Current Developments in Computer Hardware, Software and Communication

Current Developments in Computer Hardware, Software and Communication

Current Developments in
Computer Hardware,
Software and
Communication
Dr. Gu Wei
Senior engineer
Intel Corporation
``Overview´´
Hardware
Software (System)
Software (Application)
Communication
Birth of a Chip (ICs)
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Transistors / Die
0.18 to 0.13 micron technology
200mm to 300mm wafers
Gordon Moore‘s Law
The number of transistors that
would be incorporated on a
silicon die would double every
18 months for the next several
years
IA-32 Architecture

Intel‘s 32-Bit (Incl. 16-Bit) Architecture
 Function Units
 Connections
 Machine Instruction Sets

Intel 4004, 8085/8080, 8086/8088, 286, 386, 486,
Pentium, P6, Penium Pro, PentiumII, PeniumIII,
Penium4...
Compatibility of software (object code created in
1978 can still executed on newst processor)
Every new generation deliver significantly higher
performance


Intel
Processor
Date
Freq.
(MHz)
Trans.
(/Die)
E.Bus Addr.
(Bits)
Caches
8086
1978
8
29 K
16
1 MB
None
286
1982
12.5
134 K
16
16 MB ??
386 DX
1985
20
275 K
32
4 GB
??
486 DX
1989
25
1.2 M
32
4 GB
L1: 8 KB
Pentium
1993
60
3.1 M
64
4 GB
L1: 16 KB
Pentium Pro
1995
200
5.5 M
64
64 GB
L1: 16 KB
L2: 256 KB
Or 512 KB
Pentium II
1997
266
7M
64
64 GB
L1: 32 KB
L2: 256 KB
Or 512 KB
Pentium III
1999
500
8.2 M
64
64 GB
L1: 32 KB
L2: 256 KB
Or 512 KB
Pentium 4
2000
1.5
GHz
42 M
64
64 GB
12 K op Trace
8 KB L1
256 KB L2
TM

MMX technology
 Introduced with Pentium family
 Addtional 64 bits Registers, Instructions,
 SIMD execution model,
 Paralle computation on packed 64 integer data
for multimedia applications

Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE)
 Introduced with Pentium III
 Addtional 128 bits Registers, Instructions ...

Multiprocessorsystem
 2 or 4 processors (with shared memory)
Pentium 4 Processor


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1. Imp. of Intel NetBurst micro-architecture
 Rapid Execution Engine
 Hyper Pipelined Technology
(Instruction prefetch, Branch prediction...)
 Advanced Dynamic Execution
(Out of order core...)
 New cache subsystem
Streaming SIMD Extension 2 (SSE2)
...
400 MHz NetBurst system bus
...
Support for system programming
Control Registers
 Debug Registers
 Performance monitoring Counters
 Time-Stamp Counter

IA-64: Itanium


Intel‘s 64-bit architecture
Goals:
 Overcome the limitations of today‘s
architecture
 Provide world class floating point performance
 Support large memory needs with 64-bit
addressability
 Protect existing investments with IA-32
compatibility
 Support growing high-end application
workloads for e-business, enterprise, &
technical computing
IA-64: Data types & Registers


Data:
 Integer: 8, 16, 32, 64
 Floating-point: 32, 64,
82
Registers
 128 General
 128 Floating-point
 128 Application
 64 Predicate
 8 Branch
 1 Instruction Pointer
IA-64: Boosting Performance
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Increases instruction level parallelism
 Instruction bundle/group
 supporting hyper software pipelines,...
Improves branch handling
 more branch register
 predicate register before an instruction,...
Hides memory latencies
 more general registers for temporary data
Nat-bit, register stack, ...
Supports modular code
 data/control dependencies
 preloading,...
Connecting system units
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Bus & Port
 Pins (number & function)
 Access signals and timing
 Size
Internal bus & port
 ISA/ESIA, PCI, mini PCI,... (P&P)
 Parallel ATA  Serial ATA (flexible,thin cable)
 AGP
External bus & port
 SCSI, -2, -3, PCMSIA,
 RS-232, PS-2, FireWire, USB,...
(Com-P&P, hot P&P)
Software

Compiler optimization

Benefiting from new processor
 Use of new registers & instructions
 Exploitation of paralelism

Pro - Program analysis and restructuring
...
Software

Operating System (e.g. Windows 2000, Whistler)

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Benefiting from new processor
Advanced I/O Subsystem
Fast boot & application launch
Advanced resource (memory, devices,etc.) & power management
More supports for error detection & debugging, system file
protection
Support for programming in multi-thread/processor
 Interlocked-Operations (inc, dec, exchange,...)
 Spinlocks, synchronization objects,...
API
(Opened or Closed, Documented/Undocumented)
 For writing programs & Libraries
 For writing drivers
Software

Advanced Installation

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Monitoring & Administration

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Events view
Log files
Error detecting & recovering

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Detecting enviroment (processor, memory,...)
Selecting the optimized version
Configuration
SFP
LastKnownGood
...
Saving current system& appls. status by shutdown
Software

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Standalone or combination of
 Server-Client
 Expert system
 Database
 Management
 Communication...
Multimedia (Game, Hoppy,...)
E- and I-Business
Security
Software

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Middleware
 used to integrate incompatible applications
Vaporware
 Announced long before it is ready to be shipped
Interpreter & Execution
 Java
 HTML  XML
...
Communication

Physical channels
 Wire
 Phone line
• high frequence (1 – 2 M bits) xDSL
 Cable
 Glass Fiber
• Multiwavelength sources, ultra-switch,...
 Wireless
 Ground stations
 Satelite
Communication
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Channel allocation
 Voice band, . . .
Transfer Technology
 Analog v. Digital
 Circuit/Packet switching
 ATM
Multiple Access Control
 FDMA
 TDMA
 CDMA
Communication

Protocols
 A set of rules govering the information flow
within a communication infrastructure
 Symbols (characters), format, timing, error
correction, and running order
 Examples:
 HDLC, X.25, „Internet“(TCP/IP), HTTP,
WAP, ...
Communication

Networking
 Connectionless vs. Connection-oriented
Communications
 LAN (ethernet, token ring/bus)
 WAN
 Communication network/Computer network
 X.25
 ISDN, B-ISDN, SONET,...
 Internet, Intranet, Extranet, Evernet
Communication

More powerful DSP & Controller

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Intended to embedded systems/devices (Set-Top Box,
Handy, HPC,...)
Example:
 100MBits ethernet controller with many integrated
protocol implementations, a mini-pci interface and a
interface for attaching a DSP (LAN+Modem
Combo-Card for Notebooks)
Simple & cheep ICs


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Intented as an extension of a PC‘s (normally as a buildin card)
Use of PC‘s CPU power (vi´a a driver)
Examples:
 Controllerless modem, software modem,...
IXA: Intel Internet Exchange
Architecture
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A combination of solutions for network and
communication system manufacturers (OEMs)
Building blocks
 Processors (PentiumIII, IXP1200 network
processor, ...)
 Supporting chip sets
 Software from third party and Intel labs
 DriversSDKs & DDKs
For quickly developping various networking and
communications products
LAN: Use of power line
More than one PC at home
 Most used lines and plug-in interface in a
building
 Problems:
 Different goals in USA and Europe
 Disturbances
 Standards

WAN: Mobile + Internet Service
One in fours PCs now sold are notebooks
 WAP & Bluetooth
 UMTS
 `Anytime/Anywhere´ communications
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