HOW TO Prepare an APA Research Paper

HOW TO Prepare an
APA Research Paper
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HOW TO: Prepare an APA Research Paper
Table of Contents:
I. PRESENTATION FORMAT ......................................................................................... 2
II. PREPARATION OF YOUR PAPER OR ASSIGNMENT ............................................. 2
III. REFERENCES........................................................................................................... 4
1. Citations within the text............................................................................................ 4
2. General Guidelines for Citation structure................................................................. 7
3. Guidelines for Reference Lists:................................................................................ 7
Examples for Reference List: ................................................................................... 9
A. For Books:....................................................................................................... 9
D. For E-Journals: ............................................................................................. 10
E. Article from an online Encyclopedia .............................................................. 10
F. Article from an online Dictionary.................................................................... 10
G. Online Handbook: ......................................................................................... 11
H. For Newspaper Articles:................................................................................ 11
I. For Videos: ..................................................................................................... 11
J. For Podcasts:................................................................................................. 11
K. For Specific Documents on a Web Site:........................................................ 12
L. For Wikis:....................................................................................................... 12
M. For Blog postings:......................................................................................... 12
N. For Statutes/Legislation/Statistics Canada:................................................... 12
O. For SIAST Course Manuals: ......................................................................... 13
P. For PowerPoint Presentations:...................................................................... 13
4. Reference List........................................................................................................ 13
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I. PRESENTATION FORMAT
1. Use 8 1/2 x 11 white paper.
2. Leave 1 inch top, bottom, left, and right margins.
3. Title Page - Prepare a title page for all work five pages or over in length - any
work less than five pages can include the title information on the top of the first
page – CHECK WITH YOUR INSTRUCTOR.
Information to include on the title page - title of paper or assignment in capital
letters, your name, the course name, instructor’s name, and date.
4. Abstract - Abstract (if necessary) begins on a new page, following the title
page, and is page number 2.
5. Table of Contents - A table of contents is used for longer papers (more than
six headings and subheadings appear in the text). A table of contents is
paginated if required by assignment and instructor.
6. Body of Paper - Text is double-spaced throughout and is paginated beginning
with the title page as page 1. Page numbers appear in the upper right-hand corner.
7. References - A list of references follows the body of your paper on a new
page.
II. PREPARATION OF YOUR PAPER OR ASSIGNMENT
1. Understand the assignment.
If your instructor asks you to write in an area of your choice or on a specific topic make certain
you know what the assignment means. This could be as simple as making sure you are in the
right subject area. If you are writing for a Pharmacology assignment the focus must indicate a
Pharmacological perspective.
Know your audience and write from that point of view. For example: if your audience is your
classmates you might assume they have certain knowledge of the subject area, however, if the
assignment is writing a plaque control program for expectant mothers you must consider all
possible knowledge levels of expectant mothers.
You then need to make sure you understand how long the paper or assignment has to be, when
it is due, and the acceptable presentation format.
2. Select a topic.
Your topic may be broad at this stage but can be narrowed later.
3. Do some general reading.
There are several places where you can begin your research. Your textbooks may have
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information on the topic with a bibliography of further readings. General encyclopedias and texts
are available in the library.
4. Prepare to write.
A number of important planning decisions must be made before you begin writing, therefore
divide your preparation time into a series of specific planning steps.
Step One:
Make a scratch outline. Write down everything you know or think you know about your topic; do
not be concerned with relevance or logical sequence. These words and phrases are related in
some way - however distant - this means you have begun the necessary process of organizing
your paper or assignment.
Step Two:
Focus your subject. Think about the required length of the paper or assignment. Your topic must
be narrow enough to handle in the given space and time; therefore, do not overextend your
topic. Eliminate ideas that are too broad or too vague. As you eliminate some ideas and include
others you will gradually produce a functional outline.
Step Three:
Formulate a thesis statement. After choosing the aspect of the topic you want to stress, you
should be able to express the central idea or theme of your paper or assignment in one or two
sentences. Your thesis statement is very important as it defines your limitations and provides a
framework for your paper.
Step Four:
Do research in the library. Gather information to support your thesis statement.
Step Five:
Plan the body and prepare a topic outline. Organize your ideas and decide how they will lead
into one another, and how they will begin and end. Also think about the structure, length, unity,
and coherence of your paragraphs.
Step Six:
Plan your conclusion. You will need to summarize the main sections of the paper so the logic of
the conclusions is explicit. This will help you work toward your goal so that when you write your
conclusion you can easily summarize the major ideas of the paper.
Step Seven:
Write a first draft. After you have composed the first draft, read aloud what you have written.
Answer the following questions:
• Do I have a well-articulated thesis statement?
• Do my ideas follow logical reasoning?
• Is my word selection adequate?
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• Does my introduction clearly prepare the reader for the discussion in the body of the paper or
assignment?
• Is my conclusion a logical extension of my development?
• Can I express any of my ideas more clearly or emphatically?
▪ Do I provide enough details or specific examples of what I am discussing?
Step Eight:
Review and revise. Reread your paper for grammar, spelling, and mechanics. If you do a
thorough job, your first and last drafts should be quite different.
Step Nine:
Put paper in final form. Typed, double-spaced, and with complete references.
5. Hand In Paper - Sigh With Relief!
III. REFERENCES
When you use ideas from material which are not original to you but are derived from what
someone else has said or published, your reader has the right to know where the material or
ideas originated (to understand the relationship to what you say, to check your information or to
pursue the subject further). The following citation methods apply to direct quotations (where you
use quotation marks or set long quotes away from the text), summaries, paraphrases, and the
use of another person’s ideas.
1. Citations within the text.
When you are citing within the text of your paper the information provided will vary
depending on the format of your source. When citing print sources you should give the
author, year, and page number in parentheses. Electronic sources often (unless they are
PDF reproductions) do not provide page numbers. If paragraph numbers are visible, use
them. Use the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation para. before the paragraph number.
If the document uses headings (such as Conclusion, Introduction) but does not have
paragraph or page numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following the
heading.
“If business does not improve the organization will be forced to implement dramatic
cutbacks” (West, 2001, Conclusion section, ¶ 2).
A. Author’s name not a part of the sentence:
Use the author-date method of citation; that is, the surname of the author and the year of
publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point and enclosed by parentheses.
Page numbers are included when using a direct quotation. For example:
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One service usually offered in dental offices today is preventive dentistry. “Preventive
dentistry is the sum total of the efforts to promote, restore, and maintain the oral health
of the individual” (Wilkins, 1989, p.297).
B. Author’s name as a part of the sentence:
If the author’s name is a part of the sentence, only the year of publication appears in
parentheses (page number is included at the end of the quote, if it is a direct quote). For
example:
Wilkins (1989) believes that...
C. Work by two or more authors:
When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in
the text. For example:
“An electronic slide show is a group of electronic slides which aid in the communication
of ideas or concepts” (Sprankle & Johnson, 1999, p.75)
When a work has 3 - 5 authors cite all the authors the first time the reference occurs, each
subsequent time use the first author’s surname “et al.” and the year of publication. Include
page number(s) if using a direct quotation. For example, the first time a book is quoted:
“The model of strategy formation must be kept simple and informal.” (Mintzberg,
Ahlstrand, & Lampel, 1998, p.31).
The second time the book is quoted:
“Strategies should be one of a kind: the best ones result from a process of individualized
design” (Mintzberg et al., 1998, p. 31)
When there are six or more authors cite only the first surname and follow it with “et al.” and
the year, for the first and subsequent citations. In the Reference List, provide the initials and
surnames of all authors.
Williams et al. (1985) found...
D. Corporate authors:
The names of corporate authors are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text
citation. The names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first citation and
abbreviated thereafter. Abbreviations must be readily identifiable and/or familiar—CNIB,
SIAST, etc.
Example: first citation - (Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology
[SIAST], 1981)
Second citation - (SIAST, 1981)
E. Works with no author:
Use Anonymous only when a work is so designated.
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When a work has no author, cite in text the first two or three words of the reference list entry
(usually the title), and the year. Underline the title of a periodical or a book and put quotation
marks around the title of an article or chapter title:
...in any other state.” (“Ignoring appeals,” 1999, A1)...
...the book College Bound Seniors (1979),...
See p. 210 of the APA Manual.
F. Short quotations:
In regard to the example in A, short (less than 40 words), direct quotations should be
incorporated into the text of the paper and enclosed by double quotation marks (“ “).
G. Long quotations:
Quotations of 40 or more words should be set from the text on a new line indented five
spaces from the left margin. Subsequent lines of the quotation are also indented. Do not use
quotation marks. Double-space quotations. Double space before and after the quotation. For
example:
According to Fitch and Moxley (1984),
reinforcers are rewards that follow a desirable behaviour. They are not coaxing or
bribing, in which the stimuli are introduced before the desired behaviour (and in the case
of bribing, the desired behaviour is considered illegal or unethical). Reinforcers must be
carefully selected (p. 63).
H. Personal Communications:
Personal communications may be letters, memos, telephone conversations, interviews, email, and the like. Personal communications are not included in the reference list. Give the
initials as well as the surname of the communicator and provide as exact a date as possible:
(J. O. Reiss, personal communication, April 18, 1983)
I. Abbreviations:
Listed below are some acceptable abbreviations that can be used in the reference list:
n.d.
no date
n.p.
no place of publication or no publisher
ed.
Edition
3rd ed.
third edition
p. (pp.)
page (pages)
Vol.
Volume (as in Vol. 3)
No.
Number
Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors)
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2. General Guidelines for Citation structure.
These guidelines are to be applied to in text citations only. See Guidelines for Reference Lists.
1. Use authors’ last names only, then the date, then a page number if citing a direct
quotation. For a paraphrase or summary of an author’s ideas the page number is
not necessary (unless your instructor specifically requests it).
2. Use an ampersand (&) between two authors’ names.
3. If there is no author of an article use the first few words of the title in quotation marks.
Example (“Use of Alternative Texts”, 2004)
4. If no date is given use the abbreviation n.d.
Example (“Coronary Artery Disease,” n.d.)
5. If your source is a group or organization spell it out for your first citation and then
abbreviate it in subsequent citations.
Example: first citation - (Saskatchewan Registered Nurses Association [SRNA],
2004).
second citation - (SRNA, 2004)
6. Give inclusive page numbers in parentheses after the title (p. or pp.) for newspaper
articles. If a resource, such as a pamphlet or brochure, does not use page numbers then
count paragraphs and include name of section.
Example: (“Coronary Artery Disease,” 2004, Risk factor section, ¶1)
3. Guidelines for Reference Lists:
1. Invert authors’ names, giving surnames and initials. Use commas to separate surnames
and initials. Use an ampersand (&) between two authors’ names.
1. For multiple entries by the same author (p. 220):
a. Do not re-organize how the book/journal/etc. has presented the author(s) name
(s)
~ One-author entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the
earliest publication first.
Smith, L. (2001)
Smith, L. (2006)
~ One-author entries precede multiple-author entries.
Perry, B. (2003)
Perry, B., & Brown B. (1999)
~ References with the same first author different second or third author are
arranged alphabetically.
Rigg, D., & Stirling, R. (2000)
Rigg, D., Townsend, P., & West, M. (1996)
~ References with the same authors in the same order are arranged by
publication year, the earliest first.
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Knight, S., & Foster, J. (1998)
Knight, S., & Foster, J. (2000)
b. Reference with the same authors published on the same year are identified as
articles in the series order, not alphabetically by title. Lowercase letters – a, b, c, etc. are
placed immediately after the year, within the brackets:
Statistics Canada. (2005a). Canadian statistics: infant mortality rates, by province
and territory (both sexes). Retrieved April 21, 2006, from
http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/health21a.htm
Statistics Canada. (2005b). Canadian statistics: selected leading causes of death, by
sex. Retrieved April 21, 2006, from
http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/health36.htm
In-text Citation:
Statistics Canada (2005a) states…
Statistics Canada (2005b) recommends…
3. Single space and alphabetize all entries, (but double spacing is required between
references). The first line of the references should be flush against the left margin, but all
subsequent lines should be indented 5 spaces.
4. Use italics for titles of books, periodicals and periodical volume numbers.
5. Only those works which have been cited in the body of your paper can be included in the
Reference List.
6. Write the reference entry in the following order: author, year, title of article, title of
journal, volume and issue number, pages of the article.
7. If there is no author use the title of the publication followed by the date.
8. If an article is found within a large web site such as Health Canada or World Health
Organization identify the host organization before giving the URL.
Example: (“Avian Flu Virus,” 2005, retrieved from the World Health
Organization Web site: www.who.int.)
9. If two or more publisher locations are listed, give the location listed first. Use a colon
after the location.
10. Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper names
for titles of books, articles and brochures.
11. Give the volume number of the journal. Do not use Vol. or V. before the number. Give
the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number.
12. In referencing an edited book such as a dictionary, place the editor(s) names(s) in the
author position, follow with the abbreviation Ed. in parenthesis, then followed with the
date in parenthesis, title, number of edition (2nd or 3rd or 4th etc. ed.) and volume
numbers if applicable, and then city and publisher.
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Examples for Reference List:
The following examples illustrate basic forms of references to books, journal articles, and
newspaper articles: (These are done in hanging indent format)
A. For Books:
One author:
Wilkins, E. K. (1989). Clinical practice of the dental hygienist (6th ed.). Philadephia:
Lea & Febiger.
Two authors:
Fitch, M. A. & Moxley, R. A. (1984). Changing patient behavior: Behavior modification manual
for dental professionals. Lakewood, Col.: RAM Press.
Three or more authors:
Farman, A. G., Nortje, C. J., & Wood, R. E. (1993). Oral and maxillofacial diagnostic imaging.
St. Louis: Mosby.
Editors:
Peterson, L. J. (Ed.). (1993). Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery. St. Louis: Mosby.
Corporate author:
Canadian Dental Hygienists’ Association. (1992). Code of ethics. Ottawa: Author.
Article or Chapter in an edited book:
Potter, P. A. (2005). Critical thinking in nursing practice. In P. A. Potter & A. G. Perry (Eds.),
Fundamentals of Nursing (pp.260-276). St. Louis: Mosby.
No author:
An attitude survey of families enrolled in the Saskatchewan Dental Plan. (1979). Regina:
Saskatchewan Health.
B. For E-Books:
Bennett, P. (2006). Abnormal and clinical psychology: An introductory textbook (2nd ed.).
Retrieved from ebrary.
Include the E-book database name to assist readers in finding the electronic version of the
book. If you have found the E-book online, use “Available from” and the URL instead of
“Retrieved from”. For example:
Nightingale, F. (n.d.). Notes on nursing: What it is, and what it is not. Available from
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12439/12439-8.txt
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C. For Print Journal Articles:
One author:
Clovis, J. (1994). The impact of demographic, economic and social trends on oral health care.
Canadian Dental Hygienist: Probe, 28(3), 93-98.
Two authors:
Thompson, V. & Borowko, M. (1994). A new dental health initiative in British Columbia.
Canadian Dental Hygienist: Probe, 28(3),105-107.
No author:
Dentistry in the Headlines: The profession and the press. Journal of the American Dental
Association, 120(5), 489-490.
D. For E-Journals:
Article with DOI/Accession Number Assigned:
Bickford, C. J. (2007). The specialty practice of nursing informatics. CIN: Computers,
Informatics, Nursing 25(6), 364-367. Accession number: 2009742919
This article was retrieved from the CINAHL database, however, no database name or URL is
needed because the DOI or Accession number function as a unique identifier of the content.
Article with no DOI/Accession Number Assigned:
Simpson, R. L. (2007). Nursing informatics. Nursing Administration Quarterly 31(4), 354-358.
Retrieved from CINAHL database.
Since there is no DOI/Accession number given, give the exact URL or database the article was
retrieved from.
E. Article from an online Encyclopedia
Mental disorder. (2007). In Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Retrieved February 15,
2007, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article9109830
F. Article from an online Dictionary
Stress. (n.d.). In Stedman’s Online Medical Dictionary (27th ed.). Retrieved October
31st, 2007, from http://www.stedmans.com/section.cfm/45
Online Dictionary without Edition information:
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2007, from
http://www.m-w.com
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G. Online Handbook:
Eardrum perforation. (2003). In R. S. Porter, J. L. Kaplan & M. H. Beers (Eds.), The
Merck manual – home edition online. Retrieved January 23, 2008, from
http://www.merck.com/mmhe/index.html
H. For Newspaper Articles:
With an author:
Curren, D. (1988, February 24). Towns would give eye teeth for a dentist. Leader-Post. p. A12
With no author:
Bring back health plans. (1989, February 16). Leader-Post. p. C6
Letter to the editor:
Posnikoff, S. (1993, April 2). Provincial budget cuts too big [Letter to the editor]. Leader-Post.
p. A8
Retrieved Online:
Benjoe, K. (2007, Oct 16). Taking a shot at the flu. Leader Post. Retrieved from
http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/index.html.
I. For Videos:
APA uses [Motion Picture] to describe videos and movies. Give the name of the author and
their role in the creation of this video (for example, whether they were the producer, director,
or both). Place motion picture in brackets immediately after the title. (see page 266 of the
APA Manual.)
With a company as an author:
AORN (Producer). (2003). Sterilization in the 21st century: principles and practice in the
perioperative setting [Motion Picture]. Woodbury, CT: Cine-Med
With two authors:
Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000).
You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
Online Video:
Wesch, M. (2007). A vision of students today [Video file]. Video posted to
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGCJ46vyR9o
J. For Podcasts:
Audio Podcasts:
Williamson, C., Shamoka, N. & Dunn, J. (Producers). (2007, November 19). BRAINcast 19:
Social networking or MySpace? Podcast retrieved from http://braincast.libsyn.com/
Video Podcasts:
Bahna, S. L. (Producer). (n.d.). Food allergy and additives. Podcast retrieved from
http://www.blueskybroadcast.com/Client/ACAAI/Vodcast/
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K. For Specific Documents on a Web Site:
Web documents often have the same elements as printed documents (titles, authors, dates).
A document from a department Web Site or University:
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education:
New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures.
Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning
Technologies Web site:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
If an article is found within a large web site such as Health Canada or World Health
Organization, identify the host organization before giving the URL.
Example: (“Avian Flu Virus,” 2005, retrieved from the World Health
Organization Web site: www.who.int.)
A Web site that has no author:
New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved March 21, 2001, from
http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp
All references begin with the same information that would be provided for a printed source
(author, title, etc.), or as much of that information as is available. Since Web sites often
change, update, or move it is very important to include the date of retrieval as well as the
location.
L. For Wikis:
Psychology, (2008). Retrieved January 24, 2008 from Wikipedia: The Free
Encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology
M. For Blog postings:
Weblog Post:
Dances with books (2008, January 18). Re: Don’t share what you know. Message posted to
http://annoyedlibrarian.blogspot.com/
Video Weblog Post:
Wesch, M. (2007). A vision of students today [Video file]. Video posted to
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGCJ46vyR9o
N. For Statutes/Legislation/Statistics Canada:
Statistics Canada Document:
Statistics Canada. (2001). A profile of disability in Canada, 2001 (No. 89-577-XWE).
Ottawa, Ontario: Author. Retrieved Sept 1, 2006, from
http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/89-577-XIE/index.htm
In text Citation : (Statistics Canada, 2001)
Canadian Legislation:
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Print copy of Legislation:
Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c.46, s.231(6).
In text Citation : (Criminal Code, 1985)
Internet copy of Legislation:
Criminal Code, R.S.C. c. C-46 (1985). Retrieved October 20, 2006, from
http://laws .justice.gc.ca/en/C-46/index.html
In text Citation : (Criminal Code, 1985)
Canadian Statutes:
Print copy of Statutes:
Family Relations Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 128.
In text Citation : (Family Relations Act, 1996)
Internet copy of Statutes:
Family Relations Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 128. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from
http://www.qp.gov.bc.ca/statreg/stat/F/96128_01.htm
In text Citation : (Family Relations Act, 1996)
O. For SIAST Course Manuals:
Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology [SIAST]. (2006). HINF 161:
Health information analysis 1 [course manual]. Regina, SK: Author.
P. For PowerPoint Presentations:
Canadian Health Information Management Association [CHIMA]. (2006). Taking it to
the next level [PowerPoint slides]. Don Mills: ON: CHIMA.
4. Reference List.
The reference list at the end of your paper documents your research and provides the
information necessary to identify and retrieve each source.
Note that a reference list cites works that specifically support the research you did for your
paper. References cited in your paper must appear in the reference list.
Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author. References with the
same author(s) are arranged by the year of publication, the earliest first. References by the
same author(s) with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by title.
If there is no author, the title moves to the author position, and the entry is alphabetized by
the first significant word of the title.
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APA format calls for the reference list to be single-spaced with the hanging indent
style for entries with double spacing between entries (p. 326). If your instructor has
requested that the paper be “publication ready” then the references should be doublespaced (p. 286).
CHECK WITH YOUR INSTRUCTORS TO SEE IF THEY PREFER THE PARAGRAPH
STYLE OF ENTRY.
The following page shows how the list of references at the end of your paper should look:
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REFERENCES
AORN (Producer). (2003). Sterilization in the 21st century: Principles and practice in the
perioperative setting [Motion Picture]. Woodbury, CT: Cine-Med
Bring back health plans. (1989, February 16). Leader-Post, p. C6.
British Columbia Nurses’ Union. (1992). Nurses: The violent story [Motion Picture].
Burnaby, BC: Author.
Canadian Dental Hygienists’ Association. (1982). Code of ethics (2nd ed.) [Brochure].
Ottawa: Author.
Clovis, J. (1994). The impact of demographic, economic and social trends on oral health care.
Canadian Dental Hygienist: Probe, 28(5), 93-98.
Curren, D. (1988, February 24). Towns would give eye teeth for a dentist. Leader-Post, p. A12.
Dentistry in the headlines: The profession and the press. (1990). Journal of the American Dental
Association, 120(5), 443-449.
Farman, A. G., Nortje, C. J., & Wood, R. E. (1993). Oral and maxillofacial diagnostic imaging.
St. Louis: Mosby.
Fitch, M. A., & Moxley, R. A. (1984). Changing patient behavior: A behavior modification manual
for dental professionals. Lakewood,Col: RAM Press.
National Institute of Mental Health (2007). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Retrieved April 23, 2007, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/healthinformation/adhdmenu.cfm
Peterson, L. J., Ellis, E., Hupp, J. R., & Tuker, M. R. (Eds.). (1993). Contemporary oral surgery.
St. Louis: Mosby.
Poenikoff, S. (1993, April 2). Provincial budget cuts too big [Letter to the editor]. Leader-Post,
p. A3.
Potter, P. A. (2005). Critical thinking in nursing practice. In P.A. Potter & A.G. Perry (Eds.),
Fundamentals of Nursing (pp.260-276). St. Louis: Mosby.
Saskatchewan Health. (1979). An attitude survey of families enrolled in the Saskatchewan
dental plan. Regina: Author.
Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology [SIAST]. (2006). HINF 161:
Health information analysis 1 [course manual]. Regina, SK: Author.
Schnuth, M. L. (1994). You and your vegetarian patients. RDH,14(4), 12-22.
Wilkins, E. K. (1989). Clinical practice of the dental hygienist (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger.
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FAQ RE: APA STYLE
1. How do I cite a source I found quoted in my textbook?
• List the secondary source, your text, in the reference list.
• In the text of your essay, name the original work and give the citation for the secondary
source.
example: “Freud’s dream analysis (as cited in Colville, 1991) suggests. . .”
2. Should I cite my source if I am paraphrasing? YES
3. How can I tell if I’m plagiarizing another person’s work?
• If you mix up an author’s words or replace an author’s words with synonyms, if you
borrow the author’s structure while using your own words or if you do not give credit or
cite your source, you are committing an act of plagiarism.
4. What is the difference between paraphrasing and summarizing?
• You summarize information by condensing it or picking out JUST the main ideas. For
example: Summarize a paragraph into one concise sentence.
• You paraphrase by using the same material, and approximately the same amount of
words but stated in your own words.
Source: A Canadian Writer’s Reference by Diana Hacker
Adapted from Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed., 2001 and
APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources, 2007.
SIAST Libraries January 22nd, 2008
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