By Amisha Pardasani

Transcription

By Amisha Pardasani

By
Amisha Pardasani
Contents
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Introduction to Wireless Application Protocol
Introduction to Wireless Markup Language
WML Formatting
Links and Images
Input
Tasks
Timer
Forms
Variables
Entities
Template
Conclusion
References
What is WAP
WAP Architechture
Does wireless internet really
need a different protocol?
Issues:
• Transfer speed
• Size and Readability
• Navigation
Summarizing WAP
•WAP is an application communication protocol
•WAP is used to access services and information
•WAP is inherited from internet standards
•WAP is for handheld devices
•WAP is a protocol designed for micro browsers
•WAP enables the creating of web applications for mobile
devices
•WAP uses the markup language WML
Examples of WAP
• Checking train table information
• Ticket purchase
• Flight check in
• Viewing traffic information
• Checking weather conditions
• Looking up stock values
• Looking up addresses, phone numbers
What is WML?
•Wireless Markup Language
•based on XML
•Purpose:
•to specify user interface behavior and
•display contents on wireless devices such as
pagers,
(PDAs)
•WAP, WML
WWW, HTML
(phones),
Is WML lean and mean?
WML is designed to support a range of devices which
have the following characteristics:
•Small display size (relative to conventional personal
computers)
•Limited memory and CPU size
•Low bandwidth
Due to these reasons WAP was designed to be lean and
mean
WML Formatting
• WML tags
• Decks and cards
• Comments
• Text formatting
• Tables
WML Tags
•Syntax: strict, conforms to XML 1.0 standard
•Restricted use of tags
•Restricted use of tables and images
•Tags are case-sensitive
WML Decks and Cards
Deck
•WML page
•Consists of a set of cards
•All cards in a deck are downloaded at
one time
•Must be small and contain logically
pertaining cards
Cards
•Can contain text, markup, links, inputfields, tasks, images, etc.
•Can be related to each other with links
A Simple Example
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">
<wml>
<card id="no1" title="Card 1">
<p>Hello World!</p>
</card>
<card id="no2" title="Card 2">
<p>Welcome to WAP School!</p>
</card>
</wml>
WML Code
------ Card 1 -----Hello World!
Only one card is displayed at
a time
Result
Comments
Comments are not displayed in the browser

Text Formatting
<wml>
<card title="Formatting">
<p>
normal<br/>
<em>emphasized</em><br/>
<strong>strong</strong><br/>
<b>bold</b><br/>
<i>italic</i><br/>
<u>underline</u><br/>
<big>big</big><br/>
<small>small</small>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
WML Code
----- Formatting ----normal
emphasized
strong
bold
italic
underline
big
small
Result
Tables
<wml>
<card title="Table">
<p>
<table columns="3">
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
------ Table -----Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
WML Links and Images
• Links
– <anchor> tag
– <a> tag
• Images
Links - <anchor> Tag
<wml>
<card>
<p>
<anchor>Next page
<go href="test.wml"/>
</anchor>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
Links - <a> Tag
<wml>
<card>
<p>
Some links:<br/>
<a title="Link1"><go
href="d1.wml"/>News<
/a><br/>
<a title="Link2"><go
href="d2.wml"/>Sports
</a>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
Image
<wml>
<card title="Image">
<p>
This is an image
<img src="../images/hatman.wbmp”alt=”hatman" />
in a paragraph
</p>
</card>
</wml>
----- Image -----
This is an image
in a paragraph
WML Input
• Input fields
• Format Masks
• Select and Option
• Fieldset
Input Fields
<wml>
<card title="Input">
<p>
Name: <input name="Name" size="15"/><br/>
Age: <input name="Age" size="15” format="*N"/><br/>
Sex: <input name="Sex" size="15"/>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
----- Input ---------Name:
Age :
Sex :
Syntax: text
<input name="variable" title="label" type="type"
value="value" default="default" format="specifier"
emptyok="boolean" size="n" maxlength="n"
tabindex="n"/>
Specifying a Format Mask
A: Any symbolic or uppercase alphabetic character (no numbers)
a: Any symbolic or lowercase alphabetic character (no numbers)
N: Any numeric character (no symbols or alphabetic characters)
X: Any symbolic, numeric, or uppercase alphabetic character (not changeable
to lowercase)
x: Any symbolic, numeric, or lowercase alphabetic character (not changeable
to uppercase)
M: Any symbolic, numeric, or uppercase alphabetic character (changeable to
lowercase)--for multiple character input, defaults to uppercase first character
m: Any symbolic, numeric, or lowercase alphabetic character (changeable to
uppercase)--for multiple character input, defaults to lowercase first character
•To limit the number of characters users can enter, you can specify a single
digit number before the character tag--for example, format="3X" lets user
enter a maximum of three symbolic, numeric, or uppercase alphabetic
characters.
•To let users enter an unlimited number of characters, specify an asterisk (*)
before the character tag--for example, format="*a" lets the user enter any
number of symbolic or lowercase alphabetic characters.
Select and Option
<wml>
<card title="Selectable List 1">
<p>
<select multiple=“true”>
<option value="htm">HTML School</option>
<option value="xml">XML School</option>
<option value="wap">WAP School</option>
</select>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
--- Selectable List 1--HTML School
XML School
WAP School
Select Syntax
text
<select title="label"
multiple="boolean”
name="variable”
default="default"
iname="index_var”
ivalue="default”
tabindex="n">
content
</select>
Option Syntax
The <option> element specifies a particular choice within a
<select> element.
Syntax
<option title="label" value="value" onpick="url">
content
</option>
Fieldset
------- Fieldset-------<wml>
<card title="Fieldset">
CD Info
<p> <fieldset title="CD Info">
Title:
Title: <input name="title" type="text"/><br/>
Prize:
Prize: <input name="prize" type="text"/>
</fieldset>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
WML Tasks
• Go task
• Prev task
• Refresh task
• Noop task
Task Elements
Start Tag
Purpose
<go>
Represents the action of
switching to a new card
WML
1.1
<noop>
Says that nothing should be done
(noop stands for "no operation").
Used to override deck-level
elements
1.1
<prev>
Represents the action of going
back to the previous card
1.1
<refresh>
Refreshes some specified card
1.1
variables. If any of the variables
are shown on the screen, this task
also refreshes the screen
Go Task
• The <go> element is a task element that instructs the device to open a
specified URL.
• If the URL specifies a particular card, the device displays that card.
• If the URL specifies a deck, the device displays the first card in that deck.
<wml>
<card>
<p>
<anchor>
Go To Test
<go href="test.wml"/>
</anchor>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
Syntax:
<go href="url" sendreferer="boolean"
method="method"
accept-charset="charset"
<postfield name="data" value="value"/>
content
</go>
where content represents the variables to
set when opening the specified URL:
content You can optionally specify one or
more variables in a <go> statement:
<setvar>
Prev Task
• The <prev> element is a task element that instructs the device to remove the
current URL from the history stack and open the previous URL.
• If no previous URL exists on the history stack, specifying <prev> has no effect.
<wml>
<card>
<p>
<anchor>
Previous Page
<prev/>
</anchor>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
Syntax:
<prev>content</prev>
where content represents the
variables to set when opening the
previous URL:
content You can optionally
specify one or more variables in a
<prev> statement:
<setvar>
Noop Task
• The <noop> element is a task element that instructs the device to do nothing, i.e. "no
operation."
• This element is useful for overriding deck-level <do> elements, called shadowing
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC
"-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
<wml>
<card>
<p>
<do type="prev" label="Back">
<noop/>
</do>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
Syntax
<noop/>
Refresh
Task
•The <refresh> element is a task element that instructs the device to refresh the
specified card variables.
•The device also refreshes the display if any of those variables are currently shown.
<?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE wml
PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
<wml>
<card>
<p>
<anchor>
Refresh this page
<go href="thispage.wml"/>
<refresh>
<setvar name="x" value="30"/>
</refresh>
</anchor>
</p>
</card>
</wml>
Syntax
<refresh>content</refresh>
where content represents the
variables to refresh:
content You must specify at least
one variable in a <refresh>
statement:
<var>
Timer
The <timer> element provides a method for invoking a task automatically after
some period of user inactivity. Any task or user action that activates the card starts
the timer, and executing any task element stops it. You can only associate one task
per timer, and you can only define one timer per card.
<wml>
<card ontimer="#card2">
<timer name="time" value="50"/>
<p>
Hello, Unwired World!
</p>
</card>
<card id="card2">
...
</card>
</wml>
Syntax
<timer name="variable"
value="value"/>
Forms
A form is basically a do/go function
<do type="accept" label="Next">
<go method="post” href="http://mydomain.com/mycgiscript.cgi">
<postfield name="searchvalue" value="$(search)"/>
<postfield name="type" value="general"/>
</go>
</do>
<p>
Search for:
<input type="text" name="search"/>
</p>
Variables
Variables are used to proliferate status information or user entries
from one card to another or to the server.
Variables consist of a letter or underscore character, followed by
zero or more letters, numbers or underscore.
WML variables are case sensitive.
A WML variable can be specified in various ways:
• with a setvar command
• through an input element
• with a postfield command
The major use of variables is for forms.
Specifying a Variable with the
Setvar Command
When someone executes a task (like go, prev, and refresh), the
setvar element can be used to set a variable with a specified
value.
Syntax:
<setvar name="i" value="500"/>
<setvar
name="name"
value="value"/>
Specifying a Variable
through an Input Element
Variables can also be set through an input element (like input, select,
option, etc.).
The following example will create a variable named schoolname:
<card id="card1">
<select name="schoolname">
<option value="HTML">HTML School</option>
<option value="XML">XML School</option>
</select>
</card>
To use the variable we created in the example above:
<card id="card2">
<p>You selected: $(schoolname)</p>
</card>
Character Entities
The following are the only non-numeric entities supported by wml:
Result
&
Description
Ampersand
Entity Name
&amp
Entity Number
&#38
‘
Apostrophe
&apos
&#39
>
<
Greater-than
Less-than
&gt
&lt
&#62
&#60
&nbsp
&#160
“
-
Non-breaking
space
Quotation mark
Soft hyphen
&quot
&shy
&#34
&#173
Template
This element behaves like a function that is shared by all the
cards of a deck.
<wml>
<template>
<do type="prev" name="previous” label="Previous">
<prev/>
</do>
</template>
Syntax
<template>
Task
</template>
Conclusion
• WML offers software developers an entirely new,
exciting platform on which to deploy their applications.
• With this new platform, however, there comes a host of
tradeoffs and challenges.
• A new wrinkle will be added to the design process as
things like server round-trips, bandwidth, and display
sizes become issues to contend with.
• There is no doubt that WAP opens the door to a new era
in application development and deployment.
References
•
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•
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•
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www.w3schools.com/wap
devgate2.phone.com/htmldoc/32w/wmlref/
www.aitcom.net/wmltutor
www.Wap-UK.com
www.home-port.net/wml.htm
www.waptechinfo.com
www.wapdesign.org.uk/
www.nokiko.com/wap/wml-template.asp
Any Questions / Suggestions?
Please email me at [email protected]
Thank You!!!

By Amisha Pardasani

Transcription

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