents were found to consume more cereal, as compared
soft drinks and junk foods. The respondents who had fathers working in private sector
showed the least hour of media time while those had self-employed father showed the
most. Respondents with mothers who were employed spent more time on media use as
compared to housewife (p<0.01). Media time was found to have moderate association
with total household income (r=0.152, p<0.01) but no relationship with z-score for BMIfor-age. This finding indicated media time has no effect on body weight as respondents
were found to have normal weight and consumed less unhealthy food.
Effects of breakfast composition on cognitive performance in
high school children
Roxana Dev Omar Dev & Siti Aminah Jamaluddin
Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of breakfast composition on
cognitive performance in high school children. Breakfast has been described as most
important meal of the day. For children and adolescents, breakfast consumption has
been associated with learning and better school performance. However, not many studies
have been done on consumption of Malaysian local food composition with cognitive
performance among Malaysian populations. One hundred students age 13 to 14 were
randomly assigned to consume one of three group breakfast condition: high fat/high
carbohydrate (HFC), high protein/high fiber (HPF) or no breakfast (NBF) and were asked
to complete a battery of cognitive tests. Brief Intelligence Ability (BIA) test was given for
all subjects of all conditions prior to the data collection to determine variability among
the subjects on their intelligence. Four subscale cognitive tests were looked on from
Woodcock-Johnson Cognitive of Abilities Test (WJIII) : short-term memory (Gsm),
working memory (Gwm), speed processing (Gs) and broad attention (Gba). The results
extend previous findings by showing differential effects on cognitive performance with
regard of breakfast type. Results showed clear differences in almost all cognitive
performances between the three dietary conditions. Subjects consumed HPF diet showed
highest in cognitive performance compared to other breakfast diet. Due to compositional
differences in protein and fiber content, glycemic scores, and rate of digestion, HPF may
provide a slower and more sustained energy source and consequently result in better
cognitive enhancement compared to low fiber high glycemic breakfast. The result implies
the importance of breakfast type and composition in regard to learning and academic
achievement performance among adolescent in school. Future work should examine the
other types of Malaysian breakfast favorites to determine the effects on cognitive
performance.
49
Symposium 3: Young Investigators Symposium
Dietary diversity and nutritional status of Orang Asli children
(Jah Hut, Temuan and Che Wong) in Krau Wildlife Reserve,
Pahang
Chua EY & Zalilah MS
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor
This study aimed to determine the relationship between dietary diversity and nutritional
status of Orang Asli children (Jah Hut, Temuan and Che Wong). A total of 216 children
(151 Jah Hut, 34 Temuan and 31 Che Wong; 115 boys, 101 girls) aged 1 to 6 years from
162 households in 16 villages participated in this cross-sectional study. Face-to-face
interview using structured questionnaire was conducted with mothers to obtain sociodemographic information of children, mothers and households. Pre-tested dietary
diversity questionnaire comprising 15 food groups was used to determine food group
intake of children in the last 7 days. Children and mothers were measured for body
weights and heights. There were 11.1%, 27.8% and 7.4% of underweight, overweight and
obese mothers respectively. The prevalence of underweight, stunting and thinness were
50.9%, 61.6% and 11.5% respectively, for children. The mean dietary diversity score
(DDS) of children was 6.38±2.08 out of possible 15. DDS was significantly related with
ethnicity (B=-1.022, p<0.01), age of child (B=0.017, p<0.05) and maternal years of formal
education (B=0.076, p<0.05). Weight-for-age was significantly related to maternal
nutritional status (B=0.034, p<0.05) and DDS (B=0.203, p<0.001), height-for-age was
significantly related to age of child (B=0.018, p<0.01), ethnicity (B=-0.610, p<0.01) and
DDS (B=0.123, p<0.05), and BMI-for-age was significantly related to DDS (B=0.172,
p<0.001). DDS was a significant factor contributing to weight-for-age, height-for-age and
BMI-for-age. Efforts to promote dietary diversity are needed to improve health and
nutritional status of Orang Asli children.
Relationship between sleep duration and body mass index
(BMI) among Malaysian adults
Koay HH & Ismail MN
Department Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia
Modern society is experiencing two parallel trends, which are increasing body mass index
(BMI) and a decline in average sleeping time. The objective of this study was to
investigate the association of sleeping duration and the body mass index among adults.
The questionnaire distributed to 212 adults aged 18 to 59 years old to obtain the
demographic data, sleeping hour per day and dietary habit while body weight (kg) and
height (m) were obtained to calculate body mass index (BMI). The mean sleeping hours
for men and women were 7.34 + 1.26 hours and 7.17 + 1.24 hours, respectively. The
subjects were then categorized as short sleeper (5-6 hours), medium sleeper (7-8 hours)
and long sleeper (9-10 hours). Short, medium and long sleepers accounted for 91
subjects (43.0%), 105 subjects (49.5%) and 16 subjects (7.5%), respectively. The sleeping
50
duration between the Malay (7.05 + 1.34 hours) and Chinese (7.64 + 0.98 hours) were
significantly different (p<0.05). Mean sleep duration for subjects aged 18 to 29 years old
(7.64 + 1.38 hours) were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to subjects aged 45 to 59
years old (6.89 + 1.06 hours). The BMI in short sleeper (27.05 + 5.35 kg/m²) was
significantly higher (p< 0.05) than medium sleeper (24.11 + 4.28 kg/m²). Sleeping
duration was negatively associated with BMI (r=-0.180, p<0.01). Energy intake from the
main meals were significantly higher (p <0.01) between obese group and non-obese
group in short sleeper and between men and women However, there were no significant
different in total mean energy intake among the short, medium and long sleeper, 2189 +
489 kcal, 2085 + 457 kcal and 2122 + 598 kcal, respectively. In conclusion, sleep
duration is negatively associated with BMI but not associated with total energy intake.
Nutritional status and associated feeding practices among
Iban children in Sekuau Village, Sibu, Sarawak
Devebra Andira Mawar & Huang MSL
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universiti Putra Malaysia
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the nutritional status of Iban
children aged six to 24 months in Sekuau Village, Sibu, Sarawak. The study involved 65
children who represented all children between six and 24 months in the village. Mothers
or caretakers (in which case were mainly grandmothers) were interviwed face-to-face
with the help of a pre-tested questionnaire. Data on height and weight of the children
were gathered to determine the nutritional status (weight-for-age and height-for-age and
weight for height) of the children. The mean age of the children consisting of 30 boys and
35 girls was 13.54 ± 5.38 months. Most of the mothers (56.9%) were working and
average household income was only RM 544.77 ± 443.20. Almost all of the children were
breastfed with an average duration of 6.08 ± 5.63 months ranging from one month to 24
months. Average age at which foods were introduced was 6.6 ± 6.3 months. Only slightly
more than a third (33.8%) of the children had normal weight for age while 27.7% were
significantly underweight and another 38.5% were underweight. More than half of the
children were found to be stunted (26.2%) or significantly stunted (38.5%) and only
33.8% had normal height for age. Weight for height z scores revealed that 47.7% were
classifed as normal and 26.1% were wasted and 23.1% were significantly wasted. There
was no significant association between socio-economic background and the nutritional
status of the children except for maternal age (p=0.046) where it was revealed that as
age of the mothers increased the weight for age z scores also increased. Children who
were breastfed longer also had significantly higher weight for height (p=0.038). There was
no significant association between feeding patterns and nutritional status. In conclusion
the study shows that the nutritional status of these children was well below that of
national figures. There is great need for intervention programs to reduce the magnititude
of undernutrition among these Iban children in Sekuau.
A31 Validity and reliability of a physical activity
questionnaire for Malaysian adults
Pang YL1, Wong JE1, Poh BK1, Ismail MN1, Rahman J2 & Syed Zulkifli SZ 2
1Department
of Nutrition &Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2The Malaysian Cohort, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical
Centre; 5The Malaysian Cohort, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre
51
A suitable and valid instrument is necessary to better capture and to understand all
dimensions of physical activity. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and
reliability of a Malaysian Physical Activity Questionnaire (MPAQ), modified from the IPAQ
and GPAQ, in Malaysian adults aged 40 to 65 years old. The developed questionnaire
comprised 24 questions which could be interviewer-administered and completed within
5.42 ± 1.24 minutes. Reliability was assessed by test-retesting 29 males and 51 females
(mean age 50.3 ± 5.4 years old; BMI 25.4 ± 4.9 kg m-2) at eight-day intervals. Validity
was assessed in another group of 60 subjects (28 males and 32 females with mean age
46.0 ± 4.7 years old and BMI 25.0 ± 3.8 kg m-2) using seven-day Actical accelerometer
data. The test-retest reliability was significantly good (Cohen‟s kappa=0.769, p<0.01) in
assessing subjects‟ levels of physical activity. Spearman correlation revealed significant
correlation between the first and second administration for total physical activity
(r=0.927, p<0.01), vigorous activity (r=0.961, p<0.01), moderate and/or walking (r=0.924,
p<0.01), sitting on weekday (r=0.867, p<0.01) and weekend (r=0.634, p<0.01). For
validity, PAQ was significantly correlated with Actical measurements for sedentary and
light activity (r=0.265, p<0.05) and total physical activity (r=0.278, p<0.05), but not
significantly correlated for moderate and vigorous activity. The findings suggested that
the MPAQ has very good reliability and fair validity in assessing the physical activity of
Malaysian adults. This physical activity questionnaire is suitable for use in large-scale
data collections for Malaysian adult populations, and will be implemented in The
Malaysian Cohort.
Factors associated with body weight status of adolescents
Choong S & Mohd Nasir MT
Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine body image perception, dietary
behavior physical activity level, sedentary behavior and their associations with body
weight status. A total of 271 respondents (46.1% male, 53.9% female) were selected from
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Putrajaya 3 to participate in this study. A selfadministered questionnaire which included Body Weight Perception, Body Parts
Satisfaction, Body Shape Perception, Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), Food Habits
Questionnaire, Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and SelfReport Questionnaire on Sedentary Behavior was used. Body height and weight were
measured and body weight status was determined by categorizing the BMI-for-age zscore (BAZ) (WHO, 2007) of each respondent. The majority of the respondents were
Malays (99.3%) with their age ranging from 13 to 14 years. Seven percent (7.0%) of the
respondents were classified as severely thin, 8.9% thin, 62.4% normal, 13.7% overweight
and 8.1% obese. With respect to body weight perception, 19.2% were under-estimators,
64.6% correct-estimators and 16.2% over-estimators. The mean score for body parts
satisfaction was 67.48±12.62 with 42.1% of the respondents being dissatisfied with most
of their body parts. Based on Contour Drawing Rating Scale, 36.9% of the respondents
chose figure 5 as their ideal body shape and more than half (56.1%) desired a slimmer
body shape. With regards to eating attitudes, 10.3% of the respondents were found to be
at risk of eating disorders. Furthermore, 35.1% of the respondents skipped breakfast,
23.6% skipped lunch and 23.6% skipped dinner. There were 87.8% of the respondents
who snacked regularly, 58.0% were not drinking at least 6 glasses of plain water and
80.8% had the habit of eating while watching television. Only 10.7% and 24.0% of the
respondents ate at least 3 servings of fruits and vegetables everyday respectively. The
mean physical activity score was 2.50±0.62 with 42.8% categorized as low, 52.8%
moderate and 4.4% high physical activity level. The average time spent on television
viewing and video or computer games was 3.62±2.39 and 1.97±1.96 hours per day
52
respectively. Significant relationships were found between body weight status and body
parts satisfaction level (χ2=20.474, p=0.000), body shape discrepancy score category
(χ2=79.183, p=0.000), body parts satisfaction scores (r=-0.265, p=0.000), body shape
discrepancy scores (r=0.319, p=0.000) and EAT-26 scores (r=0.217, p=0.000). There were
no significant relationships between body weight status and physical activity scores and
time spent on sedentary behavior. Health promotion programmes on achieving healthy
body weight status should focus on correcting negative body image perception and
adopting healthy lifestyle by practicing healthy eating habits, increasing physical activity
level and reducing sedentary behavior.
Compliance to vitamin and mineral supplementation among
pregnant women
Thirukkanesh S & Zahara AM
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur
Low compliance has been linked to the ineffectiveness of supplementation program
among pregnant women. Therefore, this retrospective study was carried out to determine
the compliance of vitamin and mineral supplementation among pregnant women
attending public antenatal clinics in urban and rural areas. This study involved 118
respondents from which 62 respondents were from Gombak and Petaling District,
Selangor representing urban areas and 56 respondents from Ledang District, Johor
representing rural area. Socio demographic data and compliance to supplementation
were obtained from self-reported questionnaire. Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) was
obtained from the antenatal record book at the clinics. The mean age of the subjects was
28±4 years old, weight 63.7±15.1 kg and hemoglobin concentration 11.3±1.1 g d/L. The
prevalence of anemia (Hb <11g d/L) was 42.3% (n=50). Prevalence of anemia in the
compliant group was 34.5% while 50% in the non-compliant group (p<0.05). Pregnant
mothers who did not comply with the supplementation has significantly lower
hemoglobin concentration (p=0.01), in non-compliant group at 11.0±1.0 g d/L and
11.5±1.2 g d/L in compliant group. Percentage of compliance in anemic subjects was
34.5% (n=20) while in non-anemic subjects was 65.5% (n=38). There was no significant
difference in percentage of subjects who comply with the supplements in urban and
rural areas. The main reasons reported for non-compliance were side effects (nausea and
vomiting), worry babies born large and forgetfulness. The overall percentage of subjects
who comply with vitamin and mineral supplementation was at 49.2% and the prevalence
of anemia was 42.3%. A comprehensive nutrition education and health promotion
program should be carried out for both urban and rural population to educate the
importance of compliance to the vitamin and mineral supplementation.
53
Day 2
Symposium 4:
Food and nutrient needs and performance
The interactive roles of nutrition and cognitive ability in
children
Ng LO
Health Psychology Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
The role of nutrition in cognitive development in children is frequently studied. Research
collaborations between nutritionists and psychologists worldwide have indicated that
children need healthy nutrition in an interacting environment that facilitates early
development. It is often reported that malnourishment contributes to physical as well as
mental stunting or delay. Current understanding of nutritional effects on children‟s
development has extended from merely proteins and carbohydrates to include the roles
of micronutrients in brain development and functioning, leading up to cognitive and
socio-emotional development. Micronutrient deficiencies have been linked to depression
and other mental disorders. As such, many nutritional products are promoted as
facilitators of cognitive growth, intellectual improvement and socio-emotional
development in children. Psychological studies have also suggested that children‟s
cognitive development have, in turn, been found to influence the type of nutrition they
get. These findings may provide insights into behavioural patterns and attitudes that
contribute to nutritional status of children, be they under or over-nourished. As such,
the roles of both nutrition and cognitive ability in children are interactive with regards to
children‟s development. This paper discusses the implications to these findings with
regards to community-wide intervention programs and policy-making. Given problems of
undernourishment leading to cognitive delays and the global rise of obesity prevalence in
children, the understanding of the interactions of psychological factors and nutritional
status may be the key to managing positive lifestyle changes with greater impact.
Milk, a model for Nutrition in the 21st Century
J. Bruce German
University of California, Davis
Milk evolved as a complete food, engineered through Darwinian selection pressure to
enhance the survival and success of individual healthy mammalian infants. Using the
modern tools of genomics and systems biology, scientists are discovering both the
various ways that milk provides its multiple benefits to infants and new strategies to
nourish all children and adults. Milk is a comprehensive source of nutrition. Milk not
only contains all of the essential nutrients, they are present in the appropriate quantities
and within complex structures that maximize their bioavailability. Milk is a remarkably
structured food, delivering its component proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in complex
54
ensembles that control the rate of digestion and the delivery of nutrients. Milk provides
protective components that block toxins, bacteria and viruses from binding to the
intestine. New research has found a remarkable property of milk: it promotes bacterial
growth. Indigestible oligosaccharides that are unique to mammalian milks serve to
selectively favor the growth of beneficial bacteria within the intestine of the developing
infant. These principles of milk are guiding researchers to consider the overall health of
children and to look for all the signs of good health.
Vitamin D: Its role in ensuring healthy children
Whiting S
College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
Vitamin D has sparked interest recently because of the realization it is involved in more
than bone health. In addition to ensuring adequate mineralization of bones, thus
preventing rickets in children, vitamin D has actions in cell growth and differentiation.
Thus it is necessary to understand how a lack of vitamin D affects human development,
from foetus through to adolescence.
Vitamin D-dependent rickets must also be
differentiated. Recent research in these areas will be reviewed. Further, as many
researchers have determined that vitamin D-directed actions beyond bone require levels
of circulating vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) at concentrations much higher than
previously set to prevent rickets, there are implications for revising current Dietary
Reference Intake levels for pregnancy, infancy and childhood. A multitude of factors
need to be considered regarding sun exposure and food sources of vitamin D, and
cultural preferences must be understood so that barriers to attainting optimal vitamin D
status can be achieved through childhood, while preventing risk of hypervitaminosis D.
Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 2010
Mohd Ismail Noor
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Good nutrition is the fundamental basic requirement for positive health, functional
efficiency and productivity. It is now widely accepted that the major causes of morbidity
and mortality in Malaysia are related to unhealthy eating habits and lack of physical
activity. We now have a fair knowledge of the nutritive value of different foods available
within the country. We also have a good understanding of the requirements of different
nutrients for the maintenance of good health and prevention of disease. The Malaysian
Dietary Guidelines (MDG) was developed by experts in nutrition and public health with
the involvement from the community through pre-testing of the proposed key
recommendations. The preliminary work began in early 2007 and the final draft
document was tabled at a Consensus Workshop in September 2009. The MDG (2010)
differ in scope compared to the previous version first published in 1999. The MDG
intended primarily for nutrition educators, health care providers and policy makers have
14 keys messages and 54 key recommendations including detailed background papers
on each of the key messages. The Technical Working Group are hopeful that the
recommendations will be widely used as a reference to help educate and guide
Malaysians towards a healthy eating habits and lifestyle, vital in maximising good health
and reducing risk for chronic diseases. We look forward to subsequent feedback from the
end users to help us update and improve the guidelines from time to time.
55
Symposium 5: Nutrition Potpourri
Binge eating behavior is associated with obesity and high
caloric intake: a population based-study
1Barakatun
Nisak MY, 2Anilah AR on behalf of the 2Malaysian Binge Eating
Behavior Study Team (MY-BEST)*
*Rohana AG, Norasyikin AW, Suehazlyn Z, Wong M, Norhaliza MA, Noorlita A,
Badrulnizam LB, Norlaila M, Rizal Am, Rohana J, Kamaruzaman H, Nurul Hani M,
Norlinda D, Fadlin M, Norsyuhadah A, Intan Baizura R, Swee Chin, Nor Azmi K.
1Department
of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti
Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor; 2Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of binge eating (BE) behavior,
body composition and the constituents of food that are associated with the binging
behavior among the staff of the Ministry of Health (MOH), Putrajaya, Malaysia. Although
738 subjects completed the Binge Eating Scale (BES) questionnaire only 401 subjects
(Male= 22%) participated in the nutritional survey by completing the Food Frequency
Questionnaire. For the purpose of statistical analysis, only the subjects who completed
both the questionnaires were analysed and classified into two groups either BE (>18) or
non-BE (<18) according to their BES score. Body compositions and dietary intake data
were obtained from each of the subject. The prevalence of BE behavior in the studied
cohort was 20.2% (this is higher than most of the population studied in the past whose
prevalence ranges between 1-4% while weight reducing trials yielded a prevalence of 19%
among the obese). No significant difference was detected between BE and non-BE
subjects in demographic terms. Subjects with BE behavior had higher BMI (BE=
28.7±0.6 kgm-2 vs. Non-BE= 25.1+0.3kgm-2), body weight (BE=70.11±1.7 kg vs. Non-BE=
61.5±0.9 kg), waist circumference (BE= 85.9±1.6cm vs. Non-BE= 80.0+0.7cm) and
percentage body fat (BE= 34.4+0.7% vs. 31.1±0.4%) than those without BE behavior (p<
0.001). For dietary intake assessment, subjects with BE behavior had greater intake of
energy (BE= 1537±68 kcal/day vs. 1394±31 kcal/day) and dietary carbohydrate
(BE= 193.9±8 g/day vs. Non-BE= 175.9±3.9 g/day) than the non-BE (p< 0.05). There is
surprisingly high prevalence of BE behavior (20.2%) among the staff of the MOH,
Putrajaya. This BE behavior is associated with obesity, high caloric intake and a
preference for carbohydrate over other food components.
Taste alterations, taste preferences and eating behavior
among breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
treatment at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center
and Hospital Kuala Lumpur
Suhaina Sulaiman1, Md Razif Shahril2, Sharifah Mariam Syed Zainal Abidin1,
Baharuddin Omar3, Soraya Hanie Shahruddin1, Fuad Ismail4, Nor Aina Emran5 ,
Nurisma Md Isa6 & Sharifah Nor Akmal Syed Husin6
1Department
of Nutrition & Dietetics, 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied
Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300
Kuala Lumpur; 2Dietetics Program, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, Universiti
56
Darul Iman Malaysia, Kota Campus, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu,
Terengganu Darul Iman; 4Department of Radiology, 6Department of Pathology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yackob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala
Lumpur; 5Department of Surgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Pahang 50586 Kuala
Lumpur.
Taste ability of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment are frequently
affected by chemotherapeutic drugs. This cross sectional study was conducted to identify
taste changes, taste preference and eating behavior of cancer patients during
chemotherapy treatment. Twenty adult female breast cancer subjects, aged ranging from
25 to 60 years, were recruited by convenience sampling from Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia Medical Center and Kuala Lumpur Hospital. Data was collected from mid April
to mid May 2006. Data collected were socio-demographic, medical history and
anthropometric data. Taste alteration was assessed using a 5-point hedonic scale. Taste
preference for foods and beverages was assessed using questionnaire with three choices
that is „prefer more‟, „avoid‟ or „no changes‟. Eating behavior was assessed using validated
questionnaire by Mattes et al. (1990). These three components were evaluated during an
outpatient chemotherapy treatment. The subjects were Malay (90%), with mean body
mass index of 25.7 kg/m2, married (85%), with secondary education (50%), semi
professional (30%), non-smoker (89.5%), has no family history of breast cancer (55%), at
cancer staging ll (40%), had undergone mastectomy (52.6%) and premenopausal (70%).
During chemotherapy treatment 35% had severe reduction in taste sensitivity while only
15% experienced a severe increased in taste sensitivity. Spearman correlation showed
that stronger sweet taste was correlated with stronger bitter taste. Subjects avoid sweet
and salty foods and beverages during the first 4 days after chemotherapy while sour
foods and beverages were preferred throughout the 7 days period. Eating behavior
changes experienced were loss of appetite (73.7%), enjoyed food less (57.9%), avoid food
and alteration in diet (42.1%), developed food cravings (36.8%) and alteration in
seasoning use (21%). These eating behaviors occurred within 2 to 6 days after
chemotherapy. Foods consumed during treatment were sour fruits and fruit juices (50%),
local sweet fruits (45%), boiled green vegetables (40%), boiled, steamed or soup based
foods (40%) and stir fried vegetables (35%). Foods avoided were meat, poultry and eggs
(50%), seafood (35%), chilly hot foods (35%), spicy foods (25%) and fried or oily foods
(25%). During food preparation, usage of salt and sugar were less, foods were season to
make it sourer, boiling or steaming cooking methods were used and food texture of
watery consistency. In conclusion taste changes during chemotherapy treatment only
affect a handful of subjects. Although not many experienced alteration in taste, in
identifying them nutritional intervention can be given early to ensure good nutritional
status throughout chemotherapy treatment. Further research needed to develop better
understanding of the nature, frequency, severity and duration of taste alteration and
their significance in the quality of life of cancer patients.
Can Healthy Eating Index-2005 predict risk of breast cancer
among Malaysian women?
Mohd Razif S1,2, Suhaina S2, Soraya Hanie S2, Nor Aina E3, Rohaizak M4, Fuad I5,
Nurismah MI6 and Sharifah Noor Akmal SH6
1Department
of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Darul
Iman Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Mahmud 20400, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia;
2Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
3Department of Surgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Pahang, 50586, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia; 4Department of Surgery, 5Department of Radiology, 6Department of Pathology,
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Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif,
Bandar Tun Razak 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia..
Diet has long been identified to play role in the genesis of breast cancer. Healthy Eating
Index-2005 (HEI-2005), an index-based dietary pattern, has been shown to predict risk
of chronic diseases among Americans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine
the ability of HEI-2005 in predicting probability for risk of breast cancer among
Malaysian women. Data from a case-control nutritional epidemiology study (Jan 2006 –
Dec 2007) among 764 subjects comprising of 382 breast cancer cases and 382 healthy
women were extracted and scored according to HEI-2005 scoring procedure. HEI-2005
comprises of 12 dietary components and was developed using the dietary guidelines for
American. Multivariate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for
age, body mass index and other established risk factors were used to evaluate the
relationship between risk of breast cancer and quintiles (Q) of HEI-2005 total scores and
its component. Median values of total HEI-2005 score were used as cut-off point for
breast cancer risk prediction. Diagnostics analysis using sensitivity, specificity,
predictive values and Kappa statistics were carried out to determine ability of HEI-2005
in breast cancer risk prediction. Results of this study showed that the mean HEI-2005
total score of 64.6 ± 9.6 for breast cancer cases is significantly lower than mean score of
67.8 ± 8.6 for healthy women (p<0.001). There is a significant risk reduction of breast
cancer risk with higher HEI-2005 total score (ORQ1 vs Q4 = 0.32, 95% CI; 0.18-0.59). HEI2005 component scores from total fruits (including 100% juice), whole fruits and total
vegetables were related with significant decreased risk while saturated fat was related
with significant increased risk of breast cancer. There were no significant association
between other components of HEI and breast cancer risk, including scores from dark
green and orange vegetables and legumes, total grains, whole grains, milk, meat and
beans, oils, sodium and calories from solid fats, alcoholic beverages and added sugars.
However, HEI-2005 has the sensitivity of 57.8%, specificity of 57.3%, positive predictive
value of 57.6% and negative predictive value of 57.6%, which indicates moderate ability
to predict risk of breast cancer. Observed breast cancer risk poorly agrees with outcomes
from HEI-2005 as shown by low Kappa statistics value of 0.15. The reason for poor
prediction ability of HEI-2005 might caused by the components of HEI-2005 itself which
were mostly unrelated to risk of breast in Malaysia. American dietary guidelines used in
HEI-2005 development might also not suitable for Malaysian population. In conclusion,
although total HEI-2005 scores were associated with breast cancer risk among
Malaysian women, the ability of HEI-2005 to predict risk is poor as indicated by
diagnostic analysis. A local index-based dietary pattern, which is disease-specific, is
needed to predict risk of breast cancer among Malaysian women.
Impact of nutritional status on the quality of life of advanced
cancer patients in hospice home care
Negar Shahmoradi, Mirnalini Kandiah & Loh Su Peng
Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University
Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Cancer patients frequently experience malnutrition and this is an important factor in
impaired quality of life. This cross-sectional study examined the association between
global quality of life and its various subscales with nutritional status among 61 (33
females and 28 males) advanced cancer patients cared for by selected hospices in
peninsular Malaysia. The Patient Generated-Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) and
the Hospice Quality of Life Index (HQLI) were used to assess nutritional status and
quality of life, respectively. Nine (14.7%) patients were well-nourished, 32 (52.5%) were
58
moderately or suspected of being malnourished while 20 (32.8%) of them were severely
malnourished. The total HQLI mean score for these patients was 189.9±51.7, with
possible scores ranging from 0 to 280. The most problem areas in these patients were in
the domain of functional well-being and the least problems were found in the
social/spiritual domain. PG-SGA scores significantly correlated with total quality of life
scores (r2= 0.38, p<0.05), psychophysiological well-being (r2= 0.37, p<0.05), functional
well-being (r2= 0.42, p<0.05) and social/ spiritual well-being (r2= 0.07, p<0.05). Thus,
patients with a higher PG-SGA score or poorer nutritional status exhibited a lower
quality of life. Advanced cancer patients with poor nutritional status have a diminished
quality of life. These findings suggest that there is a need for a comprehensive nutritional
intervention for improving nutritional status and quality of life in terminally ill cancer
patients under hospice care.
Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid intakes amongst staff and
students at the International Medical University, Kuala
Lumpur
Ng TKW
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
This paper examines the daily intakes of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA),
mainly linoleic acid (LA), and the omega-3 fatty acids [-linolenic acid (ALA) +
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] amongst staff (n=70) and
students (n=35) of both sexes, aged 22 to 60 years, at the International Medical
University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur. Subjects each kept a food diary with which they
recorded all food intakes for two weekdays (Monday-Friday) and one weekend (Saturday
or Sunday). During the three-month study in 2009, the subjects‟ food records were
scrutinised by 4 undergraduates who were part of the research team. Daily intakes of
macronutrients, micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and the omega-6 and omega-3
PUFA mentioned were estimated with the nutrient calculator, DietPLUS, which was
developed by the present author.
The results showed that overall, males consumed 11.5 g (4.95% kcal)  4.95 g omega-6
LA and 0.45g (0.20% kcal)  0.52 g omega-3 fatty acids. The females consumed 9.25 g
(4.90% kcal)  3.71g omega-6 LA and 0.41 g (0.22% kcal)  0.44 g omega-3 fatty acids.
While omega-6 LA consumption amongst the subjects seemed satisfactory [above the
minimum Malaysian recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of 3.0% kcal], the omega-3 fatty
acid intakes in both male and female subjects were very low and below the Malaysian
RNI of 0.3 % kcal. This situation yielded an omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid intake ratio of
22-25: 1, which is very unsatisfactory compared with the World Health Organization‟s
recommendation of 5-10:1. This imbalance of fatty acid nutrition is generally due to low
intakes of fatty fish, vegetable oils rich in ALA, and novel food products such as omega-3
enriched milk and eggs.
59
Group A: Nutritional Status (various groups) and Community
Interventions
A01 Relationship between body weight status, attitudes and
strategies for weight control behaviour among government
staff in Bangunan Persekutuan Pulau Pinang (BPPP)
Aina Mardiah B & Hazizi AS
Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MALAYSIA.
Most researches on weight control behaviours focused on the relationship between eating
behaviours and weight loss in adolescent population. The objective of this study was to
examine the relationship between body weight status, attitudes and strategies of weight
control behaviours emerged among 233 Malay government staffs in BPPP. Body
composition was measured by TANITA body composition analyzer (TBF-306, Japan) and
weight control behaviours components were determined using Diet and Exercise Self
Management Survey. Most of the subjects (53.2%) were in the range of 18-29 years with
a mean age of 32.45±10.46 years. The results indicated that 45.1% of subjects were in
normal weight, 29.6% were overweight and 20.3% of them were obese. The mean BMI of
the subjects was 25.74±5.79 kg/m2. Majority of the subjects (86%) were in acceptable
range for waist-hip ratio (WHR). In terms of body fat percentage, more than half of the
subjects (70%) were categorized as unhealthy (body fat percentage was too high) with
mean body fat of 33.00±9.57%. Women reported more social support for diet (t=-2.14,
p<0.05), outcome expectation for diet (t=-3.13, p<0.05) and outcome expectation for
exercise (t=-2.77, p<0.05) as compared to men. However, men scored higher than women
for self efficacy stick with exercise (6.71 vs 5.88) and social interaction for diet (5.85 vs
5.64). Although women scored higher than man in planning (t=-1.25, p>0.05) and in
cognitive behavioural strategies for diet (t=-1.06, p>0.05), there were no significant
difference appeared between men and women (p>0.05). There were a significant
relationship between BMI and social support for diet (r=0.17, p<0.01) and WHR and self
efficacy stick with exercise (r=0.127, p<0.05). A significant relationship was also found
between body fat percentage and social support for diet (r=0.247, p<0.01), outcome
expectation for diet (r=0.126, p<0.05), outcome expectation for exercise (r=0.124,
p<0.05), planning (r= 0.221, p<0.01), social interaction for diet (r=0.122, p<0.05) and
cognitive behavioural strategies for diet (r=0.137, p<0.05). Only 27% of the subjects were
satisfied and almost satisfied with their current weight and more than 70% were trying
to lose weight. These findings suggest that weight control behaviours were significantly
associated with body weight status mainly for dieting behaviours.
A02 The impact of BMI and gender on health related quality
of life (HRQoL)
Ang JC & Ismail MN
Kebangsaan Malaysia
60
In the past decade, health related quality of life (HRQoL) has gained increasing interest
as an outcome measure in public health. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 167
Malaysian adults aged 20 to 60 years old to investigate the impact of body mass index
(BMI) and gender on the HRQoL. Anthropometric measurements included body height
and weight to determine BMI. The Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF-36)
questionnaire used as the HRQoL contains eight scales measure both physical health
and mental health. Among the 167 adults studied, 90 of them are overweight (BMI>25
kgm-2) and 77 of them are normal weight (18.5 kgm -2<BMI<24.9 kgm-2), 73 of them are
male and 94 of them are female. The mean BMI for normal adults was 22.09 kgm -2 and
the mean BMI for overweight and obese adults was 28.86 kgm-2. There was significant
difference for mental component summary (p<0.05) and role-emotional scale (p<0.05)
between the normal weight adults and overweight adults. The BMI was significantly and
negatively associated with overall HRQoL (r=-0.264, p<0.01), both physical component
summary (r=-0.238, p<0.01)and mental component summary (r=-0.157, p<0.05),
physical functioning (r=-0.195, p<0.05), role-physical (r=-0.246, p<0.01), general health
(r=-0.160, p<0.05), social functioning (r=-0.181, p<0.05) and role-emotional (r=-0.334,
p<0.01). For male, overweight was only significantly associated with lower scores of
overall HRQoL and role-emotional scale. In women, overweight was significantly
associated with overall HRQoL (r=-0.292, p<0.01), both physical component summary
(r=-0.280, p<0.01)and mental component summary (r=-0.217, p<0.05), physical
functioning (r=-0.238, p<0.05), role-physical (r=-0.314, p<0.01), p<0.05), social
functioning (r=-0.234, p<0.05) and role-emotional (r=-0.369, p<0.01). In conclusion,
overweight adults had significantly lower HRQoL than normal weight adults while
overweight women HRQoL‟s is affected more by their BMI than overweight men.
A03 Determination of folate status among Malaysians by
using microbiological assay
Chew SC, Loh SP & Khor GL
Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor
Health and good nutrition rely on adequate food intake. Neural tube defects (NTDs) are
the most distressing congenital structural defects worldwide in relation with folate. The
prevalence is different in population with regards to geographical and socioeconomic
characteristics. Such implication has lead to increase attention and awareness being
placed on folate status in adult since the data is sparse. Besides that, human are unable
to synthesize folate in the body. Hence, they depend solely on an adequate and constant
food intake. In Malaysia, the prevalence of NTDs is 1 per 1000 births. Because of the
likely role of folate in this disease, knowledge about serum and red blood cell folate
concentrations is important. This is because red blood cell concentration tends to
provide the best indicator of long-term folate stores. Furthermore, biological
measurements are often more valuable and is consider as one of the methods used to
validate the dietary information. The aim of this study was to determine the folate status
among healthy Malaysians population in UPM, Serdang by using microbiological assay.
The folate status for one hundred subjects (46 Malays and 54 Chinese) was assayed by
microtitre plates with Lactobacillus casei. The serum folate among the subjects was in
the range of 2.75-67.20 nmol/L whereas for red cell folate, the range was 40.97-2255.06
nmol/L. Chinese subjects tend to show higher serum folate and red cell folate than
Malay subjects with the differences of 137.63 nmol/L for serum and 8237.11 nmol/L for
red cell folate, respectively. Four subjects (3 Malays and 1 Chinese) were reported to have
folate deficiency where their serum folate level were below 6.8 nmol/L. For red cell folate,
twenty nine out of one hundred subjects showed the protective effect of folate against
61
NTDs (905 nmol/L). Good reproducibility of the plate assays were obtained for most of
the serum and red cell folate pools (CV% of < 5). The recovery studies conducted at five
different concentrations using folic acid were good (95-104%). This study showed that
generally, Malaysians are still not taking sufficient of folate in their diet for protection
against NTDs.
A04 Relationship between understanding and usage of
nutritional labelling with socio-demographic factors, food
intake and nutritional status among adults in Wangsa Maju,
Kuala Lumpur
Chong WK, Hasnah H, Suhaina S & Hanis Mastura Y
Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur.
The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between
understanding and usage of nutritional labelling with socio-demographic factors, food
intake and nutritional status among adults in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 123 subjects (48
males, 75 females), aged 19-65 years old randomly chosen from area of Wangsa Maju .
Subjects´ socio-demographic factors, understanding and usage of nutritional labelling
were determined using questionnaire while food intake was determined using diet history
questionnaire (DHQ). Nutritional status of the subjects was based on body mass index
(BMI). Majority of the subjects (72%) were in the age group of 18-29 years old and 73% of
them obtained their education up to tertiary level. Nearly 50% of them have household
income of more than RM1500 per month. 63% of the respondents sometimes read the
nutritional labelling while 32% and 6% of them have always and never the read
nutritional labelling. There was no significant difference (p=0.072) between two genders
in reading and using the nutritional labelling. Subjects between 30-59 years old have the
highest scores (p=0.037) in using the nutritional labelling. There was a significant
correlation(r=0.94, p=0.032) between scores in understanding and using the nutritional
labelling with calcium intake of the subjects. Majority of them were having BMI in the
normal range. Subjects who were satisfied with their body weight have a significantly
(p=0.001) lower BMI index compared to the one in subjects who were not satisfied with
their body weight. However, there was no significant difference between subjects´ BMI
with their scores in understanding and using of nutritional labelling. There was also a
significant difference (p=0.002)in scores of subjects who knew the importance of
nutrition information when buying food products compared to those who were not.
Nutritional information on food packaging was important and useful to the subjects of
this study. Thus, more efforts should be made in order to encourage the consumers in
understanding and using the nutritional labelling effectively.
A05 Assessment of nutritional status of Iranian postgraduate
students in Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Fatemeh Zarei, Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib, Hazizi Abu Saad, and Maryam Zarei
62
The transition period from late adolescence to adulthood is a predominantly difficult time
where many behavioral and physiological changes happen. Eating behaviors, diet quality
and physical activity may change throughout this transition resulting in a greater risk of
obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of underweight,
overweight, and obesity, lifestyle factors, and dietary habits among Iranian postgraduate
students in Universiti Putra Malaysia. A self administrated questionnaire addressing
socio-demographic factors, dietary habits and life style factors was completed by 210
female and male students aged 22-55 years. Anthropometric factors (height, weight,
waist and hip circumferences and body fat composition) were measured in this study.
Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) and body fat composition were calculated
for each subject. WHO classifications (2000 and 2004) were used for categorizing WHR
and BMI respectively. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 17)
was used to analyze all the data. Results were considered to be significant when the
observed significance level is <0.05. A total of 110 female (53.4%) and 100 male (47.6%)
students with a mean age of 30.69 ± 5.04 years participated in this study. About 51.9%
and 49.1% were Master and PhD students respectively. The results indicated that the
prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were 7.1 %, 24.3% and 3.8%
respectively and about 6.7% at risk for abdominal obesity. About 8% of males and 18%
of females had high body fat composition. Food habits results showed that more than
two-thirds of the subjects always consumed breakfast, lunch and dinner. About 64
(30.3%) of the students have tried smoking and 53 (26.9%) had previously consumed
alcohol. For physical activity, results showed that about 50%, 22.4% and 26.7% had low,
moderate and high physical activity levels, respectively. Results also noted statistically
significant associations between WHR (r=0.64, p<0.01), physical activity (r=0.16, p<0.05)
and body fat (r=0.15, p<0.05) with BMI. These findings show the need for a nutrition
promotion program for the Iranian students to help them change their negative food
habits and improve their lifestyle.
A06 Relationship between body composition and nutritional
status with bone ultrasound measurement in children
Fong CY & Poh BK
Kebangsaan Malaysia
Ultrasound bone measurement is gaining popularity in bone health assessment of
children. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship
between nutritional status and body composition parameters with bone ultrasound
measurement of children. A total of 122 Malay girls aged 9 to 10 years were recruited
from primary schools in Kuala Lumpur. Anthropometric measurements included weight,
height, waist and hip circumferences, and body composition was measured using
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day dietary
records which included two weekdays and one weekend day. Quantitative ultrasound
(QUS) measurement was performed using Furuno Ultrasound Bone Densitometer CM200 at the right heel, which measures the speed of sound (SOS) through bone tissue.
Mean weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences were 31.8 ±
10.5 kg, 134 ± 7.2 cm, 17.4 ± 4.3 kg/m2, 58.5 ± 10.2 cm, and 73.0 ± 11.0 cm
respectively. Mean fat mass and fat mass percentage was 9.1 ± 7.2 kg and 25.1 ± 9.9 %
while mean fat free mass was 23.5 ± 7.8 kg. According to WHO 2007 BMI-for-age
reference, 14.0% of girls were underweight, 57.3% normal, and 28.7% overweight or
obese. Mean energy intake, carbohydrate, protein, fat and calcium intake was 1580 ±
339 kcal, 214.4 ± 50.4 grams, 55.3 ± 15.8 grams, 49.3 ± 14.5 grams, and 434.2 ± 184.4
milligrams, respectively. The Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for protein,
vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin C and iron was met, but not for calcium which only
63
accounted for 51.1% RNI. Mean bone SOS was 1527 ± 22 m/s. There was no correlation
between nutrient intakes and SOS except for vitamin B2 which showed significant
positive correlation with SOS (p<0.05). Children with milk consumption had significant
higher calcium intake than those who did not consume milk but there were no
significant differences in bone status among these two groups. Total body weight, hip
circumference and BMI were significantly correlated with SOS (p<0.05, p<0.01 and
p<0.05, respectively). Fat free mass showed significant positive correlation with SOS
(p<0.01) but not fat free mass percentage, fat mass and fat mass percentage. We found
no significant differences between underweight, normal, and overweight or obese
children for bone ultrasound results. In conclusion, total body weight, hip circumference,
BMI and fat free mass, rather than nutrient intake, were the main parameters that had
significantly related to bone ultrasound measurements of these children. Further studies
should be done to examine the relationship of such modifiable lifestyle factors on QUS
measurements in children before final conclusions are drawn.
A07 Factors associated with energy balance among athletes
of selected sports in National Sports Institute, Bukit Jalil
Gary Arwin & Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib
Energy balance which comprises energy intake as well as energy expenditure plays a
very crucial role in an athlete‟s daily life. This cross sectional descriptive study was
conducted at Institut Sukan Negara (ISN), Bukit Jalil to determine the dietary intake,
energy expenditure, energy balance, body composition and body image perception of
selected national athletes. A total of 68 athletes (44.1% male and 55.9% females)
classified as aesthetic (wushu and karate-do) or non-aesthetic (hockey and sepak takraw)
athletes participated in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess
body image perception, daily energy intake and daily energy expenditure of the
respondents. The dietary intake was estimated as a mean of a 2-day food record while
the energy expenditure was determined by time and motion study recorded
simultaneously with the food record. Height and weight were measured to derive body
mass index and body fat composition was assessed by using skin fold measurements.
The mean age of the respondents was 21.78±2.89 years and their mean body mass index
(BMI) was 17.98±1.86 kg/m2 while the mean body fat percentage of the respondents was
21.3%±4.4% for males and 24.2%±4.9% for females. The mean energy intake was
2058.66±318.59 Kcal while the mean energy expenditure was 2460.32±428.24 Kcal. As
for energy balance, 79.4% of the respondents were in negative energy balance while
20.6% were in positive energy balance. Based on the contour figure rating scale, 60.3%
of the respondents chose figure number “5” as their perception of an ideal body size
while only 1.5% chose figure number “7”. Furthermore, 45.6% desired to gain weight
while 30.9% desired to lose weight and only 23.5% desired to maintain their body weight.
There were no significant associations between energy balance and type of sports (2 =
0.000, p>0.05) and between energy balance and BMI (2 = 0.047, p>0.05). However, there
was a significant difference in energy intake (t=-2.93, p=0.04) and energy expenditure
(t=-2.712, p=0.01) between aesthetic and non-aesthetic groups. In conclusion, most of
the respondents were having negative energy balance and most of them were not
satisfied with their body size. This study emphasizes the need for nutrition and body
image counseling among athletes who are preparing for major competitions.
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A08 Relationship between body weight, dietary calcium
intake and physical activity level with bone health status
among adolescents
Goh SK & Chan YM
Putra Malaysia
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the relationship between
body weight, dietary calcium intake and physical activity level with bone health status
among adolescents. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic background, family history of osteoporosis, lifestyle practices, consumption
pattern of milk and calcium supplements. Daily calcium intake was assessed using
quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) while physical activity was assessed
using global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Height, weight and bone health
status were assessed using body meter (SECA), weighing scale (TANITA) and
ultrasonometry (QUS-2), respectively. Data was analyzed using the program Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 17.0. A total of 96 respondents comprised of
49 male and 47 female and aged 15-17 were recruited into this study. The mean dietary
calcium intake was 1388.8±949.7mg/day. The mean score of GPAG was
4376.6±4406.4MET-min/week. The mean weight and height were 56.2±15.8kg and
162.6±8.0cm, respectively. Based on WHO classification of BMI-for-age (2007), 63.5% of
the respondents were in normal weight category, 13.5% were obese, 11.5% were
thinness, 10.4% were overweight and 1.0% was severe thinness.
The mean for
Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation (BUA) was 85.0±15.9dB/MHz and the mean for Tscore was -0.3±1.3. More than half of the respondents (64.6%) had normal bone mass.
About 33.3% were classified as osteopenia and 2.1% as osteoporosis which might be due
to respondents were still in adolescents state and their peak bone mass has yet to be
attained. Pearson correlation test showed that there were no significant relationship
between calcium intake (r=0.023, p=0.824) and physical activity (r=-0.021, p=0.842) with
BUA. However, weight had significant positive correlation with BUA (r=0.479, p<0.05).
Although there were higher mean BUA and T-score among male adolescents, there was
no significant difference in mean BUA (t=0.120, p=0.905) and T-score (t=0.098, p=0.922)
among male and female adolescents. In conclusion, appropriate intervention program
should be implemented to improve adolescents‟ bone health status and prevent the
occurrence of osteoporosis in future.
A09 Environmental factors and child malnutrition among 3
to 5 years old children in Baghdad city, Iraq
Hasanain Faisal Ghazi & Jamsiah Mustafa
Department of Community Health, UKM Medical Centre
Environmental factors play a very important role in child nutritional status, especially in
a situation like Iraq. After 13 years of economic sanctions followed by war in 2003 and
then 5 years of unstable security situation especially in Baghdad that affect on daily life
of people and their children. Researches shows that nutritional status is the result of the
complex interaction between the food we eat, our overall health, and the environment in
which we live in. Food, health and caring are the three pillars of well being.
65
A Cross sectional study conducted for 220 children aged 3 to 5 years old from 4
kindergarten in Baghdad, Iraq, nutritional assessment done using weight for age z score
based on the World Health Organization growth charts. The result of the study showed
that the prevalence of underweight was 18.2 % of the respondent, and 81.8 % normal. 65
% of the respondents use tap water as compared to 34 percent use sterilized bottles as
source of drinking water. The association between the source of drinking water and the
child malnutrition was significant (p=0.034), and the prevalence odds ratio of 2.414.
About the security situation the percentage of families that moved from their house due
to violence reach up to 45 percent and a total of 38% of respondents said that their
living area are not secure to live in, while 23% of the families have one member killed in
the violence during the last 5 years. The association between the living area security and
family member killed with the child malnutrition was significant with (p= 0.016, p=0.018)
respectively, while the family move from their house status with child malnutrition was
not significant ( p= 0.322).
As a conclusion child malnutrition is still found to be a major public health issue in Iraq
especially after the last war in 2003, the environmental circumstances and unstable
security situation especially in the capital city Baghdad have affected child nutritional
status.
A10 The association between birth weight and nutritional
status of primary school children in Bachok, Kelantan
Hasmiza H1, Pim CD2, Wan Manan WM1, Hamid Jan JM1
1Nutrition
Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang
Kerian, Kelantan; 2Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan
Low birth weight continued to be one of the major problems among children and
mothers, especially those living in the rural area. Low birth weight has long been used as
an important public health indicator. It is associated with poor growth in childhood and
higher incidence of adult disease (Eickman et al., 2006). Hence, the main objective of this
study was to determine the association between birth weights with nutritional status
outcome among primary school children. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six
rural primary schools in Bachok, Kelantan. This study involves 256 children aged
between 6-10 years old comprising of 125 boys and 131 girls. Socioeconomic data were
obtained using a standard questionnaire; relevant anthropometry data such as weight
and height were obtained using standard method. Nutritional status was classified based
on the WHO 2007 reference. Body fat was also measured using Innerscan Body
Composition monitor (Model BC545, Tanita, Japan).Birth weight data was obtained from
the birth certificate. Result indicated 16.4% of the children were wasted (Weight for age
<-2SD), 14.5% were stunted (Height for age <-2SD), 6.3% and 9.8% among them were
underweight and obese respectively. The results also showed that birth weight ranges
between 1.5 kg and 4.8 kg with 9.7 % of the children were born with low birth weight.
Birth weight was weakly correlated with height-for-age (r=0.177, p<0.01), weight-for-age
(r=0.196, p<0.01) and body mass index (r=0.166, p<0.05). In conclusion, birth weight
has little influence on nutritional status during childhood. This is probably due to
improved nutrient intake after birth but further studies may be required to support this
statement.
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A11 Weight management practices of adults in Kampung
Suba Bau, Sarawak
Hilda Shatilla I & Hazizi AS
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
The purpose of this study was to determine weight management practices of adults in
Kampung Suba Bau, Sarawak. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 100
adults of Kampung Suba Bau residents aged 18-59 years old who were selected by using
simple random sampling method. Data collected included socio-demographic
background, weight management practices, Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26),
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and anthropometric measurement.
Height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured to compute
body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). The mean age of subjects was
35.69±12.09 years and majority (54%) had secondary education. The prevalence of
overweight and obesity were 22% and 6% respectively. Increased water intake (40%),
increased exercise (27%), increased walking/climbing stairs (24%) and consume more
fruits and vegetables (20%) were the most popular strategies to control their body weight.
Chi-square tests showed no significant relationships between gender (2=0.602, df=1,
p>0.005), education level (2=0.257, df=1, p>0.05) and household income (2=0.636,
df=1, p>0.05) with weight management practices. There was also no significant
correlation between body mass index (r=0.178, p=0.76) and waist-hip ratio (r=0.24,
p=0.016) with weight management practices. Results from Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT26), showed all these subjects had no symptoms of eating disorders. Majority of the
subjects in this study had practiced the positive weight management practices to control
their weight.
A12 An email-linked-website intervention improves
knowledge on cancer related nutrition and lifestyle risk
factors
Kandiah M, Ang YK, Zalilah MS, Hazizi AS and Chan YM
Putra Malaysia.
A website was designed to create awareness on cancer related nutrition and lifestyle risk
factors among staff of a Malaysian public university. Ten faculties were cluster
randomized to an intervention group (receive weekly emails with hypertext links to a
website, http://www.nutrihealth-upm.com, for downloading educational modules for
10 consecutive weeks and individualized phone calls) or control group. Staff who were
systematically sampled in the selected faculties were recruited with informed consent
(I=174; C=165). The majority of the subjects were Malay and with a mean age of 33
years. Ten educational modules were developed in accordance with the World Cancer
Research Fund/ American Institute for Cancer Research (2007) and National Cancer
Society of Malaysia (2008) guidelines for cancer prevention in the Malay language and
posted on the website. Face and content validity were performed on the modules. Study
groups completed knowledge assessment at baseline, 2 weeks post-intervention (T1), and
at 4 months post-intervention (T2). The number of modules downloaded and read was
monitored through requisition of a read-receipt email. Results indicated that internet
(65.4%) was the most popular source of information on health and cancer after health
67
magazines (69.3%). Participants read an average of 9.3+0.9 modules. Approximately
58% read all the weekly delivered modules. At baseline the groups were similar in mean
knowledge scores. At T1 (I, 19.93 vs C,14.64, p<0.000 ) and T2 (I, 19.79 vs C, 14.33,
p<0.000) groups were significantly different.
After controlling for group and time
interactions the mean change in scores were significantly higher in the I group from
baseline to T2 (+ 2.14 , p<.000) compared to the control group. In conclusion this mode
of intervention has improved knowledge on cancer related nutrition and lifestyle risk
factors among the staff of the selected university. Higher knowledge may empower adults
to change health behavior although additional factors such as perception, environment,
and social support are needed to put knowledge into action.
A13 Perceived barriers to physical activity among Malay men
in Kuala Lumpur
Lai LJ & Norimah AK
Department of Nutrition &Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia;
Inactive lifestyles are one of the factors that cause obesity and other chronic
diseases globally. This cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the barriers to
physical activity participation among Malay men. A total of 221 Malay men were from
several government sectors were participate in this study. Demographic data were
collected as well as physical activity habits and perceived barriers to physical activity
were assessed. Anthropometric measurement such as height, weight, waist
circumferences and body fat were measured. Subjects answered an instrument with 24
items representing barriers to physical activity by using Likert Type. The barriers were
categorized into three main groups, personal and psychological barriers, physical
environmental barriers, and social environmental barriers. This study found that
physical environmental barriers (eg. weather) were more important than social
environment (eg. no time), and personal and psychological barrier. (eg. Intensity of
exercise) The mean score for environmental barriers were 2.66±0.79 compared to
2.33±0.64 and 2.41±0.78 for personal and psychological barriers. Individually,
preference to other recreational activities and cost of exercise were the most cited
barriers. Barrier scores of middle-aged man was significantly higher in social
environmental (p=0.000) domains. Respondents were categorized into active and inactive
based on data obtained from International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). 58.3%
respondents were classified as active compare to 41.6% who are inactive. There was
difference in social environment barriers between active and inactive people. (P<0.01)
Comparison based on BMI showed that there was no significant difference between
overweight and obese man in their physical activity barriers. The study further revealed
that age was positively correlated to the physical activity barriers though the relationship
is weak (r=0.198, p<0.001) whereas PAL had a very weak negative correlation with the
barriers (r=-0.232, p<0.001). In conclusion, the main barriers to physical activity
participation among Malay men were the perception that other recreational activities
were more entertaining, cost of exercising, perceiving that exercise intensity required to
improve health is too high, hot and rainy weather, and lack of discipline. These finding
demonstrated an understanding of the perceived physical activity barrier is important to
ensure the appropriate physical activity intervention programs and strategies are
developed in future.
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A14 The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults in
Bachok, Kelantan using International Diabetes Federation
(IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adults
Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) criteria
Laila Ruwaida MZ, Nur Firdaus I, Wan Manan WM and Hamid Jan JM
Nutrition Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang
Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
Worldwide, metabolic syndrome is a major health problem associated with increased
morbidity and mortality (Zimmet et al., 2005). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome
among a number of Asian populations as defined by several diagnosis criteria has been
increasing rapidly and appears to resemble that among Western populations (Nestel et
al., 2007). However, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is depending on the criteria
used. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic
syndrome using IDF and ATPIII definition. A total of 300 respondents (125 males and
175 females) aged 18 to 79 years old participated in this study. Weight, height, body
mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile and fasting
blood glucose were measured. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome using IDF and ATP
definitions was 32.2% (34.8% male and 65.7% female) and 29.3% (29.5% male and
71.5% female) respectively. Exactly 42.4% of respondents were found to be overweight,
13.1 % were obese, 40.7% were normal while another 3.7% were underweight. The mean
(±SD) value for biochemical data were as following ; fasting blood glucose (5.66 ± 2.23
mmol/L), triglyceride 1.52 ± 0.85 mmol/L, and HDL cholesterol 1.21 ± 0.29mmol/L. The
mean values for systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 135.01 ± 22.80mmHg and
79.25 ± 11.16mmHg, while the mean value for waist circumference was 84.07±11.42cm.
High blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol, and waist circumference were the factors that
contributed to overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The result shows that the IDF
criteria presented higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared to the ATP III
criteria. These findings emphasise urgent need to develop strategies for the prevention,
detection, and treatment of metabolic syndrome.
A15 Physical activity barriers among Malay primary school
children in rural area of Selangor
Lee CH & Norimah AK
Kebangsaan Malaysia
Understanding barriers to physical activity is the most effective method to increase the
physical activity level in individuals. The objective of this study was to determine the
barriers to physical activity among Malay primary school children in a rural setting. 385
children (166 boys and 219 girls) aged 10-11 years from 6 rural primary schools in
Selangor participated in this study. Weight and height of the children were measured
and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Subjects were asked to fill out questionnaires
that included 29 items related to physical activity barriers that were categorized
according to ecological model into five categories which were intrapersonal (17 items),
interpersonal (5 items), institution (2 items), community (3 items) and physical
environment (2 items). Three days physical activity recall questionnaires were used to
record the activities performed by subjects. The results showed that the main physical
69
activity barriers in descending order were hot or rainy weather (51.2%), do not want
other people see their body when doing physical activity (50.1%), a lot of school work
(43.4%), lack of sports equipment (29.1%) and no accompanier (26.8%). The results also
showed that girls had significantly more perceived barriers in the intrapersonal barriers
(p <0.05) and physical environmental barriers (p <0.05) than boys. This study found a
significant difference in the mean scores in physical environment type of barriers
(p<0.05) between subject underweight, normal weight and overweight. The results also
showed that boys had higher average total daily metabolic equivalent (MET) than girls (p
<0.001), with 75.3% boys and 68.0% girls classified as active individuals. In conclusion,
this study had identified some common physical activity barriers among schoolchildren.
Understanding these barriers may guide policy makers in developing appropriate
strategies to encourage physical activities which are lacking among schoolchildren.
A16 Development and validation of physical activity
questionnaire for Malaysian children aged10-12 years old
Lim KN, Ong WW, Wong JE & Poh BK
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti
Several physical activity questionnaires are available for assessing physical activity of
childrenin population studies; however their usefulness in capturing physical activity of
Malaysian children has yet to determined. The aim of this study was to develop and
determine the validity and reliability of a physical activity questionnaire (PAQ) for
Malaysian children aged 10 to 12 years old. The questionnaire was modified from the
Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Child and Adolescent
Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey (CAPANS). This questionnaire consists of 16 items
in four sections and is completed in 14.2 ± 4.6 minutes when interview-administered.
Reliability was tested among 70 subjects (40 boys, 30 girls) with mean age 10.6 ± 0.6
years old and BMI 19.0 ± 4.8kgm-2. The PAQ was administered twice at seven-day
intervals for test-retest reliability. Validity was examined in a sub-sample 30 subjects (17
boys, 13 girls) by using seven-day Actical accelerometer data as criterion. Reliability test
showed that PAQ was significantly correlated between the first and second
administration for total scores (r=0.730, p<0.01); moderate and vigorous physical activity
(MVPA)(r=0.784, p<0.01); and sedentary activity (r=0.577, p<0.01). Overall, the reliability
of PAQ is good (Cronbach’s alpha=0.738). For validation, PAQ was significantly correlated
with Actical measurements for MVPA (r=0.566, p<0.01) but not significantly correlated
with actical measurements for sedentary activity (r=0.209, p>0.05). In conclusion, this
PAQ provides an easy and reliable surveillance tool for assessing the pattern of physical
activity for 10 to 12 years old Malaysian children.
A17 Bone health status and its relationship with
osteoporosis self-efficacy, dietary calcium intake and physical
activity among Chinese female teachers
Lim RH & Zaitun Y
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE.
70
Osteoporosis is a disease which has been recognized as a major public health problem.
The prevalence of osteoporosis increases with age and women are more susceptible. The
aim of the study is to determine the relationship of bone health status with osteoporosis
self-efficacy (OSE), dietary calcium intake and physical activity among Chinese female
teachers in a primary school in Selangor. The respondents were selected through
convenience sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data on
socio-demographic background, family history of osteoporosis, menopausal status, milk
consumption pattern and intake of calcium supplements, OSE and Osteoporosis Health
Belief (OHB). Physical activity was determined using the International Physical Activity
Questionnaire (IPAQ); while daily calcium intake was assessed using a Semi-quantitative
Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ). Weight, height and bone health status were
assessed using TANITA weighing scale, measuring tape and QUS-2 ultrasonometer,
respectively. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS),
version 16.0. A total of 106 respondents who fulfilled the selection criteria participated in
the study. The mean age was 39.57±11.23 years. Mean weight, height and body mass
index (BMI) were 55.14±7.77kg, 1.58±0.04m and 22.05±3.12 kg/m 2, respectively.
According to BMI classification, 7.5% of them were underweight (<18.50 kg/m2) and
16.0% were overweight and obese (≥25.0 kg/m2). Average monthly household income
was RM5435.6±4379.9. About 86% of them had no family history of osteoporosis. Only
12.3% had experienced menopause and the mean years of menopause was 4.77±3.17
years. The total OSE and OHB mean scores were 751.89±216.77 and 137.17±12.5
respectively. The mean scores for OSE-for-exercise (OSE-Ex) and OSE-for-taking-calcium
(OSE-Ca) were 347.08±118.27 and 404.81±116.53, respectively. A total of 50% of them
consumed milk regularly and 50.9% took Calcium supplement. More than half of the
respondents had low physical activity level. The mean total MET-min per week was
1173.6±1540.4. The mean dietary calcium intake was 551.00±416.59mg/day. Only
13.2% met the FAO/WHO recommendation (1000mg) and majority (81.1%) did not meet
the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intake (800mg). The mean Broadband Ultrasound
Attenuation (BUA) was 88.88±21.32 dB/MHz and the T-score was 1.23±0.44. A majority
(78.3%) had normal bone health while 20.8% experienced osteopenia and 0.9% were at
risk of osteoporosis. There were no significant correlations between OSE-Ex and level of
physical activity as well as OSE-Ca with dietary calcium intake. However, there were
significant relationships between OSE-Ex and perceived benefits to exercise (r=0.24,
p<0.05); OSE-Ex and perceived barriers to exercise (r= -0.43, p<0.01); OSE-Ca with
perceived benefits to taking calcium (r=0.32, p<0.01). No significant relationship was
observed between OSE-Ca with perceived barriers to taking calcium. Besides, no
significant relationships were observed between dietary calcium intake and physical
activity with bone health status. Nevertheless, BMI was significantly correlated with BUA
(r=0.23, p<0.05) and T-score (r=0.30, p<0.01). Overall, majority of respondents had
moderate levels of OSE, where higher confidence is seen in taking calcium rather than to
exercise. Therefore, appropriate intervention should be carried out to empower them to
prevent osteoporosis. Strategies to improve calcium intake may be more feasible than to
encourage them to do exercise as their confidence was higher in taking calcium.
Nevertheless, programs targeted to increase levels of calcium intake and physical activity
should be carried out in tandem for optimal bone health.
A18 Relationship between the understanding of dietary
guidelines of Malaysia and healthy lifestyle among Malay
adults in Kuala Lumpur
Mah CH & Norimah AK
Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia.
71
The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the understanding of
five of the key messages of the newly proposed MDG and healthy lifestyle among 225
Malay adults in Kuala Lumpur. A questionnaire consisting of questions on the
understanding of the five key messages of MDG, Food Frequency Questionnaire and
short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), were distributed to the
subjects. The dietary intake from the FFQ of each subject was used to determine the
Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Anthropometric measures of each subject including body fat
percentage, weight, height and waist circumference were taken. The mean for the overall
score of understanding of key messages was 61.1±16.0 which was at moderate level. The
mean score was significantly higher among younger subjects (p=0.006). The mean for the
overall score of HEI was 45.1±15.1, which was at a weak level with no significant
differences in the mean scores between men and women. The relationship between the
mean score of understanding and the score of HEI was significantly correlated (p=0.000).
Most subjects were at the moderate physical activity level, with significant difference
(0.002) on the total MET between men and women. There was a significant relationship
between the levels of understanding of key messages of MDG and the level of physical
activity of subjects (p=0.045). There was a significant relationship between the level of
understanding and the waist category of subjects (p=0.041). However, no significant
relationship were observed between level of understanding and the BMI and also body fat
categories of subjects. This study showed that the understanding of the MDG is
important in guiding Malaysian adults to improve and adopt a healthy lifestyles.
A19 Relationship between osteoporosis knowledge, dietary
calcium intake and physical activities with bone health status
among secondary school students aged 15-17 years old
Mak PW & Zaitun Y
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the relationship between
osteoporosis knowledge (OK), dietary calcium intake and physical activity with bone
health status among secondary school students aged 15-17 years old in Sekolah
Menengah Kebangsaan Seksyen 3 Bandar Kinrara. The respondents were selected
through cluster sampling. Socio-demographic information, family history of osteoporosis,
experience of menstruation, osteoporosis knowledge test (OKT) score, osteoporosis health
belief (OHB) score, consumption pattern of milk and calcium supplement were obtained
through a set of self-administered questionnaire. Calcium intake was assessed using a
Semi Food Frequency Questionnaire (SFFQ), whereas the physical activity level was
assessed using Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). Body weight
and height were measured using TANITA digital weighing scale and SECA body meter,
respectively, while bone health status was measured using the ultrasound machine
(QUS-2TM). The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS) 16.0 windows version. A total of 93 secondary school students (43 males and 50
females) with a mean age of 15.78 ± 0.59 years were recruited. Only 11.2% of the
respondents reported a family history of osteoporosis. About 75% of them reported their
age for onset of menarche was in the range of 12 to 14 years old. The mean of OKT was
9.47 ± 3.78, whereas the total mean score of OHB was 125.63 ± 11.36. About 67% of the
respondents consumed milk regularly, especially low fat milk (37.1%). Only about 1/4 of
the respondents consumed calcium supplement. The mean score of physical activity level
of the respondents was 2.55 ± 0.69 and 52.7% of them had moderate levels of physical
activity. The mean intake of dietary calcium was 1091.28 ± 940.12 mg/day, with 63.4%
of them consuming less than 1000 mg per day. The mean weight, height and BMI-for-age
72
for the respondents were 55.42 ± 13.64 kg, 1.63 ± 0.09 m and -0.26 ± 1.40 SD,
respectively. The mean of BUA and T-score of the respondents was 87.27 ± 14.38
dB/MHz and -0.13 ± 1.16 S.D. A total of 68% of the respondents had normal bone health
status. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between OK with
dietary calcium intake and physical activity. However, there was a significant correlation
between OK with perceived benefits to exercise (r=0.244, p<0.05) and perceived benefits
of taking calcium (r=0.264, p<0.05). This means that increased in knowledge would
improve the perceptions towards benefits to exercise and taking calcium. OK were also
significantly and negatively correlated with perceived barriers to exercise (r=-0.361,
p<0.01) and perceived barriers of taking calcium (r=-0.373, p<0.01), indicating that the
lower the knowledge, the higher would be the barriers to perform exercise and consume
calcium. Perceived barriers to exercise were significantly correlated with dietary calcium
intake (r=0.256, p<0.05) and physical activity (r=-0.230, p<0.05). There were no
significant correlation between dietary calcium intake and physical activity with bone
health status. In conclusion, majority of the respondents had moderate levels of OHB,
OK and physical activity but had low dietary calcium intake. In order to develop optimal
peak bone mass, appropriate intervention programmes should be implemented to
improve their knowledge and health beliefs associated with osteoporosis.
The
adolescence years are also an important period to promote higher intake of calcium and
to increase level of physical activity.
A20 Development, validity and reliability of a Pregnancy
Symptoms Questionnaire for nutritional study
Marhazlina M1, Loy SL1, Nik Mohamed Zaki NM2, Nor Azwany Y3 & Hamid Jan JM1
1Nutrition
Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia; 2Obstetric and
Gynecology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia;
3Community Medicine Department, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Pregnancy is characterized by changes in woman‟s body system which brings physical
and mental discomforts. Unpleasant pregnancy symptoms are potentially detrimental to
the health of mother and infant. It is important to measure this problem accurately in
nutritional studies. This study aimed to develop and examine the validity and reliability
of a pregnancy symptoms questionnaire. It is designed to be used in a prospective cohort
study in a population of pregnant women in Kelantan. A total of 190 pregnant women
aged 19 to 40 years old were randomly recruited from December 2009 to January 2010
in Antenatal Clinic, Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital. Pregnant women at second and
third trimesters were interviewed to complete the Pregnancy Symptoms Questionnaire
(PSQ). All 38 items comprised in the PSQ were based on a questionnaire of pregnancyrelated physical symptoms by Wallace et al. (1986) and from extensive literature search.
Likert scales were used in both frequency (rated as 0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes,
3 =often, 4 = very often) and severity (rated as 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 =
severe, 4 = very severe, 5 = extremely severe). Exploratory factor analysis for both
frequency and severity of the symptoms was performed. A total of 16 items with poor
correlation with other items (Pearson correlation coefficient <0.3) were removed.
Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to check for construct analysis. The 22
remaining items were found to be loaded on the three components (general,
constitutional and somatic pain). The internal consistency of the PSQ was expressed as
Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients. The Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients were high for the overall
PSQ (α=0.93) and for each three components ranges from 0.70–0.87. The results suggest
that the final PSQ consisting of 22 items is valid and reliable for measuring the frequency
and severity of the symptoms experienced during pregnancy. It can be used in
nutritional studies related to pregnancy and its outcome.
73
A21 Metabolic syndrome and its components among normal
weight, overweight and obese adolescents in Kuala Lumpur
Mazliyana M, Poh BK & Ismail MN
Overweight and obesity plays a central role in Metabolic Syndrome (MS). MS have been
reported in adults has become a significant clinical and public health problem in
children and adolescents as well. This study was carried out to determine the
components of (MS) among normal weight (NW), overweight (OW) and obese (OB)
adolescents aged 13-16 years old in Kuala Lumpur. A screening process was conducted
among 4337 adolescents from secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur to obtain their BMI
status based on WHO 2007 reference. A total of 330 NW, OW and OB Malay adolescent
boys and girls aged 13-16 years old were recruited for this study. Anthropometry
measurement included body weight, height, waist circumference (WC). Blood glucose and
lipid profile, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. MS components were
determined using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition (Zimmet et al.
2007). A diagnosis of MS can be made with abdominal obesity as core feature and the
presence of two or more of the other components (elevated triglycerides, low HDL
cholesterol, high BP, elavated blood glucose). Waist circumference percentile chart used
was from Hong Kong children (Sung et al. 2008) and the cut-off for WC was ≥ 90th
percentile based on the IDF recommendation. Mean age of the subjects were 14.4±1.2
years. Mean family income was RM2993.18±3320.70 and majority of subjects had mean
4±2 siblings and 6±2 family members. Mean weight and height of OW (65.3±8.2 kg,
160.1±9.0 cm) and OB (81.1±13.2 kg, 160.1±8.6 cm) groups were significantly higher
(p<0.05) than NW subjects (46.0±7.4 kg, 157.0±8.4 cm). OB subjects were found to have
significantly higher BMI and waist circumference measurements (31.6±3.8 kg/m2,
94.3±10.3 cm) compared to OW (25.4±1.5 kg/m2, 80.8±6.4 cm) and NW (18.6±2.08
kg/m2, 63.7±6.1 cm) groups. Comparison of clinical profiles by weight category revealed
that OW and OB subjects were significantly higher (p<0.05) for diastolic and systolic
blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol
and total cholesterol compared to NW subjects. The result indicated that 42 subjects
(12.7%) had MS based on the IDF definition, with the highest proportion in OB (26.3%),
followed by OW (13.0%). None of the NW had MS, and only 18.3% of NW subjects had at
least one component of MS. The most common component was central obesity (56.3%).
OB subjects showed the highest proportion in all components of MS, namely WC
(97.5%), diastolic BP (13.3%), systolic BP (37.5%), fasting blood glucose (12.3%),
triglycerides (13.9%) and HDL cholesterol (22.1%). WC showed the strongest correlation
with indicators of obesity such as BMI (r=0.916, p<0.01), fat mass (r=0.898, p<0.01) and
fat-free mass (r=0.696, p<0.01). In conclusion, the results revealed that MS components
were also found among OW and OB adolescents in our community and problems
associated with obesity and the likelihood of progression of MS in adolescents should be
addressed early on.
A22 Validation of body composition among elderly using
three different techniques: dual energy x-ray absorbtiometry,
bio-impedance analysis and skinfolds
Mohamad Hasnan A1, Suzana S1, Zahara AM1, Noor Ibrahim MS2, Zaitun MY3 &
Norshafarina S4
74
1Department
of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University
Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2Programme of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health
Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia; 3Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of
Medical & Allied Health Sciences, University Putra, Malaysia; 4Department of Biomedical
Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia.
A variety technique was developed in assessing body composition. Dual energy x-ray
absorbtiometry (DEXA) was recognized as the gold standard for this measurement.
Whereas, the bio-impedance analysis (BIA) and skinfolds are techniques designed to be
more suitable for the large sample size research. Therefore, this study aimed to validate
the data measurements from the BIA and skinfolds techniques based on DEXA
measurements in assessing body composition among the older people. The data was
collected from 55 elderly men and 23 elderly women with mean aged 66.7±5.7 and
67.2±5.8 respectively. Mean BMI of the subjects was 25.2±3.5kg/m 2 in men and
23.8±5.5kg/m2 in women. Skinfold-derived body composition was highly correlated with
DEXA-derived for the FM (r=0.901, p<0.001) and FMM (r=0.953, p<0.001). The highty
correlated variables were BIA-derived and DEXA-derived FM (r=0.966, p<0.001) and FFM
(r=0.973, p<0.001). The prediction of FM and FFM by skinfolds gave an r2 of 0.811 and
o.908 with the corresponding SEEs was 3.15kg and 2.89kg respectively. Meanwhile, BIA
gave an r2 0.934 and 0.947 with the corresponding SEEs was 1.84kg and 2.23kg. In
conclusion, both techniques have an excellent correlation to DEXA-derived in measuring
body composition. We conclude that BIA is a reliable method in measuring body
composition as well as skinfold technique.
A23 Physical activity pattern and quality of life (QoL) among
primary school children with normal body mass index (BMI)
using accelerometer
Nathirah M1, Nur Hana H1, Sharifah Wajihah Wafa SSTW2 & Ruzita AT1
1Department
of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, UKM, Kuala Lumpur;
of Developmental Medicine Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Glasgow, United Kingdom
2Division
The objective of this study is to determine the physical activity pattern among primary
school children with normal body mass index (BMI). This study also aims to see
relationship between the physical activity pattern with both subjects‟ quality of life and
their parents‟ perspective about their quality of life (QoL). A cross-sectional study was
conducted at randomly selected primary schools in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 67 subjects
(29 boys, 38 girls) were recruited. The mean age of the subjects was 10.0 ± 0.5 years.
Physical activity was measured objectively by using the Actigraph accelerometer while
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 (PedsQL) was used to determine child self-reported
and parent proxy quality of life. Mean body weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI) and
BMI z-score of the subjects were 28.9 ± 4.5 kg, 133.9 ± 6.5 cm, 16.0 ± 1.4 kg/m 2 and 0.4 ± 0.8. Habitual physical activity among the subjects was shown trough their total
physical activity (counts per minute, cpm). It was categorize as sedentary (< 1100 cpm),
light intensity (< 3200 cpm) and moderate-vigorous physical activity (> 3200 cpm). The
mean of total physical activity was 350.5 ± 128.6 cpm which indicates the subjects was
sedentary. It was found that the physical activity pattern was mainly contributed by (%
monitored time) sedentary activity was 86.0 ± 5.6 %, followed by light intensity activity
(8.9 ± 3.7 %) and moderate-vigorous activity (1.1 ± 1.0 %). For quality of life assessment,
the mean score for child self-reported QoL was 64.0 ± 17.7 and the mean for parentproxy reported QoL was 73.2 ± 12.1. The higher the scores, the better quality of life of the
children. Besides, there were positively correlated relationship between the child self-
75
reported QoL score with the total physical activity (r=0.297, p<0.05), light intensity
activity (r=0.328, p<0.01) and moderate-vigorous activity (r=0.369, p<0.01) and
negatively correlated to sedentary behavior (r=-0.316, p<0.01). This indicates that as the
better the quality of life of the child, the higher will be the total physical activity, light
intensity physical activity and moderate-vigorous physical activity of the child and less
sedentary activity. In conclusion, this study found that primary school children in Kuala
Lumpur have a sedentary physical activity pattern and fair QoL.
A24 Weight management behaviours among participants
registered in a weight management programme
Noor Shuhadah S & Hazizi AS
Putra Malaysia
The alarming increase in overweight and obesity in Malaysia in recent decades becomes
the catalyst for this study. Realizing the significant findings that could be obtained, this
cross sectional study was conducted with the objective to determine weight management
behaviours of participants registered in a weight management programme. A total 104
Malay undergraduate female students from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang were
invited to participate in this study. Data collection was conducted by using a selfadministered questionnaire and physical examination was assessed by trained
enumerator. The questionnaire consists of 10 sections; socioeconomic background,
medical history, family history, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, weight
management goals, weight management behaviours, eating attitude and body image
perception. Anthropometric measurements were including weight, height, waist and hip
circumference. While body fat percentage was measured by Tanita Body Composition
Analyzer (TBF300, Japan). Pearson correlation was used to determine correlation
between two variables. Results showed that mean age of the respondents was 21.4+1.6
years and 35.6% of the respondents came from families with income less than RM1, 000.
More than 78% of the respondents have an intention to reduce their weight. Majority
(98.1%) of the respondents have moderate weight management behaviours score. Based
on the results, there were 42.3% respondents chose increasing water intake and 17.3%
chose increasing walking as their weight management behaviours. However, almost
10.0% of the respondents chose reducing carbohydrate intake and skipping meals as
their weight management behaviours. The results showed that there were no correlation
between body mass index (r=0.02, P>0.05), waist-to-hip ratio (r=-0.14, P>0.05) and body
fat percentage (r=-0.008, p>0.05) with weight management behaviours. In conclusion,
majority of the participants in this study were practicing healthy weight management
strategies rather than the unhealthy one. However, there were no correlations detected
between body weight status and weight management behaviours.
A25 Impacts of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of
nutrition level and physical activity level of parents in
influencing changes of BMI z score of obese child underwent
MASCOT programme
Nor Hidayah A1, Sharifah Wajihah Wafa SSTW2, Reilly JJ
hana H5
76
3,
Ruzita AT
4,
Nur
1Dept
of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, UKM, Kuala Lumpur;
of Developmental Medicine Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
2Division
Parents educational and physical activity become important determinants in influencing
weight changes among obese children. This cross sectional study is conducted to
determine the impacts Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of nutrition (KAP) and
Physical Activity level of parents MASCOT group in influencing changes of BMI z score of
obese child. Malaysian Childhood Obesity Treatment (MASCOT) programme is a
childhood obesity treatment program conducted among primary school children in Kuala
Lumpur who are clinically obese (>95the centile or age relative to CDC reference) aged 7
to 11 years old, whose parents were willing to take part in the study, at least one parent
was required to attend all the treatment programme for 6 months (between November
2008 and April 2009). This study was done to see changes in MASCOT child BMI z score
within 8 months (April 2009 until December 2009). To determine BMI z score changes ,
baseline anthropometrics data for MASCOT child is based on data taken at the end of
MASCOT programme (April 2009). Anthropometrics measurement for body weight,
height, body mass index (BMI), established Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP)
questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ) questionnaires
were recorded and calculated as outcome measures. A total of 30 subjects of MASCOT
parents were recruited for this study. From those parents, 18 boys and 12 girls from
MASCOT group were also recruited.For parents anthropometric measurements, study
found that mean weight for parents of MASCOT group is 72.2 + 13.3 kg while for mean
BMI is 29.2 + 5.2 kg/m2.For child anthropometric measurements, mean BMI for boys
of MASCOT child is 29.7 + 3.6 kg/m2 and for girls is 27.7 + 2.4 kg/m2. Study found that
mean BMI z score for MASCOT child at baseline is 3.09 + 0.46 kg/m2 and after 8 months
from baseline is 2.22 + 0.24 kg/m2.Study found there were significant decrease from
baseline to 8 months for BMI z scores ( p=0.000). For KAP levels among parents, study
found that 73.3% of MASCOT parents have high level of KAP and 26.7 % have moderate
KAP levels .For IPAQ levels, 53.3 % of them have high IPAQ levels , while 43.3 % of them
have moderate IPAQ levels and only 3.3 % of them have low IPAQ levels. Study found
that there is no significant correlation between KAP levels and IPAQ levels of parents
towards BMI z score changes among MASCOT child (p= 0.117, p =0.344). But there is
significant positive correlation between KAP levels and IPAQ levels of MASCOT parents
(p= 0.006). Although it was found that there is high percentage of KAP level and IPAQ
level among MASCOT parents and a significant difference in change of BMI z score of
MASCOT children, higher sample size might need to recruited for a significant difference
between these three aspects.
A26 Nutritional status and health behaviours among teachers
in Marang, Terengganu
Nor Izzati Aqmar AR & Rokiah MY
Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
.
The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and
health behaviours among teachers. A total of 193 teachers (63 males and 130 females,
mean age 40.3±7.6 years) were selected. This is a cross-sectional study. A selfadministered questionnaire was used to obtain information on demographic,
socioeconomic status, health behaviours, weight management knowledge, and stress
level. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS ver. 16.0. Weight and height of all
respondents were measured and their Body Mass Index (BMI) was determined. Mean
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BMI of the respondents was 26.10±4.84 kg/m2 and majority (40.4%) was in overweight
category. Three health related behaviours were studied which was smoking, exercise,
and alcohol intake. The results showed that 155 (80.3%) respondents did not smoke, 108
(56.0%) practiced active and healthy lifestyle, and 193 (100.0%) respondents did not
consume alcohol. Mean systolic blood pressure was 128.74±18.25 mmHg and mean
diastolic blood pressure was 79.70±11.12 mmHg. About 32.6% were categorized as
having hypertension. Mean percentage of body fat for male was 27.26±6.12% and female
was 35.71±6.05% respectively. Around 65.1% male respondents and 74.6% female
respondents were having high percentage of body fat respectively. There were no
significant relationship between respondents‟ blood pressure and stress level (χ2=0.009,
p=0.925) and no significant relationship between weight management knowledge and
BMI of respondents (χ2=0.071, p=0.790). There was a negative significant association
between respondent stress level and BMI (r=-0.153, p=0.033). In conclusion, teachers in
this study were having high prevalence of health risk such as obesity, hypertension, and
high percentage of body fat. The intervention and health promotion programs are needed
in order to improve the nutritional and health status of these teachers.
A27 Assessment of nutritional status, appetite and
depression among male patients of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) at Institution Medical Respiratory
and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center
Norazida AB, Suzana S & Elham P
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia
Good nutritional status is important for COPD patient to increase their quality of life.
Therefore this cross sectional study was conducted to assess nutritional status, appetite
and depression among 70 adult COPD outpatients, aged between 48 to 83 (64.5 + 8.6)
years, with the majority of them were Malays (44.3%), followed by Chinese (40%), Indians
(11.4%) and others (4.3%). Subjects were assessed for dietary intake, body composition
analysis, subjective global assessment (SGA), anthropometric, Council on Nutrition
appetite questionnaire (CNAQ) and depression (Geriatric Depression Scale). Body mass
Index (BMI) of subjects was 23.6 + 5.3 kg/m2, and within the normal range. However,
4.3% had chronic energy deficiency (CED) III, 12.9% had CED I to II, 24.3% were
overweight and 10% was classified as obese. SGA assessment identified 45.8% as
malnourished, with 2.9% was severely malnourished and 42.9% mild to moderate
malnourished. Body composition index assessed using Bioelectrical impedance analysis
(BIA) indicated that 41.1% were malnourished with 30% cachexic and 11.4% had muscle
atrophy. Based on scores of CNAQ, prevalence for loss of appetite among subjects was
65.7%, and 22.9% had depression. Mean energy intake of the malnourished subjects
(1587.3 + 275.5 kcal/day) was significantly lower than non malnourished (1803 + 366.2
kcal/day). BMI, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), fat free mass index (FFMI), fat
mass index (FMI) and handgrip assessment were significantly higher among
malnourished subjects (p<0.05 for all parameters). Energy intake, macronutrients and
niacin were significantly higher among malnourished subjects (p<0.05 for all
parameters). There were no significant correlation between CNAQ and nutritional status
components (p> 0.05 for all parameters). Handgrip assessment (r=-0.242,p<0.05), energy
(r=-0.237,p<0.05) and fat (r=-0.282,p<0.05) showed significantly correlation with GDS.
As a conclusion, almost half of the COPD outpatients had malnutrition and this related
to inadequate of dietary intake, loss of appetite and depression.
78
A28 Risk behaviors on body weight management among
Malay women in Kuala Lumpur
Nurrus Saadah MG1, Norimah AK1 & Zawaha HI2
1Department
of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2Institute for Health Behavioural Research, Ministry of Health.
This cross sectional study was carried out among Malay women in Kuala Lumpur to
assess the risk behavior on body weight management. Subjects comprised of 186 Malay
women between the ages of 19-59 years old. Information on demographic data and risk
behaviors such as knowledge on weight management, body image perception, eating
behavior and exercise pattern were determined using questionnaire. Anthropometric
measurements including body weight, height, body fat percentage, waist circumference,
and blood pressure were also carried out. The mean body mass index classifications were
significantly different between young adult (22.58 ± 4.7 kg/m²), middle adult (25.9 ±
25.27 kg/m²) and late adult (27.75 ± 5.43 kg/m²). The mean knowledge score of weight
management was not significantly different between underweight (71.33 ± 7.43), normal
weight (61.0 ± 17.26) and overweight/obese (61.54 ± 16.09). Most subjects irrespective of
BMI classification recorded a moderate level of weight management knowledge. Both
young adult (46.7%) and middle-aged adult (50%) subjects recorded a moderate level
while older adults (66.7%) recorded a low level of weight management knowledge. Both
groups of normal weight (77.89%) and overweight/obese (80.15%) subjects engaged in
healthy weight loss practice in terms eating habit, which included decreasing their
caloric intake in foods ( 78.4% vs. 88.7), increasing consumption of vegetables and fruits
(90.2% vs. 90.3%), consuming less carbohydrate (70.6% vs. 87.1%) and decreasing fat
intakes (84.3% vs. 90.3%). However, both normal weight and overweight/obese subjects
also managed weight loss through fasting (70.6% vs. 79%). More normal weight subjects
(52.9%) skipped breakfast compared to overweight/obese subjects (43.5%). Both
underweight (27%) and overweight/obese (14%) subjects has body image distortion.
There was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.326, p <0.001) between body image
dissatisfaction and weight management status. As a conclusion, subjects were
knowledgeable in managing body weight in healthier ways, but there were some who did
not put knowledge into practice. Understanding the risk behaviors which relate to
healthy body weight management may be useful in developing effective strategies on
weight management programmes in the future.
A29 Association of nutritional status with cognitive function
and behavioral problems among primary school children in
Ledang district, Johor
Nurul Fatihah Hanim G & Zahara AM
Kebangsaan Malaysia
This cross sectional study was carried out to determine the nutritional status and its
association with the cognitive performance as well as behavioral problems among rural
primary school children (9-11 years old) in Ledang District, Johor. 180 Malay subjects
were recruited consisted of 89 boys (49.4%) and 91 girls (50.6%). Anthropometric
measurements were obtained (weight, height and mid upper up circumference) and
nutritional status was classified based on WHO (2007) and Frisancho (1981) reference.
Interview was conducted to obtain subject‟s dietary intake for 3 days using 24 hours diet
79
recall. Socio demographic data was collected through questionnaires. Behavioral
problems were assessed using a validated Strength and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ)
which consisted of 5 scales (emotion symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer
problems and pro-social behavior). The ability of cognitive function was assessed using
Test of Nonverbal Intelligence- third edition (TONI-3) to test the ability of solving
problems and academic achievement (the ability of learning process) of Malay language
(ML) and Mathematics (MT) scores. The results showed that 27.2% (n=49) were having
less protein energy storage (MUAC < percentile 5), 7.8% (n= 14) were wasted (BMI < -2
SD), 11.7% (n= 21) were at possible risk of overweight (>1 SD), 10.6% (n= 11) were
overweight (BMI > 2 SD), 3.3% (n= 6) were obese (BMI > 3 SD), 22.2% (n= 12) were
underweight (WAZ < -2 SD) and 18.3% ( n= 33) were stunted (HAZ < -2 SD).Using
spearman correlation test, there were no significant correlation between nutritional
status and TONI-3 as well as energy and nutrient intake except for protein (r= -0.131, p
<0.05). A significant correlation were found between ML with MUAC (r = 0.163, p <0.05),
HAZ (r= 0.219, p < 0.05) and BMI (r= 0.163, p < 0.029). For MT scores, a significant
correlation only found in HAZ (r= 0.152, p < 0.05). There were no significant correlation
between dietary intake with MT and ML (p>0.05) except for vitamin B6 (r= -0.151, p
<0.05) for ML. While for behavioral problems, no association were found between
nutritional status except for z score for WAZ for hyperactivity (r= -0.300, p < 0.05), peer
problems (r= -0.329, p < 0.05), pro-social behavior (r= 0.290, p < 0.05) and for total
difficulties score (r= -0.321, p<0.05). There were no significant correlation between
dietary intake with SDQ component (p>0.05) except for vitamin C (r= -0.191, p<0.05), B1
(-0.160, p<0.05) & B12 (-0.186, p <0.05) for hyperactivity, B2 (r= 0.153, p<0.05) for peer
problems and CHO (r= -0.152, p<0.05) for total difficulties score. As a conclusion,
malnutrition among children was associated with the cognitive function and behavior of
the children.
A30 The relationship between nutritional status and early
childhood caries (ECC) among preschool children in Tumpat
district, Kelantan
Ruhaya H1, Jaafar N1, Marhazlinda J1, Ismail AR2, Ismail NM2, Badariah TC 3,
Zaiton MS3 and Mat A3
1University
of Malaya, 2Science University of Malaysia, 3 Oral Health Division, Ministry of
Health, Malaysia.
The objectives of the study were to assess the socioeconomic status of the family,
nutritional status of the preschool children (aged 5-6 years), the prevalence of early
childhood caries (ECC) and to determine the association between nutritional status and
ECC. This is a cross-sectional study involving 12 selected KEMAS-managed preschools
in Tumpat district (Total no. of eligible preschools was 68). All the families involved were
interviewed for their socioeconomic data and main source of water supply at home. All
preschool children were measured for their anthropometry (height and weight) and BMI.
For oral health, the oral examinations to assess their ECC involving primary maxillary
incisors were based on the dmf index (WHO, 1997). Results showed that 78.3% of
mothers were housewives, and 51.1% of fathers were employed with a mean income of
RM1190.85 (SD 1445.80) and mean expenditure for food was RM481.16 (SD 422.20).
About 50.2% of the families used wells as the main source of water supply at home.
About 60.9% of the children have normal BMI for age (median to -1SD, BMI for age).
However 22.3% were overweight / obese (>+1SD, BMI for age) and 16.7% were thinness /
severe thinness (<-2SD, BMI for age) respectively. The majority (97.0%) of children have
early childhood caries problem with 76.0% having very high caries experience (mean
dmf>7). Only 3% of them were caries-free. There was a significant association between
80
dmf index and BMI (p < 0.01), whereby an increase in dmf was associated with decrease
in BMI.
A31 The relationship between oral health and nutritional
status among older adults aged 55 years and above
Shareena Delaila MS, Zaitun Y & Tanti Irawati R
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, .Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between oral health and
nutritional status among older adults aged 55 years and above in Kuala Lumpur.
Information on socio-demographic background was obtained through face-face interview
using a pre-tested questionnaire. Weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC),
calf-circumference (CC) and total body fat (TBF) were measured using appropriate
instruments and standard procedures. Dietary intake was assessed through a 24-hour
dietary recall and the oral health status (presence of remaining teeth, edentulousness,
total occluding pairs, dental caries, periodontal disease, condition of teeth, use of
dentures) was examined by a trained dentist. Decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT)
score was computed. A total of 85 older adults (55 to 89 years old) participated in this
study. About 54% of the respondents were between 55-64 years old. The mean body
weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were 63.99±10.93 kg, 1.55±0.08 m,
26.48±4.06 kg/m², respectively. Majority of the respondents (48.3%) were overweight.
The mean TBF, MUAC and CC were 32.12±9.68 %, 28.85±4.65 cm: 34.39±4.43 cm,
respectively. A total of 36.5% of the respondents admitted that they had oral health
problem. However, only 22.4% of them had gone for a dental check-up within the last
one year. Majority of them perceived that their oral problem was not serious (60.6%).
Other reasons cited were: that they cannot afford (19.4%), felt afraid, worried and had
mobility problem to go to a dental clinic (19.4%). More than half (54.1%) of the
respondents consumed more than 2000 kcal per day. Majority of them (75.3%)
consumed less than 400 g carbohydrate. However, for protein intake, 77.6% of them
achieved the recommended intake (59 g). About 73% of the respondents consumed less
than 5g of dietary fiber, 92.9% did not meet the recommended intake for calcium
(Male=800 mg; Female=1000 mg), 70.6% consumed less than 70mg of vitamin C and
75.3% consumed more than 5000 IU vitamin A. The mean number of remaining teeth
were 14.01±9.28 and the mean number for occluding pairs were 1.19±1.79. Only 7.1% of
them were edentulous or having no teeth. Pearson correlation showed no significant
relationship between intake of calories, macro-nutrients and selected nutrients with
number of remaining teeth and between BMI with scores for edentolousness, DMFT and
calculus score. Although the data did not reveal any significant association between oral
health with dietary intake and nutritional status among the elderly in this sample, oral
health problems will likely become worse with increasing age and will have an
undesirable impact on the nutritional status of the older adults. Therefore, it is
important to promote healthy oral health habits throughout life to ensure optimal oral
health and related quality of life in later life.
A32 Comparison of bone health status between Chinese
lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans in Klang Valley
Shu PS & Chan YM
81
It is globally estimated that osteoporotic-fracture will likely to increase and become a
major health burden in developing countries, including Malaysia. The purpose of this
study was to compare the bone health status, dietary intakes, anthropometric indicators
and lifestyle practices between lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans in Klang Valley.
Information on socio-economic status was obtained through a self-administered
questionnaire. Dietary assessment was conducted by using one-day food recall and oneday food record. Weight, height, body fat percentage and bone health status were
measured using electronic weighing balance (TANITA), body meter (SECA), body fat
monitor (Omron), and ultrasonometry (QUS-2TM), respectively. In the absence of food
composition of vegetarian dietary database, various meat substitutes‟ foods labels were
used as the primary sources in dietary analysis. Data were analysed by using Statistical
Package for the Social Science for Window (SPSS) version 17.0 whereas dietary data was
analysed using Nutritionist Pro 2007 software. A total of 120 subjects with equal number
of lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans were recruited. Mean age of subjects was 41.9 ± 11.4
years. The mean weight, height, body mass index (BMI), fat mass and percentage of body
fat for the subjects were 56.9 ± 10.3 kg, 1.60 ± 0.84 m, 22.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2, 15.8 ± 5.1 kg,
and 27.2 ± 6.4% respectively. Only 68.5% of the subjects have normal BMI. While vegans
had significant higher magnesium intake than lacto-ovo vegetarians (t=0.028, p<0.05),
there were no significant differences on other dietary intakes [protein (t=0.771, p>0.05),
calcium (t= 0.729, p>0.05), vitamin D (t=0.899, p>0.05), vitamin B12 (t=0.45, p>0.05) &
phosphorus (t=0.481, p>0.05)] between lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans. The adequacy
of daily dietary intakes of the subjects was determined by comparing with the Malaysian
Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) and the United States Recommended Daily
Allowances (USRDA). There were only 2.5%, 3.3%, 19.2%, 35.8%, 65% and 71.7% of the
respondents achieving recommended dietary intakes for vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium,
magnesium, phosphorus and protein respectively. The mean BUA for lacto-ovo
vegetarians and vegans were 89.19 ± 1.45dB/MHz and 85.36 ± 1.41dB/MHz respectively
while mean T-score for lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans were -0.015 ± 1.45 and -0.2925
± 1.4. There were no significant mean differences in BUA (t=0.262, p>0.05) and T-score
(t=0.290, p>0.05) between lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans. BUA were positively
correlated with body weight (r=3.42, p=0.000), BMI (r=0.310, p=0.001), body fat mass
(r=0.258, p=0.004), dietary protein (r= 0.190, p=0.048) and dietary calcium (r= 0.215,
p=0.023). Age (r=-0.287, p=0.001) was negatively correlated with BUA. Multiple linear
regression showed that BMI, age and dietary protein contributed significantly on BUA
with the estimated model: BUA= 45.925 + 0.355 BMI -0.320 age + 0.233 dietary protein
intake. In conclusion, although there was no difference in bone health status between
vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians, there were high prevalence of vegetarians with
inadequate dietary intakes which warrant further investigations and the need for proper
dietary intervention.
A33 Determinants of physical activity among working women
Siti Affira K, Mohd Nasir MT, Hazizi AS, Kandiah M
Many studies have shown that physical activity is a major component in the prevention
of chronic diseases along with a healthy diet. A cross sectional study was conducted
among 215 working women aged between 18-55 years from 4 private corporate listed
companies in Petaling Jaya to determine factors related to their physical activity levels. A
self administered questionnaire which include socio-economic profile, the International
82
Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), 2-day 24 hour dietary recall, psychosocial factors
which determined perceived barriers and benefits to physical activity, self efficacy to
physical activity and an 8-item questionnaire on current behavioural stage of physical
activity were used to obtain information for this study. A majority of the respondents
were Malays (81.9%), followed by Chinese (10.2%) and Indians (7.9%) and their mean age
was 30.14 ± 7.59 years. Most were executives (63.3%), while the remaining respondents
were non-executives (25.6%) and managers (11.2%). Some 28.8% of the respondents
were in the low physical activity level category, whereas 48.8% were in the moderate and
22.3% were in the high physical activity categories. The mean energy intake
(1404.74±346.69 kcal) among the respondents was less than the Malaysian RNI
(2000kcal) derived by means of carbohydrate intake (52.91% ± 6.54%), fat intake
(31.22% ± 5.34%) and protein intake (15.86% ± 3.64%). There was an association
between job category and physical activity (χ2=10.180; p < 0.05) but not between
ethnicity and physical activity. . For dietary intake, there was a positive correlation
between protein intake with physical activity (r=0.188, p<0.05). For psychosocial factors,
physical activity was positively correlated with perceived barriers to physical activity (r=
0.222, p<0.05) and perceived benefits to physical activity (r=0.227, p<0.05). However,
physical activity was not correlated with self efficacy to physical activity. In addition,
respondents who are active based on their current behavioural stage of physical activity
were in the high physical activity category (χ2 = 41.849; p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis
showed that perceived barriers to physical activity, protein intake and current
behavioural stage of physical activity were significant in explaining the physical activity
among working women. Future physical activity promotion targeting working women
should include counselling focusing on decreasing perceived barriers and increasing
perceived benefits to physical activity.
A34 Relationship between body weight status with
knowledge, attitude and practices towards body weight
management among adolescents in secondary school, in
Putrajaya
Siti Fatimah K & Rokiah MY
Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Overweight and obesity are the most concern body weight status problems especially
among adolescents, which has been the key determinant of adolescent nutritional habits
and weight management behaviors. Adolescents also engaged in unhealthy body weight
control behaviors such as skipping meals or purging foods, which may result in
nutritional problems that may impair adolescent growth. This study has been conducted
to determine the association between body weight status with knowledge, attitude and
practices toward weight management among adolescents. A sample of 102 respondents
consists of male and female from a secondary school in Precint 9 (1), Putrajaya were
recruited to participate in this study. Results showed that 72.5% of the respondents have
a normal body weight, 2% were severe thinness, 5.9% were thinness, 13.7% were
overweight and 5.9% were obese. More females (19.7%) were overweight compared to
males (9.8%). Majority of the respondents have a moderate level of body weight
management knowledge (80.3%). Surprisingly, high percentage of respondents (82.4%)
had negative attitude towards body weight management compared to positive attitude
(17.6%). Among 102 respondents, 68 subjects (52 female and 16 male) had practiced
weight control methods to lose their weight. The most familiar weight reduction methods
practiced by them were exercise, reduce foods intake, fasting and skipping meals.
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Pearson‟s Correlation test showed that there were no significant association between
knowledge, attitude and practices score on body weight management with each other
variables (p>0.05). Besides, no significant association between body weight status with
knowledge and attitude on body weight control were recorded. However, there was highly
significant association between respondents‟ body weight status with body weight control
practices (p<0.01). As conclusion, this study has revealed that some adolescents were
still practicing unhealthy weight lose behaviors. Weight management should be stressed
in the intervention program for adolescents to change their negative attitudes towards a
healthy lifestyle.
A35 Factors associated with eating behavior among athletes
in Universiti Putra Malaysia
Siti Norsafiah MY & Mohd Nasir MT
Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang,Selangor
This study aims to determine the associations between body image perception, body
weight status, reasons for exercise, and body weight management knowledge with eating
behavior among athletes in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Data were collected using a
self-administered questionnaire distributed among UPM athletes who were involved in
various types of sports. A total of 172 athletes (46.5% males and 53.5% females) with
mean age 22.12±1.96 years were involved in this study. Weight and height were
measured and BMI was calculated based on WHO (2000) classification. Most of the
subjects have normal body weight (78.5%), while 14.5% were underweight, 5.8%
overweight and 1.2% obese. The questionnaire collected information on sociodemographic background, nutrition and eating habits, body image perception, knowledge
of body weight management and reasons for exercise. Using the Nine-Figure Body Size
Scale, the subjects‟ perceptions of their current body size and ideal body size were
assessed. Results showed that 79.1% of the subjects were generally dissatisfied with
their body size in wanting either for a slimmer or a bigger body size. However, most of the
subjects (52.4%) desired a slimmer body size from their current body size. Further, most
of the subjects (64%) had a moderate level of knowledge on body weight management
and only 8.1% of subjects were in the high level of body weight management knowledge.
Reasons for exercise show that, the highest score was for the “health” item (23.4%). A
majority of the subjects (88.4%) exercised regularly (more than 3 times per week).
Similarly, a majority of the subjects (73.8%) scored high for their nutrition and eating
habits which indicates a relatively healthy eating behavior. Therefore, programs in
promoting healthy eating among atheletes should focus on knowledge of body weight
management and their body image perception.
A36 Nutritional status of spastic children in a spastic centre
Mohana Devi K & Snigdha M
Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Management & Sciences University
Cerebral palsy (CP), which is the most common cause of an upper motor neuron
syndrome in children is caused due to the damage in the brain occurring prior to or
shortly after birth. During the past 10 years, greater attention has been paid to the
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causes and management of under nutrition in children with a neurodevelopment
disability. This also reflects on their nutritional status. Hence, the present was
undertaken to determine the nutritional status of spastic persons in accordance to their
body mass index (BMI) value. This study was conducted at Spastic Children‟s
Association of Selangor, on 17 males and 18 females. The age range was 2-42 years. The
respondents comprised of 45.7% Chinese, 37.1% Malays, and 17.2% Indians. Diet
records were taken based on the information given by the subjects‟ guardian and
through the measurement of food at the centre. Questionnaires were distributed and
data were collected from one-to-one interview with subject‟s guardian. Data were
analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14. The results
obtained showed that daily intake of calorie, protein, calcium, and vitamin C being under
80% of RDA were imbalanced in spastic persons. It was observed that 23.5% of males
and 11.1% of females suffered from other illness, such as asthma and seizure. About
52.9% males and 66.7% females were under medication in accordance to each
individual‟s health condition. The study also found that 23.5% males and 22.2% females
had undergone surgery appropriate with their physical condition. Besides that, 20% of
subjects had a deficiency in calorie intake, 97.1% in calcium intake, and 25.7% had
inadequate amount of vitamin C. On the contrary, none of the subjects consumed low
level of protein. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the subjects with cerebral
palsy had a poor nutritional status.
A37 Determination of mothers‟ perception towards their
preschooler‟s body weight index (BMI) status in Felda
settlements Segamat Johor
Sulaiman MM & Zahara AM
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur
Mothers are important role models to their children in cultivating healthy lifestyle
practices. The purpose of this cross sectional study was to determine mothers‟
perception towards the BMI status of their preshoolers in Felda settlements, Segamat,
Johor. A total of 83 Malay children (42 boys and 41 girls) aged 5 to 6 years old and their
mothers participated in this study. Mothers‟ perception towards the preschooler‟s body
weight status were identified through the questionnaire. Weight and height of the
preschoolers and their mothers were measured. The results showed percentage of
preschoolers who were severely underweight, normal weight, at risk for overweight,
overweigth and obese were 1.2%, 4.8%, 82.0%, 2.4%, 6.0%, and 3.6% respectively.
Percentage of mother who were underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese were
1.2%, 37.3%, 29.0%, and obese 32.5% respectively. There are no significant relationship
between the mothers‟ BMI and children‟s BMI (r=0.186, p>0.05). A total of 73.5% (n=58)
of mothers failed to recognize their children‟s BMI status correctly. 95.1% of them were
mothers‟ of preschoolers with normal BMI status. 94.8% of the mothers of normal
children perceived their children as overweight while 5.2% of the mothers of normal
children perceived their children as underweight. Mothers with older age (41.0%), low
education status (86.9%), higher BMI (36.1%), female preschooler (55.7%), and having
lower number of children (68.9%) were more likely to misconception about their
children‟s BMI status. Hence, this study reveals that the majority of mothers of this
study were wrongly perceived their childrens‟ BMI status especially mothers to normal
weight children. Correcting mothers‟ perception on their children‟s bodyweight is
important aspect when giving nutrition education to mothers of preschoolers age
children.
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A38 Relationship between osteoporosis health belief, dietary
calcium intake and physical activity with bone health status
among male undergraduates
Tan SSK & Zaitun Y
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the relationship between
osteoporosis health belief, physical activity and dietary calcium intake with bone health
status among 148 first year male undergraduates at the 10 th Residential College of
Universiti Putra Malaysia. Socio-demographic information, family history of osteoporosis,
milk consumption pattern and calcium supplement intake were obtained through a selfadministered questionnaire. Osteoporosis health belief (OHB) scores were based on the
42 statements in the seven subscales. Calcium intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) whereas the physical activity level was
assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Weight, height,
and bone health status were measured by using a weighing scale (TANITA), body meter
(SECA) and ultrasound machine (QUS-2TM), respectively. The mean age of the
respondents was 19.8 ± 1.1 years. About 93% of the respondents reported no family
history of osteoporosis. The mean OHB score was 128.7 ± 13.1. Respondents did not
perceive themselves as being susceptible to osteoporosis. However, they reported to have
highest mean scores on the perceived benefits to exercise and calcium intake subscales.
Less than half of the respondents (41.9%) consumed milk, particularly full cream and
low fat milk. The mean daily calcium intake was 654.8 ± 326.9 mg per day. Only about
14% of the respondents achieved the amount recommended by FAO/WHO and about
27.0% fulfilled the RNI for Malaysian. Up to 72 % of the respondents were classified as
HEPA active. The mean weight, height and body mass index (BMI) was 61.6 ± 11.9 kg,
168.9 ± 6.5 cm and 21.6 ± 4.0 kg/m², respectively. Based on the WHO classification,
18.9% of them were underweight whereas 10.8% and 3.4% of the respondents were
overweight and obese respectively. The mean Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation (BUA)
was 98.8 ± 16.8 dB/MHz and T-score was 0.8 ± 1.3 S.D. According to the WHO
classification, only about 9.5% of the respondents had poor bone health status. Pearson
Correlation tests revealed no significant correlations between osteoporosis health belief
subscales with dietary calcium intake and physical activity, respectively. The result also
showed no significant correlation between physical activity with BUA and T-score.
However, significant correlation was found between dietary calcium intake with BUA
(r=0.202, p<0.05) and T-score (r=0.203, p<0.05). In conclusion, majority of the
respondents had normal bone health status.
As the respondents had moderate
osteoporosis health beliefs and high physical activity level, yet their dietary calcium
intake remains unsatisfactory. This study suggests the need for osteoporosis awareness
programs targeting different perceptions on health beliefs, particularly in young male
adults. Related nutrition and health education and intervention programs should be
implemented to improve their calcium intake and to reduce the perceived barriers to
calcium intake. Such preventive programs are important to optimize peak bone mass
and to prevent osteoporosis in the later years.
A39 Health-related behaviors among a sample of
undergraduate students at a local public university
Tee YYS & Zaitun Y
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Putra Malaysia, Serdang
The objective of the study was to determine selected health-related behaviors among 311
undergraduate students from the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti
Putra Malaysia. The self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on
health-related behaviors, including behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries,
tobacco and alcohol use, sexual behaviors, dietary behaviors, and physical activity. The
study sample comprised of Chinese (48.7%), Malays (48.1%), Indians and others (3.3%),
with a mean age of 21.1 ± 1.1 years old. Their self-reported mean weight, height and BMI
were 1.59±0.07 m, 52.4±9.2 kg, and 20.57±3.03 kg/m2, respectively. Based on the WHO
classification, 23.4% of the students were underweight and 6.5% were overweight and
obese. More than half of them (62.4%) perceived themselves as having good health,
whereas only 6.8% of them perceived their health as excellent. Pertaining to fat intake,
most of them reported consuming moderate fat (81.4%), as opposed to low (15.8%) and
high (2.9%) fat intake. However, 34.2% did not know about their cholesterol level, whilst
61.3% reported having normal cholesterol level and 4.5% having high cholesterol level.
On the other hand, 78.4% of them perceived to have normal blood pressure, 1% having
high blood pressure while 20.6% did not know. Nearly all the students did not consume
alcohol (95.2%) or smoke (99%). About one-third (27.3%) of the students slept more than
7 hours a day, 43.1% slept for 6 hours and 15.8% slept less than 6 hours per day, while
only 13.9% slept for 8 hours or more. Most of them (86.5%) admitted having at least one
close or intimate relationship. There were 7.7% of the students who never or rarely
satisfied with their academic performance, whereas 61.1% reported sometimes, 27.7%
usually and only 3.5% were always satisfied. Concerning their stress level, 72.3%
reported having moderate stress, 17.7% low and 10% having high level of stress. Slightly
more than half (51.3%) of them never or rarely exercise, while the other half (42.3%)
exercise once or twice per week, 3 or 4 times per week (4.8%) and 5 or more times per
week (1.6%) for at least 20 minutes. Among the 10% of those who were sexually active,
6.5% had never practice safe sex; while 71.6% had ever had sexual intercourse. Although
majority of them (68.5%) reported using seat belt, about 30% reported sometimes and
2% never use a seat belt while driving. There were 20% who did not take medication as
prescribed. Only 3.9% shared personal items with others but 60.8% shared eating and
drinking utensils. Most of them (90%) brush teeth more than once daily, but 68.4%
rarely or never floss their teeth. One-third of them (34.6%) always avoid exposure to the
sun or wear sunscreen and 57.9% reported sometimes. Most of the students reported
their general health as good to excellent. However there are a number of specific health
issues and health-related behaviors that may negatively impact the lives of the students
which need to be addressed through appropriate awareness programmes and
educational intervention by the university authorities.
A40 Pedometer-determined physical activity levels in
primary school children
Wee BS1,2, Poh BK2, Bulgiba AM3, Ruzita AT2 & Ismail MN2
1Faculty
of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Darul Iman Malaysia; 2Department of
Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;
3Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya.
Physical activity has long been recognized for its benefits in maintaining health.
Objective measures have been recommended as a useful tool in assessing physical
activity among children and adolescents. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the
physical activity of 111 randomly sampled primary school children in Klang valley using
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pedometer. Digital pedometer was used for 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day to assess
children‟s physical activity. Subjects comprised 46 boys and 65 girls with mean age of
11.0  0.8 years and 10.9  0.9 years, respectively. Subjects were 64% Malays, 20.7%
Chinese and 15.3% Indians. Children attained higher steps/day during weekdays than
weekend [median (IQR): 8093 (4663) vs. 7059 (5646)], and boys attained higher
steps/day than girls [median (IQR): 8824 (6379) vs. 6966 (3729)]. There is significant
difference between gender for mean steps during weekdays (p<0.01), weekends (p<0.05)
and total mean steps (p<0.01). Mean steps/day were found to be lower among the older
age group. Total mean steps from 9 to 12 years was 10,100 steps, 8034steps, 8024 steps
and 7521 steps, respectively. Only 27.1% boys and 13.8% girls meet the minimum
13,000 & 11,000 steps/day recommendation by Vincent & Pangrazi (2002). Analysis of
variance revealed significant associations between the total mean steps/day and gender
(p<0.01). There was no significant correlation with waist circumference, waist:height
ratio, BMI and age with total mean steps/day. In conclusion, physical activity was
greater during weekdays compared to weekends, and boys were more active than girls.
Older children have lower activity counts compared to the younger children. This group
of children was sedentary with minimum physical activity being observed.
A41 Nutritional adequacy of children and adolescents in
selected orphanages, Selangor
Joseph Wong Kwong Yee & Snigdha M
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Sciences University
A cross-sectional study was carried out among a total of 54 respondents from two
orphanages in Selangor. The objectives of the study were to measure the nutrient intakes
as well as estimate the degree of nourishment of the subjects from age 3 to 18 years. The
subjects consist of 16.7% female and 83.3% males. To achieve this purpose,
questionnaires were distributed to collect the nutrient intake and the weight and height
measurements. The anthropometric measurements were collected and Body Mass Index
(BMI) was calculated while Nutrient intake was assessed using a 24-hours dietary recall.
These results indicate that a majority (78%) of the subjects had a normal weight and only
4% were obese. The weight of 3 to 5year olds was 14.85kg + 2.17; 6 to 9 years old were
20.80kg + 4.11 while 10-18 years was 45.59kg + 18.65. Comparing results of the actual
intake with the RNI Malaysia showed that all the subjects had adequate nutrition in both
of the orphanages. Most of the nutrient intake requirement of the children and
adolescents were met. Only calcium and Iron intakes were below the RNI requirement.
More efforts should be taken to motivate the caretakers to provide the children under
their care with a healthy lifestyle and proper dietary intake in the long run.
A42 Weight management knowledge and body image
perception of a cohort of nurses from private hospitals in Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah
Karen Wong Pye Yen & Yim Hip Seng
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University
No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Kuala Lumpur.
The prevalence of chronic diseases, whereby weight problem is one of the major risk
factors, is on an increasing trend in Malaysia. However, this increasing trend can be
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prevented by adopting healthy lifestyles, nutritious and balanced diet and adequate
physical activities. Nurses whom are the frontline primary healthcare providers play an
important role as weight management educators. This study aims to determine the
weight status, weight management knowledge and practices among nurses; and their
attitude towards providing weight management advices in private hospitals. A total of
128 nurses from two private hospitals in Kota Kinabalu participated in this study. The
results showed that majority of the nurses fall between normal weight (43.8%) and
overweight (41.4%) category, and 77% of the nurses had moderate weight management
knowledge score (5.66 ± 1.51; Total score of 10), and there was no significant difference
between normal weight and overweight nurses in their weight management knowledge
(p>0.05). Nurses with higher education level had favourable attitude towards providing
weight management advices (p<0.05). The weight status of the nurses was found to be
significantly correlated with their body shape satisfaction measured as discrepancy score
(r=0.595; p<0.01). Body image perception was significantly different between normal
weight and overweight nurses (p<0.01). However, this study showed no significant
correlation between weight status of nurses and their attitude on physical activity
(p>0.05), dietary practices (p>0.05), weight management knowledge (p>0.05). Besides
that, there is no significant difference in attitude on physical activity (p>0.05) and dietary
practices (p>0.05) between normal weight and overweight nurses as well. Continuing
weight management education was suggested to improve their weight management
knowledge of the nurses.
A43 Relationship between screen time, snacking during
screen time and physical activity with body weight status
among school children in Kamunting, Perak
Yuhanis Auri AK & Rokiah MY
This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the relationship between screen
time, snacking during screen time and physical activity with body weight status among
school children. Simple random sampling had been used to select one primary school
out of 8 primary schools in Kamunting, Perak. About 136 of Malay students (77 boys and
59 girls) had involved in this study. Mean age of respondents was 11.34±0.27 years old.
Self-administered questionnaire was used as the study instrument. Mean for BMI was
18.27±4.05 kg/m2 and z-score value recorded a mean of -0.02±1.53. Prevalence of
overweight and obesity was 13.2% and 11.0%. Mean duration of TV viewing and playing
video games/computer usage was 3.40±1.69 hours and 1.47±1.74 hours per day. Mean
duration of watching TV was higher in girls (3.72±1.60 hours) than in boys (3.16±1.72
hours). Mean duration of playing video games/computer usage was 4.68±2.76 hours in
boys and 1.39±1.36 hours in girls. Mean duration of TV viewing during weekdays and
weekend was 2.87±1.59 hours and 4.75±2.67 hours. Students spent 1.23±1.68 hours
and 2.06±2.34 hours for playing video games/computer usage in weekdays and weekend
respectively. Around 98.5% were snacking while 1.5% of respondents did not snack
during screen time. About 61.8% student were in low physical activity level while 38.2%
were in moderate physical activity level. There was no association between duration of TV
viewing (p>0.05, r = -0.063), playing video game/computer usage (p>0.05, r = 0.063),
snacking during screen time (p>0.05, λ2 = 0.063) and physical activity level (p>0.05, r =
0.017) with body weight status among school children. Even the prevalence of
overweight/obesity among the school children was high, but there was no significant
89
contribution by electronic media usage and sedentary lifestyle. Thus, there is a need for
further research to identify other factors that may contribute towards high prevalence of
overweight/obesity among school children.
A44 Nutritional status and stages of change in body weight
management and exercise among Malay government staff in
Kangar, Perlis
Zahratul Nur Kalmi & Hazizi Abu Saad
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional
status and stages of change in body weight management and exercise among staff at
government agencies in Kangar, Perlis. Questionnaire consist of four parts, which were
socio demographic, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), stages of change
in body weight management and stages of change in exercise were distributed to the
respondents. Anthropometric measurements such as weight and body fat percentage
(Tanita body composition analyzer TBF-306, Japan), height (Seca body meter 206,
Germany), waist and hip circumferences (measuring tape) and blood pressure (Omron
automatic blood pressure monitor HEM-780, Japan) were done for all respondents. A
total of 225 respondents (122 males and 103 females) aged 19-62 years old were involved
in this study. The mean age of the respondents was 39±11 years old and mean of
monthly household income was RM2022.29±RM1042.91. Mean Body Mass Index (BMI)
was 26.59±5.23 kg/m² where 40.4% and 20.4% of the subjects were overweight and
obese, respectively. Mean waist hip ratio (WHR) was 0.89±0.06 and 0.81±0.06 for male
and female respondents, respectively, where 46.7% were having normal WHR and 53.3%
were at risk. Mean percentage body fat were 26.44±6.61% and 37.99±11.02% for male
and female respondents, respectively, where most of the respondents (64.4%) were
having too high level of body fat percentage. According to the IPAQ, 59.6% of the
respondents were categorized in moderate level of physical activity, and the mean METs
score was 1979±1992 METs (moderately active). More than 32% of the respondents were
at the maintenance stage and 31.1% of the respondents were at the action stage of
stages of change in body weight management. For the stages of change in exercise,
majority (35.1%) of the respondents was at the preparation stage and there were only
17.8% at the maintenance stage. From Chi-square test, there were statistically
significant association between stages of change in body weight management and body
fat percentage (χ²=23.78, df=3, p=0.00), body mass index (χ²=56.79, df=15, p=0.00),
waist hip ratio (χ²=13.06, df=3, p=0.00) and waist circumference (χ²=27.92, df=3,
p=0.00). However, there were no significant association between stages of change in
exercise and body fat percentage, body mass index, waist hip ratio and waist
circumference. In summary, nutritional status of the respondents were influenced by
stages of change in body weight management, but not by stages of change in exercise.
A45 Relationship between bone health status and
anthropometric measurements among young adults at a local
public university
Maryam V, Zaitun Y, Tan SKK and Chan YM
Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang
90
Optimal bone health status during the young adult stage is important to maximise peak
bone mass and reduce the risk of osteoporosis, especially among young adults. The
college years are an opportune timepoint of intervention in the primary prevention of
osteoporosis. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the relationship
between bone health status and anthropometric indicators among 288 students
(Males=51.4%; Females=48.6%; Malays=51.4%; Chinese=45.5%; Others=3.1%)) at
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang. Information on socio-demographic characteristics
was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Bone health status, weight and
height were assessed using an ultrasound machine (QUS-2), weighing scale (TANITA),
and body meter (SECA), respectively. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package
for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 16. The mean age of the subjects was 20.0  0.6
years, T-score was 0.71  1.3 and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) was 97.8 
16.4 dB/MHz. The weight of the subjects was 56.2  11.9 kg, the height was 1.63  0.08
m and body mass index (BMI) was 21.1  3.9 kg/m2. Based on the BMI classification
24.3% of the subjects were underweight and 11.8% were overweight and obese.
According to the WHO (1994) classification, 92.0% of the subjects had normal bone
health status (T-score >-1.0). The results revealed no significant correlations between
BUA and t-score with body weight, height and BMI. In conclusion, about one-quarter of
the subjects were underweight and majority had normal bone health status. However,
campaigns and educational programs to create awareness about osteoporosis and to
promote dietary and lifestyle habits for healthy bones are still needed among young
adults, such as university students. Such preventive measures are important to
promote optimal bone health status and to reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later years.
A46 Determinants of physical activity-friendly
neighborhoods for children in Klang Valley, Malaysia
Zamri MM & Ismail MN
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
The prevalence of childhood obesity poses one of the most serious public health
challenges in the 21st century globally and the lack of physical activities involvement is
the main factor that contributed to the increasing trend. The objective of this cross
sectional study was to examine the relationship of children‟s physical activity within the
selected built environment factors. A total of 172 children (75 boys and 97 girls) aged 911 years old from Klang Valley participated in this study. Weight and height were
measured while physical activity diary was used to calculate the time spent for moderate
and vigorous activity for three days. Built environment checklist questionnaire was use
to calculate facilities availability. Anthropometric data revealed no significant different in
weight, height and body mass index (BMI) between each gender. Activity diary indicated
that the boys and girls recorded about 3.3% and 3.1%, respectively, for moderate and
vigorous activities for whole day. A significant but low positive correlation was found
between the availability of playgrounds (r=0.245, p<0.01), grass fields (r=0.283, p<0.01),
parks (r=0.305, p<0.01), ponds/lakes/canals (r=0.239, p<0.01) and the condition of all
amenities (r=0.314, p<0.01) with children‟s physical activity. In conclusion, although
there were only low correlations between built environments with children‟s physical
activity, these factors plays an important role and should not be neglected in town
planning, a measure that may go a long way in curbing the increasing trend of childhood
obesity in Malaysia.
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Group C: Nutrients and Other Components in Food
C01 Total dietary fibre and mineral content of jackfruit
(Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) cv. Madu pulp
Ang YC1 & Ahmad R2
1Food
Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
11800, Penang, Malaysia; 2Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, EUREKA Complex, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a good source of fibre and minerals. It can be
used as ingredient to increase the nutritional content of a product, for example, jackfruit
yogurt, jackfruit flavoured dadih and jackfruit flavored ice cream. The objective of this
study is to evaluate the total dietary fibre and mineral content of jackfruit pulp for
potential use as an ingredient to increase the total dietary fibre and mineral content of a
product. The analysis of total dietary fibre includes soluble and insoluble dietary fibres.
They were measured using enzymatic-gravimetric AOAC method. Inductively coupled
plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method was used to determine the
mineral content of the jackfruit pulp. The minerals determined were calcium,
magnesium, phosphorus, iron, sodium and potassium. From this analysis, jackfruit
pulp contained less than 2g/100g of total dietary fibres. The TDF content of the sample
is lower compared to the Indian jackfruit (3.5g/100g) and Thailand jackfruit (2.1g/100g).
The highest mineral content was potassium followed by magnesium, phosphorous,
calcium and iron. There was only traceable amount of sodium found in the jackfruit
pulp. The potassium content is consistent with that of other Malaysian jackfruits;
however, Madu jackfruit contained lower amount of sodium. The calcium content in
Madu jackfruit was lower than the phosphorous content but other Malaysian jackfruits
had a higher calcium content compared to phosphorous.
C02 Total active vitamin C of selected tropical and
temperate fruits
Ani Fadhlina Mustaffa & Aminah Abdullah
School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Vitamin C is one of the most important antioxidant supplied by fruits. Therefore a
reliable, inexpensive and easy method is needed to determine the biologically active form
of vitamin C. In this work, 5 tropical fruits (banana, mango, guava, tamarind and
starfruit) and 6 temperate fruits (red apple, green apple, grape, pear, kiwi and orange)
were studied. High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Photodiode Array (HPLC-PDA)
was used to determine total active vitamin C. It was indicated that HPLC-PDA method
can successfully be used to determine the individual total active vitamin C namely Lascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA). Results showed that among
selected tropical fruits, particularly guava had the highest mean total active vitamin C
(218.8 mg/100g) while banana had the lowest (7.68 mg/100g). On the other hand, for
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temperate fruits, kiwi contained the highest mean total active vitamin C (259.55 mg/
100g) while red apple (1.85 mg/ 100g) had the lowest. Kiwi had the highest of L-ascorbic
acid (AA) (247 mg/100g) and tamarind had the lowest (0.05 mg/100g). In contrast,
mango contain the highest amount of dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) and red apple had
the lowest with mean value of 19.75 mg/ 100g and 0.07 mg/100g, respectively.
C03 Antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation of bitter
melon (Momordica charantia) tea
Aminah Abdullah & Anna Permatasari Kamarudin
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Effects some of drying temperatures on the phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity
and sensory evaluation of bitter melon tea was evaluated. Bitter melons (Momordica
charantia) were dried using oven at 40o, 50o and 60oC. The commercial bitter melon tea
and green tea used as control samples. The total phenolics compound of bitter melon
teas ranged from 3475-9433 mg GAE/100 g. Total phenolic compound of dried bitter
melon tea at 50oC and commercial green tea showed no significant difference (p<0.05),
with value of 9433 and 9794 mg GAE/100g, respectively. Radical scavenging activity
towards DPPH radical ranged from 70.2-78% and the dried bitter melon tea at 40oC
showed no significant difference (p>0.05) compared commercial bitter melon tea.
However ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter FRAP ranged from 44.7-94.1 (µmol Fe
(II)/g. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) on the total phenolic compound
between the dried bitter melon tea at 50oC and commercial green tea. Some attributes of
sensory evaluation, bitterness and „aftertaste‟ of all samples showed no significant
different (p>0.05) compared to control samples. However, other attributes namely (color,
aroma and overall acceptability) were significantly better in the samples control
compared to dried bitter melon samples tea. Thus more work should be done to improve
the color, aroma and overall acceptability.
C04 Characteristics of seeds and seed oil of „Timun Betik‟
(Cucumis sativus L.)
Azie AO & Nor Hayati I
Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrotechnology and Food Science, Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu
The objectives of this study were to determine the proximate composition of seeds and
physicochemical properties of the seed oil of an underutilized „Timun betik‟ (Cucumis
sativus L.) fruit. „Timun betik‟ contains a large amount of seeds but are normally treated
as a waste. The seeds were found to contain 6.9% moisture, 2.1% ash, 10.6%
carbohydrate, 22.7% crude fat, 22.18% crude protein and 35.2% crude fiber. The seed oil
was extracted by using a Bligh and Dyer method utilizing a mixture of methanol and
chloroform (2:1), giving the yield of 16.7%. Iodine value, free fatty acid content and
peroxide value of the oil were 144.5  0.8 g I/100g, 10.1 mgKOH/g and 2.2 mEq/Kg,
respectively. The oil was yellow in colour, and contained 15 types of fatty acids in which
84.6% of them were unsaturated. Linoleic acid predominated with 68.7 %, followed by
oleic acid (15.4%), palmitic acid (8.2%) and stearic acid (6.7%). A Fourier transform
infrared spectrum of the oil showed typical absorbance bands of functional groups with a
significant =C–H stretching vibration at 3009–3000 cm-1 attributable to cis-unsaturated
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olefinic group. As „timun betik‟ seed oil contained primarily unsaturated fatty acids, it
can be used as an alternative for other highly unsaturated vegetable oils that are
commercially available.
C05 Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content in
selected legume leaves
Fazrina J & Azrina A
Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE
This study evaluates antioxidant activity of five different types of legume leaves in the
search for natural antioxidants. There legumes are Stylo (Stylosanthes guinensis), Calapo
(Calopogonium mucunoides), Burgundy (Macroptilium bracteatum), Centro (Centrosema
pubescens) and Pintoi (Arachis sp.). Freeze dried samples extracted in ethanol and
aqueous were used. Antioxidant activities were determined by β-carotene bleaching,
DPPH (2, 2- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP assays. Total phenolic content (TPC)
was also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and results were expressed as mg GAE/g
DW sample. Results showed that total phenolic contents were higher in aqueous extract
compared to ethanol extract for all samples except Centro. Antioxidant activity in βcarotene bleaching assay was higher in ethanol extract (77.82% - 53.92%) compared to
aqueous extract (55.4% - 20.20%). In DPPH assay, EC50 was used to indicate ability of
extract to scavenge DPPH radicals with the lowest value indicating the strongest ability.
The lowest EC50 for ethanol extract was observed in Centro; 1.62 ± 0.03 mg/ml while for
aqueous extract, the lowest was in Calapo; 5.22 ± 0.03 mg/ml. The FRAP value
expressed in µM Fe2+/g was highest in Stylo (232.95 ± 9.29) and Pintoi (93.73 ± 8.83) for
ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. Pearson correlation test showed that,
significant correlations exist (p<0.05) between TPC with DPPH (r = -0.926) and TPC with
FRAP (r = 0.543) in aqueous extracts. No correlation exists between TPC and antioxidant
activities in ethanol extract of the samples. In conclusion, the higher antioxidant activity
in ethanol extract indicate the presence of phenolics in legume leaves that potentially be
used as source of natural antioxidants.
C06 Determination of antioxidant activities, total phenolic
content and total flavonoid in microalgae Nannochloropsis
oculata and Chaetoceros gracilis
Huang SY & Loh SP
Department of Nutrition and Health Science, faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Algae-derived compounds have wide range of potential applications. It has been widely
used in animal feed and aquaculture as well as human nutrition and health products.
Microalgae may serve as a reliable source of natural products, including antioxidant. The
objective of this study was to study the antioxidant activities, total phenolic content and
total flavonoid of various extracts of microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and Chaetoceros
gracilis. The antioxidant activities of microalgae were determined using ferric reducing
antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, ß-carotene linoleate system and DPPH free radical
scavenging assay while total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu
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assay. Extractions were performed with hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The ethyl
acetate extracts of Chaetoceros gracilis showed highest result in the determination of
total flavonoid, total phenolic content, and FRAP assay which were 39.202±0.725 mg
quercetin equivalents/g dry extracts, 4.303±0.041 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry
extracts and 13.060±0.716 μΜ Fe(II)/g dry extracts respectively. The water extract of
Chaetoceros gracilis showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (30.905±1.153%)
while hexane extracts of Chaetoceros gracilis gave the highest antioxidant activity using
the ß-carotene linoleate system (63.504±8.084%). A strong positive linear correlation
was established between FRAP and total flavonoid (R2= 0.777; p<0.01) and total phenolic
content (R2= 0.937; p<0.01). These data showed the potential use of microalgae as a good
source of antioxidant.
C07 Comparative study on total lipid determination and
Fatty Acids Methyl (FAME) preparation methods in
determining trans fatty acids in human milk
Ili Dalila T & Norhaizan ME
Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE.
Dietary intake of trans fatty acids (TFA) may have an important long and short term
impact on human milk. TFA can reduce essential fatty acid and fat content naturally
available in human milk. As a result, this will affect the quality of milk that will be
consumed by infants. Reliable method should be established to determine the content of
TFA in human milk. Thus, this study was aimed to compare the total fat in human milk
extracted with differ methods such as Folch, Lees, and Sloane Stanley (FLS); Bligh and
Dyer (BD); and Roese-Gottlieb (RG). In addition, this study also sought to quantify TFA
from three techniques of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) preparation namely boron
trifluoride (BF3), sodium methoxide (NaOCH3) and Direct FAME. Statistical package for
social sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. One way ANOVA
test was used to statistically analyse the mean differences between the different
extraction methods and FAME preparation, at the significant level of P < 0.05. The three
methods of extraction produced different results where RG methods produce higher total
fat recovery compare to BD method and followed by FLS method. However, the one way
ANOVA test showed no significant different between the three. The techniques of TFA
quantifications also showed no significant different in each extraction methods. On the
whole, between the three extractions methods used in this study, RG methods provide
the best yields. Meanwhile, further study should be done to confirm which FAME
technique can recover high TFA concentrations in human milk sample. The suitable
methods could be used by the analyst to produce more TFA data for National Food
Composition Table.
C08 The effects of cooking methods on the bioaccessibility of
carotenoids from selected vegetables
Kew ZK & Loh SP
Putra Malaysia
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Carotenoids refer to a family of about 600 different plant pigments that function as
antioxidants. Bioaccessibility is defined as the fraction of a compound that is released
from its matrix in the gastrointestinal tract and thus becomes available for intestinal
absorption. This study was carried out to determine the bioaccessibility of carotenoids
(lutein, α-carotene, and β-carotene) using in-vitro digestion method in cekur manis,
Chinese kale, red amaranth, swamp cabbage, and tapioca shoots with two cooking
methods which were stir-frying and blanching. The bioaccessibility of lutein ranges from
0.03 – 79.27% with swamp cabbage giving the highest result. As for the bioaccessibility
of β-carotene, the range is from 2.22 – 59.16% with both cekur manis and red spinach
giving a higher bioaccessibility of β-carotene compared with other vegetables.
Bioaccessibility of α-carotene were only detected in both the uncooked (0.76%) and stir
fried cekur manis (20.59%). Results also indicated that the bioaccessibility of lutein in
most of the stir-fried vegetables and the blanched vegetables were higher than that of the
uncooked vegetables. The same could be observed in the bioaccessibility of β-carotene
where stir frying as well as blanching the vegetables gave higher result compared to the
uncooked vegetables. Overall this study showed the bioaccessibility of carotenoids can
be affected by cooking methods that could be due to the release or destruction of the
carotenoids in the cooking process.
C09 Flavonoids content in pink-flesh guava fruit and
byproducts
Khalid Hamid Musa & Aminah Abdullah
Food Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Faculty of Allied Health
The fruit, flesh, and skin fractions of pink-flesh guava fruit as well as processing
byproducts were analyzed. The content of flavonoids were differences in different fraction
of the fruit. Kaempferol is clearly the principle flavonoid in pink-flesh guava fruit in this
study, with whole fruit fraction having the highest kaempferol content (230 mg/kg dry
weight) followed by flesh (210 mg/kg dry weight), and skin (58 mg/kg dry weight)
respectively. Quercetin showed the lowest value of flavonoids detected as followed: fruit
(37 mg/kg dry weight), flesh (37 mg/kg dry weight), skin (18 mg/kg dry weight). The
fruits are conventionally uses as the main pink-flesh guava fruit by the Malaysian food
industry. More application could be investigated from the pink-flesh guava fruit
byproducts since they showed high flavonoids content. Both decanter and siever are
suitable for food ingredient production. Kaempferol content in decanter was 105 mg/kg
dry weight while it was 67 mg/kg dry weight in seiver.
C10 Comparison of extraction methods on fatty acids
composition and carotenoids from marine microalgae,
Nannochloropsis oculata and Chaetoceros gracilis
Lee SP & Loh SP
Department of Nutrition and Health Science, faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Microalgae are prokaryotic or eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganism unified primarily
by their lack of roots, leaves, and stems that characterize higher plants. Microalgae
contain high value compounds such as fatty acids (PUFA), pigments (chlorophyll and
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carotenoids), and vitamins. Due to the substantial increase in the evidence base about
the health benefits of fatty acids mainly n-3 and n-6 PUFA and carotenoids , and also the
rising trend that people are going for natural products, microalgae may thus serve as
alternative food sources to meet the requirement of the public today. Importantly,
efficient extraction method must present for its better quantitative and qualitative
analysis. Hence, this study has been conducted with the objective to assess the various
extraction methods on fatty acid compositions and carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, carotene, and α-carotene) from 2 marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata (NO) and
Chaetoceros gracilis (CG). This study was done using 3 different extraction methods in
each of the determination of fatty acids and carotenoids. Besides, 2 derivatization
methods differing in types of catalyst were also used in transmethylation of the fatty
acids into corresponding methyl ester. Results of the fatty acid compositions showed that
NO were higher in amount of n-3 and n-6 PUFA, particularly EPA (C20:5). While, CG was
predominantly high in palmitic acid (C16:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1). Extraction
method 1 (dichloromethane:methanol) and extraction method 2 (water: propan-2-ol:
hexane) with acetyl chloride-catalyzed transmethylation was the best method for
determination of fatty acid compositions in NO and CG respectively. There was also a
significant difference in the mean amounts of carotenoids (µg/100g dry weight) between
NO and CG in different extraction methods (p<0.05) with extraction method 1 (involved
saponification procedure) giving the best result. Overall, this study showed with the right
extraction method, a high amount of fatty acids and carotenoids component could be
obtained from these microalgae.
C11 Antioxidant activity and vitamins antioxidants of
different parts of Carica papaya
Maisarah AM & Asmah R
Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang.
This study investigated the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoids
content, β-carotene and ascorbic acid content of different parts of Carica papaya
including the ripe and unripe pulp, seed, and young leaves. The antioxidant
capacity of 80% methanolic extract was measured by two different assays. The
radical scavenging activity was in the order of seed>ripe>unripe>leaves where
the antioxidant activity was >84% at the concentration of 40mg/ml. The unripe
pulp (71%) had the highest antioxidant activity that inhibited the oxidation of βcarotene efficiently followed by ripe pulp (62%), seed (60%), and leaves (68%).
The content of total phenolic was determined spectrometrically according to the
Folin-Ciocalteu‟s method and expressed as Gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The
phenolic content was significantly difference (P‹0.05) among the samples and the
highest phenolic content was found in young leaves followed by unripe, ripe pulp
and seeds. The different pattern of antioxidant activities can be observed in total
flavonoids where leaves still contribute to the highest flavonoids content followed
by ripe fruit, seed and the least was unripe fruit. The highest content of Vitamin
C occurred in ripe fruit (40.75 mg/100g of fresh weight), followed by unripe
(37.78 mg/100g), seed (14.46 mg/100g) and leaves (7.99 mg/100g) while papaya
leaves contributed to the highest content of Vitamin A of (46.67 mg/100g freeze
dried sample) followed by seed (9.326 mg/100g), ripe (14.49 mg/100g) and
unripe pulp (11.374 mg/100g). A linear positive relationship (r=0.63) exists
between phenolic content and beta carotene bleaching assay.
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C12 Antioxidant properties of virgin coconut oil
Marina AM1, Che Man YB2 & Amin I3
1School
of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang
Kerian, Kelantan; 2Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400
Serdang, Selangor; 3Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor
The antioxidant properties of virgin coconut oil (VCO) produced from fermentation and
chilling methods were investigated and compared with refined, bleached and deodorized
(RBD) coconut oil. All samples of virgin coconut oils had higher total phenolic contents
than RBD coconut oil. The VCO sample produced from fermentation method showed the
highest antioxidant activity and had the strongest scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl -2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) compared to other methods. The highest reducing power was
found in the VCO sample produced from chilling method. Very high correlations were
found between the total phenolic content and scavenging activity (r = 0.91), and between
the total phenolic content and reducing power (r = 0.91) of VCO. The study suggested
that phenolic compounds could contribute to the antioxidant capacity of VCO.
C13 Proximate content and fatty acid composition of
germinated legumes (soy, kidney, mung bean and peanut)
Megat Rusydi MR & Azrina A
Putra Malaysia
Legume is a plant in the family of Fabacae or Leguminosae that rich in protein,
carbohydrate, dietary fibre, and minerals. Germination of legume causes some important
changes in the biochemical and nutritional characteristics of the legumes that may be
beneficial to human‟s health and nutritional status. This study was carried out to
determine the effect germination on proximate content and fatty acid composition of four
legumes; mung bean, kidney bean, soy bean and peanut. The process of germination was
carried out by soaking legumes in water for 6 hours, followed by germinating them in wet
muslin cloth for 48 hours. After germination, samples were dried and stored in
refrigerator before analysis. Proximate content (moisture, ash, carbohydrate, protein and
fat) were determined following procedures of AOAC (1984) and modifications described by
Tee et al. (1996). Total dietary fibre and fatty acid composition were determined as
described by Prosky et al. (1998) and Frank et al. (2006), respectively. Generally,
moisture and ash contents of legumes were increased while carbohydrate, protein, fat
and total dietary fibre contents were decreased significantly (p<0.05). Total saturated
fatty acids (SFA) were increased in all legume samples. Total monounsaturated fatty
acids (MUFA) in germinated mung beans and peanuts were decreased while in
germinated soy and kidney beans, MUFA were increased. Total polyunsaturated fatty
acids (PUFA) in mung beans and peanuts were increased while in soy and kidney beans,
the PUFA content decreased. Germination of soy beans resulted to 7.3% increment in
oleic acid compared to the non-germinated beans. Meanwhile, germination of mung
beans resulted to 1.93% and 4.32% increment in linoleic and linolenic acids,
respectively. In all germinated samples, dominant fatty acids were linoleic acid (18.948.5%), followed by oleic acid (3.6-36.8%) and palmitic acid (12-20.8%). Overall, the
process of germination has changed the proximate content and fatty acid composition of
the legumes studied.
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C14 Glycemic index of twelve varieties of rice in Malaysia
Noraini K, Ruzita AT & Norimah AK
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abd. Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur.
Rice is the staple food Malaysian population. Rice has been reported to produce a high
blood glucose response and a wide range of glycemic index (GI) values. This study was
carried out to determine the GI value of 12 varieties of rice available in Malaysia which
are 6 varieties of rice produced by MARDI ((MRQ50, MR84, MRQ76, Siding glutinous
rice, YTM 10 and YTM 16) and 6 varieties of local commercial rice (Local White Rice A
(LWR A), Local White Rice B (LWR B), Imported White Rice (IWR), Fragrant Rice (FR),
Brown Rice (BRR) and Basmati Rice (BMR)). Fourteen subjects which include 6 males
and 8 females participated in this study. Their mean age was 22.9±1.0 years, BMI was
20.5±1.8 kgm-2 and fasting blood glucose was 5.0±0.4 mmol/l. Subjects were studied on
15 separate occasions (12 tests for test rice and 3 repeated tests for reference food) after
a 10-12h overnight fasting. Capillary blood samples were taken before (0 min) and 15,
30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after consumption of the test foods. The incremental area
under curve (IAUC) were calculated for GI calculation. The result shows the mean of
IAUC of the test rice in ascending order were LWR B (89.97±38.94 mmol.min/l), BMR
(94.07±49.24 mmol.min/), MR84 (100.73±39.25 mmol.min/), LWR A (102.39±35.62
mmol.min/l), BRR (110.13±62.20 mmol.min/l), YTM16 (110.47±36.97 mmol.min/l), IWR
(112.26±45.45 mmol.min/l), MRQ50 (113.51±57.57 mmol.min/l), MRQ76 (114.65±46.89
mmol.min/l), FR (115.03±70.0 mmol.min/l), YTM10 (118.82±60.45 mmol.min/l) and
Siding glutinous rice (136.85±46.62 mmol.min/l). The IAUC value of glucose were
156.42±17.88 mmol.min/l. However, there was no significant difference in IAUC value
among the test rice and reference food (Glucose) (p>0.05). This study found that BMR (GI
= 62 ± 6.5), LWR B (GI = 62 ± 7.9), MR84 (GI = 64 ± 5.9), IWR (GI = 69 ± 3.9) and FR (GI
= 69 ± 5.8) are categorized as intermediate GI foods whereas LWR A (GI = 71 ± 7.6),
MRQ76 (GI = 74 ± 9.6), YTM16 (GI = 75 ± 5.6), BRR (GI = 75 ± 10.7), MRQ50 (GI = 77 ±
9.3), YTM10 (GI = 80 ± 9.1) and Siding glutinous rice (GI = 91 ± 5.6) are categorized as
high GI foods. There was a significant negative correlation between amylose content and
the GI of the test rice (r = -0.802, p<0.05). This shows that the higher the amylose
content of the rice, the lower the GI of the rice. Nevertheless, there was no significant
relationship between the amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, soluble and insoluble
fiber, water and cooking time with the GI values (p>0.05). The results of this study
provide useful information for dietitians and nutritionists in suggesting types of rice to
patients particularly diabetic patients in Malaysia.
C15 Proximate content and fatty acid composition of
germinated rice varieties
Noraliza CW & Azrina A
Putra Malaysia
Rice is a staple food in Malaysia and other countries in the world. Common type of rice is
white rice/polished rice, besides brown rice. Germinated rice is still new and limitedly
used in some countries. The main objective of this study was to determine the differences
in proximate content and fatty acid composition of germinated and ungerminated rice
varieties. The varieties used were uncommon rice varieties; black, red, brown and barrio
rice. White rice was used for comparison. Proximate content of rice varieties was carried
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out following procedures of AOAC (1984) with modifications by Tee et al., (1996) while
total dietary fiber was determined following method by Prosky et.al., (1988). Fatty acid
composition was determined as described by Frank et al., (2006). There were differences
in proximate and fatty acid contents between germinated and ungerminated rice
varieties. Results on moisture, ash, crude protein, total available carbohydrate, total
dietary fiber and crude fat in germinated rice varieties were 30.383 - 33.637 g/100g,
0.100 - 0.240 g/100g, 3.945 - 5.556 g/100g, 37.911 - 90.434 g/100g, 8.311 - 11.998
g/100g and 0.090 - 1.193 g/100g, respectively. Generally, the moisture and total dietary
fiber contents were increased while ash, crude protein, total available carbohydrate and
crude fat were decreased in the germinated rice varieties. Analysis of fatty acids using
gas chromatography showed that there were differences in the type of fatty acids between
germinated and ungerminated rice varieties especially in black and barrio rice.
Germination process resulted to increment in C16:0, C18:0, C18:2 cis and C18:3 n3 in
the rice varieties. In conclusion, germination of the rice varieties has resulted to changes
in proximate content and fatty acid composition to give more nutritious rice products.
C16 Determination of trans fatty acids in various biscuit
products
Norhayati M & Azrina A
Putra Malaysia.
Epidemiological studies have shown that high trans fatty acids (TFA) intake can cause
adverse changes in blood lipid profile. Major sources of TFA in human diet are bakery
products such as biscuits, cakes, cookies and breads. This study was carried out to
determine TFA content in sweet and savoury biscuits. Two different brands of local and
imported biscuits were purchased from local supermarkets and groceries. For locally
produced biscuits, packed and unpacked biscuits were selected and analyzed. The total
numbers of biscuits samples were twelve. Total fat content was determined by Soxhlet
method, while TFA content was determined using gas chromatography. Results were
expressed as percentage of total fat and total TFA content/100 g food. Results showed
that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in total fat content between local and
imported biscuits. Similarly, no significant differences in fat content (p > 0.05) were
found between packed (18.73 - 35.87%) and unpacked (19.42 - 24.15%) biscuits. In term
of TFA content, results showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in
total TFA between local and imported biscuits as well as between packed and unpacked
biscuits. However, higher total TFA content was observed in imported biscuits (0.08 0.947g/100 g food) of the savoury types and in local packed biscuits (0.004 - 0.458g/100
g food)of the sweet types. In conclusion, this study has detected no differences in the
amount of fat and TFA contents in local and imported biscuits. Nevertheless, attention
needs to be given to packed local biscuits in term of its TFA content.
C17 Antioxidant components and capacity of underutilized
vegetables commonly consumed among Orang Asli in Pahang
Norsuhaila AW1 & Amin I1,2
1Department
of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti
Putra Malaysia; 2Laboratory of Analysis and Authentication, Halal Products Research
Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Underutilized vegetables represent inexpensive but high quality nutrition sources.
Therefore, this study was conducted to determine antioxidant capacity, total phenolic
and flavonoid contents of underutilized vegetables that are commonly consumed among
Orang Asli in Pahang. Five different underutilized vegetables, including Paku Nyai
(Stenochlaena palustis), Cemperai (Champereia manilla(Blume)Merr.), Maman Pasir
(Cleome viscosa L.), Dudung (Erechites valerianifolia (Wolf) DC) and Semambuk (Ardisia
pendula Mez) were examined. Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium trichloride assays were
employed to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively; while
antioxidant capacity was determine using DPPH, beta-carotene bleaching (BCB),
hemoglobin and LDL oxidation assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the
tested samples were ranged from 0.939 - 2.821 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100g dry
sample and 0.965 - 3.999 g cathechin equivalent (CE)/100g dry sample, respectively.
The highest total phenolic content was found in Semambuk (2.821 ± 0.1041 g GAE/100g
dry sample) while Maman Pasir had the highest total flavonoid content (3.999±0.056 g
CE/100g dry sample). Out of the five underutilized vegetables, Maman Pasir was found
to have the highest scavenging ability (82.180 ± 0.338 µmol/l) and efficient in protecting
LDL from oxidation (0.255 ± 0.010 µmol/l). On the other hand, Semambuk had the
highest antioxidant activity (86.048± 0.963) and protective effect against hemoglobin
oxidation (0.503 ± 0.041). A positive and strong correlation was observed between total
phenolic with total flavonoids (r = 0.693, p<0.01), DPPH (r= 0.658, p<0.01), BCB (r=
0.727, p<0.01) while negative and strong correlation was observed between total phenolic
with hemoglobin oxidation (r = 0.653, p<0.01). Moreover, total flavonoid content revealed
a very strong correlation with DPPH (r = 0.860, p<0.01). No correlation was observed
between total phenolic content and LDL oxidation, total flavonoid with BCB, hemoglobin
and LDL oxidations. As a conclusion, Semambuk and Maman Pasir had the highest
antioxidant components and capacity among the five tested samples. Further study
should be done to evaluate more underutilized vegetables since the underutilized
vegetables are good sources of natural antioxidant.
C18 Determination of total phenolic, total flavonoid, vitamin
C and vitamin E as well as antioxidant activities of durian,
cempedak and jackfruit seeds
Nurul Amira B & Asmah R
Putra Malaysia
Waste fruit products such as seed is always being discarded by the consumers even
there were studies showed a potential antioxidant effect as in the whole fruit. This study
is conducted to determine total phenolic, total flavonoid, vitamin C and vitamin E
content as well as antioxidant activities of cempedak, durian and jackfruit seeds. The
fruit seeds samples were freeze dried and extracted using 80% methanol. Antioxidant
components were assessed through Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium trichloride (AlCl3) and
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method, whereas antioxidant activities
were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and βcarotene bleaching method. The results showed that durian seed had the highest total
phenolic content (884.9 ± 22.66 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/100g dry sample), whereas
cempedak seed had highest total flavonoids and vitamin E content (104.5 ± 3.88 mg
Rutin Equivalent/100g dry sample and 0.45 ± 0.14 mg/100g dry sample respectively)
and jackfruit seed contained highest vitamin C content (25.97 ± 1.34 mg/100g fresh
sample). As for antioxidant activities, the highest scavenging activity was found in durian
seed (83.88 ± 1.26 %) whereas jackfruit seed was found to have the highest antioxidant
activity (53.84 ± 4.55 %). Statistically, analysis of variance showed a significant
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difference (p<0.05) in mean the components studied among samples except for vitamin
E. Scavenging activity of the samples showed a very strong positive correlation with total
phenolic content (r = 0.983) but showed strong negative correlations with total flavonoid
(r = -0.699) and vitamin C content (r = -0.780) and no correlation with vitamin E. Other
than that, there were also no correlations between antioxidant activity with total
phenolic, total flavonoid, vitamin C and vitamin E in this study. In conclusion, among all
selected samples, jackfruit seed is considered as a fruit seed high in nutritional quality
and potentially serves as good natural antioxidant in fruit waste product.
C19 Glycemic index determination of three local sweet kuih
Nurul Hidayah A, Nik Shanita S & Hasnah H
Local kuih is normally consumed by Malaysian adults in their diet. This study was
carried out to determine the glycemic index (GI) of three types of local sweet kuih. Based
on the conducted survey, kuih seri muka (SM), kuih bakar (KB) and wajik (W) were
selected and the standard recipes of these kuih were developed. Proximate analyses were
carried out to determine the portion size of 50g available carbohydrate. All subjects went
through the study protocol consisted of six separate sessions. It covered three repeated
test for reference food (glucose) and three tests for each kuih sample. After 10-12 hours
of overnight fasting, capillary blood samples were taken by finger prick before taking the
food at 0 min and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after consuming the test food. The
blood glucose response was calculated based on the incremental area under the curve
(IAUC) using the triangle and trapezoid method. Twelve healthy respondents (6 males, 6
females; 6 Malays, 3 Chinese, 3 Indians) participated in this study. The average BMI, age
and fasting blood glucose of the subjects were 20.7 ± 2.3 kg/m², 22.1 ± 0.5 years and
4.90 ± 0.23 mmol/L respectively. The results showed that most of the reference and the
test foods reached the peak level of blood glucose at the 30th minutes. The results
indicated that KB has a low GI (47 ± 5.0) as well as SM (51 ± 5.5) whereas W has a
moderate GI (57 ± 3.5). There was no significant correlation (p>0.05) between BMI and
both mean fasting blood glucose and mean glucose IAUC. Water content in kuih showed
no correlation (p>0.05) with the GI value of the test food. There was also no significant
different between ethnicity and blood glucose response (p>0.05). In conclusion, SM and
KB were suitable to be the alternative snack compared to W because of their low GI.
Further study should be conducted to relate the amount and types of sugar with
glycemic index.
C20 Comparison of total phenolic, total flavonoid, ascorbic
acid, beta carotene and lycopene content as well as
antioxidant activity of papaya in fresh and pickles form
Nurul Shazini R & Asmah R
Putra Malaysia
Papaya (Carica papaya) is common in Malaysian market but this tropical fruit has not
been thoroughly studied especially in term of their antioxidant activity whether in fresh
or pickle form. This study was conducted to compare total phenolic, total flavonoid, -
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carotene, lycopene, ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity of papaya in fresh and
pickles form. Besides, correlation test between total phenolic, total flavonoid, -carotene,
lycopene and ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity of papaya in fresh and
pickles form were also carried out. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content were
determined using Folin-Ciocalteu assay and Aluminium trichloride method whereas carotene, lycopene and ascorbic acid were determined using High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC). In addition, antioxidant activities were assessed through 1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-Carotene-Linoleate bleaching method. All data
collected were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 17.0. The results indicates that
mean total phenolic (mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g dry sample), total flavonoid (mg
rutin equivalent/100 g dry sample), -carotene (µg/100 g edible portion), lycopene
(µg/100 g edible portion) and ascorbic acid content (mg/100 g edible portion) were higher
in fresh papaya (141.66 ± 11.71; 57.80 ± 2.11; 793.83 ± 5.47; 779.69 ± 5.55 70.37 ±
0.65) as compared to papaya in pickles form. Similarly, antioxidant activity (%) measured
by DPPH and β-Carotene-Linoleate bleaching method were higher in fresh papaya (56.83
± 4.68; 77.56 ± 1.40). There were significant difference in mean total phenolic, total
flavonoid, -carotene, lycopene, ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity between
papaya in fresh and pickles form (p < 0.05). Correlation test revealed that all the
chemicals studied were highly correlated with antioxidant activities (0.905 ≤ r ≤ 1.00). In
conclusion, papaya in fresh form exhibit excellent natural antioxidant as compared to
pickles form since the pickling process of papaya caused a significant decreased in their
antioxidant component and activity.
C21 Nutrient composition of underutilised vegetables
commonly consumed among Orang Asli in Pahang
Rohaina A1 & Amin I1,2
1Department
The proximates composition, vitamins and minerals content of six types of underutilised
vegetables (leaves) that are commonly consumed by Orang Asli in Pahang were analysed.
The vegetables were collected from Perkampungan Orang Asli Penderas in Temerloh,
Pahang. The sampled vegetables were paku nyai (Stenochlaena palustris), dudung
(Erechtites valerianifolia (Wolf) DC.), semambuk (Ardisia pendula Mez), kesim (Acmella
celiginosa), maman pasir (Cleome viscose L.) and cemperai kak heng (Champereia
manillana (Blume) Merr.). Kesim or chekor manis or pucuk manis showed the highest in
energy content (95.46 kcal) among the analysed vegetables. For moisture, ash, protein,
fat, carbohydrate and fiber content were ranged from the 79.31 to 91.65g/100g, 1.70 to
5.43g/100g, 2.91 to 11.80g/100g, 3.14 to 3.95g/100g, 2.78 to 4.83g/100g and 1.12 to
2.93g/100g respectively. The ranges of β-carotene content were 1.84 to 4.39mg/100g
with the lowest content was in dudung while the highest content was in semambuk. In
addition, vitamin C content was ranged from 0.71 to 126.30mg/100g with the lowest
content was also in dudung while the highest content was in maman pasir. For the
minerals content, dudung was high in pottasium (620mg/100g) and sodium
(10.13mg/100g), kesim was high in zinc (0.93mg/100g) and magnesium
(68.61mg/100g), maman pasir was high in iron (4.15mg/100g) and cemperai kak heng
was high in calcium (330mg/100g). The studied underutilised vegetables can be
exploited by Orang Asli communities as a source for nutritional health benefits.
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C22 Proximate and dietary fiber content among local sweet
potato in Malaysia
Sabeetha S, Nor Azmah U & Nazarifah I
Food Technology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development
Institute (MARDI).
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) has been cultivated locally for many years. It is usually
used as basic ingredient in making snack, flour and “kuih”. In Malaysia, there has a lot
of cultivated variety of sweet potato. In order to use sweet potato flour as ingredient for
the food industry it is necessary to characterize proximate and fiber composition. In this
research, 6 local variety of sweet potato has been selected as sample. First, the tubers
will be peeled, washed, cut into small size and soaked with 0.02% sodium metabisulfit in
water. Then, the flour is prepared by drying slices or of sweet potato at hot air drier in
specific temperature and time before grinding to become a powder. The proximate
(protein, fat, moisture, ash) and dietary fiber analysis of Gendut, Merah Jepun, Krim,
Telong, Ungu and Oren flour were determined. The proximate compositions of sweet
potato flour were determined using AOAC method. Results of proximate analysis showed
significant difference (p<0.05) between samples. Total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber
and soluble dietary fiber were determined using AOAC method and Megazyme assay kit.
The results showed that total dietary fiber was highest in Merah Jepun flour.
C23 Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content in ovendried and freeze-dried legume leaves
Saw YS & Azrina A
Putra Malaysia
Legumes are commonly consumed and well known for their good protein profile and the
presence of phytochemicals such as carotenoids and phenolics. However, very limited
information is available on antioxidant content and capacities of the legume leaves. This
study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant capacities of four common forage legume
leaves namely, Arachis sp.(Pintoi), Calapogonium mucunoides (Calapo), Centrosema
pubescens (Centro), and Stylosanthes guanensis (Stylo). Both oven- and freeze-dried
leave samples were analyzed for their antioxidant activities and total phenolic content
(TPC). Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant
Power (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching assays. Total phenolic content was determined
by using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The EC50 values for oven-dried samples (1.77 - 3.85
mg/ml) were higher than in freeze-dried samples (1.17 - 2.15 mg/ml). FRAP values and
antioxidant activities (%) were higher in freeze-dried samples (144.5 - 232.68 µM of
Fe2+/g; 60.29 - 79.39%) than in oven-dried samples (43.88 - 121.13 µM of Fe2+/g; 30.59
- 50.09%). The results showed that freeze-dried Stylosanthes guanensis (Stylo) exhibited
the best antioxidant capacity by having the lowest EC50 value, highest FRAP values and
highest antioxidant activity. However, TPC in Stylosanthes guanensis (Stylo) was not
high. The order of ranking for TPC was Calapogonium mucunoides (Calapo) > Arachis sp.
(Pintoi) > Stylosanthes guanensis (Stylo) > Centrosema pubescens (Centro) for oven-dried
samples, and the reverse trend was observed for freeze-dried samples. One-way ANOVA
revealed that there were significant differences in antioxidant activities, TPC, EC50 and
FRAP values between oven- and freeze-dried samples. Pearson correlation test revealed
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that there was significant correlation (r = 0.844) between antioxidant activity and TPC for
oven-dried samples. Moreover, there was significant correlation (r = -0.689) between EC50
value and TPC for freeze-dried samples. This study postulated that legume leaves may
have good antioxidant capacities with freeze-drying method than the oven-drying
method. Optimization on drying temperature should be of concerned in future research.
C24 Antioxidant capacity and total phenolics content of
three selected Garcinia fruits
Tang ST1 & Amin I1,2
1Department
Incipient domestication and primitive cultivation for fruits of Garcinia species causes
them to remain underutilized due to their unknown antioxidant and health enhancing
properties. This study was aimed to determine and compare antioxidant capacities and
total phenolics content (TPC) of Garcinia fruits. Asam gelugor (Garcinia atroviridis) and
mencupu (Garcinia prainiana) were the two indigenous species of Garcinia selected while
mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) was the commonly consumed species selected.
Methanolic extracts of ripe and unripe Garcinia fruits were analyzed for antioxidant
capacities and TPC. Antioxidant capacities were evaluated by the scavenging activity
against ABTS (2,2‟-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical cation, the
effect on the rate of β-carotene oxidation using β-carotene bleaching (BCB) assay, and
the ability to protect low density lipoprotein (LDL) and hemoglobin oxidation.
Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation test of SPSS version
15.0 were used to statistically analyze the data, significant level was set at p<0.05.
Results showed that unripe G. mangostana had the highest TPC, followed by its ripe
counterpart. TPC of G. mangostana was about 2.6 and 3 folds that of G. atroviridis and
G. prainiana, respectively. G. mangostana also exhibited the highest antioxidant
capacities in ABTS assay, hemoglobin and LDL oxidation assays. Both ripe and unripe G.
mangostana had antioxidant capacities comparable to ripe G. atroviridis and ripe G.
prainiana as measured by BCB assay. Ripe fruits of G. atroviridis and G. prainiana
demonstrated higher antioxidant capacities than their unripe counterparts. TPC of
Garcinia fruits were strongly correlated with their antioxidant activities in ABTS
(r=0.888) and hemoglobin oxidation (r=0.735) assays. Meanwhile, moderate correlation
was found between TPC of Garcinia fruits with their antioxidant capacities in BCB
(r=0.573) and LDL oxidation (r=0.425) assays. This study indicated that the two studied
indigenous species of Garcinia possess antioxidative properties which could contribute to
desirable health benefits.
C25 Comparison of total phenolic content, total flavonoid,
antioxidant activity and antioxidant vitamins of fresh bilimbi
(Averrhoa bilimbi) and star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) to their
dry forms
Yan SW & Asmah R
Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti
Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor.
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The objectives of this study were to determine total phenolic content, total flavonoid,
antioxidant activity and antioxidant vitamins of Averrhoa bilimbi (AB) and Averrhoa
carambola (AC) in their fresh and freeze-dried forms. Total phenolic content was assayed
using the Folin-Ciocalteu method while total flavonoid was quantified using the AlCl3
method. Antioxidant activity was assessed with ß-carotene bleaching method and DPPH
radical scavenging method whereas Vitamin A, C and E were evaluated using HPLC.
One-way ANOVA was used to analyze statistically mean differences (p < 0.05) between
both fresh and dry extracts. Pearson‟s Correlation Coefficient was used to determine
correlation between these assays. A significant correlation was considered at the level of
p < 0.05. Analyses revealed that total phenolic content ranged from 76.27 – 1296.25 mg
GAE/100 g, of which highest and lowest were found in dry AC and fresh AC respectively.
Total flavonoid ranged from 5.82 – 66.64 mg Rutin/100 g, of which most abundantly
found in dry AB and least in fresh AC. The trend of ß-carotene bleaching ability of these
extracts was the same as in their total phenolic contents with the highest in dry AC
(47.74 ± 5.54 %) and the lowest in fresh AC (9.73 ± 3.21 %). Likewise, the ability to act as
DPPH radical scavenger was most significant in dry AC and least in fresh AC with IC 50
values of 1.88 ± 0.62 mg/ml and 17.00 ± 1.00 mg/ml respectively. Vitamin C ranged
from 8.28 – 182.98 mg/100g, with highest content in dry AB and lowest content in fresh
AB. The trend of Vitamin E content was similar with that of total flavonoid in these
extracts, which was most abundantly found in dry AB (21.48 ± 0.04 mg/100g) and least
in fresh AC (0.40 mg/100g). However, Vitamin A was not detected in all extracts. Pearson
correlation coefficient showed that there was a strong and significant correlation between
total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (r = 0.997; p < 0.01), scavenging activity
and antioxidant activity (r = 0.964; p < 0.05), total flavonoid and vitamin C (r = 0.970; p
< 0.05) and total flavonoid and Vitamin E (r = 0.997; p < 0.01). This study indicated that
both dry forms possessed higher total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant as
compared to their respective fresh forms.
C26 Determination of β-carotene and lycopene contents in
cherry tomato, pink guava and red grapefruit
Ying SW1 & Amin I1,2
1Department
Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Carotenoids are found to be protective in various diseases namely cardiovascular
diseases, cancers, stroke due to their antioxidant properties. Carotenoids act as
provitamin A which could decrease the risk of vitamin A deficiency and eye diseases. The
study aimed to determine the lycopene and β-carotene contents in the pulp and juices of
cherry tomato, pink guava and red grapefruit. The carotenoids were analyzed by RPHPLC using C30 column and UV-visible spectrophotometer. Results showed that cherry
tomato pulp had the highest β-carotene content (0.526 ± 0.003 mg/100 g) whereas pink
guava pulp had the highest lycopene content (1.585 ± 0.011 mg/100 g). However, results
from UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed that cherry tomato juice had the highest βcarotene and lycopene contents (2.743 ± 0.231 and 14.672 ± 2.922 mg/100 g of pulp
portion). Result showed β-carotene and lycopene contents of the studied fruits were
significantly different (p<0.05) between the pulp and juice, except for β-carotene content
in pink guava. There were also significant differences (p<0.05) between the carotenoid
content analyzed by HPLC and spectrophotometric methods for all the studied fruits
pulp and juice except for cherry tomato juice. Geometry isomers of β-carotene and
lycopene were also identified in the pulps and juices of all studied fruits using a C30
column. The percentage of recovery for cherry tomato, red grapefruit and pink guava for
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β-carotene (83.27%, 101.5% and 94.25%) were higher than lycopene (76.05%, 99.31%,
and 72.06%). In general, the carotenoid contents of the studied fruit pulps are lower
than the juices analyzed using HPLC. The studied fruits are rich in carotenoids
especially lycopene and β-carotene. However, carotenoids were found to be lost during
juice extraction. The study also indicated that consumption of whole fruit is
recommended as the studied fruit juices have lower carotenoid contents.
C27 Antioxidant properties and polyphenolic compounds of
selected local fruit juices in Malaysia
Zabidah AA1 & Amin I1,2
1Department
Cocoa pulp (Theobroma cacao) and bambangan (Mangifera pajang) juices are the
potentially commercialised juice products in Malaysia, while the commonly available
white flesh guava (Psidium guajava) juice was used for comparison. The objectives of this
study were to determine the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC), and
polyphenol compounds of these juices. Chemical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
free radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching) assays and biological (hemoglobin and
LDL oxidation) assays were applied for determining the antioxidant capacity. Meanwhile,
TPC was quantified using a Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the polyphenol compounds were
identified using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The lowest 50%
efficient concentration (EC50) to reduce DPPH was found in bambangan juice extract at
0.030 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ml. In β-carotene bleaching assay, the antioxidant
activity were decreased in the order of cocoa pulp juice (79%) > bambangan juice (76%) >
guava juice (47%). In biological assays, antioxidant capacity was measured based on
malondialdehyde (MDA) production as the product of lipid peroxidation. Bambangan
juice showed the lowest MDA in hemoglobin oxidation (0.31 µM MDA), while guava juice
showed the lowest MDA in LDL oxidation (0.27 µM MDA). Guava and bambangan juices
contained the highest and lowest TPC with the values of 25.14 and 8.95 mg GAE/100ml,
respectively. Significant correlations were found between β-carotene bleaching (r=-0.825,
p<0.05) and hemoglobin oxidation (r=0.757, p<0.05) assays with TPC. Gallic acid, ferulic
acid, catechin and trans-cinnamic acid were identified in the studied juices. In
conclusion, bambangan and cocoa pulp juices may have potentials as valuable sources
of natural antioxidants.
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F01 Effects of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chaetoceros
gracilis on key enzymes related to diabetes and hypertension
Azlin ZAA & Loh SP
Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
This study aims to evaluate inhibitory factor as well as total phenolic content (TPC) in
two microalgae namely Nannochloropsis oculata and Chaetoceros gracilis. The extracts
were prepared with water, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane for each of the microalgae.
Three different assays were used, namely α-glucosidase inhibition assay, α-amylase
inhibition assay and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition assay to determine
inhibitory factor of these two microalgae. The water extract of Nannochloropsis oculata
showed the highest total phenolic content with 3439.92 ± 127.49µg GAE/g dry weight
while Chaetoceros gracilis showed the highest in ethanol extract with 2861.85 ±
277.42µg GAE/g dry weight. In the α-amylase inhibition assay, ethanol extract of
Nannochloropsis oculata exhibited higher inhibitory activities (75.93 ± 13.30%) while
Chaetoceros gracilis exhibited higher inhibitory activities in the ethyl acetate extract
(62.01 ± 9.73%). Hexane extract of both the microalgae exhibited higher α-glucosidase
inhibitory activities with 86.81 ± 4.48% for Nannochloropsis oculata and 66.29 ± 21.63%
for Chaetoceros gracilis. On the other hand, ethyl acetate extract of Nannochloropsis
oculata (72.58 ± 6.62%) and Chaetoceros gracilis (78.98 ± 0.05%) exhibited higher
inhibitory activities in the ACE inhibition assay. The results of Pearson correlation test
showed that there was significant correlation between TPC method and α-amylase
inhibition assay (r2=0.630) and between TPC method and α-glucosidase inhibition assay
(r2=-0.575). However, there was no significant correlation between TPC method and ACE
inhibition assay (r2=-0.033). Based on specific phenolics, there was significant
correlation between gallic acid and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (r2=-0.471) and
between epicatechin and α-amylase inhibitory activity (r2=0.484). The result showed that
these two types of microalgae exhibited varying degrees of inhibitory activities which
might be contributed by the phenolic compound found in these microalgae.
F02 Inhibitory potential of phenolics on selected Malaysian
plants against key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes and
hypertension
Hadira O & Loh SP
Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
This study was conducted to determine inhibitory potential of phenolics on selected
Malaysian plants against key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
Samples are Indian pennywort (Centella asiatica), papaya shoots (Carica papaya), wild
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cosmos (Cosmos caudatus), cassava shoots (Manihot esculenta) and winged bean
(Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). Total phenolic content (TPC) was quantified using FolinCiocalteu assay and phenolic composition were quantified using high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Inhibitory potential of hexane and dichloromethane
extracts against the enzymes were determined by using α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase and
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition assay. Results showed that the highest
TPC value for hexane extract is Indian pennywort (17.25 mg GAE/g dry weight) while for
dichloromethane extract is cassava shoots (2.09 mg GAE/g dry weight). Indian
pennywort was highest in quercetin for hexane extract (292.87 mg/g dry weight) and
rutin for dichloromethane extract (163.97 mg/g dry weight) while wild cosmos was
highest in quercetin for dichloromethane extract (176.77 mg/g dry weight) and rutin for
hexane extract (1382.1 mg/g dry weight). In α-Amylase inhibition assay, the inhibitory
potential is highest in cassava shoots for both in hexane (59.22 %) and dichloromethane
extract (54.15 %). Cassava shoots in hexane extract (95.01 %) and winged bean in
dichloromethane extract have highest inhibitory potential against α-Glucosidase
meanwhile in ACE inhibition assay, the inhibitory potential was highest in Indian
pennywort in hexane extracts (48.45 %) and papaya shoots for dichloromethane extract
(59.77 %). Significant correlations were found between TPC with α-Glucosidase (r =
0.619) and ACE inhibition assay (r = -0.620). Significant correlations were also found
between α-Amylase inhibition assay with quarcetin (r = -0.542) and rutin (r = -0.586). In
conclusion, the inhibitory potential against α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase and Angiotensin Iconverting enzyme (ACE) found in these samples might be due to the present of the
phenolic compounds.
F03 Cytotoxicity of glutamate in human glial cell
Mohd Shazuan Irwan MS1, Khaza’ai H2 & Mutalib MSA1
1Department
Putra Malaysia; 2Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Neurodegenerative diseases are major problem for the aging society. Glutamate
excitotoxicity has been involved in a number of neurodegenerative disorders like stroke,
epilepsy, Alzheimer‟s disease and traumatic brain injury. Neuron cell is the major cell in
the central nervous system. Neuron cell is highly susceptible to a diverse variety of
insults ranging from physical damage to infectious agents and environmental
neurotoxins. In contrast, glial cells which is an intimate partner and protector of neuron
cells maintains neuronal homeostasis, synaptic plasticity and repair even at highly
cytotoxicity level. The aim of this study is to determine glial cells viability upon glutamate
toxicity. Human glioblastoma CRL-2020 cells cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 15%
fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. The cells were exposed to
various concentrations of glutamate in four replications in a 96 well plates and the IC 50
level of glutamate was determined by MTT assay. For control, PBS was used to replace
the glutamate. In initial experiment (preliminary study), the concentrations of glutamate
were determined at the level between 0.1mM to 400 mM. In a subsequent experiment,
the glutamate concentration was narrowed between 150 mM to 300 mM to determine the
specific concentration of IC50. It is observed in the present study that the IC50 is ≈ 270
mM and total inhibition (≈93%) is observed at 400 mM within 24 hour period. To
determine the duration of cytotoxicity exertion, a time course experiment was carried out
between 0 to 24 hours (0, 8, 16, 24 hours). It is observed inhibition of half of the cell
(IC50) is achieved after ≈17 hours of incubation. The study suggests threshold levels of
glutamate that may exert cytotoxicity to nerve cells in vitro.
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F04 Effect of Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott
extract on the proliferation of colon cancer (HT-29), liver
cancer (HepG2), breast cancer (MCF-7) and ovary cancer (Caov3) cell lines
Nor Zuriati M & Norhaizan ME
Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott have been used as herb among some of the
Chinese community in Malaysia to treat colon cancer. In this study, the crude of water
and methanol extracts of R.decursiva leaves were assessed for their anti-proliferative
activity using the microculture 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium
bromide (MTT) assay for cellular viability. This study also utilized four different types of
human cancer cell lines, Caov-3 (human ovary cancer cells), MCF-7 (human breast
cancer cells), HepG2 (human liver cancer cells) and HT-29 (human colon cancer cells),
allowing for the comparison in terms of the ability of this extract to inhibit 50% growth of
these cancer cells lines. The results showed that water extract of R.decursiva showed the
highest sensitivity towards human ovary cancer cell line (Caov-3) with IC50 values of 37.5
± 7.78 μg/ml for 72 hours exposure followed by colon cancer cell (HT-29) with IC50
values of 85.5 ± 7.78 μg/ml. The water extract of R.decursiva displayed a minute
sensitivity against the MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value 155 ± 7.07 μg/ml after 72 hours
incubation time. However, no IC50 values were obtained for liver cancer cell (HepG2) after
72 hours incubation time. For methanol extract, HT-29 showed the highest sensitivity
with IC50 value of 47.5 ± 3.54 μg/ml for 72 hours exposure followed by Caov-3 and
HepG2 with 77.5 ± 3.54 μg/ml and 117.5 ± 3.54 μg/ml, respectively. This methanol
extract failed to achieve 50% inhibition for MCF-7 cell lines after 72 hours incubation
time. In conclusion, based on the ability of R.decursiva extracts to achieve 50%
inhibition especially for colon cancer cell (HT29), this study can be the starting point for
more detailed study to prove that this extract could be used as an alternative treatment
for cancer patient. Also, further investigation is needed to assess the compound which
possesses the anticancer substances in this plant.
F05 Total antioxidant activities and anti-proliferative effects
of rice germ extracts on proliferation of colon (HT-29), ovary
(Caov3) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines
Suhaniza Hasnur J & Norhaizan ME
Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE.
Rice is rich in B-vitamins, antioxidants and phytochemicals as well as other nutrients.
Most commercial methods of rice processing remove the outer layer of rice (bran and
germ) which contains some of the rice‟s important nutrients including antioxidants
which may contribute beneficially in stopping the spread of certain cancer cells thus
preserving good health in humans. Therefore, this study was carried out with the aim of
evaluating the total antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative effects of rice germ on the
proliferation of various cancer cell lines. The crude extract was prepared with water and
methanol. The β-carotene bleaching, 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical
scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to determine
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the antioxidant properties of rice germ by measuring the decrease in absorbance at
470nm, 517nm and 593nm, respectively. Result showed that methanolic extract
exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity of 83.17±0.90% based on β-carotene
bleaching assay. It also showed the highest scavenging and ferric reducing activities with
EC50=3.00±0.10mg/ml and 32.21±0.59µMFe/g respectively. Independent sample T-test
showed significant difference (p<0.05) between methanol and water extract in β-carotene
bleaching and DPPH but not FRAP. The anti-proliferative effects of the extracts were
examined using MTT assay at 570nm, against HT-29, Caov3 and HepG2 cancer cell
lines. The results have shown that the water extract exhibited highest sensitivity towards
the cells compared with methanolic extract and showed a significant difference (p<0.05).
A comparison of the anti-proliferative activity of the water extracts revealed that the
HepG2 cell line was the most resistant (IC50=55.33±5.51µg/ml), followed by HT-29
(IC50=38.33±6.51µg/ml), whereas Caov3 cells showed the highest sensitivity
(IC50=36.67±5.77µg/ml). The same sequence of the cells sensitivity also applied to the
methanolic extract. The findings from this study suggest that rice germ extract has the
potential to be a source of natural antioxidants besides having anti-proliferative effect on
selected cancer cell lines.
Group B: Dietary Intake, Consumption Pattern and
Association with Diseases
B01 Development of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for
sugar among adults in Klang Valley
Abu Hanifah S, Nik Shanita S & Norimah AK
The objective of this study is to develop a food frequency questionnaire to evaluate
habitual added sugar consumption among adults in Klang Valley. A total of 51 adults
involved with 22 males and 29 females from all three races (malay, chinese, indian) were
participated in this study. Data collected including weight, height and 24 hour dietary
recalls assisted with sugary foods checklist. Mean BMI was 23.4 ± 3.8. Mean daily added
sugar intakes is 45.4 ± 28.8 g per day, or about 6 heaped teaspoons per day. Percentage
of sugar intakes from each group items show that contribution is highest in selfprepared (unprocessed) drinks (chocolate, coffee, tea, fruit juice) with 35.0% from total
added sugar intake, followed by processed non-carbonated drinks (including cordial and
packed drinks) with 11.7%, carbonated drinks with 8.6% and traditional kuih with 8.1%.
For the individual items, chocolate drinks contribute mostly for added sugar intake,
which is 10.9%, followed by coffee (10.0%), tea (8.9%) and cake varieties (5.4%). The
usage of refine sugar is high mainly for self-prepared drink, with 10.8%. Added sugar
also significantly contributed by sweetened condensed milk by 10.3%. The FFQ
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developed includes the food items that contribute up to 90% of total added sugar intake
in descending order, with some modification. In conclusion, the main types that
contributed to the FFQ were self-prepared (unprocessed) drinks, processed noncarbonated drinks and carbonated drinks, in which all of the three groups accounted for
55.3% from total added sugar intake.
B02 Risk behaviours in food consumption pattern and
physical activity among adults in Kuala Lumpur
Asyraf MAM1, Norimah AK1& Zawaha HI2
.
1Department
Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2Institute for Health Behavioral Research, Ministry of Health
Risk behaviours such as high intake of fat, calories, sodium, low level of physical
activity, and unhealthy lifestyle are associated with the increasing of risk of diseases
such as obesity, hypertension and stroke. This study was carried out to identify risk
behaviours in food consumption and physical activity pattern among Malay and Chinese
adults in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 221 of subject (125 men and 96 women) comprising of
61.1% Malays and 38.9% Chinese participated in this study. Weight and height were
measured and BMI was calculated. A self administered questionnaire that consisted of
three sections was distributed. The questionnaire consisted of demography, food
frequency, and global physical activity questions that will assess the food consumption
and physical activity pattern among the subjects. The mean of age of subjects was 29.48
± 9 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) of all subjects was 23.9 ± 4.49kg/m 2 with
5.4% underweight, 53.8% normal, 31.2% overweight and 9.5% obese. Men showed
slightly higher BMI (24.85 ± 4.23kg/m2) compared to women (22.77 ± 4.57kg/m2). There
were positive correlations between caloric intake (r = 0.224, p<0.001), fat intake (r =
0.216, p<0.001) and sodium intake (r = 0.178, p<0.001) with BMI. Chi Square showed
that most of obese subjects consumed high intake of calories, fat, and sodium compared
with low , normal and overweight adults. There were also significant differences (p<0.05)
in the calories and fat intake between race and sex. 69.6% men and 37.5% women were
involved in exercise but 62.4% men and 82.3% women did not achieve the exercise
frequency recommendations by the Ministry of Health. For the duration of exercise,
about 64.6% women and only 33.6% men did not achieve the duration recommendation.
The results of this study demonstrated that risk behaviours in food consumption and
physical activity pattern are present in the lifestyles of the adults studied. Understanding
the risk factors behaviours in food consumption and physical activity pattern may be
useful in developing effective strategies on achieving a healthier nation.
B03 The influence of dietary composition and sugar intakes
of daily diet on weight status among adults in Klang Valley
Celciar Hor CY & Nik Shanita S
This cross-sectional study is conducted to determine the relationship between dietary
composition variables and sugar intakes on weight status among adult in Klang Valley. A
total of 212 adults involved with 95 males and 117 females from all 3 races were selected
through convenience sampling. Data collected included anthropometric measurements
and Multiple-Pass 24 hour Dietary Recall with the aid of sugary food checklist. Mean
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BMI, percentage of body fat and waist circumference obtained are respectively 25.5kg/m²
± 5.0, 28.9% ± 7.3 and 82.0cm ± 12.1. Mean total daily energy intakes (kcal/day), protein
(g), fat (g), carbohydrate (g) and sugar intakes (g) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in
men than women. Obese subjects with BMI >30kg/m² consumed more energy (kcal/day)
(p<0.05), protein (g/day) (p<0.05), and fat (g/day) (p<0.05) compared to normal BMI
(18.5-24.9 kg/m²) group. Mean daily sugar intakes in normal (64.5g ± 31.6 g) BMI group
are similar with overweight (69.6g ± 32.3) and (77.75g ± 34.6 g) obese. However, sugar
influenced energy intake by 52% (p<0.01). A significant positive correlation is obtained
between energy intake(r= 0.25, p<0.01), protein(r= 0.282, p<0.01), carbohydrate (r=
0.227, p<0.01) and fat(r= 0.174, p<0.05) with BMI. Sugar shows to have significant
positive influence to BMI by 16% (p<0.05). There is a positive relationship between
dietary composition with waist circumference ranging respectively in ascending manner
of 23.8% from fat (p<0.01), 27.8% from carbohydrates (p<0.01), 30.2% from protein
(p<0.01) and 32.4% from total daily energy intakes (p<0.01). However sugar is only
shown to give a positive trend in relationship with increasing waist circumference. This
study found that a sugar intake increases the total energy intakes which cause a positive
energy balance. Hence, sugar could be a factor in affecting BMI besides other
macronutrients such as protein, fat and carbohydrates. Further research on sugar
intakes could be conducted to determine its effect on other health parameter such as
dental caries.
B04 Body image as a mediator between socio-cultural factors
and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls
Chin YS, Mohd Nasir MT, Zalilah MS, and Khor GL
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Previous studies reported that sociocultural factors, including parental, peer and media
influences were important determinants of body image and eating behavior development
in adolescent girls. This study aimed to determine the role of body image as a mediator
between socio-cultural factors and disordered eating behaviors. Respondents for this
study were 407 adolescent girls, aged between 13 to 19 years, randomly selected from
two secondary schools in Kuantan, Pahang. Sociocultural factors, body image and
eating behavior were measured using the Socio-cultural Influences on Body Image Scale
(SIBIS), the Multidimensional Body Image Scale (MBIS) and the Eating Attitudes Test –
26 (EAT-26) respectively. Some 4.2% of the respondents were found to have body image
disturbances and 12.8% were at-risk of eating disorders. Results showed that adolescent
girls scored highest in the media (52.30±10.34) subscale, compared to peer (24.04±8.54)
and parental (19.41±5.53) subscales. Further, media (B=0.237, R 2 changed=0.158) and
parental (B=0.296, R2 changed=0.041) factors were found to be the predictors of disorder
eating behaviors (F=49.918, p<0.05), but not peer influence. However, all sociocultural
factors failed to predict disordered eating behaviors when body image was included in
the analysis and body image (B=0.477, R2 changed=0.365) emerged as the only predictor
of disordered eating behaviors (F=231.913, p<0.05). Mediational analyses using the
Baron and Kenny‟s approach and Sobel test, showed that body image fully mediated the
correlations between the sociocultural factors (parent, peer and media influences) and
disordered eating behaviors (p<0.05). In other words, there were no direct correlations
between the sociocultural factors (parent, peer and media influences) and disordered
eating behaviors; all were indirectly correlated with disordered eating behaviors through
body image. This explains why these predictors failed to contribute to the disordered
eating behavior model when body image was included. Thus, besides creating an
awareness about the influences of parent, peer and media, promoting positive body
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image should be an integral component of disordered eating behavior prevention
programs.
B05 Eating frequency and nutritional status of adolescents
(aged 13 to 14 years) in Puchong, Selangor
Chong SY & Zalilah MS
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University
Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor.
Eating frequency can have immediate health implications in adolescents and influence
their future risks of chronic diseases. While most studies on eating frequency have been
conducted with adults, the relationship between eating frequency and nutritional status
of adolescents is less known. The objective of this study was to determine the
relationship between eating frequency and nutritional status of adolescents aged 13 to
14 years from three secondary schools in Puchong, Selangor. A total of 408 adolescents
participated in this study with 189 (46.3%) males and 219 (53.7%) females. Two days of
24 hour dietary recalls were used to determine dietary intake, total eating frequency,
eating frequency during the day (before 7pm), and eating frequency during the night
(after 7pm). Weight and height of adolescents were measured to determine the Body
Mass Index (BMI). Mean total eating frequency was 3.80 ± 0.82, with males having a
higher eating frequency (3.88 ± 0.88) than the females (3.73 ± 0.75). The mean of eating
frequency during day for males and females were 2.62 ± 0.70 and 2.52 ± 0.58,
respectively. Meanwhile, the mean of eating frequency during the night was 1.26 ± 0.49
for males and 1.21 ± 0.43 for females. The results showed that 13.5% of adolescents
were overweight and 5.9% were obese. A negative significant correlation was found
between household size and total eating frequency (r = -0.133, p < 0.01). Higher total
eating frequency was related to higher energy intake (R2= 0.060, p<0.001) but lower BMIfor-age (R2= 0.023, p<0.01).It is important to understand the eating patterns of
adolescents as the information can be used to improve the nutritional status of
adolescents for chronic disease prevention.
B06 Perceptions of athletes on the food service quality of the
Athlete‟s Cafeteria at the National Sports Council of Malaysia
Chua CH & Rosita J
Putra Malaysia
A well-balanced diet comprising all essential macro and micronutrients becomes the key
to fulfilling the daily nutrient requirements of an athlete to match the demands of
training, while simultaneously achieving body weight and body composition targets.
Realising the relationship between diet and athletes‟ performance, the Food Service Unit
was established by the National Sports Council of Malaysia (MSN) to provide foods which
meet the special nutrient requirements of the athletes. Nevertheless, despite the various
distinctive features, the turnover rate of the cafeteria was found to be low. Hence, this
study served to determine the perceptions of the athletes on the food service quality of
the cafeteria from four dimensions, namely food quality, meal service quality,
staff/service issues and dining environment through self-administered questionnaires.
The relationships between respondents‟ socio-demographic backgrounds (sex, ethnic
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group and educational level), sport disciplines (aesthetic or non-aesthetic sport),
nutrition knowledge and food service perceptions were also determined. A total of 110
athletes from 19 types of sports were recruited for the study. Results indicated that the
athletes were most satisfied with the meal service quality dimension (4.13 ± 0.72) while
least satisfied with the food quality dimension (3.77 ± 0.75). The dimensions of food
quality and staff/service issues were found to be the two predictors of overall food service
satisfaction (r = o.759, r2 =0.576, adjusted r2 = 0.568, F = 35.953, p < 0.001). No
significant differences in food service perceptions were found between the athletes from
different socio-demographic backgrounds (p > 0.05) and different sport disciplines (p >
0.05). Significant differences in nutrition knowledge were observed among the athletes
from different ethnic groups and educational levels where the Chinese athletes appeared
to have higher nutrition knowledge than their Malay counterparts (p < 0.01). The athletes
with tertiary education were found to have higher nutrition knowledge than the athletes
with secondary school education (p < 0.05). However, no significant relationship was
found between the athletes‟ nutrition knowledge and their food service perceptions (r = 0.015, p > 0.05). The results obtained in this study provided an insight to the Food
Service Unit on the crucial criteria to be focused on in the implementation of their
continuous quality enhancement measure.
B07 Nutrient intakes of low income households in Kampung
Tebobon, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Dora LAL & Ooi YBH
School of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah
The objective of this study was to determine the nutrient intakes of low income
households in Kampung Tebobon, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Studies were carried out on 28
women from low income households aged 18 to 59 years old. The respondents were
interviewed and measured for socio-demographic, dietary intake, nutritional status and
food security. Food intake records using 3 day-24 hour dietary recall, body mass index
(BMI) and body composition measurements were obtained. Food insecurity which may
influence nutrient intakes and nutritional status was also studied using the
Radimer/Cornell hunger and food insecurity instrument. Mean calorie intake was
1254.99 ± 388.70 kcal/d, compared to 1790 ± 44 kcal/d for Sabahan Bumiputeras as
reported from the MANS study (Mirnalini et al., 2008). Mean contribution of calories from
protein, fat and total carbohydrate was 11.1%, 21.6% and 29.4% respectively. As for
vitamins and minerals, more than 60% of respondents were found to not meeting RNI
Malaysia for calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C. There was no
association between macronutrients and food insecurity (p>0.05). Most of the women,
48.2% were categorised in the normal BMI range, but BMI was not associated to food
security status despite having household food expenses between RM201 and RM300 per
month. 53.6% of respondents come from household with 6 to 10 members. Majority of
the households (85.7%) reported to be in some degree of food insecurity (household
insecure 25%, adult insecure 53.6% and child hunger 7.1%). There is a need for
improving the quality of the nutrient intakes of this group on prevention of nutrient
deficiencies and its consequences and further studies should be carried out using
biochemical markers of nutritional status.
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B08 Comparison of postnatal body mass index changes
between exclusive breastfeeding mothers and combined
feeding mothers
Farah AA & Zahara AM
Kebangsaan Malaysia
Studies on relationship between breastfeeding practices associated with weight reduction
during postnatal shows inconsistent results. This study was to compare the postnatal
body weight changes of exclusive breastfeeding mothers and combined feeding mothers.
Sixty two Malay mothers (age range 23-40 years old) who were breastfeed exclusively
(n=31) or combined feed (n=31) their infant were studied. The questionnaire consisted of
sociodemographic data, breastfeeding practices and child feeding practices.
Anthropometry measurements were carried out at third month postnatal when the
subjects attended at the maternal child health clinic for their children‟s vaccination.
Subjects‟ body weight and body fat percentage on the 3 rd month postnatal were
measured using TANITA Step On Analyzer. Subjects‟ postnatal weight at 1 st month was
obtained from the postnatal record keep by the subjects or the clinic. Subject‟s height,
pre-pregnancy weight and full-term weight before delivery were obtained from the
pregnancy record. Pre-pregnancy BMI of exclusive breastfeeding subjects and combined
feeding mothers were 23.4 ± 4.1 and 22.9 ± 5.3 respectively (p> .05). Total weight gain
during pregnancy of exclusive feeding subjects and combined feeding subjects were 12.9
± 4.6 and 12.1 ± 4.2 respectively (p> .05). There was a significant difference in BMI
reduction at 1st month postnatal, -4.15 ± 1.16 and 3rd month postnatal, -4.67 ± 1.63 for
the exclusive breastfeeding group, p < .05, and that appear BMI reduction is lower at 3rd
month postnatal considerably. However, there was no significant differences exists in the
combined feeding group‟s BMI reduction at 1st month postnatal, -3.962 ± 1.37323 and
3rd month postnatal, -4.39 ± 1.50202, p > .05. There was no significant difference in
postnatal BMI reduction between the exclusive breastfeeding group and the combined
feeding group, neither at 1st month nor 3rd month, p > .05. In conclusion, there was a
significant difference in postnatal BMI changes for the exclusive breastfeeding group but
there was no significant difference exists in BMI changes in the combined feeding group
and there was no significant difference in postnatal BMI changes at 1 st month and 3rd
month between groups.
B09 Eating behavior, physical activity and body weight
status among adolescents in Kuantan, Pahang
Farah Wahida Z, Mohd Nasir MT & Hazizi AS
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE
Prevalence of childhood and adolescence obesity increase rapidly worldwide, and were
found to be significantly correlated to eating disorders and physical inactivity. This study
aimed to determine the associations between eating behavior, physical activity and body
weight status among 360 adolescents, aged 13 to 14 years, randomly selected from six
secondary schools in Kuantan, Pahang. Eating behavior and physical activity were
measured using the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) and Physical Activity
Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C), respectively. Anthropometric measurements of
body weight and height were obtained to calculate BMI-for-age (WHO, 2007). The
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participants comprised 163 (45.3%) males and 197 (54.7%) females, and a majority were
Malays (57.8%), followed by Chinese (40.0%), Indians (1.7%) and others (0.6%). Mean
weight, height and BMI of the participants were 45.69±11.82 kg, 1.54±0.67 m, and
19.14±4.32 kg/m², respectively. Almost half of the participants (49.4%) were categorized
as having normal BMI, while 30.3% were underweight and 20.3% were overweight/
obese. The mean EAT-26 score was 15.41±10.37, and about one in three (27.8%) were
at-risk of eating disorders. However, there was no significant difference in the mean EAT26 score between males and females. The mean physical activity score was 2.06±0.45
with most of the participants (74.7%) categorized in the low physical activity level.
Further, the physical activity mean score was significantly higher for males compared to
females (t=5.107, p<0.001). Eating behavior, but not physical activity, was significantly
correlated with BMI (r=0.275, p<0.01). After controlling for sex, eating behavior remained
correlated with BMI (rp =0.275, p<0.01), indicating no differences in eating behavior
between the sexes. Besides, there was no correlation between eating behavior and
physical activity. As a conclusion, this study shows the need for healthy eating
intervention programs which should be conducted to prevent overweight and obesity
problems among adolescents.
B10 Development of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for
Malaysian children aged 7-9 years old
Fatihah F, Ng BK, Ong WW, Norimah AK & Poh BK
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur
This study was conducted to develop an interview-administered FFQ for
assessing the habitual diet of Malaysian children aged between 7 and 9 years. A
total of 236 subjects (105 boys, 131 girls) participated in the study. Dietary
information was obtained using 24-hour diet recall method from the children‟s
parents or caregivers. All foods recorded in the diet recall forms were converted to
nutrient intakes based on the Malaysian Nutrient Composition of Foods using Nutritionist
Pro software. Similar foods and beverages were combined to become single food item.
Percentage energy and macronutrients contributed by each food item were calculated
using Block et al. (1985) equation. The cumulative percentage distribution of energy and
macronutrients were then calculated for each food list. Food items accounting for up to
90% of the total energy and macronutrient intakes and those that appeared more than
20 times in 24-hour diet recalls were selected to be included in this FFQ. Mean energy,
carbohydrate, protein and fat intake for boys were 1618.09 ± 204.35 kcal, 218.36 ±
38.75 g, 63.57 ± 14.91 g, 54.91 ± 14.43 g; and for girls 1513.99 ± 181.14 kcal, 205.15 ±
38.01 g, 59.79 ± 15.78 g and 51.42 ± 13.39 g, respectively. Mean energy intake for both
gender were slightly lower from Malaysian RNI recommendation (Tee et al. 1997) while
mean for protein intake were slightly higher from Malaysian RNI recommendation (Tee et
al. 1997) for both gender. From 24 hour diet recall analysis, the food items contributing
90% to total energy intake were white rice, chicken, fried rice, noodles, breads, fish and
seafood, malt drinks, kuih, milk, eggs, processed foods, cake and biscuits, fruits, meats,
instant noodles, vegetables, keropok lekor and bread spreads. Foods that contribute 90%
to total carbohydrate intake were white rice, fried rice, bread, noodles, malt drinks, kuih,
fruits, milk, cake and biscuits, instant noodles, granulated sugar, processed foods,
chicken, vegetables, beverages, cereals and keropok lekor. Chicken, fish and seafood,
white rice, fried rice, noodles, breads, milk, eggs, malt drinks, meats, processed foods,
vegetables and kuih were main contributors to protein intake. Finally, foods contributing
90% to total fat intake were chicken, fish and seafood, fried rice, noodles, eggs, milk,
breads, processed foods, malt drinks, kuih, bread spreads, meats, cooking oils, cake and
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biscuits, keropok lekor and instant noodles. Average or median portions were
defined. The FFQ developed consists of 93 food items which were categorized under 12
food groups, namely cereals and cereal products, meats and meat products, fish
and seafood, eggs, legumes and legume products, milk and dairy products,
vegetables, fruits, confectionary, beverages, bread spreads, seasonings and
flavoring. To our knowledge, this is the first study conducted to develop a FFQ
for Malaysian children. Further work will be carried out to evaluate the validity
of this FFQ to investigate usual food intake of Malaysian children 7 to 9 year of
age.
B11 Snacking pattern, physical activity level and weight
status among adolescents
Foo FY & Rosita J
Putra Malaysia
Dietary pattern and physical activity are major risk factors for the rise of obesity.
Snacking had become more prevalent while physical inactivity was observed among
adolescents. This study was conducted to determine snacking pattern, physical activity
level and weight status of adolescents in Puchong, Selangor. A total of 408 respondents
aged 12 to 14 participated in this study. Data collection involved anthropometric
measurements, 24-hour dietary recall for 2 days and Physical Activity Questionnaire for
Older Children. The results indicated that 13.2% and 5.9% of respondents were
overweight and obese respectively. Meanwhile, 46.6% of respondents had low physical
activity level and 50.7% had moderate physical activity level. There were 81.6% of
respondents who consumed at least one snack per day. Snack contributed a mean of
99.34 ± 137.93 kcal to the total daily mean energy intake of 1964.21 ± 918.61 kcal. The
percentage of Recommended Nutrient Intake from snack for energy and protein was 4.56
± 6.33% and 4.79 ± 6.90% respectively. Physical activity level (r= 0.118; p<0.05) and
snacking frequency (r= -0.120; p<0.05) were significantly correlated with BMI-for-age of
respondents. In addition, snacking frequency significantly correlated with total energy
intake (r= 0.277, p = <0.001) and physical activity level (r= 0.109, p<0.05). In conclusion,
snacking might not be a major contributor to the rise of obesity and physical activity
might not be affected by weight status. However, physical activity of respondents might
not be properly monitored in this study thus future study on physical activity should
involve close monitoring on physical activity level among the respondents.
B12 Physical activity and body image as predictors of
disordered eating among Malaysian university students
Gan WY, Mohd Nasir MT, Zalilah MS & Hazizi AS
Putra Malaysia
This study aimed to determine physical activity and body image as predictors of
disordered eating among Malaysian university students. Data were collected from 584
Malaysian university students (59.4% females and 40.6% males), aged between 18 to 24
years (M=20.36, SD=1.43), randomly selected from four public and private universities in
Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. A self-administered questionnaire including International
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Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Multidimensional Body Image Scale (MBIS), and
Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) were used to measure physical activity, body image,
and disordered eating, respectively. About 14.5% of the respondents were categorized in
the low physical activity level, 56.3% in the moderate and 29.2% in the high physical
activity levels. The mean composite score for body image was 56.88±8.27 and 13.9% of
the respondents were in the highest tertile, indicating they were more likely to have body
image disturbances. Female students had significantly higher mean body image scores
compared with male students (t=-3.433, p=0.001). About one in five students (18.2%)
were at risk of eating disorders with no difference in the mean EAT-26 scores between
male and female respondents. Physical activity was significantly correlated with body
image (r=0.121, p=0.005) and disordered eating (r=0.128, p=0.003). Similarly, body image
was significantly correlated with disordered eating (r=0.411, p=0.000). Additionally,
results from multiple linear regression analysis found that physical activity and body
image significantly explained 18.0% of the variances in disordered eating in university
students. This study shows that physical activity and body image predict disordered
eating of university students. Hence, disordered eating prevention programs should
include physical activity and body image components.
B13 An LP analysis of optimal diet plan for Malaysian male
adults
Hasfaliza T1, Safiah MY2, Adibah S1 & Pa’ezah H1
1Faculty
of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA;
Health Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA
2Faculty
of
The objective of this paper is to describe the use of linear programming (LP) to obtain
optimum diet that satisfies the energy requirement for Malaysian male adults in age
groups 19-29 and 30-59 years. A database was developed consisting of 45 types of
prepared foods with details on edible portion per serving, nutrient composition and cost.
Using the LP model these foods were selected for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Their
energy, protein and fat contents were matched to meet the daily requirement of the male
adults, not exceeding the tolerable upper intake level values. The total daily energy
requirement is distributed as 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein and 30% fat. The study
imposes the condition that each meal must comprise of one type of prepared food and
one type of drink which is suitable for that type of meal, i.e. breakfast, lunch or dinner.
30 meals each for breakfast, lunch and dinner was obtained using the LP model. The
optimal cost of breakfast, lunch and dinner for males aged 19 to 29 years is RM11.50 per
day (median RM19.35; maximum RM28.05). It comprises of three pieces of roti canai with
yellow dhal gravy and 2.44 cups of Nescafe with milk for breakfast, 1.3 plates of fried rice
and one cup of tea „O‟ for lunch, and one piece of sardine sandwich and one glass of plain
water for dinner. The optimal cost for the males aged 30 to 59 years is RM11.67 per day
(median RM19.50; maximum RM28.36). It comprises of three pieces of roti canai with
yellow dhal gravy and 2.38 cups of Nescafe with milk for breakfast, 1.26 plates for fried
rice and one cup of tea „O‟ for lunch, and one piece of sardine sandwich and one glass of
plain water for dinner. We have been able to test the feasibility of our LP model in
formulating a Malaysian daily diet plan for male adults at a minimum cost, which
satisfies the Malaysian RNI. This study can be extended to develop meals and menus for
other age-gender groups, and subsequently to solve the diet problems for Malaysian
households.
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B14 The relationship between “family food environment”
factors and nutritional status of 4-6-year-old preschoolers in
Teluk Intan, Perak
Heng PP & Khor GL
Putra Malaysia
This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the influence of family food
environment factors on the nutritional status of preschoolers. A total of 55 preschoolers
(27 boys and 28 girls) aged between 4 to 6 years, together with their mothers participated
in this study. A set of questionnaire on family food environment factors which included
mother‟s perception of adequacy of child diet, mother‟s attitude towards family eating
together, Birch‟s feeding practices (pressure to eat, food restriction and monitoring),
availability of fresh fruits and vegetables, and mealtime interruptions was administered
among the mothers. Preschoolers‟ dietary intake was assessed by using 24-hour dietary
recall and their anthropometric measurements were measured. Mean age of the
preschoolers was 5.60.7 years, while mean BMI was 15.12.1 kg/m2 in boys and
15.72.7 kg/m2. Mean z-scores for BMI-for-age, weight-for-age and height-for-age were
0.041.5, -0.271.3 and -0.360.9 respectively. The problem of overweight was higher
(9.1%) than underweight (5.5%) in both sexes. Mean intake of energy, carbohydrate,
protein and fat were 1222.9211.3 kcal, 151.634.0 g, 56.734.0 g, and 43.69.0 g
respectively. Intake of vitamin A, vitamin C, and iron at 699.9283.6 µg, 56.335.0 mg
and 8.73.5 mg respectively, met the Malaysian RNI levels. However, intake of calcium
and vitamin D did not meet the RNI levels with mean intake at 493.3202 mg and
0.20.3 µg respectively. Family food environment factors were not significantly associated
with dietary intake of the preschoolers. However, there were significant correlations
between intake of vitamin D (r=0.279, p=0.039,) and calcium (r=-0.366, p=0.006) and
nutritional status (weight-for-age) of the preschoolers. There was a positive correlation
between food monitoring (r=0.276, p=0.041) and nutritional status (height-for-age) of the
preschoolers. In conclusion, most of the family food environment factors were not found
to have influences on the preschooler‟s nutritional status. This indicates that family food
environment may not be the only factors that contribute to preschooler‟s nutritional
status. Future studies should include a larger sample size and family food environmental
factors not included in the present study.
B15 Abnormal eating pattern among overweight and obese
Malay adolescents in Klang Valley
Kok YS & Ismail MN
Dept of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, UKM, Kuala Lumpur
The phenomenon of eating disorder and abnormal eating pattern is increasing among
adolescents who are overweight and obese. This case control study was carried out to
examine the risk of eating disorder and also the abnormal eating pattern among
overweight and obese Malay adolescents in Klang Valley. A total of 100 males (50 normal
weight, 50 overweight/obese) and 100 females (50 normal weight, 50 overweight/obese)
aged 13 and 14 years old were randomly chosen from seven secondary schools in Klang
Valley. Subjects‟ weight and height were measured and they were required to answer a
set of questionnaires which included demographic and socioeconomic components,
Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) test that have been validated for local use, eating
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pattern and Figure Rating Scale that have been modified. The subjects were also
interviewed for dietary intake by using 24hours interactive diet recall. The results
revealed that overweight and obese adolescents have a higher risk of eating disorder
(p<0.05)) as compared to normal weight group. The overweight and obese subjects who
have risk of eating disorders were 30% and 40%, respectively, based on Drive for
Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction subscale. There was a significant difference (p<0.05)
between overweight and obese subjects with normal subjects in skipping meal and
inducing vomit with the aim of reducing weight however, most of the subjects were
practising the healthy methods in reducing weight. Using the Spearman correlation test
it was found that there was a positive correlation between BMI with the mean of energy,
carbohydrate, protein and fat intake. Based on this study, there is a need to promote
healthy eating among adolescents who are overweight and obese and more studies
should be carried out to address this issue at the national level.
B16 Relationship between sweetened beverages intake with
body mass index and dietary intake among teenagers in Klang
Lee HP & Norimah AK
Kebangsaan Malaysia
The study was carried out to determine the relationship between sweetened beverage
intake with body mass index and dietary intake among teenagers. 200 subjects
representing the three ethnics from 6 secondary schools participated in the study
Questionnaires were used to determine the types and the frequency of beverage
consumption among teenagers. Two days 24 hours diet recall were used to determine
the food intake and sugar consumption. Anthropometry measurement such as weight
and height were taken and the body mass index calculated. The most favoured beverage
was malted milk. whilethe most commonly consumed beverage was plain water with an
average consumption of 6.7 glass per day. Malays had the highest mean sugar intake
from beverage (56.6±24.3 g/day) followed by the Chinese (35.6±17 g/day) and Indians
(54.8±25/2 g/day. the Wilcoxon test showed significant differences in sugar
consumption on weekdays and weekend for Malays and Chinese but not among Indians
The overweight teenagers consumed 2735±27 kcal calories per day while normal
teenagers consumed 2206±307 kcal calories per day. The result showed a moderate
positive significant correlation between sugar intake with body mass index (r=0.408,
p<0.05), carbohydrate intake (r-0.348, p<0.05), fat intake (r=0.280, p<0.05) and energy
intake (r=0.470, p<0.05). As a conclusion, this study indicated that there was a
significant moderate correlation between sugar intake and body mass index.
B17 Association between Vitamin A and Vitamin E Status
and Apolipoprotein E with Mild Cognitive Impairment among
Elderly People in Cheras
Lim CL, Lee LK, Suzana S1, Norfadilah R2 & Mohd Fairulnizal MN3
1Department
Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2Department of Biomedical, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,
University Kebangsaan Malaysia; 3Nutritional Unit, Cardiovascular, Diabetes & Nutrition
Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research.
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Poor cognitive status had been associated with low level of antioxidant vitamin A and E,
and polymorphism of apolipoprotein E (ApoE), particularly allele E4. Therefore, this
study aimed to determine the association between allele E4, serum vitamin A and E with
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). 333 subjects were interviewed to obtain their
information on neuropsychology status using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE),
Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Rey Auditory Verbal
Learning Test (RAVLT) and digit span test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAISIII). 9ml of subject‟s blood was took to analyze polymorphism of apoE, vitamin A and E.
Subsample of subjects were analyzed for vitamin A (n=261) and vitamin E (n=271) using
high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Polymorphism of apoE was
assessed in 52 MCI and 52 non-MCI subjects using restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The prevalence of MCI was 20.1% (n=67). Serum Vitamin
A level was significantly low in MCI subjects (1.48 ± 0.35 µmol/l as compared to non-MCI
subjects 1.60 ± 0.43 µmol/l, p<0.05). However, serum vitamin E level did not show
significantly low in MCI subjects. Prevalence of genotypes E3/E4, E2/E4, E3/E3 was
found to be 82.3%, 12.1% and 4.0%, respectively, and 0.8% for each E2/E2 and E4/E4
genotypes. Allele E4 was not associated with MCI. Malays, man, aged 60-74 years,
married and smoker were at a higher risk to be classified as having MCI. In conclusion, a
quarter of subjects were identified with MCI, particularly those with poor status of
vitamin A.
B18 Family meal patterns and nutritional status of
adolescents in Puchong, Selangor
Lim MY & Zalilah MS
Putra Malaysia
This study was conducted to examine family meal patterns and nutritional status of
adolescents. A total of 408 adolescents (189 boys and 219 girls) aged between 13 to 14
years old from 3 selected secondary schools in Puchong participated in this study. A selfadministrated questionnaire was used to obtain information on family meal patterns that
focused on frequency of family meals during the past 7 days, family meal environments
(priority, atmosphere, and structure), family meal locations and presence of parents
during family meal. Energy and nutrient intakes were assessed using 2 days of 24-hour
diet recall. Adolescents were measured for weight and height to determine body mass
index (BMI). About 44% respondents had 7 or more times family meal while only 5.4%
reported no family meal during previous week. The mean energy intake of respondents
was 1975±936.8kcal, with higher intake in males (2336±1100.1kcal) than females
(1665±620.1kcal). There were 73.0% respondents with normal weight, 7.6% thinness,
13.5% overweight and 5.9% obesity. Total priority score (r=0.41; p<0.001) and total
atmosphere score (r=0.11; p<0.05) were significantly correlated with family meal
frequency. Significant relationship was found between sex and energy intake (R2=0.118,
p<0.01). There was no significant relationship between family meal frequency with energy
intake and BMI of respondents. As the association between family meal frequency and
weight status is still unclear, further research is needed, including examining the quality
and quantity of food consumed at family meals.
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B19 The acceptance, preference and consumption of tofu and
egg tofu by Chinese in Klang Valley and northern Malaysia
Maizura Murad, Aminah Abdullah & Wan Aida Wan Mustapha
In Malaysia, several types of soy products could be found including soy milk, tofu, egg
tofu, soy sauce, and tempeh. However, tofu is among the most widely accepted soy
products. Tofu is gaining popularity throughout the world as a valuable dietetic
replacement for meat, fish and cheese because of its high protein content, cholesterolfree and low in saturated fat. Several varieties of tofu are available in the market namely
soft tofu, firm tofu, extra firm tofu, silken tofu and egg tofu and it is popular in Chinese
grocery stores. This survey was conducted to elucidate the preference and consumption
of soy products among Chinese in the Klang Valley and northern part of Malaysia. Data
were collected using self-administered questionnaire between March to July 2009 and
respondents comprised of university students and general public aged greater than 18
years. A total of 149 Chinese respondents (male, 22.1% and female, 77.9%) completed
the questionnaire and the data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. Results
of the study showed that majority of respondents ate tofu (90.6%) and 53.7% consumed
tofu occasionally. Meanwhile, 72.5% of respondents ate egg tofu and 55.1% like the taste
very much. Results obtained showed that 3.7% of respondents ate egg tofu once a day,
11.1% of respondents consumed egg tofu a few times per week and 6.5% of respondents
ate egg tofu once a week. Meanwhile, a large number of respondents (78.7%) ate egg tofu
occasionally.
B20 Body weight status and dietary habits of adolescents
studying at the Iranian secondary school in Kuala Lumpur
Maryam Zarei, Huang MSL, Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib & Fatemeh Zarei
Putra Malaysia, 43400-UPM, Serdang, Selangor
Nutritional requirements are increased during adolescence because it is a time of
increased growth and changes in body composition related with puberty. The dramatic
increase in energy and nutrient requirements coincides with other factors that can
influence adolescents' food choices and nutrient intake, and consequently nutritional
status. The aim of this study was to assess the weight status of adolescents as well as
determine the quality of their daily diets and collect information on some nutritional
habits (number of meals and frequency of consuming of certain foods in the previous
month). This cross- sectional study was carried out on 296 adolescents (150 boys and
146 girls) aged from 12 to 17 years studying at the Iranian secondary school in Kuala
Lumpur. Weights and heights were measured and BMI-for-age was calculated based on
WHO, 2007. A two-day dietary intake recall (one on a weekday and another during the
weekend) was conducted by the investigator. The food frequency questionnaire and meal
consumption questionnaire were self administered. Dietary intake between the sexes was
analyzed using statistical T-test and weight status was compared using Chi square. The
adolescents were divided into 2 groups: 11-13 years and 14-17 years to compare their
intakes with the Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs). In both groups the energy,
carbohydrate and protein intakes were lower than DRIs. All micronutrient intakes among
respondents in both ages and sex were found to be higher than DRI, except vitamins B1,
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B2, C and D, zinc, calcium and phosphorus. Iron intake was deficient among the females
in the 14 to 17 age group. Generally their diets were also deficient in vegetables and
fruits but excessive in sweets and soft drinks. Only 31.1% of the adolescents had
breakfast daily while 34.5% had never had breakfast. With regards to BMI, 56.8% of
adolescents were normal weight while 23.6% and 19.6% were overweight and
underweight respectively. Distribution of BMI by gender was significantly different
(p<0.05) with more females (28.8%) being overweight than males (18.7%) and at the same
time more males were underweight (26.7%) compared to only (12.3%) among the females.
In both cases slightly more than half were normal weight. In conclusion nutrition
education is necessary for adolescents not just at this time of growth spurt but in
forming good nutritional habits which will benefit them throughout life.
B21 Prevalence of overweight and obesity and food intake
pattern in Malay pregnant women in Kuala Lumpur
Nadrah F & Ismail MN
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Universiti
Obesity is a significant health problem in Malaysia where 29.10% from Malaysian adult
population are overweight and 14.01% are obese (National Health and Morbidity Survey,
2006). Gestational weight gain has increased over past decades in parallel with increases
in obesity prevalence among all segments of the population. The objective of this study
was to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity and food intake pattern among
Malay pregnant women in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 109 subjects at different stages of
pregnancy were selected at random from Mother and Child Clinics around Kuala
Lumpur. Subjects were categorized into two age-groups, 19-29 years old and 30-50 years
old. Total weight gain classification based on pre-pregnancy BMI was according to
Institute of Medicine (1990). The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Malay
pregnant women were both 15%, respectively and a significance difference (p<0.05) was
found between the two aged groups. Energy intake of 19-29 years old aged group for
trimester 1, 2 and 3 were 1526±275, 1917±754 and 1886±510 respectively. Whereas, for
30-50 years old aged group, the energy intake for trimester 2 and 3 were 1558±331 and
1681±411 respectively. There was no significance difference for energy intake between
trimesters and aged groups (p>0.05). Carbohydrate intake shows significance difference
(p<0.05) between the obese and non-obese group. There was no significance difference
for macro- and micronutrients intake between the trimesters of pregnancy (p>0.05).
Thiamin intake per 1000 kcal is higher in obese group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the
prevalence of overweight and obesity among Malay pregnant women in Kuala Lumpur
were both 15%, respectively and food intake pattern revealed Malay pregnant women in
Kuala Lumpur at different stages of pregnancy does not meet the RNI for energy intake
requirement.
B22 Assessing the dietary intake and anthropometric status
of children treated for leukemia at two hospitals in Kuala
Lumpur
Nadrah MH, Tan SY, Nurul Jannah A & Poh BK
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A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the dietary intake and the
anthropometric status among children treated for leukemia from Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia Medical Centre and Pediatric Institute, Kuala Lumpur. A total of twenty five
children aged 3 to 13 years (64% boys; 36% girls) diagnosed as Acute Lymphoblastic
Leukemia (ALL) (84%) and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) (16%) participated in the
study. Twenty five healthy controls were matched for age, sex and ethnicity.
Anthropometric measurements included body weight, height, mid-upper arm
circumference (MUAC) and triceps skinfold. Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day
food records. Mean weight, height, BMI, MUAC and triceps skinfold for patients were
27.2 ± 12.3 kg, 123.9 ± 17.4 cm, 16.9 ± 4.3 kgm -2, 20.8 ± 4.4 cm and 16.2 ± 7.0 mm,
respectively; and 25.6 ± 9.5 kg, 123.7 ± 18.0 cm, 16.3 ± 3.0 kgm -2, 19.3 ± 3.2 cm and
12.3 ± 5.6 mm, respectively among controls. Leukemia patients were generally heavier,
taller and have larger mid-upper arm circumference than their controls, but the
differences were not significant (p>0.05). However, patients‟ triceps skinfold were
significantly larger than their controls (p<0.05). The findings revealed that leukemic
children had normal height development like their controls, where majority (80%) had
normal percentile of height-for-age and only 8% were stunted. Proportions of
underweight, overweight and obese based on WHO 2007 BMI-for-age reference were
higher among patients (16%, 16% and 20%, respectively) compared to their healthy
controls (8%, 16% and 8%, respectively). Mean energy intake of leukemic patients
(1324 ± 315 kcal) was significantly lower (p<0.05) than controls (1630 ± 546 kcal), and
were respectively 85% and 103% of the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient
Intakes (RNI) 2005. Comparing macronutrient contribution to total energy
intake, patients consumed a similar proportions of carbohydrate (54% vs. 53%),
protein (14% vs. 14%) and fat (32% vs. 33%) as their controls. Patients met the
RNI recommendation for protein, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C,
but not for energy, calcium and vitamin A. Protein intake of patients was positively
correlated with weight (r=0.444, p<0.05) and height (r=0.544, p<0.01). Significant
correlation was also observed between fat intake of patients and height (r=0.406,
p<0.05). In conclusion, more leukemic children were overweight and obese despite their
reduced dietary intake mainly due to reduced amount of physical activity, reduced
resting metabolic rate and the treatment drugs which predispose children to excess
weight gain. Hence, further studies involving assessment of physical activity, resting
metabolic rate and effect of treatment drug may be needed.
B23 Food at Home (FAH) & Food Away from Home (FAFH) of
married couples living in an urban area in Selangor
Asma’ A1,2, Nawalyah AG1, Rokiah MY1 & Mohd Nasir MT1
1Department
of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti
Putra Malaysia; 2Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrotechnology and Food Science,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of taking Food at Home (FAH) &
Food Away From Home (FAFH) of married couples living in a selected urban area in
Selangor. A total of 150 married couples living in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, aged 20
to 59 years old, were not practicing any special diet, and who voluntarily agreed to
participate in this study, were recruited. Frequency of eating FAH or FAFH and their
monthly expenditure on food were evaluated. Body Mass Index (BMI), waist
circumference, blood pressure level, fasting blood cholesterol and glucose levels were
also measured. Demographic characteristics including age, occupation, educational level
and household income were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.
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Results showed that the majority of the husbands and wives in this study were in the
middle-aged group, had received tertiary education, had household monthly income of
more than RM3500 and encompassed household size of 3 to 5 persons. The husbands
and wives‟ practices of taking food at home (FAH) was higher than the practice of taking
food away from home (FAFH) for each meal in this study. Dinner was the most frequently
prepared and eaten at home while breakfast was the least prepared at home for
husbands and wives in this study. The monthly average household FAH expenditure for
husbands and wives was RM696.17 + 534.88 (19.8% of mean income)while monthly
average household FAFH expenditure for husbands and wives was RM301.13 + 341.99
(8.6% of mean income) . Mean BMI of the husbands (mean age= 43.33 + 11.16 years)
was 25.68 + 3.28 kg/m2 compared to wives(mean age= 41.28 + 10.93 years) , which was
25.0 + 4.14 kg/m2 and no significant difference were found between them. Mean waist
circumference of husbands and wives were 86.29 + 9.44 cm and 81.90 + 8.48 cm
respectively. Mea n systolic blood pressure of husbands and wives were 125.95 ! +none
14.85 mmHg and 121.12 + 15.94 mmHg respectively while mean diastolic blood pressure
were 79.05 + 8.84 mmHg and 76.40 + 10.14 mmHg respectively. Mean blood cholesterol
level of husbands and wives were 4.51 + 1.20 mmol/l and 4.57 + 1.15 mmol/l
respectively. The mean blood glucose levels of husbands and wives were 4.00 + 1.85
mmol/l and 3.62 + 1.27 mmol/l respectively. All of the above values are within the
normal ranges, indicating good nutritional status of subjects.Thus, it may provide an
insight that this study samples are more likely to have good nutritional status since the
higher sources of energy and nutrients came from dinner, which was frequently prepared
at home. FAH have been shown to have better nutritional quality compared to FAFH. In
conclusion, there is a need to encourage nutrition educators to promote more FAH and
less of FAFH among urban families and to be aware of the em ergent roles of FAFH on
the overall food intake and hence the nutritional status of the population.
B24 Factor analysis on dietary patterns and risk of oral
cancer in Peninsula Malaysia
Helen-Ng LC1, Razak IA1,2, Ghani WMN1, Marhazlinda J1,3, Norlida A4, Raja Latifah
RJ1,2 & Zain RB1
1Oral
Cancer Research & Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,
University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 3Informatics Unit, Faculty of Dentistry,
University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 4Oral Health Division, Ministry of Health,
Putrajaya, Malaysia
The role of diet in cancer risk has mainly been investigated based on the intake of
individual food items. However, food consumption of an individual is usually made up of
a combination of food items. The aim of this study is to identify the dietary patterns of
Malaysians, and to establish an association between dietary pattern and oral cancer risk.
This is a case control hospital based study conducted on 210 Malaysians. The sample
consisted of 105 cases and 105 controls admitted to the participating hospitals between
Jan 2003-Dec 2009. Dietary intake of each individual was collected using a food
frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis (FA)
based on the intake of 13 food groups. The odds ratio (OR) was computed for each
component identified using multiple logistic regression. FA had identified four patterns
that accounted for 57.7% of the total variability within the sample. The first pattern
labeled as „preferred‟ was characterized by the intake of processed foods, snacks and
dairy foods. The second pattern „prudent‟ was loaded by vegetables, condiments, fruits
and fermented foods. The third pattern „combination‟ consisted of intake of fish, seafood
and meat while the fourth pattern was loaded with beverages, eggs and grains which is
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termed as „traditional‟. A significant reduced risk was found for the „combination‟ pattern
(aOR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.91, p<0.05) whereas a non-significant decreased risk was
found for the „prudent‟ (aOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.33-1.67, p<0.05) and „traditional‟ (aOR 0.83,
95% CI 0.36-1.87, p<0.05) pattern. However, a non significant increased risk was found
for „preferred‟ (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 0.51-2.84, p<0.05) pattern after allowing for
confounding factors [risk habits of smoking, alcohol consumption and betel quid
chewing]. These findings suggest that „combination‟ pattern may confer protection
against oral cancer risk of up to 60%. Moreover, FA can be used to identify dietary
patterns and to establish relationship between dietary intake and oral cancer risk.
B25 Child feeding practices and childhood overweight
Ng MJ1, Khor GL1, Zalilah MS1 & Amir Hamzah AL2
1Department
Putra Malaysia; 2Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
This study aims to determine the association between child feeding practices and
overweight among children aged 4-6 years in Klang Valley. All the children from 28
preschools which agreed to participate were screened to identify their body weight status
based on body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age). A total of 102 children who were at risk
of overweight, overweight or obese were included in the overweight group (OW), while 155
children with normal BMI-for-age were in the normal weight group (NW). Child feeding
practices were determined using a modified Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Mothers
of OW children were found to be significantly more concerned about their child‟s weight
status (0.92+0.155 vs. 0.81+0.185, t=5.016, p=0.0001), and showed a significantly
higher restriction on their child‟s food intake (0.68+0.179 vs. 0.62+0.200, t=2.425,
p=0.016), compared to mothers of NW children. Mothers of NW children were found to
have significantly higher perceived responsibility for child feeding (3.06+0.664 vs.
2.80+0.775, t=2.765, p=0.006), placed more pressure on their child‟s food consumption
(0.60+0.249 vs. 0.50+0.261, t=2.791, p=0.006), and had a significantly higher score of
monitoring their child‟s food intake (mean rank=118.78 vs. 135.72, z=-2.135, p=0.033),
compared to mothers of OW children. These results suggest that mothers of OW and NW
children tend to place different emphases in monitoring what their children eat. Mothers
of OW children emphasized more on controlling food intake, probably out of health
concerns for their children. By contrast, mothers of NW children showed their concerns
by encouraging their children to eat proper foods. This study showed that Malaysian
mothers of preschool children appear to take on an active role in child feeding, regardless
of their child‟s weight status.
B26 Disordered eating attitudes among adolescent girls in
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
Noor Farahi K & Wan A Manan WM
Nutrition Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health
Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan.
Disordered eating attitudes and behaviour are increasing in prevalence and they had
posed significant health problems especially among female adolescents. The purpose of
this study was to determine the occurrence of disordered eating attitudes and behaviour
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among adolescent girls in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu. The sample consisted of 298
female adolescents aged 16 to 17 years selected from six secondary schools through
cluster sampling technique. Weight and height were measured and Body Mass Index
(BMI) was calculated. A translated and validated Eating Attitudes Test 40 and Eating
Disorder Inventory 64 were used to evaluate eating attitudes and psychological profiles.
Results showed that the mean of BMI of all respondents was (21.23 ± 4.44 kg/m²), with
majority of them (55.0%) were classified as normal weight, 17.8% were overweight and
obese while 27.2% were underweight. According to the data, 17.8% of the respondents
had a cut-off score above 30 for Eating Attitudes Test 40 and this associated with
abnormal eating attitudes and behaviour. The mean score was (21.06 ± 10.21). The
results also showed that the mean scores of Eating Attitudes Test 40 for obese and
overweight respondents (27.75 ± 12.79) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in
the normal weight group (20.39 ± 9.74). Based on Eating Attitudes Test 40, about 27.5%
of the respondents had gone on binge eating, while 14.1% felt extremely guilty after
eating. It was also found that 17.8% of them always took diet foods and 20.1% of the
respondents were engaged in dieting behaviour. For Eating Disorder Inventory 64, the
results exhibited that 55.7% of the respondents had a cut-off score of 50 and above
which indicates risk for eating disorder behaviour and symptomatology. Results also
showed that the mean scores of Eating Disorder Inventory 64 for obese and overweight
respondents (74.04 ± 26.14) was significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to normal
weight group (54.74 ± 22.77). Results showed that 38.9% of the respondents were
preoccupied with a desire to be thinner and 27.2% were terrified of gaining weight. The
results also exhibited that 15.8% of the respondents thought about bingeing. As a
conclusion, this study had revealed that disordered eating attitudes and behaviour are
increase among adolescent girls. Therefore, appropriate education and counselling
should be conducted and promotion of healthy eating is crucial for adolescent‟s future
health.
B27 Dietary pattern analysis related to mild cognitive
impairment (MCI) among elderly people in Cheras
Noorashikin R & Suzana S
Kebangsaan Malaysia
A cross sectional survey was carried out on elderly aged 60 and above in Cheras. The
objective of this study was to analyze dietary pattern and nutrient intake related to mild
cognitive impairment (MCI) among elderly people. Dietary pattern is a key point to the
people to improve their food intake to live healthily. 333 subjects (40.2% men and 59.8%
women) were recruited from 11 DBKL flat houses in Cheras. Subjects were interviewed
on sociodemographic and health status. Dietary information was collected from a
validated dietary history questionnaire (DHQ). Cognitive test comprised of Mini Mental
State Examination (MMSE), Digit Span, Dementia Rating Score (DRS), Rey Auditory
Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) were also carried out.
Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, mid upper arm circumference, waist
and hip circumference, and calf circumference also assessed. A total of 67 subjects
(52.2% men and 47.8% women) were categorized as having MCI. Six groups of food
dietary pattern were developed. Among MCI subjects, percentage of consuming plenty
fruits was 12.6%, vegetables (11.9%), high fat (45.1%), high fish (95.7%), and high sugar
(3.2%). For MCI subjects, percentage of consuming plenty of fruits was 12.9%, vegetables
(11.3%), high fat (50%), high fish (95.2%) and high sugar (4.8%) and a total of 9.4% MCI
subjects had a poor dietary pattern as assessed using Healthy Eating Index (HEI), as
compared to only 8.3% in non MCI subjects. A higher percentage of non MCI subjects
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consuming fish rich in omega-3 fatty acid, (black pomfret), (p<0.05). In men, there were
positive correlation between MMSE score and energy (r=0.240, p<0.05), niacin (r=0.213,
p<0.05), Vitamin A equ (r=0.182, p<0.05) and iron (r=0.226, p<0.05). In women,
significant correlation were found between Vitamin A equ and MMSE score (r=0.174,
p<0.05) and CDT score (r=0.181, p<0.05). There were also positive significance
correlation between RAVLT score and HEI score (r=0.157, p<0.01) and also between
Indian mackerel intake with MMSE (r=0.216, p<0.05) and DRS score (r=0.216, p<0.01).
As a conclusion, healthy dietary pattern with more fish, higher intake of energy, Vitamin
A and iron were associated with good cognitive status. Therefore, it is useful for
Malaysian elderly to adhere to healthy diet in order to retain good cognitive status.
B28 Multiple exposures to target vegetables among
preschoolers in Muar district: What is the effect to target
vegetable acceptance?
Noradilah MJ & Zahara AM
Kebangsaan Malaysia
Although considerable epidemiological evidence of the health benefits of a diet high in
fruits and vegetable can be found, preschooler‟s vegetables consumption is still below the
recommendation. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of multiple
exposures on acceptance of targeted vegetable among KEMAS preschoolers in Muar
district. Acceptance of target vegetable among preschoolers was determined in terms of
consumption and liking to the target vegetable. Questionnaires were used to obtain
information on socio demographic data, preparation methods of vegetable, frequency of
vegetables served and consumed by their children and mothers‟ perception of their
children liking towards vegetables at home. Cabbage was used as the targeted vegetable
for intervention as the majority of mothers reported that it had never being consumed by
the subjects at home. Sixty-eight of 6-year old preschoolers, 37 boys (54.4%) and 31 girls
(45.6%) from 6 kindergarten were participated in this study. Thirty-one preschoolers
from three kindergartens were randomly selected for intervention. Intervention was
carried out for 3 days where meal consisting target vegetable was provided to the selected
kindergartens. The targeted vegetable was cooked by using a standard recipe throughout
the intervention which was fried cabbage. Before handing out food containing the target
vegetable, the amount given, 36g, was weighed and then the leftover were collected to be
weighed again. This is done to determine the intake of target vegetable among the
preschooler. The mean bodyweight of subject was19.39±4.1 kg and height was
111.84±5.6 cm. The mean intake of targeted vegetable was increase from 21.58±9.55 g
but drop to 20.52±6.55 g on the 2nd day and increased again to 28.26±8.35 g on the 3 rd
day of exposure. There was a significant different in intake of targeted vegetable across
exposure days, 2 (2, 31=8) =17.67, p<0.05. A similar pattern of result was found for
parent-reported liking to target vegetables. There was significant different in liking for
targeted vegetable between pre- and post-intervention based on parental report, z = 2.271, p<0.05. This study shows that multiple exposures to a targeted vegetable can
increase consumption and liking to the vegetable. The findings suggest that multiple
exposures to vegetables can be used as a strategy to increase consumption of vegetables
among preschoolers.
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B29 Food preferences among Malay adolescents - Traditional,
Western or fusion?
Normaini CA & Poh BK
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur
Globalization, urbanization and socioeconomic development have brought about changes
in the meal pattern and dietary intake of the population at large, particularly among
adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the food intakes of Malay
adolescents, and specifically to study their preferences in relation to traditional, western
and fusion foods. A total of 140 Malay adolescent boys and girls aged 16 years from
Kuala Lumpur and Kampung Gajah, Perak participated in the study. Anthropometric
measurements included body weight, height and waist circumference. Dietary intake was
assessed using diet history method for seven days. A questionnaire consisting of 29
items was developed and pre-tested to assess their food preference in terms of
traditional, western and fusion foods. Mean body weight, BMI and waist circumference
were 55.0±13.7 kg, and 21.1±4.8 kgm-2, and 75.0±11.7 cm, respectively. Results revealed
that the main contributor to total energy and macronutrients intake were from
traditional foods, which contributed 62.3% to total energy intake, 66.3% to total
carbohydrate intake, 47.0% to total protein intake, and 61.8% to total fat intake. The
contributions of Western and fusion foods were minimal, and stands at 15.5% and
11.2%, respectively for total energy, -; 6.6% and 17.3%, respectively for total
carbohydrate, -; 31.4% and 13.0%, respectively for total protein, -; and 11.1% and
17.7%, respectively for total fat intake. Comparing preferences towards traditional,
Western and fusion foods, the adolescents liked all three types of food, but the
percentage of subjects who „liked‟ traditional foods (46.4%) was highest, followed by
fusion foods (32.9%) and Western foods (30.0 %). The main reason cited for liking these
foods was due to the delicious taste. The most preferred traditional food was nasi lemak,
Western food was burger, and fusion foods was roti canai. The main factor influencing
preferences towards traditional and fusion foods was the family, while for Western foods;
the influencing factors were television commercials and the internet. In conclusion,
traditional foods remain the most preferred food amongst Malay adolescents in
comparison to Western and fusion foods.
B30 Relationship of knowledge, attitude and practices with
cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among teachers in
Puchong, Selangor
Norshafawati AA & Nawalyah AG
Cardiovascular disease has been identified as the principal cause of admissions and
deaths in government hospitals in Malaysia. The main objective of this study was to
determine the relationship between the level of knowledge, attitude and practices with
the number of CVD risk factors among teachers aged 30 years-old and above in schools
in Puchong, Selangor. This was a cross-sectional study which involved 95 teachers from
two selected primary schools and two selected secondary schools. Data were collected via
self-report and face-to-face interview. The structured questionnaire included socio-
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demographic background, knowledge and attitude questions, smoking habits,
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), modified stress scale questionnaire,
24-Hour-Dietary Recall, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. Nutritionist
Pro software was used to analyze 24 hour dietary recall. Other data were analysed using
SPSS version 15.0. There were 11.6% of male subjects and 88.4% of female subjects. The
mean age of subjects was 38.18 ± 6.87 years. There were 56.8% Malays, 20.0% Chinese,
18.9% Indians and 4.2% from other ethnic group. Mean monthly income was RM
3180.95 ± 786.31. There was 42.1% of the subjects with family history of chronic
diseases. Mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 24.99 ± 4.48. Mean waist circumference was
80.86 ± 11.77 cm. There were 12.6% of subjects with BMI ≥ 30.0 and 47.4% had
increased-risk of abdominal obesity. About 22.1% of them had hypertension and 7.4%
had severe stress rate. There were 2.1% who were current smokers, 5.3% were exsmokers and 92.6% were non-smokers with 63.6% had been exposed to passive smoke.
Mean energy intake was 1607.88 ± 582.34 kcal per day which is below the RNI. A total of
78.9% of subjects exceeded the AHA daily recommendation of fat intake, 82.1% exceeded
recommendation of saturated fatty acid intake, and 15.8% excee ded recommendation of
cholesterol intake. A total of 62.1% o! f the subjects had high physical activity level.
There were 11.6% of subjects with zero CVD risk factors, 23.2% with one CVD risk
factors, 20.0% with two CVD risk factors, 29.5% with three CVD risk factors and 15.8%
with four or more CVD risk factors. All (100.0%) subjects had high scores for knowledge
(18.74 ± 1.53) and a total of 95.8% of the subjects had positive attitude towards CVD
risk factors. There were no significant relationship between level of knowledge, attitude
and practices (physical activity, dietary intake, smoking habit) with number of CVD risk
factors (p>0.05). However, there were significant relationship between passive smoker
(χ2=22.0, p=0.00), stress (r=0.299, p<0.01), BMI (r=0.538, p<0.01), waist circumference
(r=0.579, p<0.01), systolic (r=0.419, p<0.01) and diastolic (r=0.481, p<0.01) blood
pressures with number of CVD risk factors. In conclusion, the level of knowledge and
positive attitude of the sub jects may not be correlated with the number of CVD risk
factors however; good practices may help to reduce the number of CVD risk factors
among the subjects. Thus, intervention programs should be geared towards encouraging
good practices among professionals (including teachers) in the initiatives of reducing the
number of CVD risk factors amongst teachers and other similar stress-related
occupations.
B31 Assessment of validity and reproducibility of newly
modified dietary food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in
assessing dietary intake of Malay school-aged boys and girls in
Kelantan
Nurul-Fadhilah A, Teo PS & Foo LH
School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian
16150, Kelantan.
Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) must be tailored to the target populations because
dietary habits is vary greatly within the populations due to the differences in cultural
and lifestyles practices. The present study was aimed to assess the validity and
reproducibility of newly modified version of past one-year FFQ to estimate habitual
nutrient intake among 170 Malay school-aged boys and girls aged 13 to 16 year-old in
Kota Bharu, Kelantan, using 3 day 24-hours dietary recalls (3DR) as a standard criteria
method. The results revealed that the mean body weight and height of the participants
were 50.2±3.1kg and 1.6±0.1m, respectively, with most of them (80.6%) were at normal
range of body weight. Pearson‟s correlation coefficient analysis was used to assess the
validity of the FFQ and it showed a significant correlation between both dietary methods
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for most nutrient intakes after adjusting for energy intake ranged from 0.22 (zinc) to 0.68
(calcium). A cross-classification analysis showed that on average, 56.7% of the
participants were classified correctly, whereas only 4.1% of participants were
misclassified into the extreme opposite quintile. Analysis of the Bland-Altman plot by two
methods was further examined for dietary energy, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin D and
vitamin K intake also indicated a good level of agreement between these two dietary
methods. For the reproducibility of FFQ, the average intra-class correlations (ICCs) for
daily intake were 0.75 and ranged from 0.55 (carotene) to 0.89 (calcium). In conclusion,
the newly modified FFQ tool is perform well for most nutrients examined and it is
therefore valid and suitable to be used to assess the habitual dietary intake in Malay
school-aged adolescents in Kelantan.
B32 Development of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)
among infants in Malaysia
Ooi SY, Ng BK, Ong WW, Norimah AK & Poh BK
Kebangsaan Malaysia
FFQ is known to be useful in dietary assessment for adult population but this approach
had not been applied in the infant population of Malaysia. The aim of this study is to
develop an FFQ for assessing the habitual dietary intakes of Malaysian infants. A total of
207 boys and girls comprising 126 Malays, 63 Chinese, 17 Indians and 1 native aged
between 6-23 months from each state in Malaysia were recruited for FFQ development. A
one-day 24 hour diet recall was completed by interviewing the caregivers of the infants.
The quantity of milk, foods and drinks consumed were recorded along with the cooking
methods of the foods. For breast-fed infants, the number of feedings per day and the
length of time for each feeding were recorded. While for bottle-fed infants, the quantity
and type of infant formula used were recorded. The completed 24 hour diet recalls were
analyzed to determine which foods contribute 90% to energy, carbohydrate, protein and
fat. The foods that are major contributors to energy and macronutrient intake were
included in the FFQ. The results showed that majority of the mothers (77.8%) preferred
bottle-feeding while only 13% of the mothers breastfed their infants and 9.2% chose
mixed-feeding with both breast milk and infant formula. Mean energy, carbohydrate,
protein and fat intake for infants aged 6-11 months were 733±196 kcal, 95.2±30.0g,
20.8±8.6g, 30.0±9.7g; and for those aged 12-23 months 979±227kcal, 132.9±36.8g,
34.6±12.2g and 35.2±12.5g, respectively. Mean energy intake for breast-fed infants aged
6-11 months and 12-23 months were significantly lower than bottle-fed and mixed-fed
infants (p<0.05). Food items contributing 90% to total energy intake were infant formula
(47.87%), porridge, breast milk, cereals, white rice, biscuit, fish, white bread, kuih, fried
chicken and bread with fillings. Foods that contribute 90% to total carbohydrate intake
are infant formula (43.43%), cereals, porridge, white rice, breast milk, biscuit, white
bread, kuih, vegetables and fruits. Infant formula (44.14%), porridge, fish, cereals, breast
milk, white rice, fried chicken, soup, white bread, biscuit and vegetables were main
contributors to protein intake. Finally, foods contributing 90% to total fat intake were
infant formula (55.83%), porridge, breast milk, cereals, fish, fried chicken, biscuit and
soup. The developed FFQ comprised of 65 food items which were classified into 12 food
groups. Further work needs to be done to validate this FFQ before it can be used for the
dietary assessment of infants.
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B33 Energy, nutrients intake and physical activity level of
overweight/obese and normal-weight elderly in Klang Valley
Rabiatul Adawiyah H & Ismail MN
Kebangsaan Malaysia
Elderly are known to be vulnerable to malnutrition and physical inactivity, thus it is
important to collate as much baseline information on this age group to help policy
makers to intervene where applicable. A cross-sectional study was done in 142
Malaysian aged 60-84 years old, divided into two groups, normal-weight and
overweight/obese subjects. The objective of this study was to compare the energy,
nutrients intake and physical activity and to determine their relationship to body mass
index (BMI). Food intake of subjects was assessed using multiple-pass 24-hour recall
method while physical activity level was assessed by using International Activity
Questionnaire (IPAQ). Mean energy intake for overweight/obese subjects (1379 ± 509
kcal) is slightly higher than their counterparts (1344 ± 451 kcal). Mean intake of protein,
carbohydrates and fat for normal subjects was 54 ± 22 g, 193 ± 76 g and 40 ± 15 g
respectively while for overweight/obese subjects was 57 ± 26 g, 186 ± 67 g and 45 ± 25 g,
respectively. Only fat intake showed a significant difference between the two groups of
subjects (p <0.05). IPAQ score for normal subjects was 1141 ± 543 MET-minutes/week,
while overweight/obese was 1095 ± 654 MET-minutes/week. Differences between the
two groups were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Only walking score showed
significant difference (p<0.05), where normal subjects was 784 ± 322 MET-minutes/week
while overweight/obese was 631 ± 325 MET-minutes/week. Scores for moderate and
vigorous activity showed no significant difference between two groups of subjects.
Correlation test showed no significant relationship between energy and nutrients intake
to the body mass index among the subjects. There was a weak negative linear
relationship but statistically significant, between walking and body mass index (r = 0.173, p <0.05). Mean IPAQ score for moderate and vigorous activities showed no
significant relationship with body mass index. In conclusion, although energy intakes of
both groups was similar, the overweight/obese subjects consume more fat than normal
weight group while normal-weight subjects did more walking activity compared to
overweight/obese subjects.
B34 Urinary iodine and iodised salt consumption status:
findings from national iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) survey
2008
Rusidah S1, Wan Nazaimoon WM2 , Ahmad Ali Z1 , Nor Syamlina CAR1 ,Suhaila
AG1 & Tahir A3
1Nutrition
Research Division, Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur;
for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur; 3Institute for Health System Research,
Kuala Lumpur.
2Institute
A total of 18078 school children aged 8-10 years old from 445 primary schools registered
with the Ministry of Education had participated in a nationwide cross-sectional schoolbased survey in 2008 to determine the current iodine deficiency status in the country.
Assessments carried out include determination of urinary iodine (UI) and iodine test
using Rapid Test Kits for iodine and iodometric method. The results showed that based
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on WHO/ICCIDD/UNICEF criteria, the national median UI was 109.0 µg/L [Interquartile
range (IQR: 67.1, 166.3)] showing borderline adequacy. In addition, the overall national
prevalence of IDD among school children with UI level below 100 µg/L was 48.2% (CI:
46.0, 50.4) with a higher proportion of children residing in rural areas than urban areas.
The highest prevalence of UI<100 µg/L was noted among the aborigines [(81.4% (CI:
75.1, 86.4). From a total of 17888 salt samples brought by the school children and
tested for the presence of iodine using Rapid Test Kits for Iodine, 28.2% (CI: 26.4, 30.2)
were found to have iodine content. However, the overall proportion of the households in
Malaysia adequately consumed iodised salt based on the WHO/ICCIDD/UNICEF, 2001
recommended level of more than 15 ppm was 17.6% (CI: 15.4, 20.0) whereas the overall
proportion of the households in Malaysia adequately consumed iodised salt within 20-30
ppm as stated in the Food Act 1983 - Food (Amendment) Regulations 1999 was only
6.8% (CI: 5.1, 9.0). In conclusion, although based on the UI status, the IDD status in
the country was within borderline adequacy, there were almost half of the states in
Peninsular Malaysia still having large proportion of UI level <100µ/L and warrant
immediate action. The households who adequately consumed iodised salt especially in
the IDD gazetted areas was still not achieving the target of 90%. The findings of this
survey suggest that there is a need for review on the current approach for the national
prevention and control of IDD programme.
B35 Snacks and fast foods intake among primary school
children: a preliminary study
Sharifah Intan Zainun SI1, Shohaimi S1 & Kandiah M2
1Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia; 2Department of
Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Snacks and fast foods consumption has been identified in contributing to the
development of childhood obesity. However, the types of snacks and fast foods and the
frequency of their consumption among children have not been extensively examined.
This preliminary study was carried out to identify the types of snacks and fast foods
which are usually consumed by children aged 7-9 years old from urban area. There were
two stages in this preliminary study, which are: (1) development of food frequency
questionnaire (FFQ) based on the focus group discussion with primary school children
aged 7-9 years old, and (2) data collection by completion of FFQ in which parents
completed the FFQ as proxy to their children. A total of 53 parents took part in this
study. The children were 24 boys and 29 girls with mean body mass index 16.3±3.44
kg/m2. The FFQ consisted of 49 food items (36 foods, 8 beverages, 5 fruits). The
frequency score was calculated and the foods were categorized into three categories
which are highly, moderately and less consumed foods based on the score. Chocolate
drink and white bread were the highest consumed snacks as they had the highest score
among all food items. Fruits were less consumed as snacks and apple was the highest
consumed compared to the other fruits listed. Among 7 fast foods listed, fried chicken
was the highest consumed. For the bread spread, butter was highest consumed. There
were significant association between gender and the frequency of food intake for 5 types
of food items, which are yogurt (p=0.006), fried vermicelli (p=0.036), fried kuey teow
(p=0.024), peanut butter (p=0.004) and margarine (p=0.036). Some food items will be
added according to the food items suggested by parents.
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B36 Breakfast consumption and nutritional status among
adolescents
Soo TF & Zalilah MS
Putra Malaysia
The study was carried out to determine the association between breakfast consumption
and nutritional status of adolescents. A total of 408 adolescents aged 13 and 14 years
old from 3 selected schools in Puchong participated in the study. A self-administered
questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic factors, while dietary intake was
assessed using two days of 24-hour diet recall. Breakfast pattern was examined using a
modified questionnaire on breakfast consumption in the past 7 days. The mean age of
respondents was 13.7 ± 0.6 years old. More than half (53.7%) of the adolescents
consumed breakfast everyday, whereas only 5.4% adolescents did not consume breakfast
in the past 7 days. Majority (81.9%) of them consumed breakfast at home. About 73.0%
of adolescents had normal weight, 13.5%, 5.9% and 7.6% of the adolescents were
overweight, obese and thin, respectively. The mean total energy intake was 1964±918.6
kcal and the mean percentage of energy from breakfast was 21.12±12.80%. There were
significant associations between ethnicity (r=0.191, p<0.01) and education level of
mothers (r=0.137, p<0.01) with breakfast frequency. There was also a significant
negative association between ethnicity with percentage of energy intake from breakfast
(r=-0.161, p<0.01). Gender was negatively associated with total energy intake (r=-0.358,
p<0.01) where males than females had higher total energy intake. There was no
significant association between breakfast frequency with total energy intake and
nutritional status. In contrast, percentage of energy intake from breakfast was negatively
associated with total energy intake. Even though more than half of respondents
consumed breakfast everyday, there were still nearly half who did not regularly consume
breakfast. Therefore, efforts should be made to promote breakfast consumption among
adolescents.
B37 Changes in dietary intake among two years postdiagnosis of breast cancer survivors
Soraya Hanie S1, Suhaina S1, Mohd Razif S1, Nor Aina E2 & Sharifah Noor Akmal
SH3
1Department
of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur;
2Department of Surgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Pahang, 50586 Kuala Lumpur;
3Department of Pathology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob
Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur.
Breast cancer survivors often show an interest in making dietary changes after diagnosis
of breast cancer in order to improve their health condition and prevent cancer
recurrence. Therefore, objective of this study was to determine the changes in dietary
intake among 2 years post-diagnosis of breast cancer survivors. The total of 116 Malay
subjects were asked to complete a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ),
3-day diet recalls (DR) and dietary changes questionnaire (DCQ) to access the dietary
intake before and after diagnosis using face-to-face interview. The information sociodemographic background, cancer clinical treatments history and anthropometric indices
were obtained too. Seventy-two subjects considered diet as a factor contributing to breast
135
cancer. Of the total, 57.8% subjects changed their diet after learning of their cancer.
Interestingly, the subjects started to change their diet soon after the diagnosis (52.2%)
while others changed after undergone clinical treatment (44.7%). The most common
reasons reported for changing diet were to follow doctors‟ instruction (58.2%), to increase
the desire to cure cancer (35.8%), advised by dietitian (19.4%) and experiences from
other cancer survivors (13.4%). The current dietary intake of energy, protein, total fat,
fatty acids namely saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, and vitamin E
were decreased significantly compared to dietary intake before diagnosis. Meanwhile,
beta-carotene and vitamin C intake were significantly increased after diagnosis. When
asked about changes the patients had introduced in their diet, the most common steps
included a high reduction in consumption of red meat, sea foods, type of noodles and
poultry. An increased consumption of fruits, green leafy vegetables, cruciferous
vegetables and raw vegetables (ulam), fish and low fat milk were too observed. For dishes
cooking method, subjects reduced the using of coconut milk and changed to steam or
boiled cooking method. For vegetables, they tend to use boiled and stir-fry cooking
method. These dietary modifications were based on information obtained from their
physician (58.21%), printed materials and mass media (50.75%), family members and
friends (46.27%), dietitian (17.91%) and from other cancer patients (7.46%). Fifty-six
subjects felt that their condition had improved with the dietary changes adopted. As a
conclusion, breast cancer survivors have an interest in making alternative dietary habits
after diagnosis with the focus to a healthier diet and lifestyle.
B38 Dietary Calcium intake and bone health status in
normal, overweight and obese postmenopausal women aged
50-65 years old in Tehran, Iran
Tajik E1, Zalilah MS1, Chan YM1 & Rasouli B2
1Department
Putra Malaysia; 2Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute of Sweden
The objective of this study was to determine the dietary calcium intake and bone health
status in normal, overweight and obese postmenopausal women aged 50-65 years old in
Tehran, Iran. Calcium intake of the 303 healthy women was assessed using two 24-hour
dietary recalls. Weight and height were measured for determination of Body mass Index
(BMI). BMI was then categorized as normal (N), overweight (OW) and obese (OB). Bone
mineral density (T-score) from 2 sides including lumbar spine (L2- L4) and femoral neck
were determined using DEXA. The mean age of respondents was 56.38 ± 4.49 years old.
About 26 % of participants were in normal range of BMI but most were overweight
(52.8%) and obese (20.5%). Mean dietary calcium intake in N, OW and OB women were
1047.55 ± 492.83 mg, 958.28 ± 344.45 mg and 883.28 ± 373.77 mg, respectively. The
mean of total T-score (spine and femur) in N, OW and OB were -0.42 ± 0.10, -0.60 ± 0.78
and -0.71 ± 0.88 respectively. Dietary calcium intake (p<0.05) and total T-score (p<0.05)
were significantly different only between N and OB women. Controlling for sociodemographic factors, BMI was found to be significantly related to calcium intake (p<0.01)
but not to total T-score. However, higher calcium intake was significantly related to
higher total T-score (p<0.01).This study suggests that increasing BMI does not
necessarily improve bone health status of postmenopausal women, perhaps due to the
lower calcium intake as BMI increases. Efforts are needed to promote healthy diets for
postmenopausal women as to prevent weight gain as well as to increase calcium intake.
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B39 Eating attitude, dietary practices and body image
perception among a sample of female adolescents in Klang,
Selangor
Tiew SH
Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University College Sedaya
International
This study aimed to examine eating attitude, dietary practices and body image
perception among female adolescents in Klang, Selangor. A total of 323 subjects had
completed anthropometric measurements and a self-administered questionnaire
assessing on socio-demographics, eating attitude using EAT-26, dietary practices, and
body image perception using FRS. Results showed that the prevalence of underweight
was appeared to be higher compared to overweight with 26.6% of the study population
were underweight, 14.9% were overweight and 8.4% were obese. Indian subjects had
significantly higher median BMI (23.07, 4.78) compared to Malay(21.79, 5.27) and
Chinese (18.86, 2.98) subjects. BMI was positively correlated with body fat percentage
(rs=0.894, p<0.001). Similarly, there was positive correlation between BMI and waist
circumference (rs=0.765, p<0.001). It is found that 31% of the female adolescents were at
risk of eating disorder and among the 31%, 64% were normal weight subjects. There
were 53.7% of the subjects practised meal skipping behaviour with breakfast (30.5%) is
the most frequent skipped meal, followed by dinner (14.0%), lunch (9.2%). Subjects tend
to perceive themselves as being heavier and owned a bigger body size than their actual
body size. There were 66.3% underweight subjects and 39.5% normal weight subjects
with distorted body image misperceived their current weight status. The overweight and
obese subjects were more likely to correctly perceive their current body status. Majority
(67.9%) of the respondents have positive body image discrepancy scores, indicated that
they desired a smaller body size than their current body size. There were positive
correlations found between BMI with body image discrepancy score, body fat percentage
with body image discrepancy score and, EAT-26 score and body image discrepancy
score. Future research is needed to determine the factors that cause the development of
eating disorder which include socio-economic and psychological factors.
B40 Dietary zinc and iron intake of thalassemia children and
effect to cognitive performance
Tok PC1, Noor Aini MY1, Zahara BAM1 & Saffiyah AA2
1Department
Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2Health Psychology Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,
The objective of this study was to examine the dietary zinc and iron intake of thalassemia
children and the effect to cognitive performance. Dietary zinc and iron intake was
assessed by three days diet record. Weshcler tests WISC-IV and WAIS-IV including digit
span (DS), letter number sequencing (LNS) and coding (CD) was conducted to determine
the cognitive performance. Anthropometric measurements for weight and height were
measured and BMI was calculated. Socio demographic profile was collected through
questionnaire. A total of 60 thalassemia children aged 7 to 20 years old participated in
this study. Spearman test was conducted to study relationship between cognitive
performance and dietary zinc and iron intake. Dietary zinc intake was found not
137
correlated with all the three cognitive tests (p>0.05). Dietary iron intake was found
negatively correlated with the CD test (r=-0.260, p<0.05). Spearman test also tested the
correlation between age and cognitive performance. Age was found to be negatively
correlated to LNS (r=-0.266, p<0.05) and CD (r=-0.334, p<0.01). Kruskal-Wallis test was
conducted to test whether dietary intake of zinc and iron below or above RNI would affect
the cognitive performance among subjects with normal BMI. Mean for both groups with
dietary zinc intake below or above RNI were not significantly different in all three
cognitive tests (DG: 8.19±2.97; 8.94±2.26, p=0.418; LNS: 9.19±2.31; 10.13±2.00,
p=0.095; CD: 9.47±2.54; 9.38±2.96, p=0.783). Mean for both groups with dietary iron
intake below or above RNI were also not significantly different in all three cognitive tests
(DG: 9.04±3.32; 7.83±1.93, p=0.115; LNS: 9.71±2.27; 9.29±2.22, p=0.581; CD:
9.96±2.44; 8.92±2.81, p=0.148). Kruskal-Wallis test also shown CD was affected by
family income (<RM1500: 7.21 ± 3.12; RM1500-RM3000: 8.81±2.75; >RM3000:
9.87±2.58, p=0.019). Dietary zinc intake was found to have no effect on cognitive
performance of thalassemia children. Dietary iron intake was found to be negatively
correlated with the cognitive performance (CD) of thalassemia children. Other factors
affected cognitive performance of thalassemia children were age (LNS and CD) and family
income (CD).
B41 Perceived benefits and perceived barriers of fat
reduction and eating more fruits and vegetables among adults
Wong CY, Zalilah MS, Mirnalini Kandiah & Mohd Nasir MT
Putra Malaysia.
Majority Malaysian adults did not meet the recommended intake of 20-30% energy fat
and at least five servings daily of fruits and vegetables (FV). A cross-sectional study of
348 adults (19-59 years) was conducted to investigate individuals‟ perceived benefits and
perceived barriers of fat reduction and eating more FV by socio-demographic
characteristics and BMI status. Information on demographic, socioeconomic and
psychosocial factors were obtained using a pre-tested interview-administered
questionnaire. Weight and height were measured using standard instruments. Majority
respondents perceived that reducing fat intake and eating more fruits and vegetables can
prevent diseases and help to lose/maintain weight. “Cafeteria at worksite provides many
foods high in fat” and “Presence of chemicals on FV” were the main identified barriers.
Men (30.00 ± 4.44) and respondents who are younger (30.24 ± 4.33), with secondary
school education (29.74 ± 4.61), lower individual (30.05 ± 4.33) and household income
(30.16 ± 4.42) had significantly lower mean perceived benefits score of eating more FV
than women (31.11 ± 3.79), respondents aged > 30 years (31.65 ± 3.15), and with tertiary
education (31.30 ± 3.61), higher individual (31.60 ± 3.29) and household income group
(31.85 ± 3.22). Men (16.60 ± 2.83), normal (16.14 ± 2.61) and underweight respondents
(16.91 ± 2.51) had significantly lower mean perceived benefits score of fat reduction than
women (17.70 ± 2.11) and overweight/obese respondents (17.84 ± 2.29). Also, men
(19.16 ± 6.02) and respondents with lowest individual income (18.90 ± 6.14) had
significantly higher perceived barriers to eat more FV than women (17.22 ± 6.02) and
those with highest individual income (16.91 ± 5.68). Identifying individuals‟ perception
on benefits and barriers of fat reduction and eating more FV will help health
professionals to understand the underlying factors of high fat intakes and inadequate
intake of FV. Appropriate strategies could be introduced to the at risk groups to promote
greater awareness to meet recommended intakes.
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B42 Factors associated with dietary supplement use among
fitness club members in Klang Valley
Wong LH & Mohd Nasir MT
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine dietary supplement use, eating
habits, body image and body weight status of fitness club members in four selected
fitness clubs in Klang Valley. A self-administered questionnaire including sociodemographic profile, dietary supplement use, Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and
Contour Drawing Rating Scale was used. Weight and height were measured and Body
Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. A total of 78 fitness club members, 41% males, and
59% females participated in this study with 9% Malays, 78.2% Chinese, and 12.8%
Indians. For the socio-demographic background, 30.8% of the respondents have
secondary education level and 69.2% have tertiary education level, while the mean
income of the subjects was RM1972.72±1628.18. The prevalence of dietary supplement
use was 41% with 12.5% using energy supplements, 28.1% protein and weight gain
supplements, 59.4% vitamin supplements, 28.1% mineral supplement, 43.8% herbals,
and 37.5% using other supplements. Furthermore, the mean body mass index was
21.54±3.17kg/m2 with 17.9% of the respondents classified as underweight, 67.9%
normal weight and 14.1% overweight. According to FFQ, the top three most frequently
consumed foods were white rice (89.8%), carrot (77.2%) and egg (71.8%). Meanwhile,
based on Contour Drawing Rating Scale, mean body image discrepancy score was
1.17±0.90. The highest discrepancy score shown was -1 (34.6%) and about one third of
the respondents desired a slimmer body size. Results showed there is significant
difference in the income (t=2.232, p=0.029), body mass index (t=2.322, p= 0.023), and
body size discrepancy scores (t=4.104, p=0.000) between subjects who take dietary
supplements and subjects who do not take dietary supplements. However, there is no
significant association between dietary supplement use and sex as well as educational
level. In conclusion, dietary supplement use is prevalent among fitness club members.
Further research on the use of dietary supplements should be conducted in the general
population so that nutrition intervention programs can be planned and implemented
successfully.
B43 Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ):
associations with BMI and dietary fat intake of primary school
children
Wong YW1, Shohaimi S1 & Zalilah MS2
1Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia; 2Department of
Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between the scores of
the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) and BMI and dietary fat
intake among primary school children. This was a cross-sectional study carried out in
selected schools located in the urban areas in the state of Selangor and Federal
Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. A total of 428 children (182 boys and 246
girls, mean age 8.2 years) and their mothers (mean age 38.1 years) participated in this
study. Mothers self-reported their socioeconomic information, anthropometric
measurements, child feeding practices (Malay version CFPQ) and child‟s dietary fat
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intake over the past seven days (modified PACE+ Dietary Fat Screening Measure).
Children‟s height and weight were measured to calculate the BMI and WHO 2007
Reference BMI z-scores. Factor analyses of CFPQ revealed similar underlying factors with
the original CFPQ. Internal consistencies of the 12 feeding subscales ranged from 0.34 to
0.89 (mean 0.59). The Pearson‟s Correlation test showed that restriction for weight
reasons (r=0.35, p<0.001) and monitoring of what the child ate (r=0.11, p<0.05) were
positively correlated with the child‟s BMI z-scores. Pressuring child to eat more (r=-0.29,
p<0.001) was negatively correlated with child‟s BMI z-scores. Child control of what
he/she ate (r=.22, p<.001), food for emotion regulation (r=0.23, p<0.001), food as a
reward (r=0.23, p<0.001), pressuring child to eat more (r=0.13, p<0.001) and monitoring
of what the child ate (r=0.12, p<0.05) were positively correlated with the sum score of the
child‟s dietary fat intake. However, creating a healthy food environment (r=-0.19,
p<0.001), restriction for weight reasons (r=-0.13, p<0.001) and teaching about nutrition
(r=-0.15, p<0.05) were negatively correlated with the sum score of the child‟s dietary fat
intake. Our results support the use of CFPQ to further understand child feeding
practices as a pathway to childhood obesity.
Group D: Clinical Nutrition/Intervention Trials
D01 Design and feasibility of a website aimed at promoting
cancer prevention through modification of nutrition and
lifestyle factors
Ang YK, Kandiah M, Zalilah MS, Hazizi AS & Chan YM
Putra Malaysia.
A website addressed http://www.nutrihealth-upm.com was developed to improve
nutrition and lifestyle risk factors for cancer prevention of the staff (n=339) of a
Malaysian public university. The website features include introduction, evidence based
educational modules, related publications, a video-clip, contact us column, research
committee, forum for discussion and links to local and international cancer agencies.
Ten cognitive/ behavioural educational modules in the national language were developed
in accordance with the World Cancer Research Fund/ American Institute for Cancer
Research (2007) and National Cancer Society of Malaysia (2008) guidelines for cancer
prevention and available to be downloaded in the PDF format. Team members for this
research were 4 university nutrition faculty lecturers and a graduate student majoring in
community nutrition who developed and pre-tested the content of the website and a Web
master who was responsible to translate the content into Web format as well as
performing the technical difficulties such as security and statistics systems. The
feasibility study reported that 68% were pleased with the features of the website, 97%
understood the educational module contents, 57% found the module length to be
adequate, 59% logged in 1-3 days/month, and 88% expressed they would continue to
seek more information from this site. In addition, 98% stated the website has generally
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helped to improve health knowledge. The number of visits to the website and topics
visited were also tracked. In conclusion, this website is considered a feasible education
channel for enhancing knowledge and awareness on nutrition and health for cancer
prevention.
D02 Beneficiary effects of dietary soy on improving features
of metabolic syndrome among elderly women
Bakhtiari A1, Zaitun Y2, Asmah R2, Zaiton A3 & Hanachi P4
1Institute
of Gerontology, Universiti Putra Malaysia; 2Department of Nutrition &Dietetics,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia; 3Department of Family
Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia; 4Department
Biochemistry, Faculty of science, Biology, Alzahra University Tehran, Iran.
The objective of this study was to ascertain the effects of soy (in the form of soy protein
and soy nut) on features of metabolic syndrome (MS) including lipids profile,
lipoproteins, glycemic control indexes, fibrinogen, CRP, anthropometric indexes (AI) and
blood pressure (BP) among elderly women. This 12 week RCT was designed on 75 women
60-70 years old with MS. The subjects randomly assigned to one of three groups with soy
nut (35 g/d), soy protein (35 g/d) and control group. Thus AI, BP and blood markers
include, TG, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, ApoB100, ApoAI, FBS, Insulin, HOMA-IR,
CRP, Fibrinogen were measured. No significant differences in the baseline characteristics
of the subjects were seen. Waist was decreased with consumption of soy nut and soy
protein compared with control group (with mean change -5±0.73; -4.6±1.1, -0.5±0.65
respectively, p<0.002) but hip decreased only with soy nut consumption (-6.2±0.79,2.06±0.85,-0.07±0.49 p<0.000). The soy nut decreased cholesterol significantly compared
with soy protein group (-20±4, -16.7±2.5, p<0.01), while TG (-51±7.8; -31±5.1, -1.8±0.2
p<0.000), HDL (11±2.5; 5.8±1.2, -2.5±0.5 p<0.000), LDL (-26±3.2; -23±2.7, -0.8±0.01,
p<0.000), VLDL (-10±1.5; -6.3±1, -0.3±0.01, p<.0001) showed a significant decrease in
both treatment groups compared with the control group. However this reduction in nut
group was more than protein group. Also both soy nut and soy protein decreased
APoB100 (-1.18±0.24;-1.06±0.22, -0.15±0.2 p<0.004) and ApoAI (15.09±1.5; 6.13±1.2;
0.18±0.19, p<0.000) levels significantly compared with control group, but soy nut
reduced APOAI more significantly than did the soy protein. Significant differences also
were seen between treatment groups compared with control group for FPG (-18.2±1; 15±1, 0.3±2.3 p<0.000), Insulin (-4.3±0.73; -3.4±0.7, -0.3±0.22 p<0.000), HOMA-IR (1.3±0.19; -1.07±0.19,-0.09±0.11, p<0.000) values. Fibrinogen, CRP, BP values didn‟t
show any significant differences among three groups. Both soy nut and soy protein
consumption improved lipids profile and glycemic control in elderly women with MS.
D03 Quality of life of thalassemia children and their
caregiver
Choong YC, Noor Aini MY & Suzana S
Kebangsaan Malaysia
The impact of thalassemia on Malaysian children‟s quality of life (QOL) and their
caregivers is rarely known. This study was conducted to assess the health related quality
of life (HRQOL) of thalassemia children and their caregivers in order to explore factors
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affecting their QOL, as well as examine the relationship between nutritional status and
children‟s QOL. The PedsQL 4.0 generic core scales and the health questionnaire EQ 5D
were administered to thalassemia children aged 7 to 18 years old (n=75) at Hospital
Kuala Lumpur (HKL) and UKM Medical Centre (UKMMC) and their caregivers (n=64),
respectively. Results revealed that the mean ± SD of psychosocial HRQOL score of
children (63.91±14.65) was lower than the parent proxy reports (67.14±10.48, p<0.05).
In the psychosocial domain, school functioning score (50.59±15.31) was the lowest,
followed by emotional functioning (59.92+16.83) and social functioning (78.01±13.92),
respectively. Thalassemia children‟s pre-transfusion Hb level was significantly associated
with their QOL (p<0.05). Approximately 19% of the thalassemia children were
underweight, 80% were normal and 1% were overweight. There was no significant
correlation between thalassemia children‟s QOL and BMI (p=0.50). Elderly caregivers
tend to have more problem (p<0.05) in mobility dimension (52.40 ± 2.72), usual activity
(46.90 ± 7.25) and pain/discomfort (46.68 ± 8.16). Caregivers who had more children
tend to have more problem in usual activity dimension (3.71±1.77, p<0.05) whereas
caregivers who had more thalassemia children tend to have more problem (p<0.05) in
usual activity dimension (1.71±0.85), pain/discomfort (1.68±0.84) and anxiety/
depression (1.64±0.83). Malay caregivers tend to have problem in mobility dimension
(p<0.05). Caregivers who had higher education level tend to have less problem in
dimension anxiety/depression compared to caregivers with lower educational level
(²=10.071, p<0.05). Thalassemia had a negative impact on physical, emotional, social
and school functioning in thalassemia children as well as caregivers‟ QOL. Prescription of
desferal from appeared to be of benefits to the thalassemia children. In addition support
from psychological aspect may improve caregivers‟ QOL.
D04 Validation of the Kenz Lifecorder e-Steps accelerometer
for assessing steps count and energy expenditure
Heng Kiang Soon & Hazizi Abu Saad
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
The Kenz Lifecorder e-Steps accelerometer (Suzuken Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan) was
designed to assess steps count, total calorie expenditure and activity minutes. The
purpose of this study was to evaluate its validity for measuring steps count and total
daily energy expenditure. The criterion measure was a validated model of Kenz Lifecorder
Plus accelerometer which has been proven to be valid and reliable for measuring steps
and total energy expenditure in the previous published research papers. Thirty adults in
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
were recruited by convenience sampling. They were requested to wear both models of
accelerometers concurrently for three days. Data of mean free living daily steps count
and total daily energy expenditure were collected and analyzed. Correlation between
mean daily steps count and total daily energy expenditure from both accelerometer
models was determined by Pearson‟s correlation, while agreement between mean daily
steps count and total daily energy expenditure from both models was tested by BlandAltman approach. For steps count, both models were strongly correlated (r=0.982,
p=0.0001), as well as the total energy expenditure (r=0.998, p=0.0001). Bland-Altman
plot revealed that the mean steps and total daily energy expenditure of the two models
fall between ±2 standard deviation lines, indicating the agreement of the two models. It
was concluded that Kenz Lifecorder e-Steps accelerometer is comparable with Kenz
Lifecorder Plus accelerometer for assessing daily steps count and total daily energy
expenditure as both agreed well enough with each other.
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D05 Complications of diabetes mellitus type 2 among longterm patients in relation to knowledge, attitudes, and
practices at Klinik Kesihatan Sarikei, Sarawak
Lim SSE & Nawalyah AG
The objective of this study was to determine the number and types of complications of
diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) among long-term patients in relation to their knowledge,
attitude, and practices. This cross-sectional study was carried out at Klinik Kesihatan
Sarikei, Sarawak involving 53 DM2 outpatients using face-to-face interviewed
questionnaire, where the respondents were chosen through purposive sampling.
Majority (64.2%) of the respondents comprised of females, mean age was 55.88 ± 1.74
years and mean duration of respondents diagnosed with DM2 was 9.08 ± 0.64 years.
About 50.0% of the respondents had an education level of up to secondary school and
more than 60.0% were not working. The biochemical and clinical readings were taken
from the patients‟ records during the study. About 30.0% of the respondents were
overweight (BMI of 28.61 ± 0.73kg/m2), 79.2% had poor control of their blood glucose
(FBG of 9.85 ± 2.87m mol/L), 62.3% having poor control of their HbA1c (HbA1c of 8.44 ±
1.92%), and 73.6% had blood pressure exceeding 140/90mm/Hg. About 70% of the
respondents had complications due to DM2 with 54.7% of them had at least one type of
complication while 9.4% and 7.5% had two and three types of complication respectively.
Retinopathy and neuropathy were of the two most common complications. Almost
80.0% of the respondents were having hypertension. The result of this study found that
81.1% of the respondents‟ had low level knowledge on diabetes. Despite that, 81.1% had
positive attitudes towards their disease and 64.2% practiced good diabetic management.
More than 80.0% of the respondents agreed that exercise could help to avoid
complications due to DM2 and that they should controlled their daily food intake in
order to control blood glucose levels. However, only 17.0% of the respondents exercised
every day and 37.8% exercised 20 – 30 minutes a day. Pearson Correlation Test showed
that there was a significant correlation (p<0.05) between level of knowledge of
respondents with age (r=-0.401), attitudes (r=-0.386) and BMI (r=0.365). Besides that,
there was a significant correlation between attitudes with BMI (r=0.391) and blood
glucose level (r=-0.303). There was also a significant relationship between number of
complications with HbA1c (r=0.470) and duration of having DM2 (r=0.380). However,
there was no significant correlation between level of knowledge and practices as well as
attitudes and practices. Thus, diabetic education and programs should be done by using
effective language and medium of communications which should focus on the
implementation of knowledge towards behavioural changes especially among the longterm diabetic patients in order to avoid and reduced serious complications.
D06 Changes in dietary behaviors among colorectal cancer
patients in Hospital Kuala Lumpur
Nazihah MP & Kandiah M
Putra Malaysia
This study was a cross-sectional survey conducted to identify the changes in dietary
behavior among colorectal cancer patients in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. The changes in
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dietary behavior were assessed in relation to red and processed meat, consumption,
fruits and vegetables, energy dense food and supplement intake. A total of 81 colorectal
cancer patients, 47(58%) male and 34(42%) female, with a mean age 59.09 ± 13.91
years were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected by
using an interviewer administrated questionnaire while the dietary intake was
determined with a Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. A score for each of
the food item was calculated using an equation adapted from Reaburn, Krondl & Lau
(1979). All data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS) version 16.0. Results of the study showed that all of the patients had changed
their diet after diagnosis. The main changes reported included reduced consumption of
red meat and processed meat, sugar, and high fat foods and increased consumption of
fruits and vegetables. The main sources of dietary information were physicians and
family members. Nearly 93% of them decreased their intake of red and processed meat.
For vegetable intake, approximately half (53.1%) had increased their intake whereas
for fruits almost all of them increased their intake (90.1%). All of them had decreased
their intake of high fat foods. About 39% consumed nutritional supplements after
diagnosis. Reaburn‟s score showed the greatest reduction for meat intake (reduced from
45.20 to 33.14) and lowest for vegetables (increased from 62.78 to 69.63). Shorter time
since diagnosis and being employed were associated with reduction in red meat and
processed meat intake (p=0.03) and (p=0.049) respectively. Further research with larger
and representative samples need to be undertaken to improve the quality of the dietary
intake of CRC patients to prevent recurrence of cancer and other chronic diseases.
D07 Nutritional status of colorectal cancer patients in
Hospital Selayang, Selangor
Noor Hanida MR & Kandiah M
Putra Malaysia
For people living with cancer, the inability to maintain nutritional status is a common
problem. This cross sectional study aimed to assess the nutritional status of colorectal
cancer patients in Hospital Selayang, Selangor. Forty seven males and 34 females aged
between 30 to 85 years old were studied over three months. Data collected included
socio-economic and demographic status, subjects‟ medical history, anthropometric
measurements of weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, and
percentage body fat (BF) and dietary intake assessed using 2-days 24 hour dietary recall.
All data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 and Nutritionist Pro version 2.0.90 was
used to analyze subject‟s nutrient intake. The mean age of the subjects was 59.0 ± 13.7
years old. The majority of the subjects were Chinese (44.4%) followed by Malay (38.3%),
and Indian (17.2%). Over 80% were in stage 1 and stage 2 of cancer. The mean duration
of cancer was 11 months. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 24.0 ± 4.7 with 24.9%
overweight, 9.9% Obese grade 1 and 1.2% Obese grade 3. For WC, 24.7% were at
increased risk for chronic diseases while Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) showed high risk in
69.1%. The mean percentage of BF was 30.3% ± 9.8%. Mean energy intake was 2265.6 ±
580.3 kcal and mean energy intake from fat exceeded 30%. Over 80% had low calcium
intake, 87.7% had excessive intake of sodium, while crude fibre mean intake was 6.2 g.
There was a significant association between age and BMI (r = -0.221, p<0.05), WC (r =0.268, p<0.05), WHR (r =-0.299, p<0.01), body fat (r = -0.28, p<0.05), total calorie (r = 0.359, p<0.01), carbohydrate (r =-0.38, p<0.01), fat (r = -0.335, p<0.01), and crude fibre
(r =-0.232, p<0.05). No correlation was observed between ethnicity, duration of cancer
diagnosis, and stage of cancer with anthropometric indicators. In conclusion, colorectal
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cancer patients have poor nutritional status in terms of obesity, high fat intake, low
calcium and crude fibre intakes.
D08 Relationship between frequency and meal timing on
body composition among outpatients at UKM Medical Center
Nor Syamila S, Nik Shanita S & Samirah Taufik AW
Deparment of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia
A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the relationship between frequency
and meal timing on body composition among outpatients at UKM Medical Center. A total
of 100 subjects, age ranging from 18 to 59 years old had participated in this study. The
subjects comprised of 70 women and 30 men. There were 74% Malays, 19% Chinese, 3%
Indians and 4% from other ethnic. The food intake of subjects was determined using
multiple-pass 24-hour dietary recall. The anthropometric measurements include weight,
height, waist circumference and percentage of body fat. Subjects that having only one
type of disease was 49% and 51% of subjects had 2-3 types of disease. The mean
frequency of food intake for men was 3.90 ± 0.66 times while for women was 3.89 ± 0.77
times. About 90% of male subjects ate more often at the frequency of 3-4 times a day
while 21.4% of female patients took 5-6 meal times a day. Slightly more than half (58%)
of the patients ate according to the meal timing definition. The average energy,
carbohydrate, protein and fat intake for men was 1663 ± 303 kcal/day, 230 ± 48 g, 67 ±
11 g/day and 52 ± 13 g/day respectively and for women was 1451 ± 291 kcal/day of
energy, 197 ± 43 g/day of carbohydrate, 61 ± 15 g/day of protein and 46 ± 14 g/day of
fat. There were significant differences for energy and carbohydrate (p<0.01) and fat
(p<0.05) between men and women subjects. The mean BMI for men was 31.8 ± 6.8 and
for women was 31.3 ± 6.4. This study found that 17% of subjects were in normal BMI,
26% were overweight and 57% were obese. Female patients have a higher (p<0.01) body
fat percentage (46.0 ± 12.1) compared to their counterpart (34.6 ± 8.3). Correlation test
indicated that no significant relationship between frequency of food intake with body
weight, BMI, waist circumference and body fat percentage for men and women. However,
lunch meal consumption appeared to have positive influence to percentage of body fat by
26% (P<0.01) and afternoon tea snack intake showed to have a negative correlation with
waist circumference (r=-0.232, p<0.05). In conclusion, although this study did not
demonstrate relationship between the frequencies of food intake on overall body
composition of outpatients however, the amount and percentage contribution of
macronutrients to the total energy intake should closely be monitored as it will affect the
disease condition and long-term body composition of patients with chronic diseases.
D09 Effect of addition of fresh mango flesh in bread on blood
glucose response
Nur Azlin I, Nazution Z & Hayati MY
Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrotechnology and Food Science, University
Malaysia Terengganu
This study was carried out in order to determine the effect mango bread consumption as
compared to plain bread on blood glucose response. Mango bread was produced by
substituting 25% of the wheat flour with fresh mango flesh. A total of eight healthy
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subjects with age ranged between 22 to 25 years old, average body mass index of 20.61 ±
1.66 kg/m2 and average fasting blood glucose of 5.90 ± 0.56 mmol/L were selected.
After an overnight fasting (10 to 12 hours), respondents were requested to consume
samples of reference food (glucose) and test meals (mango bread and plain bread) and
they need to finish it within 15 minutes. Each samples contained 50 g of available
carbohydrate. Finger-prick blood samples were taken at 0 (fasting), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90
and 120 minutes after the consumption of samples. The blood glucose response was
determined individually by dividing the area under curve (AUC) of test meals with the
AUC of glucose and multiplying it by 100. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05)
of blood glucose responses between both types of bread. The value of blood glucose
responses for mango bread and plain bread were 67% and 68%, respectively. This study
also found that female subjects showed higher values in blood glucose response as
compared to male subjects for both types of bread. Overall, it was observed that mango
bread lowered blood glucose response for both genders. These results suggest that
mango flesh incorporated into bread had beneficial effect which might help to perform a
better control of blood glucose level.
D10 Changes in health behaviors among adults diagnosed
with colorectal cancer
Nurul Ain S & Kandiah M
Putra Malaysia
Behavior changes in adults diagnosed with cancer may impact prognosis, comorbidities,
and survival. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine changes in
health behaviors and examine factors associated with changes among patients with
colorectal cancer in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Interviews were conducted at the follow up
clinic. Data on socio-demographic, health behaviors before and after diagnosis, and
sources of information were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered
questionnaire. Past and current physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical
Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Psychosocial factors: internal health locus of control
(IHLC) were assessed using IHLC subscale of the Multidimensional Health Locus of
Control Instrument and intrusive thought was assessed using Intrusive subscale of the
Impact of Event Scale (IES). The sample comprised 81 colorectal cancer patients (47
males and 34 females) with a mean age of 59.09 ± 13.91 years. The results showed that
after diagnosis, almost half (46%) of the smokers quit smoking, 64% of drinkers
abstained from alcohol, 28% had increased physical activity, and 33% had started to use
complimentary and alternative medicine (CAM). Later stage of cancer and having
combined treatments were associated with smoking cessation (p=0.005). Having
combined treatments also was associated with abstinence from alcohol (p=0.032),
whereas being retired/unemployed, male and household income ≤RM1000 were
associated with increased physical activity (p<0.05). Patients who have higher
educational level were more likely to start CAM use (p=0.022). Having a stronger IHLC
(r=0.566, p=0.000) and lower intrusive thought symptoms (r=-0.465, p=0.000) predicted
use of CAM. Physicians (67%) were the major source of information about smoking
cessation, alcohol abstinence and increased physical activity. The major source of
information for CAM use were family members (74%).The results of the current study
suggest that colorectal cancer patients make healthy behavior changes. Interventions are
needed to promote these specific health behaviors after a cancer diagnosis to prevent
recurrence and improve overall health.
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D11 Evaluation of the nutritional status, antioxidant status
and respiratory function among male COPD patients
Pirabbasi E1 , Shahar S1 , Abdul Manaf Z1 , Rajab N2, Abdul Manap R3 , Ahmad
Mahayiddin A4
1Department
of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of
Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
3Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,Cheras,
Malaysia; 4Institute Medicine Pulmonary, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
There is considerable evidence that an increased oxidative burden occurs in the
lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and this
results in an imbalance between oxidants/antioxidants or oxidative stress,
which may play a role in many of the processes involved in the pathogenesis of
COPD. COPD is now recognized to have multiple systemic consequences, such
as weight loss and skeletal muscle dysfunction. The objective of this study was to
determine antioxidant status, nutritional status, and respiratory function among 120
male COPD patients (according to Kish 1965 formula) at PPUKM and IPR. A crosssectional study was carried out at out patient‟s clinics at two centers at PPUKM and IPR
among male COPD patients regardless to age, stage of COPD, smoking and any comorbidities of diseases. To assess nutritional status, anthropometry parameters such as,
Body Mass Index (BMI), Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), Calf Circumference (CC),
Triceps Skin Fold Thickness (TSFT), Waist Circumference (WC), Hip Circumference (HC),
waist/hip and hand grip strength were measured. Three days food record (one day food
recall and two days food record), Council of Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ) and
Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) were obtained. Respiratory functional parameters
such as FEV1 and FVC were measured by spirometry. Antioxidant status was measured
by analysis food record and also by measuring the level of antioxidant in their blood. The
result shown that there is a Pearson correlation between income and calf circumference,
BMI and Hip circumference (r= 0.22, P≤ 0.01, r= 0.17 P≤ 0.05, r= 0.26 P ≤ 0.004). A
significant Pearson correlation also was observed between waist circumference and blood
vitamin A and E (r= 0.311 P ≤ 0.021, r= 0.301 P≤ 0.025). An ANOVA was used to analyze
CC as the dependent variable and occupation as an independent variable. The result
revealed that occupation had a significant effect on CC, (, F (3,116)= 4.31 and p=.006). A
regression analysis used to predict the effect of income as a predictor on FVC and FEV 1
as a dependent variables which results shown a significant differences between income
and FVC (F= 4.945, P=0.02) and FEV1 (F=11.595 p= 0.001). To detect the effect of hand
grip, calf circumference, MUAC, TSFT and hip circumference as a predictor on FEV 1 as a
dependent variable regression analysis used and results shown a significant difference
(F= 10.402 p= 0.002, F=4.307 p=0.04, F= 4.960 p= 0.029 , F= 4.875 p= 0.03, F=3.979
p= 0.05 ). Calf circumference had a significant difference with FVC (F= 5.070 p= 0.027).
As a conclusion socioeconomic factor like income and occupation is related to nutritional
status and respiratory factors also antioxidant status is related to nutritional status and
respiratory factors. BMI, waist C, and hip are related to hand grip strength as well.
D12 Nutritional status and food intake of cancer patients at
Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Samarghand E1, Suhaina S1, Ali M3, Mohd Razif S2 & Nik Shanita S1
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1Department
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
2Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Darul
Iman Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Mahmud 20400, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia;
3Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, P.O.Box:1385-1488, Tehran, Iran.
The objective of this study was to evaluate nutritional status of cancer patients receiving
chemotherapy. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Imam Khomeini Hospital,
Tehran, Iran evaluating nutritional status among cancer patients aged greater than 18
years old. Subjects with cancer of stomach (n= 23), breast (n= 30), and colorectal (n= 39)
were evaluated during chemotherapy. Nutritional status was assessed by three days food
intake, Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), body mass index (BMI), triceps skin fold
(TSF), and biochemical profiles. Of the 92 subjects, 55.4% were female and 44.6% were
male, the mean age was 52.17 ± 13.80. Based on SGA, 39.1%, 43.5%, and 17.4% of
patients were classified into well-nourished group (SGA-A), mildly to moderately
malnourished group (SGA-B), and severely malnourished group (SGA-C), respectively.
Moreover, 52.2% of patients with stomach and 10.3% of patients with colorectal cancer
were severely malnourished. 66.7% of breast cancer patients were well-nourished and
severe malnutrition was not seen among this group of cancer. Obesity was seen in 33.3%
of patients with breast and 13.9% with colorectal cancer (BMI >30kg/m 2). Besides,
30.4% patients with stomach and 8.3% patients with colorectal were malnourished (BMI
< 18.5 kg/m2). Among the subjects, 8% had TSF below than 5 th percentile. 65.9%,
29.7%, and 35.6% of patients had hemoglobin, red blood cell, and white blood cell count
lower than normal value. According to food intake analysis, the energy intake was
1098.22 ± 456.35 kcal/day for all subjects. Breast cancer patients reported lower energy
(1027.91 ± 229.46 kcal/day) and protein (0.63 ± 0.63 g/day) intake compared to
stomach and colorectal cancer patients. In conclusion, the present study indicates that
the incidence of malnutrition is high among Iranian cancer patients. Therefore, it is
crucial for doctors, nurses and health professionals to give their particular attention to
nutritional issues in order to promote optimal care for patients with cancer.
D13 Life style practices after diagnosis of colorectal cancer
Sathiya Devi R1, Kandiah M1, Vaidehi U1, Zalina Z1, Faizal JA2, Fijeraid H3 &
Normayah K4
1Department
of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University
Putra Malaysia; 2Department of Surgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur; 3Department of Surgery,
Hospital Selayang; 4Department of Surgery, Hospital Putrajaya.
Recent studies have reported that changes in life style after cancer diagnosis can prevent
recurrence and metastasis. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine lifestyle
practices among colorectal cancer patients from Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Hospital
Selayang and Hospital Putrajaya. A total of 102 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer
(mean age: 59.4±13.58 years) were recruited with informed consent and interviewed face
to face using a structured pre-tested questionnaire. Among the patients 37.3% were
Malay, 47.1 % Chinese and 15.7% Indian, comprising 58.8% males and 41.2% females.
About 42.2% patients were diagnosed with 1st stage cancer, 41.2% patients with 2nd
stage and 16.7% patients with 3rd stage cancer. The results showed that 45.1 % (n=46)
males smoked prior to diagnosis. After diagnosis 13.7% (n= 14) had quit smoking within
a year of diagnosis while 5.9% (n=6) patients were trying to quit at the time of the study.
The mean number of cigarettes smoked before diagnosis was 18.93± 9.87 and after
diagnosis it significantly reduced to 12.11± 6.75 (t=3.78, p=0.01). Before diagnosis,
42.2% patients had practiced alcohol consumption but within a year after diagnosis
25.5% had quit alcohol. Surprisingly after diagnosis 16.7% patients continued to drink
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alcohol. The mean number of standard drinks consumed before diagnosis was 2.30±0.67
which reduced to 1.70±0.67 after diagnosis. Significant difference observed in physical
inactivity (sitting/reclining time) where before diagnosis was 578.82±160.56
minutes/week and after diagnosis it increased to 599.41±199.83 minutes/week with
t=2.056, p=0.042. A non significant increase of mean METs/week was observed. The
study reveals that poor lifestyle practices are prevalent in patients even after a diagnosis
of cancer. Patients should be provided with more knowledge on the importance of
practicing healthier lifestyle for the preventing recurrence and metastasis.
D14 Sociodemographic profile, anthropometric and dietary
status of male HIV patient in Sungai Buloh Hospital
Siti Nurhamiza R1, Roslee R1, Wan Zakiah WAR1 & Lee KC2
1Department
of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Sungai Buloh
Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in Malaysia has been
increasing over the years. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the
sociodemography, anthropometry and dietary status of HIV patients in Sungai Buloh
Hospital. 91 male HIV patient had been interviewed in this study with mean of subjects
age was 38.98 ± 7.2. Majority of the subjects were Malays (52.2%), followed by Chinese
(37.0%), Indian (7.6%) and others (2.2%). Based on education level, 15.2% subjects had
education at primary school level, 59.8% secondary school level and 1.1% had higher
educational level. 56.5% of subjects had income less than RM 1500 per month, 26.1%
had income between RM 1500 to 3500 while 8.7% had income more than RM 3500.
Mean period of infection diagnosis were 6 ± 5 years where 45.7% subjects were infected
by sexual relationship, 3.3% from blood donating, 35.9% from needle sharing and 14.0%
subjects did not know how they had been infected. Mean CD4 T-cell count and total
lymphocyte count were 317.18 ± 191.34 and 2175.20 ± 971.28 cells and these two
values were in within normal range for CD4 T-cell and total lymphocyte count. Mean
body weight, BMI, and waist circumference of the subjects were 61.1 ± 10.1 kg,
21.7 ± 3.4, and 80.7 ±7.5 cm respectively. 15.2% of subjects were underweight, 67.4%
were normal, 15.2% were overweight and 1.1% were obese stage 1. Mean body fat
percentage was 20 ± 5% where 46.7% of subjects have normal body fat percentage and
48.9% have excess body fat percentage. Based on food consumption, mean energy intake
was 2191 ± 386 kcal per day and mean for percent energy intake based on RNI
recommendation was 89.12 ± 15.74%. Mean for percent energy contribution from
carbohydrate, protein and fat were 52.6 ± 9.63%, 31.33 ± 18.67% and 29.87 ± 5.83%. In
conclusion, majority of the HIV positive patients were Malays, have at least secondary
school education and income less than RM3500 per month. Many of them also have
normal weight, body fat and able to achieved recommended macronutrient distribution
however there are some who are at risk of malnutrition.
D15 Prevalence of obesity among patients with colorectal
cancer
Vaidehi U1, Kandiah M1, Sathiya Devi R1, Zalina Z1, Faizal JA2, Fijeraid H3,
Normayah K4 & Gooi BH5
1Department
of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University
Putra Malaysia; 2Department of Surgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur; 3Department of Surgery,
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Hospital Selayang; 4Department of Surgery, Hospital Putrajaya, 5Department of Surgery,
Hospital Pulau Pinang.
This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the prevalence of obesity in colorectal
cancer (CRC) in relation to sex, ethnicity and cancer characteristics. Study subjects
recruited were CRC patients with informed consent (n=113) from Hospital Kuala
Lumpur, Hospital Selayang and Hospital Putrajaya in between January 2008 to January
2010. Obesity was determined using body mass index (BMI) (> 30kg/m 2), waist hip
ratio(WHR) (> 0.9 in men and > 0.85 in women), waist circumference (WC) (≥ 90cm for
men and ≥ 80cm for women ) and percentage of body fat(BF) (>25% in men and > 35% in
women). Subjects were predominantly Chinese (43.4%) with a mean age of 40.5 ± 2.1
years. The mean BMI, WC, and BF were 24.0 ± 4.7 kg/m 2, 91.0 ± 2.3 cm and 30.3 ±
9.8%, respectively. The mean duration of cancer diagnosis was 18.3± 2.4 months. The
Chinese recorded the highest obesity prevalence (40.9%) followed by Malays (38.6%) and
Indians (20.5%). The relative distribution of fat based on WHR showed the Malays have
the highest risk in both genders (55.2 % males; 51.6 % females). Forty-six percent of the
Chinese men and 45.8% of the Malay women have high BF. Our study shows that WC
detected a higher prevalence of obesity up to 71.1% than BMI, WHR and BF. Majority of
the obese subjects were in cancer stage 1(50.6%) and stage 2 (39.5%). Obesity was more
prevalent in patients with ascending colon cancer (47.3%) and with family history of
malignancy (57.3%). Two common symptoms (rectal bleeding and abdominal pain) were
significantly associated with WC (2=2.234, p<0.05) and WHR (2=4.122, p<0.05). No
correlation was observed between ethnicity, stage and duration of cancer diagnosis with
obesity. This study shows a high prevalence of obesity among CRC patients and site,
symptoms and family history are associated with it.
D16 Study of knowledge, practice, emotion and food intake
among male HIV patients at Hospital Sungai Buloh
Wan Zakiah WAR1; Nurhamiza R1 Roslee R1& Lee KC2
1Department
of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2Department of Infectious Disease, Hospital Sungai Buloh.
Acknowledging that the nutrition role cannot be denied in maintaining the quality of life
of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) outpatients, a cross sectional study was
conducted at Hospital Sungai Buloh. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge
using Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) questionnaire, emotion using Hospital
Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), appetite using Community on Nutrition Appetite
Questionnaire (CNAQ) and food intake among male HIV patients at Hospital Sungai
Buloh. 90 male HIV subjects with aged ranging from 19 to 59 (39±7) years old was
participated in this study. Majority of subjects were Malays (51.6%), followed by Chinese
(34%), Indians (7.7%), Melanau (1.1%) and Eurasian (1.1%). Mean body mass index
(BMI) of the subjects were 21.7± 3.4kg/m2, ranging from 15.7 to 31.2 kg/m2 with 16.5%
were underweight, 67.0% were normal, 14.3% were overweight and 1.1% were obesity
type 1. Mean energy intake for subjects according to age achieved 91.5 ±19.7 (19 to 29
years old), 88.3± 15.4 (30 to 50 years old) and 92.5 ± 18.3 (51 to 59 years old) of % RNI.
82.4% of the subjects do not reach the satisfactory level of nutrition knowledge (mean
score of 54.4 ± 18.5 ). The results also showed 44% of the subjects were depressed (mean
score of 9.57±4.9). Whereas, 69.2% of subjects do not have any nutritional problems
with their appetite (mean score 29.5 ± 5.1 ). There was a significant correlation between
energy intake and the appetite (r = 0.337 p < 0.01). However, there was no significant
correlation between BMI and energy intake. It is also showed that there was no
significant correlation between energy intake and BMI with nutritional knowledge and
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depression. In conclusion, the studies indicated that majority of the male HIV patient
have normal BMI. Only 16.6% were classified as underweight and this probably caused
by reduction of energy intake due to loss of appetite.
D17 Effects of combined supplementation of caffeine and
Panax ginseng on cardiovascular parameters and
thermoregulation during endurance performance in the heat
Fadzel Wong Chee Ping1, Amit Bandyopadhyay2 and Chen Chee Keong3
1School
of Education and Social Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah; 2Department of
Physiology, Univerisity of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology, Kolkata,
India; 3 Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Caffeine is a common ergogenic supplement in endurance sports. The effects of chronic
supplementation of Panax ginseng on endurance performance has been extensively
studied in different populations. The effects of combined acute supplementation of
caffeine and Panax ginseng on endurance performance have not yet been explored
especially in a hot and humid climate. The present study was conducted to examine the
effect of acute supplementation of combination of 5 mg caffeine per kg of body weight
and 200 mg Panax ginseng which were consumed one hour prior to the endurance
performance. Supplements and placebo were given in the form of capsules in a
randomised double blind cross-over trial. Nine heat adapted recreational runners (aged:
25.4 + 6.9 years) and nonusers of caffeine (23.7+ 12.6 mg per day) participated in this
study. Subjects ran at 70% of their VO2max on a motorised treadmill in a heat-controlled
laboratory (31oC, 70% relative humidity). Subjects drank 3 mL of cool water per kg of
body weight every 20 minutes during the trials to avoid the possibility of dehydration.
Heart rate, mean skin temperature and rectal temperature were recorded at intervals of
10 minutes. Oxygen consumption was collected at intervals of 20 minutes. Running time
to exhaustion was higher in the experimental trial compared to the placebo trial. Heart
rate, rectal temperatures, mean skin temperature, oxygen uptake did not show any
significant difference between the trials. Heart rates, rectal temperature, mean skin
temperature and oxygen uptake increased significantly during exercise from their
respective resting values in both the trials. Results from the current study suggested that
ingestion of combination of 5 mg of caffeine per kg of body weight and 200 mg Panax
ginseng has an ergogenic effect on endurance performance in the heat but has no effect
on the cardiovascular and thermoregulation parameters measured in this study. .
D18 Assessment of physical activity level among
hemodialysis patients
Wong SW & Chan YM
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University
Putra Malaysia
Recent evidence showed the importance of adequate physical activity to promote overall
well-being among hemodialysis patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted to
determine the physical activity level and factors influencing the level of physical activity
among hemodialysis patients in three selected dialysis centres in Kajang. A total of 70
subjects (41 males, 29 females) were recruited with informed consent at Sungai Chua
Dialysis Centre, Medi-Nephron Dialysis Center and Semenyih Dialysis Centre. Subjects
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were predominantly Malay (74.3%) with the mean age of 56.7 ± 12.5 years. A face-to-face
interview was conducted to obtain socioeconomic and demographic data, medical
history, anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, physical activity level,
knowledge score on dietary sources (potassium, phosphorus, sodium and fluid) and
dietary non-adherence related medical complications. Physical activity level was assessed
using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Anthropometric data were collected
by using non-invasive and appropriate techniques. A total of 42.9%, 40% and 17.1%
respondents had low, medium and high education levels respectively. Diabetes mellitus
was the primary cause of renal disease. There were 64.3% of the respondent had normal
Interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) (3-5%) while 35.7% of respondents had IDWG exceeded
the normal range. All of the respondents had abnormal high serum creatinine level, with
the mean of 746.0 ± 270.5 µmol/L. In overall, patients‟ knowledge score of the dietary
non-adherence related medical complications was poorer than knowledge of dietary
sources. A total of 81.4% of the respondents had low physical activity level while 18.6%
of respondents had moderate level of physical activity. None of the respondents had high
physical activity level. Pearson correlation tests showed that there were positive
significant correlation between physical activity level and education level (r=0.362,
p=0.002), income (r=0.327, p=0.006), serum creatinine level (r=0.32, p=0.004) and
knowledge score on potassium non-adherence medical complication (r=0.262, p=0.029).
As for multiple linear regression analysis, factors that contributed significantly to the
total amount of physical activity were knowledge score of sodium food sources (r= -.434,
p=0.017), education level (r=0.362, p=0.008), and serum creatinine level (r=0.268,
p=0.024). Education served as a modifiable factor to enhance physical activity level
among hemodialysis patients. Knowledge on dietary regimen was not the only factor
contributed to the improvement in well-being and physical activity. These findings were
of great concern for future intervention, given the trend towards increasing education
level to increase the physical activity level in dialysis patients, and identifying the factors
that contribute to dietary regimen compliance in order to enhance self-efficacy in
physical activity.
Group E: Food Science and Technology
E01 Chemical and organoleptic characteristics of traditional
Malaysian dadih
Nifea1, Ahmad R2 & Putra AP3
1Food
Malaysia, EUREKA Complex, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; 3Technology of Animal Product
Division, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Andalas, 25163, West Sumatra,
Indonesia
152
Dadih is a fermented milk from West Sumatra and it also known in Malaysia. In
Indonesia, dadih is made by fermenting buffaloes milk in bamboo for 2 days. It is like a
soft gel with soft texture and white in color. The taste is like yogurt with special aroma.
Malaysians make dadih by fermenting milk with asam keping (Garcinia atroviridis); this
will act as the inoculum. The inoculum is then added to milk, sugar and salt up to a pH
of 5.8, and then steamed for 10 minutes. In this study, traditional dadih were made
using a factorial experiment with two levels each of whole milk powder in water (15 and
20%), sugar (4 and 6%) and pH (5.6 and 5.8) resulting in a total of 8 different
formulations to obtain the acceptability of traditional dadih by panelists in term of
color, odor, taste, texture and overall acceptability. Dadih was prepared by adding
inoculums (as a source of acid) to milk, sugar and salt. Inoculum was obtained by
soaking 5% dried asam keeping in milk overnight at ambient temperature; the whey
solution was then filtered to get a clear solution. The mixture containing liquid milk,
sugar, salt, and inoculum was then steamed for 10min. There was a significant
difference in the organoleptic evaluation of the product. Dadih with 20% milk powder,
6% sugar and a pH of 5.8 obtained the highest scores (p<0.05) for color, odor, taste and
overall acceptability. This formulation had a pH of 5.86, a brix of 17.50, a moisture
content of 76.89%, and a total solid content of 23.11%. Formulation made using 15%
milk powder, 4% sugar with a pH of 5.6, had the lowest score (p<0.05) for taste and
overall acceptability. This formulation had a pH of 5.84, a brix of 14.43, a moisture
content of 80.01% and a total solid content of 18.98%.
E02 Colour and betalain content in spray dried powder of red
pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) juice
Chemah TC1, Aminah A1, Wan Aida WM1 & Noriham A2
1Department
of Food Technology, School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2Department of Food
Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA
Red pitaya juice added with maltodextrin 10, 15 and 20 Dextrose equivalent (DE) were
spray dried after being incorporated with ascorbic acid and citric acid at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0
%. Betalain content were quantified spectrophotometrically and colour were determined
by Minolta colorimeter (L, a* and b*). Chroma and hue were also calculated. Powder with
ascorbic acid showed better red colour retention as opposed to sample added with citric
acid. Betalain in powdered sample with 0.1% ascorbic acid and maltodextrin (10DE) as
coating agent were significant (p<0.05) with 42.5 mg betalain /100 gm sample. Colour
perceived by chromameter (L, a and b) were significance at (p<0.05) with L value of 77.7,
a* value of 35.1 and b* value between -3.61. All samples showed higher L, a, b value as
compared to juice colour and red pitaya powder available in the market. Powder samples
showed pink purplish colour which showed that betalain are retained after the spray
drying process.
E03 Effect of soymilk on fat content and sensory acceptance
of nasi lemak (rice cooked in coconut milk)
Cheong KM, Nasution Z & Nor Hayati I
Malaysia Terengganu
153
The objective of this study was to determine fat content and sensory acceptance of nasi
lemak produced by substituting coconut milk with soymilk. Substitution of coconut milk
with soymilk might help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases since soymilk is
high in polyunsaturated fats which have the opposite health effects to saturated fats in
coconut milk. Five formulations of nasi lemak were prepared with the ratio of coconut
milk to soymilk ranged from 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 and 0:100. Soxtec method,
determination of iodine value and gas chromatography were used in this experiment to
analyze total fat, degree of unsaturation, and fat composition of nasi lemak samples.
Results showed that nasi lemak cooked with soymilk had lower total fat content and
higher degree of unsaturation. Sensory evaluation was carried out by 30 untrained
panelists in order to determine consumers‟ acceptance of samples based on several
sensory characteristics namely color, odor, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance.
Statistically, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among samples for the
attributes of color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance. However, there was a
significant difference (p<0.05) for odor attribute where sample cooked with 25:75 as the
ratio of coconut milk to soymilk gave the highest mean score for odor and was
significantly different from others. Meanwhile, nasi lemak cooked with 75:25 as the ratio
of coconut milk to soymilk obtained the highest mean score for overall sensory
acceptance. It contained relatively high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, namely oleic
acid (10.09%), linoleic acid (7.29%), and linolenic acid (0.50%). These results showed
that soymilk has the potentials to be used as a substitute ingredient in products
commonly cooked with coconut milk in order to lower the risk of diseases associated
with high consumption of saturated fats.
E04 Improvement of fiber content in bread with the
incorporation of mango peel powder
Erma Nur Shadila % Z Nasution
Malaysia Terengganu
This study was carried out to observe the effect of incorporation of mango peel powder
(MPP) on fiber content, physical properties, and consumer acceptance of bread. MPP was
produced by oven drying method and incorporated in bread formulation as a
substitution to wheat flour at five different levels 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% of MPP. The
fiber content of bread increased from 0.031% ± 0.004 to 1.047% ± 0.055 with increasing
amount of MPP added in the bread formulation. Physical properties including color of
crust and crumb and crumb firmness were evaluated. Bread incorporated with MPP
showed a reduction in lightness of both crust and crumb and an increase in crumb
firmness. Sensory acceptance of bread covering several attributes namely color of crust
and crumb, texture, porosity, taste, odor and overall acceptance was determined.
Substitution of wheat flour with MPP up to 5% did not give significant effect to overall
sensory quality of the bread and was accepted by consumer. Nutritional properties of
bread were also assessed. At 5% level of MPP substitution, the bread contains 39.94% ±
1.02 of moisture, 2.01% ± 0.09 of ash, 9.88% ± 0.75 of protein, 1.67% ± 0.31 of fat,
0.529% ± 0.029 of fiber and 45.97% of available carbohydrate. Thus, this study had
shown that MPP has the potency to be utilized as an alternative source of fiber in
production of high-fiber bread.
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E05 Chemical and organoleptic properties of pineapple
(Ananas comosus) flavored dadih
Nifea1, Ahmad R2 & Putra AP3
1Food
Malaysia, EUREKA Complex, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; 3Technology of Animal Product
Division, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Andalas, 25163, West Sumatra,
Indonesia
Traditionally dadih were prepared by heating milk that has been acidified by whey. In
this investigation, a modification of the traditional method was employed, whereby,
naturally occurring acids in pineapple juice were used to reduce the pH of milk to a
range of 5.6-5.8. Pineapples contain citric acid and ascorbic acid, the former being the
major acid. Besides contributing towards acidity, the addition of pineapple juice also
increased the nutritional value of the product. Two levels each of whole milk powder (15
and 20%), sugar (4 and 6%) and pH (5.6 and 5.8) were used in a factorial experiment to
formulate pineapple flavored dadih, resulting in a total of 8 different formulations.
Pineapples were peeled, cut into small pieces, pureed and filtered to obtain the juice.
Pineapple juice was then poured into 200ml milk containing sugar and salt (0.4%) until
the desired pH was reached. After that the mixtures were steamed to form gels. Sensory
test showed that the treatment with 20% milk powder, 6% sugar and a pH of 5.6 had
significantly higher scores (p<0.05) for texture, odor and overall acceptability. The
optimum texture was at pH 5.6 with 20% milk powder. The higher amount of milk
powder was necessary for the total solid needed for a firm gel. This formulation had a
pH of 5.89, a brix of 18.83, a moisture content of 77.07%, total solid content of 22.93%,
and an ascorbic acid content of 3.99mg/100g.
E06 Modified starch from local sweet potato as potential
ingredient for glass noodles
Nor Azmah U, Mohd. Kamal AK & Zaiton A
Food Technology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development
Institute (MARDI).
Starch was the major storage energy in various plants in nature. It can be widely found
in cereal grain seeds, tubers, roots, legume seeds, fruits, trunks and leaves. Nowadays,
in Malaysia, the main sources of starch were sago and tapioca. At the moment, only sago
and tapioca starch processing were being carried out industrially. Other than that, in
our country, the other potential source of starch was sweet potato. The purpose of this
project was to develop the technology for the production of ingredients from local
resources. Starch and modified starch were produced from local sweet potato, which
were Telong and Gendut. Sweet potato starches were extracted from native sweet potato
using traditional method (self prepared). In order to use the modified starch in this
research, the starch was physically modified using annealing process. This research has
found that, glass noodles can be produced using local sweet potato starch and modified
starch. The physical properties (color and transparency) of glass noodles from sweet
potato starch and modified starch (Native Telong, Annealing Telong, Native Gendut, and
Annealing Gendut) were studied. The glass noodles developed from modified starch
(annealing process) performed better for the color and transparency compared to native
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starches. Glass noodles produced from annealing Gendut gave the best result compared
to the other samples. The production of starch, modified starch, and glass noodles will
not only help the food industry to create many products, but also gave benefit to farmers
to maximize their income.
E07 Physicochemical characteristics of starch extracted
from ubi keling (Plectranthus rotundifolius)
Nur Salwa S & Nor Hayati I
Malaysia Terengganu
The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties of starch
isolated from „ubi keling‟ (P. rotundifolius). Commercial corn starch was also used in this
study as a comparison. The yield of P. rotundifolius starch was 3.04 % on a whole tuber
basis and contained 90.07 % starch, 89.95 % carbohydrate, 8.94 % moisture, 0.22 %
protein and 0.93 % ash. Total amylose and amylopectine contents were 19.05 % and
80.96 %, respectively for P. rotundifolius starch and 4.45 % and 95.55 %, respectively for
commercial corn starch. The swelling power and solubility for both starches were
increased with increases in temperature. However, P. rotundifolius starch showed higher
swelling power (11.64 g/g) compared to commercial corn starch (10.23 g/g) at 95 ºC.
Water binding capacity of commercial corn starch was slightly higher than P.
rotundifolius starch namely 11.31 g/g and 10.13 g/g (at 90 ºC), respectively. P.
rotundifolius starch exhibited higher viscosity (11.8 Pa.s) than commercial corn starch
(3.80 Pa.s). Low stability in refrigeration and freezing cycles of P. rotundifolius starch
could be adequate for foods requiring moderate temperature process but not for frozen
foods.
E08 Effects of texture and colour on comminuted beef and
chicken meat substituted with different levels of Zea mays
hairs
Nurhanan AR, Wan Rosli WI & Mohsin SSJ
Nutrition Programme, School of Health Sciences,Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang
Kerian, Kelantan
The physicochemical analysis of cooked beef and chicken patties substituted with 0%,
5% and 10% of cornsilk powder (CSP) as a replacement to potato starch were
determined. The substitution of 10% of CSP in the burgers showed the highest value of
gumminess (2.94kg) and cohesiveness (0.37). The control beef burger showed the highest
value of hardness (10.08kg), springiness (0.59cm) and chewiness (1.68 kg/cm). The
addition of CSP in chicken burgers had increased the value of springiness (0.74kg) and
chewiness (3.48kg/cm) attributes. In colour analysis, the lightness, L* (44.59), redness,
a*(1.97) and yellowness b*, (15.94) values were decreased with the increased level of CSP
in beef burgers. The redness a*, were slightly increased (1.20) in chicken burgers, but
the lightness and yellowness were decreased.
In summary, the addition of cornsilk
powder in comminuted beef and chicken burgers had changed the texture and colour of
these patties with improved attributes. This agricultural by-product can potentially be
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introduced into meat derivate products where they help to improve some physicochemical qualities of the comminuted meat based products.
E09 Effect of oil and emulsifier concentrations on stability
and properties of catfish oil-in-water emulsions
Nurul Najwa MY & Nor Hayati I
Malaysia Terengganu
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of oil and emulsifier concentrations on
stability and properties of catfish oil emulsions since the study on the products of catfish
oil were scarce. The oil was extracted from flesh and skin by using a Bligh and Dyer
method and analyzed in terms of fatty acid composition by a gas chromatography
technique. The most abundant fatty acid was from a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
group (37.88%) followed by a saturated fatty acid (36.43%) group and the lowest was a
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (25.69%) group. The omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
found were alpha-linolenic acid (0.52%) and linoleic acid (25.17%), respectively.
Beverage-type emulsions were prepared with 5 and 10% catfish oil as dispersed phases
and the emulsions were stabilized by sodium caseinate (emulsifier) at 0.10, 0.25 and
0.5% concentrations. The physical stability of the emulsions was found to be
significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the oil concentration whereby the creaming was high
in the emulsion containing 5% oil. Similarly, the cloudiness of the emulsion was
significantly (p<0.05) affected by the oil concentration. In terms of chemical stability, the
peroxide value was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the emulsifier concentration in
which the highest concentration (0.5%) exhibited a high lipid oxidation. The interaction
of both factors (oil and emulsifier concentrations) was found to give a significant (p<0.05)
effect on the droplet size distribution and viscosity of the emulsions. Generally, the oil
and emulsifier concentrations did influence the physical properties of the emulsions and
thus indirectly influenced their stability. Thus, this study provided a preliminary data on
potential of catfish oil to be used in beverage-type emulsions which can be regarded as a
functional food.
E10 Effect of modified yam starch on the physical properties
and stability of model low-fat mayonnaises
Shamini NA & Nor Hayati I
Malaysia Terengganu
This study was conducted in order to determine the physical properties and stability of
model low-fat mayonnaises as influenced by the presence of native and modified yam
starches. The isolation of starch from white yam (Dioscorea alata) was carried out and
the starch was modified via pre-gelatinization and cross-linking phosphorylation. Model
low-fat mayonnaises (30% oil dispersed phase) were prepared with incorporation of 0.3%
starches (native potato, native yam, pre-gelatinized yam and cross-linked yam starches).
The droplet size of surface weighted mean diameter was found to be significantly (p <
0.05) lower in the sample with cross-linking phosphorylated yam starch as compared to
other samples. Moreover, the viscosity of the sample with pre-gelatinized yam starch was
observed to be higher than that of other samples. The phase separation stability was low
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in the freshly prepared and stored (45 days) model mayonnaises containing native yam
starch. However, there was no significant difference in turbidity of all samples. This
study thus generally revealed that modified yam starches were more suitable (i.e. better
physical properties and stability) to be used as stabilizers in model low-fat mayonnaises
rather than a native yam starch, reflecting their potential to be used in similar food
products with an improved nutritional value.
Group F: Animal and Experimental Nutrition
F06 Effect of spray dried red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus)
powdered supplementation on plasma glucose level of induced
hyperglycemic rats
Mohd Asyran MN & Rokiah MY
This experimental study is aimed to determine the effect of spray dried red pitaya
(Hylocereus polyrhizus) powdered supplementation on plasma glucose level of induced
hyperglycemic rats. This study used 48 Sprague Dawley male rats, which was divided
into 6 groups (n= 8/group). Group I (NC) and group II (DC) were negative and positive
control group. Group III (DP 1), IV (DP 2) and V (DP3)] were pitaya powdered
supplementation groups and group VI (DG)] was given glibenclamide. All
supplementation were given via forced feeding. The amount of pitaya powdered
supplemented for group III (DP 1), IV (DP 2) and V (DP3) were 1.75g/ 350 gbw/d, 2.33g
/350 gbw/d and 2.91g/350gbw/d respectively, hence, for the treatment of gibenclamide,
3.5mg/350gbw/d was given. Duration of study was ten weeks, where the rats were
acclimatized within two weeks before they were induced to hyperglycemic condition by
injection of Streptozotocin and followed by four weeks of treatment and two weeks of
washout period. For blood glucose analysis, 3 ml of fasting blood were drawn from
cardiac punctured taken five times (week 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) during the study. The results
showed that there were reduction in blood glucose level among all treatment groups
which were DP 1 (14%), DP 2 (16%), DP 3 (25%) and Glibenclamide group (DG) (31%). In
conclusion, spray dried red pitaya powdered could reduced the glucose level among
hyperglycemic rats. Thus it has the potential as therapeutic diet in the management of
blood glucose level among hyperglycemic subjects.
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F07 Effect of spray dried red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus)
powdered supplementation on plasma lipid profile in dietinduced hypercholesterolemic rats
Muhamad Mursyid I & Rokiah MY
Pitaya fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) was reported offer many health benefits, including
cancer chemoprevention, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and cardiovascular mortality
risk reducing properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the
hypocholesterolemic effects of spray dried red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) powdered
supplementation on plasma lipid profiles of diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats. This
study used 48 Sprague Dawley male rats and was divided into 6 groups (n= 8/group).
Group I (NC) and group II (HC) were negative and positive control group. Meanwhile,
group III (HPP 1), IV (HPP 2), V (HPP3), were given treatment with pitaya powdered
supplementation at various doses as follows; group III (HPP1) was given 1.75g/ 350
gbw/d, group IV (HPP2) at 2.33g /350 gbw/d, group V (HPP3) at 2.91g/350gbw/d and
group VI (HL) was treated with Lipitor at 0.12 ml/350gbw/d. All treatment was given via
forced feeding. Duration of the study was ten weeks consisted of 2 weeks adaptation, 2
weeks inducing hypercholesterolemia, 4 weeks pitaya treatment and lastly 2 weeks of
washout period. For lipid profiles analysis, 3 ml of fasting blood were drawn from cardiac
punctured taken five times (week 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) during the study. The results showed
that lipid levels reduced between treatment groups. Groups (HPP 3) and Lipitor (HL) have
shown a higher decreased in level of TC (23%)(27%), TG (35%)(38%) and LDL-C
(28%)(30%) respectively. Besides, both groups also have shown a higher increasing in
HDL-C levels for HPP3 (74%) and Lipitor (HL)(77%) compared to other pitaya
supplemented groups. The result reveals that both of the treatments have the ability to
reduce the TC, TG and LDL-C levels and increased in HDL-C level. In conclusion, spray
dried red pitaya powdered supplementation gave positive effects on lowering plasma lipid
profiles in hypercholesterolemic rats thus could reduce the risk of cardiovascular
disease.
F08 Pink guava (Psidium guajava) puree intake improved
lipid profile of high fat diet (HFD) induced-obese rats
Ayub MY1, Mamot S, Norazmir MN1,2, Hadijah H3, Jeeven K3 & Wan Abd Aziz WM3
1School
of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor; 2Food Technology Research
Centre, MARDI Headquarters, Serdang, P.O. Box 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur;
3Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, MARA University of
Technology, Puncak Alam Campus 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor.
The present in-vivo six weeks study was carried out to determine the effects of pink
guava (Psidium guajava) puree intake on high fat diet (HFD) induced-obese rat‟s lipid
profile. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control negative
(CN) fed with rat pellet; control positive (CP), low, medium and high dosage groups (LDG,
MDG, HDG) were fed HFD (AIN93G-purified rodent diet), respectively. Oral
administration of pink guava puree did not induce mortality up to the highest dose,
which was 2000 mg/kg body weight. No HFD induced-obese rats showed any toxic signs
such as nose bleeding, vomiting, fur loss, diarrhea and death throughout the study.
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Blood glucose value for treated group (4.3 to 4.9 mmol/L) was significantly lower
compared to CN and CP (5.7 and 5.8 mmol/L). HDG showed a significant reduction in
34.47% total cholesterol (TC) levels followed by MDG (23.30%) and LDG (22.33%)
respectively. Triglycerides (TG) levels for HDG (43.59%), MDG (34.19%) and LDG
(32.48%) showed significant different compared to CP. High density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-C) levels were augmented in HDG (18.75%), MDG (13.34%) and LDG
(13.34%) compared to CP. Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels significantly
decreased in HDG (69.70%), MDG (39.40%) and LDG (37.12%) respectively compared to
CP. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that pink guava puree has the potential to
reduce TC, TG and LDL-C, while increasing HDL-C levels. These properties of pink guava
may play a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
F09 Lipid and urine profile of high fat diet (HFD) induced
obesity rat supplemented with pink guava fruit leather
Ayub Mohd Yatim, Norlia Jainal & Norazmir Md Nor
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
The effects of pink guava (Psidium guajava) fruit leather on high fat diet (HFD) inducedobese rat‟s lipid and urine profile was studied. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were
divided into five group which were control negative, CN (rat pellet); control positive, CP (
high fat diet); high dose group, HDG (2.0g/kg body weight), medium dose group, MDG
(1.0g/kg body weight), and low dose group, LDG (0.5g/kg body weight). The rats were
force feeding and fed ad-libitum for 28 days in individual metabolic cages. Lipid profile
results show the range of total cholesterol (1.61- 2.17 mmol/L), triglycerides (0.5- 1.06
mmol/L), high density lipoprotein, HDL (0.42- 0.71 mmol/L), and low density
lipoprotein, LDL (0.73- 1.23 mmol/L). pH of urine for all groups was 8.5, while blood and
glucose was not detected. Range of bilirubin and urobiliglobulin was 11.3 b -51.0a
umol/L and 7.9c -68.0a umol/L respectively. In conclusion, this study shows that pink
guava fruit leather is consider safe and potential to be an antidiabetic product. Further
study with addition of treatment time is suggested to elucidate the effect on diabetic.
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persatuan pemakanan malaysia

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