Document 6518529

Section 3-l
63-d5)
What Is Ecology? (pases
This sectiottidentifiesthedifferentInels of organizationthat ecologists
methodsusedto study ecology.
study. It alsodescribes
Interactions and Interdependence
(page63)
1. What is ecology?
2. What does the biosphere contain?
Levels of Organization
(page
54)
3. \AIhy do ecologistsask questions about events and organisms that range in
complexity from an individual to the biosphere?
4. Complete the table about levels of organization.
LEVELSOF ORGANIZATION
Level
Definition
Species
A groupof individualsthat belongto the samespeciesand live in the same area
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Gommunity
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Ecosystem
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A groupof ecosystemsthat havethe sameclimateand dominantcommunities
Class
Name
Date
5. What is the highest level of organizationthat ecologistsstudy?
6s)
Ecological Methods (page
scientistsuseto conductmodem ecological
6. What arethe threebasicapproaches
research?
a.
b.
c.
7. Why might an ecologistset up an artificial environment in a laboratory?
8. Why are many ecological phenomena difficult to study?
9. Why do ecologistsmake models?
10. Is the following sentencetrue or false?An ecologicalmodel may consist of a
mathematicalformula
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q;
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Name
Class
Date
6r-7t\
Section 3-2 Energy Flow (pases
This sectiottexplainszuhere
theenergyfor life processes
comes
from. It also
how energyJlows throughliaing systemsand how fficient the
describes
transferof energyis amongorgarismsin an ecosystem.
Introduction
(pagesz)
1. What is at the core of every organism'sinteractionwith the environment?
Producers (pages
6z-68,
2. What sourceof energydo organismsusethat don't usethe sun'senergy?
3. What are autotrophs?
a. Why are autotrophsalso called producers?
5. What do autotrophsdo during photosynthesis?
6. For eachof the following, write which kind of autotroph is the main producer.
a. Land:
b. Upper layers of ocean:
c. Tidal flats and salt marshes:
7. What is chemosynthesis?
8. Where do bacteria that carry out chemosynthesislive?
T
-.
a
=
Consum€fS
(pages68-69)
9. Heterotrophs are also called
10. Plant and animal remains and other dead matter are collectiveiy called
o
d
Date
Class
Name
1L. Complete the table about types of heterotrophs.
TYPESOF HETEROTROPHS
Type
Examples
Definition
Cows, rabbits
Herbivore
Heterotrophthat eats animals
Humans,bears,crow
Omnivore
Detritivore
Decomposer
Feeding Relationships (pages
6s-71')
12. How doesenergyflow throughan ecosystem?
13. Complete the table about feeding relationships.
FEEDINGRELATIONSHIPS
Relationship
Description
Food Chain
FoodWeb
14. What does a food web link together?
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15. What is a trophic level?
16. In a food web, what organismsmake up the first trophic level?
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17. What does a consumerin a food chain depend on for energy?
Ecological Pyramids tp"g"s72-Ts,
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o
L8. What is an ecologicalpyramid?
19. Why is it that only part of the energy stored in one trophic level is passedon to the
next ievel?
Name
Class
Date
20. Complete the energy pyramid by writing the source of the energy for the food web
and how much energy is available to first-, second-,and third-level consumers.
Heat
Third-level
consumers
Second-level
consumers
First-level
consumers
100%Producers
21. What is biomass?
22. What does a biomasspyramid represent?
23. What does a pyramid of numbers show?
24. Why can each trophic level support only about one tenth the amount of living tissue as
the ievel below it?
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Reading
SkillPractice
When your read about complex topics,writing an outline can help you organize
and understand the material. Outline SectionT2by using the headings and
subheadingsas topics and subtopics and then writing the most important details
under eachtopic. Do your work on a separatesheetof paper.
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4
Date
Class
Name
Section 3-3 Cycles of Matter
(pases
74-80)
amongtheliaingandnonliaingparts
howmattercycles
Thissection
describes
It alsoerplainshownutrientsareimportantin liaingsystems.
ofanecosystem.
za)
Introduction (page
1. What arethe four elementsthat makeup over 95 percentof the body in most
organisms?
Recycling in the Biosphere (page24)
2. How is the movementof matterthroughthe biospheredifferentfrom the flow
of energy?
3. Matter moves through an ecosystemrn
4. What do biogeochemical cycles connect?
The Water Cycle (pase75)
5. Watercanenterthe atmosphereby evaporatingfrom the leavesof plantsin the
processof
6. Circle the letter of each processinvolved in the water cycle.
a. precipitation
b. evaporation
c. runoff
d. fertilization
Nutrient Cycles (pages
7G-Ts)
7. What are nutrients?
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8. What are the three nutrient cyclesthat play especially prominent roles in the
biosphere?
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b.
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9. Why is carbon especialiy important to living systems?
10. What are three large reservoirs where carbon is found in the biosphere?
a. As carbon dioxide gas in the
b. As dissolved carbon dioxide in the
c. As coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock found
11. In what processdo plants use carbondioxide?
Class
Name
Date
12. Why do all organisms require nitrogen?
13. Complete the table about the kinds of processesinvolved in the carbon cycle.
INTHE CARBONCYCLE
KINDSOF PROCESSES
Kind
Examples
Biologicalprocesses
Releaseof CO, to the atmosphereby volcanoes
Mixedbiogeochemical
processes
Humanactivity
L4. What is the main reservoir of nikogen in the biosphere?
15. What is nitrogen fixation?
16. \Atrhatis denitrification?
17. What role does denitrification play in the nitrogen cycle?
18. Circle the letter of each sentencethat is true about the phosphorus cycle.
a. Phosphateis releasedas rocks and sedimentswear down.
b. Plants absorb phosphate from the soil or from water.
/a\
v
E
c. Phosphorus is abundant in the atmosphere.
-
d. Organic phosphate cannot move through food webs.
-.
19. Why is phosphorus essentialto living things?
a
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Nutrient Limitation (page
8o)
20. What is the primaryproductivityof an ecosystem?
21. If a nutrient is in short supply in an ecosystem,how will it affect an organism?
@
d
Name
Class
Date
22. When is a substance called a limiting nutrient?
23. In the oceanand other saltwater environments, what is often the limiting factor?
24. What is the typical limiting factor in streams,lakes,and freshwater environments?
25. \Atrhenan aquatic ecosystemreceivesa Iarge input of a limiting nutrient, what is often
the result, and what is this result called?
26. Why do blooms occur?
WordWise
Completethesentences
by using oneof thescrambledwordsbelorn.
dcreuorps
mtssyceoe
meiob
ythnssieoemhcs
aieoeoibgchmclyeccl
ttnnreiu
The processby which organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydratesis
A collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their physical
environment, is a(an)
A chemical substance that an organism requires to live is a(an)
Autotrophs, which make their own food, are also called
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A group of ecosysternsthat have the same climate and dominant communities is
a(an)
A process in which elements, chemical compounds, or other forms of matter are passed
from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another is a(an)