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THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERALS
THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
FOR
THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES PROJECT (SMMRP) PHASE II
DECEMBER, 2014
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background
The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania through the Ministry of Energy and Minerals has
been implementing the Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project (SMMRP) since 2009,
which aimed at improving small-scale and artisanal mining and the associated social, economic and
environmental impacts and strengthening management, good governance, transparency and
operational capacity within the mineral sector. The project was in line with the national objective to
improve overall management of the Mineral Sector and maximize benefits to the investors and the
nation as a whole. Following the successful implementation of phase I which ends in June 2015, the
second of the project will begin which is a 3-year technical assistance project Development objective
of the proposed project is to improve the socio-economic benefits of mining for Tanzania and
Tanzanians, and also to improve Government capacity to manage the mineral sector and enhance local
and foreign investments. The second phase enhances the implementation of the first through the four
components: a) improving the Benefits of the Mineral Sector for Tanzania: Artisanal and Small-Scale
Mining, Local Economic Development and Skills Development; b) Strengthening Governance and
Transparency in Mining; c) Stimulating Mineral Sector Investment; and d) Project Coordination and
Management. Some sub-components with their activities that have been accomplished in phase I will
be dropped with additional ones for the phase II. The principal SMMRP implementing agency is the
Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM) through the Minerals Division.
The project retains its original classification of Category B, as defined in the World Bank’s Operational
Policy 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. The basis for this rating is that the direct or indirect
environmental impacts of project activites are site-specific, identifiable and can be managed by
instituting sound mitigatory measures. This report provides a revised Environmental and Social
Management Framework (ESMF) for the SMMRP II. Implementation of SMMRP II will be guided with
relevant legislations with respect to the sub-projects to be implemented. World Bank's Safeguard
Policies on Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) will be
largely used in line with domestic legislations. Other safeguard policies will be considered when needs
will arise.
The ESMF provides mechanisms for ensuring that all environmental and social impacts which may result
from implementation of sub-projects under SMMRP-II are identified, assessed and mitigated as
appropriate. The Environmental Management Act of 2004 and Environmental Impact Assessment &
Audit Regulations of 2005 prescribe details on how an EIA can be conducted.
Review of existing information and data on SMMRP-I implementation and other previous studies were
conducted. Recommendations from SESA Report were taken into account in formulation of activities to
be carried out in the additional financing. Although implementation of SMMRP-I has been apparently
successful with evident improvements to the mineral sector, the following inherent risks were still
identified in line with implementation of SMMRP-II:
i.
Inadequate stakeholder consultation could affect stakeholder participation and effectiveness
during implementation of activities defined under the project.
i
ii.
iii.
Poor selection criteria for: rolling out financial assistance, site selection for demonstration
centers and selection of ASM for training of trainers under the project could create unfair
competition and affect projected outcomes.
Inadequate training of entrepreneurs and government officials, particularly with respect to
transportable demonstration units (TDUs), operation of demonstration centers, and use of
financial assistance could amplify existing health and safety risks in ASM and also contribute to
environmental degradation.
Common major environmental and social impacts caused by mining, mineral processing and other
associated activities are highlighted under this section. Impacts highlighted provide the framework in
which related impacts can specifically be determined. The environmental impacts highlighted include
land degradation, environmental pollution, loss of biodiversity and habitats and deterioration of aquatic
systems. On the other hand, social impacts that are common in the mining sector include but not limited
to limited access to social services, child labor and OHS impacts. Potential root causes of the impacts are
provided based on which the mitigation measures can be set.
The revised framework was prepared in line with further consultations with appropriate stakeholders at
the national and local levels including government ministries/agencies, mining companies, other private
sector actors, artisanal miners, NGO’s, people and communities in mining areas. Consultations were
done with different stakeholders comprised of representatives from Local Government Authorities and
Miners Associations in the selected sites, Government Ministries and Civil Society Organizations.
The revised ESMF outlines the following environment and social requirements
implementation:
related to SMMRP II
i.
Environment Regulatory Arrangements. All mining activities are subject to the Environmental
Management Act (EMA) 2004 and associated regulations. The National Environmental
Management Council (NEMC) has primary responsibility of enforcing environmental legislation.
All mining projects in Tanzania are subject to EMA, 2004 and the Mining Act of 2010 and its
regulations.
ii.
Social Safeguards: There is no specific legislation that governs resettlement in Tanzania.
However a number of sections in different legislations provide for issues related to
compensation and resettlement including the Mining Act of 2010; Land Act of 1999 (Cap 113);
Village Land Act of 1999; Land Acquisition Act of 1967; Land Disputes Courts Act, (Cap 216);
Grave (Removal) Act of 1969; Environmental Management Act of 2004; Antiquities Act of 1964
(amended 1979); Land (Compensation Claims) Regulation 2001; and the Forest Act of 2002
.World Bank guidelines will be applicable in cases where safeguards are not adequately covered
in above legislations.
The Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM) will take the leading role as the principal
implementing Agency to oversee the implementation of the SMMRP II. MEM also oversees the
implementation of the Mining Policy; Enforcement of laws and regulations for mining and
protection of the environment; Environmental monitoring and auditing of various SMMRP
project activities; Mining projects EIS & EMP approvals (through a Multi-Sectoral committee);
and Mining conflict resolutions. Other responsible agencies include Vice President’s Office
(Division of Environment)and District, Ward and Village Environmental Committees which have
the responsibility of coordinating and advising on environmental policies, promoting
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environmental awareness, information generation and dissemination. Holders of mining Licenses
(SSM/LSM) are responsible for conducting Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment,
resettlement of project affected people, Implementation of the Environmental and Social
Management Plan and Project Monitoring, internal and external auditing and reporting;
iii.
Engagement with Civil Society and Communities. During SMMRP-II implementation, procedures
will be developed for the on-going consultation processes that involve NGOs, landowners, and
industry representatives in the dialogue on mining sector environmental and social issues. The
procedures will be based on guidelines provided in the Environmental Impacts Assessment and
Audit Regulations, 2005 on public participations. in cases where issues will not be
comprehensively covered by existing legislations, the World Bank Operational Policy (4.01)
Project Principles and Implementation Process
MEM will be the principal implementation agency of the project in close collaboration with other
stakeholders including key role players mentioned above suitably qualified agents/consultants will be
appointed by MEM to implement the various components of the Project. Project Management Team
(PMT) will be responsible for day-to-day project implementation and management, and coordination of
various activities of targeted stakeholders. All grievances concerning non-fulfillment of contract or
seizure of assets will be addressed to the existing local courts system of administration of justice in the
Districts. All attempts will be made to settle grievances.
The ESMF provides guidance on which decisions will be made on whether the planned sub-project will
be environmentally and socially viable. It includes screening checklists and provides guidance for
prepartion of Environment and Social Management Plans. Details of roles and responsibilities of various
stakeholders, timeline for implementation and budgetary allocation have been included in the ESMF.
A Monitoring plan has been provided in this report to help in assessing whether the pre determined
goals have been successfully implemented. It further provides indicators along each activity planned to
be implemented under additional financing. The section also provides for conducting annual ESMF
reviews. Annual reviews are aimed at ensuring compliance with ESMF guidelines as well as used as a way
to improve procedures to integrate environment and social management into project implementation.
The ESMF requires an independent assessment to be commissioned 6 months prior to project
completion.
The Executive Summary of this document will be translated into Swahili language and disclosed in
Tanzania and also in the WB websites for public disclosure in accordance with World Bank Disclosure
requirements.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
1.1
PROJECT BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2
Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project (SMMRP) ............................................... 1
1.3
PROPOSED ADDITIONAL FINANCING ACTIVITIES AND RELATED CHANGES ................................... 3
1.4
ESM FRAMEWORK OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE .......................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2
2
WOLD BANK POLICIS AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ................................................... 8
2.1
WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES.............................................................................................. 8
2.2
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND AGREEMENTS ................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 3
3
OVERVIEW OF THE MINERAL SECTOR AND SMMRP ACTIVITIES ..................................................... 13
3.1
SMALL SCALE MINING .................................................................................................................. 13
3.2
PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE MINING SECTOR. ....................................... 14
3.3
LEGAL REGIME .............................................................................................................................. 16
3.4
FISCAL REGIME ............................................................................................................................. 18
3.5
PROJECT PRINCIPLES AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS .............................................................. 22
CHAPTER 4
4
RECOMMENDATIONS FROM SESA REPORT...................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER 5
5
DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .................................... 31
5.1
Potential Environmental Concerns and Impacts .......................................................................... 31
5.2
Table vvv: Potential Social Concerns and Impacts ........................................................................ 32
5.3
Positive Social Impacts from ASM ................................................................................................ 34
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CHAPTER 6
6
STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATIONS ..................................................................................................... 44
6.1
Groups of Stakeholders Consulted and Issues Raised .................................................................. 44
6.2
Stakeholders Issues Response in ESMF ........................................................................................ 44
6.3
Grievances Redress ....................................................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER 7
7
COORDINATION MECHANISM WITH OTHER MINISTRIES AND DEPARTMENTS ON ENVIRONMENT ...
..................................................................................................................................................464645
7.1
Vice Presidents Office ...........................................................................................................464645
7.2
The National Environment Management Council (NEMC)...................................................464645
7.3
Sector Environmental Sections .............................................................................................464645
7.4
Institutional Roles and Responsibilities ................................................................................ 474746
7.5
PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS...................................................................................... 474746
7.5.1
Principles of Implementing ESMF ..................................................................................... 474746
7.5.2
Potential Users of the ESMF .............................................................................................. 484847
7.6
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING OF SUB- PROJECTS ..........................................494948
7.7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST FOR REHABILITATION OF SMALL CIVIL
WORKS UNDER SUB-COMPONENT A2 .......................................................................................... 515150
CHAPTER 8
8
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .............................................................................................. 535352
8.1
THE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ...................... 535352
8.2
MONITORING PLAN ..............................................................................................................545453
8.3
ANNUAL REVIEWS ................................................................................................................595958
8.4
TIMELINE AND BUDGET FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMF ..................................................616160
CHAPTER 9 ................................................................................................................................ 626261
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................. 626261
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LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX 1: SCREENING CHECKLIST FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A PROJECT
ANNEX 2: GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
(ESMP)
ANNEX 3: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
ANNEX 4: SEA IMPACTS ANALYS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
ANNEX 5: GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE SUPERVISION OF SMMRP PROJECTS
ANNEX 6: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR SMALL CIVIL WORKS
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: World Bank Safeguard Policies ........................................................................................................ 9
Table 2: International Agreements Applicable to Mineral Resources......................................................... 11
: Table 3:Participation of Women in Mining by Mineral Type ..................................................................... 15
Table 4: Taxes and Fees Payable in the Mineral Sector ............................................................................... 18
Table 5: Roles and Responsibilities with Regard to ESMF Implementation ................................................ 24
Table 6: Recommendations of SESA in Relation to Project Phase II ........................................................... 28
Table 7:Land Degradation Impacts .............................................................................................................. 31
Table 8: Environmental Pollution Issues...................................................................................................... 32
Table 9:Potential Social Concerns and Impacts ........................................................................................... 32
Table 10: Summary of SMMRP II Activities and Proposed Approach to Mitigate Potential Environmental
and Social Safeguard Issues......................................................................................................................... 35
Table 11:Minimum Skills Needed for Management of ESMF ............................................................. 484847
Table 12:Approval and Monitoring Plan ............................................................................................. 555554
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Area for SMMRP Project Activities Under extension services and industrial
Mining programs……………………………………………………………………………….......
15
Figure 3.2: Areas for SMMRP activities under Geological Survey…………………………………… 16
Figure 4.1: Diagrammatic representation of the SMMRP administration framework……
21
Figure 4.2: Flow chart of the Screening and Review Process for Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AMD
AREMA
ASM
CEEST
DC
DCDO
DED
DED
DEMC
DEMCO
DEO
DFID
DLO
DMO
DNRO
DPO
DPs
EIA
EMA
EMC
EMO
EMP
EPRP
ESIA
ESMF
EU
FINNIDA
GEF
GGM
GOT
GST
HQ
HSE
LGO-EM
LGRAs
LSM
MBEREMA
MCIMS
MDG
ML
MLHS
MP
MWAREMA
NEMC
NEP
NGOs
Acid Mine Drainage
Arusha Regional Miners Association
Artisanal and Small Scale Mining/Miners
Centre for Energy, Environment, Science and Technology
District Commissioner
District Community Development Officer
District Executive Director
District Executive Director
District Environment Management Committee
District Environmental Management Officer
District Education Officer
Departmental For International Development
District Land Officer
District Medical Officer
District Natural Resources Officer
District Planning Officer
Displaced People
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Management Act of 2004
Environmental Management Committee
Environmental Management Officer
Environmental Management Plan
Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan
Environmental and Social Management Plan
Environmental and Social Management Framework
European Union
Finnish International Development Aid
Global Environmental Facility
Geita Gold Mine
Government of Tanzania
Geological Survey of Tanzania
Headquarters
Health Safety & Environment
Local Government Officer on Environmental Matters
Local Governments and Regional Authorities
Large Scale Mining/Miners
Mbeya Regional Miners Association
Mining Cadastral Information Management System
Millennium Development Goals
Mining License
Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements
Member of Parliament
Mwanza Regional Miners Association
National Environmental Management Council
National Environmental Policy
Non Government Organizations
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NLUPC
NSSF
OHSA
PCD
PMLs
PSIA
RAP
RMO
RUVUREMA
SACCOS
SEA
SHE
SIREMA
SMAP
SMEs
SML
SMMRP I
SMMRP II
SSM
STAMICO
TACAIDS
UCC
UNIDO
URT
URT
VMAC
WB
WCS
WGS
WMAC
ZMO
National Land Use Planning Commission
National Social Security Fund
Occupational Health and Safety Act
Project Concept Document
Primary Mining Licenses
Poverty and Social Impact Assessment
Resettlement Action Plan
Resident Mines Officer
Ruvuma Regional Miners Association
Savings and Credit Cooperatives Society
Strategic Environmental Assessment
Safety, Health and Environment
Singida Regional Miners Association
Small Miners Assistance Program
Small and Medium Entrepreneurs
Special Mining License
Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project Phase I
Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project Phase II
Small Scale Mining/Miners
State Mining Corporation
Tanzania Commission for Aids
University Computing Centre
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
United Republic of Tanzania
United Republic of Tanzania
Village Management Aids Council
World Bank
World Conservation Society
World Gem Supplies
Ward Management Aids Council
Zonal Mines Officer
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to thank the Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM), the entire
staff of the Minerals Division, SMMRP Project Management Team and the Environmental Management
team for embarking on the work of reviewing and updating the Environmental and Social Management
Framework (ESMF) for the Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project under additional
financing common called phase II (SMMRP -II).
Idrisa Y. Katela
PROJECT MANAGER - SMMRP
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DEFINITIONS
Environmental Impact
An effect (both positive and negative) on an environmental resource or value resulting from
infrastructure development projects.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
A systematic procedure for enabling the possible environmental and social impacts of development
projects to be considered before a decision is made as to whether the project should be given approval
to proceed.
Strategic Environmental Assessment:
The process of managing the environmental aspects of a policy, strategy, programs or sub-projects from
the earliest stages of identifying the potential activities to their completion and evaluation. The process
encompasses identification of potential adverse impacts, assessment of those impacts, design and
implementation of measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts, and
development of appropriate management and monitoring measures.
Environmental Impact Assessment:
An environmental assessment instrument to identify and assess major potential environmental impacts
of proposed sub-projects, evaluate alternatives and design appropriate mitigation, management and
monitoring measures.
Environmental Management Plan:
An instrument that details the measures to be taken during and after implementation of a project to
eliminate or offset adverse environmental impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and the
actions needed to implement these measures.
Environmental Monitoring:
Monitoring is the systematic measuring and recording of physical, social and economic variables
associated with project impacts. The objective of monitoring is to provide information on the
characteristics and functioning of the occurrence and magnitude of impacts, and whether mitigation
measures have been carried out.
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Environmental Review:
An environmental assessment instrument in which the sub-projects are likely to have minimal impacts,
but are to be reviewed using a standardized checklist to identify possible impacts and appropriate
mitigation measures.
Environmental Screening:
A process of identifying the potential adverse environmental and social impacts of proposed subprojects and, based on the level of impact anticipated, the corresponding level of environmental
assessment required (i.e., the most appropriate environmental assessment instrument needed to
address potential impacts and environmental issues associated with sub-projects). The screening process
indicates whether an environmental assessment is required for a particular sub-project and, if it is
required, which of the three environmental instruments (Environmental Review, Limited Environmental
Assessment, or Environmental Impact Assessment) should be applied.
Limited Environmental Assessment:
An environmental assessment instrument used to assess whether a sub-project is likely to cause
environmental impacts that merit consideration by an environmental specialist, and which mitigation
measures should be incorporated into the sub-project design. Detailed checklists, customized for
different types of sub-projects, would normally be used and supplemented on a case-by-case basis.
Process Framework:
The Process Framework is an instrument of the United Republic of Tanzania prepared in compliance with
the World Bank Safeguard Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP4.12). The purpose of the Process
Framework is to clarify principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to the
implementation of SMMRP.
Environmental and Social Management Framework
Environmental and Social Management document that sets out the conditions under which
Environmental and Social Management will be developed. This is usually a contextual document that
defines the parameters, principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to the
implementation of SMMRP.
Public Consultation:
The process of engaging affected people and other interested parties in open dialogue through which a
range of views and concerns can be expressed in order to inform decision-making and help build
consensus.
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Scoping:
The process for identifying the potential environmental and social impacts of the project to be
evaluated. In the process, consultations with principal stakeholders are required in order to inform them
about the proposed project activities, and to solicit their views.
Stakeholders:
Stakeholders are those affected by the outcomes (negatively or positively) or those who can affect the
outcome of a proposed intervention. Stakeholders can include: borrowers; directly affected groups
including the poor and disadvantaged; indirectly affected groups such as NGOs and private sector
organizations; and the World Bank management staff, and shareholders.
Sub-Projects:
Sub-projects are initiatives undertaken as supported by the WB. Sub-projects are aimed at supporting
income generation within communities in mining regions. Initiatives may include the demand of
technical, physical or social services, including alternative income generating activities (AIGAs).
Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners (ASMs)
In the context of this framework, and as most people involved in the mineral sector imply, small-scale
miners are those working in Primary Mining License areas and Artisanal miners are those individuals
mining haphazardly without proper authority
SMMRP II
In the context of this framework this refer to implementation of the Sustainable Management of Mineral
Resources Project under additional financing
xiii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.2 Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project (SMMRP)
The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania through the Ministry of Energy and Minerals has been
implementing the Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project (SMMRP) since 2009, whereas
phase one of the project is due to end in June, 2015. The project aims at:
(i)
Improving small-scale and artisanal mining and the associated social, economic and environmental
impacts;
(ii) Strengthening of good governance, transparency and operational capacity within the mineral sector;
(iii) Improving the economic and social benefits of the sector, including initiatives for local and regional
developments and private sector developments; and
(iv) Strengthening of sector management and coordination including inter-agency linkages.
Formulation of the Project was in line with the Government drive to improve overall management of the
Mineral Sector to maximize benefits to the investors and the nation as a whole.
The project was designed to have four (4) components, as detailed below:
1.2.1 Component A: – Improving the Benefits of the Mineral Sector for Tanzania: Artisanal and SmallScale Mining, Local Economic Development and Skills Development.
Main objective of this component was to support the implementation of the national strategy to develop
artisanal and small-scale mining1 (ASM) which aims at improving sustainability of small-scale mining and
addressing technical, environmental and social conditions of small-scale mining operations. The component
also addressed the skills development required for the mineral sector. The project under this component
supported activities aimed at:
1
(a)
Improving the information about small-scale and artisanal mining through baseline studies;
(b)
Providing the improved extension services for artisanal and small-scale miners;
(c)
Stimulating development of industrial minerals and value added activities;
(d)
Improving small-scale miners’ access to credit facilities;
(e)
Ensuring the local governments to integrate mining into district economic and administration
planning and
(f)
Deploying the human resources development for the mineral sector.
Mikakati ya Kuwaendeleza Wachimbaji Wadogo, 2006 (rev. 2009)
1
1.2.2 Component B. - Strengthening Governance and Transparency in Mining
The main objective of this component was to strengthen governance and transparency in mining by:
(a)
Reforming the legal, regulatory and fiscal regimes for the Mineral sector in Tanzania;
(b)
Building institutional capacity for the Ministry of Energy & Minerals particularly strengthening
the auditing and inspection functions of MEM and strengthening linkages and co-ordination
with other government institutions that take part in the administration of the mineral sector;
(c)
Improving the Mining Cadastre Information Management System (MCIMS), which manages
processing and administration of mineral rights. This will strengthen good governance and
transparency in mineral rights administration;
(d)
Conducting an Environmental and Social Management of the project to support proactive and
reactive activities aimed at addressing environmental and social aspects of mining, based on the
findings and recommendations of a baseline survey for ASM and PSIA studies;
(e)
Strengthening Environmental monitoring capacity in the HQ, RMO, ZMO and LGRAs through
training and technical support and improving work environment;
1.2.3 Component C. – Stimulating Mineral Sector Investment
The main objective of this component was to improve geo-scientific information by acquiring new
information and updating existing data and information. The upgraded information was to be used to
facilitate promotion of private investment in exploration and mining and to support adequate planning of
the mineral development. The project supported the following:
(a)
Strengthening of the Geological Survey of Tanzania (GST) to make it a geological centre of
excellence in Africa. The project backed the GST to:
i. Complete high resolution airborne geophysical survey, ground follow-up through geophysical
and geochemical surveys, and geological mapping;
ii. Update and publish existing geological maps for selected areas at scale of 1:100,000;
iii. Digitize and upgrade the existing Geological and Mineral Information System (MIS);
iv. Strengthen the GST;
v. Update and maintain map library, rock and core-archives; and
vi. Make geo-scientific data and information readily accessible to the stakeholders.
(b)
Future Role of State Mining Corporation (STAMICO): This sub-component financed a strategic
assessment of STAMICO, exploring existing institutional capacity and options for self-financing,
as a pre-condition for its future role with the private sector for both, large-scale and small-scale
opportunities.
2
(c)
Strengthening of the Mineral Sector Investment Information and Promotion of mineral
resources of Tanzania. The project will link up the Geological Survey of Tanzania and the Mineral
Rights Registry databases.
1.2.4 Component D: Project Coordination and Management.
This component supported the Project implementation, including coordination, procurement, financial
management and disbursement, which was managed by the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM).
1.3 PROPOSED ADDITIONAL FINANCING ACTIVITIES AND RELATED CHANGES
On January 22, 2014, the GOT requested the Bank to consider additional financing (AF) to expand some
activities to scale-up the project’s poverty reduction impact and development effectiveness. The rationale
for the request is to support ASM as a means of widening the socio-economic benefits of mining to the
population, especially in rural areas. In the request letter, the client identified the following challenges to
the sustainable development of ASM:
 difficulty in identifying suitable geological environment for artisanal miners;
 inadequate training and demonstration centers for artisanal and small scale mining (ASM);
 lack of knowledge in value addition (faceting, carving and jewelry); and
 marketing and financial access.
The GOT is requesting the AF to address these challenges. Specific activities which were proposed for the
AF include the construction of five Zonal Mining Offices (ZMO) and ten ASM training and demonstration
centers to ensure that ASM access to extension services enhanced. The activities proposed under the AF
are consistent with the goal of the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy for Mainland Tanzania
(MKUKUTA) relating to promoting inclusive, sustainable, private-led growth. By focusing on ASM, with its
estimated 1 million people active predominantly in rural areas, the AF will contribute to enhancing socioeconomic benefits for Tanzania and Tanzanians and advance the progress toward achieving the Millennium
Development Goal of reducing poverty, promoting gender equality, and environmental sustainability.
The AF will maintain the original project components with emphasis on the following scaled-up or modified
activities per component and sub-component as explained. In the course of implementing activities of the
SMMRP II, the direct involvement with ASM in phase II of the project will be under components A and C.
1.3.1 Component A- Improving the Benefits of the Mineral Sector for Tanzania: Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining,
A.1
Local Economic Development Planning, and Skills Development.
Baseline Studies: No further baseline studies envisaged in phase II.
A.2
Extension Services for ASM:
Component of SMMRP phase I provided equipment for extension services and strengthened fifteen Zonal
and Regional Mining Offices. ASM training manual was also prepared under this phase. The Offices will be
responsible for providing extension services and will therefore equally benefit from the new SSM mine
3
development manual2 completed under the original Project. The requested AF will support development of
small-to-medium scale mining operations which in turn can increase production and tax revenue for the
country, and at the same time, improve small-scale miner household livelihoods. Seven small-scale model
mines are targeted to be established as part of provision of extension services at Chunya (gold), Mpanda
(gold), Nkungi (gold), Kahama (gold), Kyerwa (Tin), Tunduru (copper) and Mtwara ( Salt);
The requested AF will finance integration of a variety of extension services at site, including use of SSM
training manuals, provision of demonstration materials, and training of trainers. The deployment of
extension services will initially focus on areas which have undergone targeted geological ground works to
demarcate areas suitable for ASM. These include areas in the western zone of Tanzania, specifically the
Mpanda Mineral Field (AREA 1) and in Nachingwea (AREA 2) where an ASM zone has been demarcated
called Mbesa.3 By further confirming geological prospectivity, the government can better assist Primary
Mining License (PML) holders to develop model small-scale mines conforming to international best practice
and national ASM regulations. The Geological Survey of Tanzania (GST) will work directly on sampling and
testing in this target area, and will provide the PML holders with basic training on data interpretation.
A.3
Targeted Programs for the Development of Specific Industrial Minerals and Value-Added in
Gemstones
The refurbishment of the Tanzania Gemological Centre is under completion in phase I. The Center will serve
as training, an industrial and marketing center intended to develop a competitive small-scale industry for
stone carving, lapidary and gold-based jewelry. The AF will facilitate additional training and support to
enable Tanzanians to work independently in value addition activities and eventually become investors in
this sector. Support will also be provided for piloting initiatives for “fair trade” in ASM products.
A.4
Financial Assistance to Small-Scale Miners and Value Addition Activities
Building on the success of the Small Grant Program to PML holders under the phase I, the AF will support
expansion of the grants scheme from three to seven mining areas, and increase the total financial support
from its current total of $1 to $3 million. It will retain the 30% minimum female beneficiary criteria which
has been a successful strategy in promoting women’s economic participation in the sector. STAMICO will be
integrated to provide PML holders with specific technical services alongside TIB Ltd who is the co-smallgrant implementer. ,.
A.5
Linkages between Mining and the Local Economy:
This sub-component was aimed at improving linkages between mining and the local economy by (i)
assessing budgetary structure at Geita, Kahama, Tarime and Biharamulo districts, and piloting the
mainstreaming of mining into strategic planning at district level; (ii) reviewing Policy, Legal and Regulatory
2
A standard training manual and code of practice was designed and includes guidance on health and safety, basic geology, and
mineral processing for specific minerals and on cross-cutting issues such as HIV/AIDS, environment (including mercury
abatement), entrepreneurship, and social responsibility.
3
The two areas are known to host diverse types of minerals including gold, lead, silver, copper, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and a number of
industrial minerals including mica. The area also contains coal, gemstones and rare earth elements together with phosphate hosted in
carbonatites. Indications of prospective areas are further reinforced by the existence of several operations of small-to-medium scale operations
in the area, some dating back to the colonial period.
4
framework of LGRAs in relation to Small-Scale Mining; and (iii) reviewing impediments facing local
entrepreneurs to provide goods and services in mines, and preparing an action plan on fiscal and customs
regimes, to promote local sourcing of goods and services by mining companies.
Two pilots have been rolled out in Geita and Kahama, and the third one is being considered for Tarime
district. A number of workshops were organized to assess local regulations in relation to ASM and identify
impediments to local linkages with mining. A systematic roll-out of the participatory strategic planning
exercises will occur in major mining centres of Handeni, Tunduru, Kahama, Mpanda and Chunya districts.
These areas were not covered under the original Project.
A.6
Human Resource Development for the Mining Industry
No further activities envisaged in phase II of the project.
1.3.2 Component B- Strengthening Governance and Transparency in Mining
B.1
Legal Reform and Fiscal Transparency
This subcomponent’s achievements include the formulation of the Minerals Policy, 2009 and enactment of
the Mining Act, 2010 its Regulations of 2010. The new mining legislations have provisions relating to
mercury control and child labor in ASM sub-sector. The component supported also the implementation of
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in Tanzania. The project also facilitated the development
of a new Mineral Beneficiation and Value Addition Act which is awaiting for Parliament approval.
In line with the emphasis on ASM formalization in the AF operation, one activity is envisaged to support
Tanzania Mineral Audit Agency (TMAA) and Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA in integrating ASM operations
into the tax revenue collection model. This component will be implemented in close collaboration with the
national EITI Secretariat in an effort to integrate ASM into the EITI reporting framework.
B.2
Institutional Capacity Building:
No further activities envisaged.
B.3
Improving the Mining Cadastral Information Management System:
The requested AF will support capacity building to officials administering the integrated database; and for
procuring software for maintaining and upgrading the system
B.4
Environmental and Social Management:
The requested AF will facilitate the annual review of EMSF and SEA for uranium mining.
1.3.3 Component C- Stimulating Mineral Sector Investment
C.1
Strengthening of the Geological Infrastructure:
This sub-component aimed at increasing high resolution geophysical mapping coverage from 3% to 14%;
and to increase publication of maps suitable for investment promotion (1:100,000 scale) from 2% to 8% of
the total Quarter Degree Sheet (QDS) areas. This component has achieved its objectives with 15.7%
5
mapping coverage and 60% of maps digitized. The requested AF will support additional geological work
aimed at identifying and demarcating areas suitable for ASM. The sub-component will support GST to:
i.
undertake further high resolution airborne geophysical survey and conduct ground follow up in
selected areas of the country, including Katavi, Kigoma, Rukwa, and Tunduru districts;
ii. acquire and update geo-data and information through geological mapping and geophysical and
geochemical surveys, and publish related maps and reports, particularly for the above selected sites;
and
iii. make geo-scientific data and information (including metallogenic maps) readily accessible to
potential investors.
C.2
Role of State Mining Corporation (STAMICO):
The government has restructured STAMICO and given the mandates to act as the government’s commercial
arm in mining joint ventures as well as providing technical services to the ASM sector. The requested AF will
support the transformation of STAMICO into a self-sustaining technical services provider for the ASM sector.
C.3
Mineral Sector Investment Information and Promotion:
The requested AF will support limited business promotion services aimed at building the capacity of ASM
operators to promote their businesses and attract international joint ventures.
1.3.4 Component D- Project Coordination and Management
Phase I of the project provided support for Project Coordination. Given expanded scope of activities, the
sub-component will continue to support procurement, financial management, and disbursement which will
be managed by MEM staff organized into a Project team through the duration of the AF. The project team
will be strengthened with the addition of an ASM specialist and a procurement advisor. The Project
Steering Committee (PSC), chaired by the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Energy and Minerals will
continue to provide oversight over the project and will comprise major stakeholders within Government
including the, Permanent Secretaries Ministries of finance, Local government, Land, Vice Presidency –
Environment, Deputy Attorney General and, GST. The Project Technical Committee (PTC) shall continue with
its duties to inform the PSC on the progress of the Project. This sub-component will support (a) Project
management; (b) monitoring and evaluation of project implementation including environmental and social
aspects; and (c) coordination of project exit studies to evaluate the overall performance of the project and
lessons learned.
1.4 ESM FRAMEWORK OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE
As a prerequisite for the World Bank funded projects, environmental and social impact assessments needed
to be carried out to identify any impacts that might be associated with the project. This report therefore, is
a framework that identifies both, the various adverse and favorable impacts that may result during and
after implementation of the SMMRP and builds up mitigation plans to reduce and avoid the adverse
impacts and also proposes enhancements of the various positive benefits identified. The World Bank has
categorized SMMRP as "Category B" in its environmental rating.
6
The objective of this Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF) is to ensure that the
implementation of the SMMRP II will be carried out in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner.
The ESMF will provide the project implementers with an environmental and social screening process that
will enable them to identify, assess and mitigate potential environmental and social impacts of the project.
This ESMF builds on the earlier document, prepared for SMMRP, and includes the environmental and social
aspects of the new proposed activities and their mitigation measures
The screening results will indicate whether additional environmental and/or social assessment will be
required or not. Thus, the ESMF is designed to ensure that the appropriate level of environmental and social
management, which could range from the application of simple mitigation measures (assessed through the
environmental checklists) to the preparation of a comprehensive EIA Report (according to Tanzania’s
Environmental Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations of 2005) is applied. It therefore, includes procedures
for meeting the environmental and social management requirements, as outlined in the EIA guidelines. The
ESMF also complements Operational Procedures for environmental management of projects where specific
details are not yet known.
This ESMF has therefore been prepared to provide project implementers with the screening process that
will enable them to identify, assess and mitigate potential negative environmental and social impacts, and
to ensure proper mitigation and possibly the implementation of SESA, PSIA and RPF recommendations.
The ESMF will outline the:
a.) Potential Environment and social impacts and proposed generic mitigatory measures
b.) steps of the screening process from identification to approval of an infrastructure investment;
c.) environmental and social mitigation measures that can be applied and adopted;
d.) summary guidelines for conducting an EIA; and
e.) procedures for monitoring and reporting
7
CHAPTER 2
2
WOLD BANK POLICIS AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
2.1 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES
The World Bank has given increasing attention to the assessment of environmental impact of investment
projects and requires environmental assessments for all projects it is to finance. Its ten safeguards policies,
aimed at preventing and mitigating undue harm to people and their environment in the development
process, also provide a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design and implementation.
Environmental consequences should be recognized early in the project cycle and taken into account in
project selection, siting, planning, and design by preventing, minimizing, mitigating or compensating for
adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts. Environmental Assessment (EA) includes
the process of mitigating and managing environmental impacts throughout project implementation.
The Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (1993) and its updates (1996, 1997) provide technical guidance
on these issues.
As the project area covers a large part of the country, these guidelines may be gainfully used where relevant
although such use may not be mandatory. Objectives are to provide for a sustainable stream of direct or
indirect benefits to alleviate poverty and to enhance community income and environmental protection. A
screening process for all World Bank projects classifies them into one of three environmental assessment
categories. Projects in Category "A" potentially cause significant and irremediable environmental impacts.
Category "B" projects cause lesser impacts, which are often essentially remediable or can be mitigated.
Category "C" projects can be expected to have little or no environmental impact.
The SMMRP is expected to have positive environmental and social impacts by improving environmental
and social management in the mining sector, promoting modern technologies and enhancing
environmental and social management capacity in the Ministry o f Energy and Minerals (MEM). As a
technical assistance operation, most of the activities have no physical “footprint,” and focus on policy and
regulatory strengthening. However, Project physical activities, namely stationary and mobile demonstration
units promoting progressive mining technologies for small-scale mining, rehabilitation of the gemstone
carving center building, small grants program, and airborne geophysical survey and geological survey, may
have localized and limited adverse environmental and social impacts (such as noise, dust, mining waste
disposal, water pollution, and occupational health and safety impacts). Improvement of the policy and
regulatory framework under the Project may also lead to future increases in commercial scale mining, ASM
activities, and associated environmental and social impacts. As a result, the Project triggers OP 4.01 on
Environmental Assessment and OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement, and is classified as Category A.
8
The following two Operational Policies are applicable to the project:
Table 1: World Bank Safeguard Policies
Policy
Environmental
Assessment
(OP/BP 4.01)
Involuntary
Resettlement
(OP/BP 4.12)
Summary
of
Requirements
Core
Public Consultation
Screen early for potential
impacts
and
select
appropriate instruments
to assess, minimize, and
mitigate
Potentially
adverse impacts.
Consult
affected
groups
and
nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs)
as early as possible
(for Category A and B
projects)
Assist displaced persons in
their efforts to improve or
at least restore their
standards of living.
Consult
project
affected persons and
host
community;
incorporate expressed
views in resettlement
plans; list choices
made
by
project
affected persons.
Relevance to SMMRP
The
objective
of
Environmental
Assessment is to ensure that projects
are
environmentally
sound
and
sustainable, and that decision-making is
improved through appropriate analysis
of actions and mitigation of their likely
environmental impacts. This policy is
triggered if a project is likely to have
potential adverse environmental risks
and impacts in its area of influence. The
rehabilitation of infrastructure under
the SMMRP II may have environmental
impacts, which require mitigation.
Therefore, in line with this Operational
Policy, this environment and social
management framework for screening
of the SMMRP II activities has been
prepared.
The
objective
of
Involuntary
Resettlement is to avoid or minimize
involuntary resettlement where feasible,
exploring all viable alternative project
designs. Furthermore, it intends to assist
displaced persons in improving their
former living standards; it encourages
community participation in planning and
implementing resettlement and in
providing assistance to affected people,
regardless of the legality of title of land.
This policy is triggered not only if
physical relocation occurs, but also by
any loss of land resulting in: relocation
or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access
to assets; loss of income sources or
means of livelihood, whether or not the
affected people must move to another
location.
In accordance with the Bank’s
Involuntary Resettlement Policy, OP/BP
4.12, the Government also prepared a
Resettlement Framework. While no
resettlement is envisaged or planned
under the project, the Resettlement
Framework will be available should a
resettlement situation arise. The World
9
Summary
of
Requirements
Policy
Core
Public Consultation
Relevance to SMMRP
Bank or the appropriate financial
agencies will be consulted prior to
action taken on this issue
Indigenous
Peoples
(OD
4.20) 1
Identify adverse impacts
and develop a plan to
address them. Design
benefits to reflect the
cultural preferences of
indigenous peoples.
Consult
indigenous
people throughout the
project cycle.
While this OP has not been triggered,
however there may be situations where
Indigenous people will be impacted.
These should be brought to the
attention of the World Bank for
agreement and approval of mitigatory
actions
Source: WB, Simplifying Safeguards: Addressing Environmental & Social Issues in Education Projects, SMART, Feb. 1, 2004.
As a technical assistance project, the SMMRP II is expected to have minimal direct environmental and social
impacts. However, some of the proposed Project activities (e.g., related to artisanal and small-scale mining)
may have direct or indirect impacts that need to be identified and mitigated. For example the small grants
program may involve grants for activities that trigger World Bank Safeguard policies.
10
2.2 INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND AGREEMENTS
Table 2 lists the international agreements relevant to management of mineral resources in the URT,
identifying those on which the URT is a signatory country. All government-supported projects should be
consistent with these international obligations. In some cases, there are clear linkages to SMMRP activities
in support of the fulfillment of the international agreements.
Table 2: International Agreements Applicable to Mineral Resources
Level
International
Agreements
Relevant to Management of
Mineral Resources
International
Level
Multilateral
Investment
Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Role and Responsibility
 Review client assessment
 Assist the client to manage an Environmental and social risks and
impacts for their project.
 Review in any new business activities that are being considered for
MIGA guarantee Support.
 Support client in anticipating and addressing specific risk, impacts and
opportunities and help to build its/client capacity to manage these
throughout the life of the project.
EITI
 Builds capacity
 Enhances international credibility
 Creates a more attractive investment climate
 Increases prosperity and economic well-being
 Advances democracy and accountability
 Affirms commitment to fighting corruption
 Reduces conflict.
Kimberly Process (Diamond)
 Ensures that Diamond trade take action to eliminate the trade in blood
diamonds.
 Establishment of an international diamond certification scheme.
 Set up control systems for the import and export of rough diamonds.
Tucson Protocols for Tanzanite
 Increase transparency and accountability in the tanzanite trade.
 Maintenance of Accurate data base system.
 Establishing stable relation between SSM and LSM.
 Improved Methods of Tanzanite Mining.
11
International conference on the
great lakes (ICGLR Certification
Mechanism

Enable the issuance of the ICGLR Certificate of Origin
for Tungsten, Tantalite and Tin (3t’s)

Fight against Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources

Obligated under the Lusaka Declaration

To meet the standards of the international market,

To control extraction and flow of ‘conflict’ minerals,

To eradicate the link between mineral revenues and
the financing of illegal armed groups that cause
insecurity and instability in the Region and promote
the role of the mining sector in the economic and
in the Great Lake Region.
social development of the Member States.
12
CHAPTER 3
3 OVERVIEW OF THE MINERAL SECTOR AND SMMRP ACTIVITIES
Tanzania’s mining industry has experienced a boom in the past 15 years. Notable developments during the
boom period include the commissioning of Six large-scale gold mines, increase in the country’s annual gold
production from less than one tonne per annum in 1998 to about 40 tonnes in year 2013; rapid growth of
the mineral sector making the mineral sector the second fastest growing sector after tourism, and
increasing contribution to the GDP from 2.0% in 1998 to 3.5 % in 2007 based on 2001 prices. The
cumulative total direct foreign investment (FDI) in the mining sector in Tanzania in the past fifteen years
now exceeds US$ 406.5 million and employs around 1% of wage earners.
Factors that led to the achievements in the mineral sector in Tanzania include geological environment;
major economic reforms which have been undertaken since mid 1980’s; a new mineral policy (2009);
enactment of internationally competitive fiscal and legal regimes for the mineral sector (2010); and political
stability of the country.
This achievement poses a challenge to Tanzania as more goods and services are needed to support this fast
growing sector. Capacity building is thus essential to meet the demands in the country for essential services
such as reliable power supply, mining equipment and other consumables for the mining industry.
3.1 SMALL SCALE MINING
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) has been a source of livelihood for a significant number of people in
Tanzania for centuries. There an estimated 500,000 to 1 million artisanal miners currently active, according
to the Tanzanian Chamber of Minerals and Energy4, with a more specific number of 680,000 being
estimated in a recent World Bank study.5Artisanal and small-scale miners in Tanzania mostly mine gold,
gemstones and diamonds.6 Small scale gold mining areas are located in many parts of Tanzania, some being
in the well known greenstone belts of the Lake Victoria zone north of Tanzania, Singida – Sekenke in the
central part and some in other parts of the country in Protorozoic system such as Mpanda goldfields in the
western part ; Lupa goldfields in the South-western highlands. Some of the recent discoveries include
Mbinga areas in the southern part bordering Mozambique; Sambaru and Londoni areas in the central-part,
and Morogoro, Kilindi and Handeni in the eastern part of the Country. Almost all of the newly discovered
areas have been pioneered by small scale miners. With the favorable price of gold worldwide, SSM have
continued to exploit gold from the traditionally gold mining areas of the Lake Victoria goldfields, Mpanda
goldfields, Lupa goldfield, Sekenke goldfields, etc. Small Scale gold mining is undertaken using rudimentary
methods due to lack of capital to acquire new and modern equipment to mine the minerals. Mining
activities usually flourish in the initial periods as mining is undertaken to recover easily accessible subsurface deposits; benefitting most of the miners. However, as gold reefs/veins get deeper, the water
4
As cited in Anglo Gold Ashanti (n.d.). Case Study: Tanzania. Available online at:
http://www.anglogold.com/subwebs/InformationForInvestors/reporttosociety04/values_bus_principles/community/c_cs_tzn_7_11.htm (Accessed
January 2014)
5
IFC (2013) Multi-stakeholder Partnership (MS) to improve ASM-LSM cohabitation in Tanzania. IFC Sustainability Summit. June 20, 2013
6
UNEP, 2012. Analysis of formalization approaches in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector based
on experiences in Ecuador, Mongolia, Peru, Tanzania and Uganda: Tanzania Case Study. Available online:
http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Portals/9/Mercury/Documents/ASGM/Formalization_ARM/Case%20Study%20Tanzania%20June%2
02012.pdf (Accessed January 2014)
13
problem becomes serious requiring heavy pumps to drain mine workings to allow mining to continue.
However, as gold reefs/veins get deeper, mining becomes difficult, expensive and slower, requiring
significant capital which is beyond reach for the majority of SSM to purchase powerful generators and
submersible water pumps (Annex 4).
However, formalization of the activities of ASM has been a challenge to the Government of Tanzania. These
challenges include issues of illegal mining and land conflicts, as well as low levels of efficiency and
transparency, coupled with poor practices and negative social and environmental impacts. Timely collection
and management of data on ASM is also a challenge and, where data is collected, accuracy and reliability of
data is an issue.
Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM) is characterized by the use of rudimentary tools and techniques,
with high levels of manual labor, to extract, transport, process and trade minerals. It is often carried out
under poor working conditions and precarious security causing negative social and environmental impacts.
Lack of technical resources and knowledge often result in a poor capture rate for benefits and low levels of
production efficiency. However, despite these challenges, it is also an important livelihood for millions of
men and women providing either a primary, supplementary, seasonal or emergency income source which
may be much higher than that gained from other occupations and, importantly, is an immediate source of
cash compared to other longer-term income-generating activities. ASM was the major producer of minerals
in Tanzania between 1987 and 1997 and, despite the increase in industrial Large-Scale Mining (LSM), the
artisanal sector continues to provide an important livelihood for some 680,000 people. ASM occurs
throughout Tanzania, producing gold, diamonds, gemstones, tin, salt, limestone, dimension stone, gypsum,
sand and gravel.
The Government of Tanzania is continuously working to address the formalization of ASM and ensuring that
the sector is beneficial to the miners and well as the nation as a whole. Among other things, SMMRP aims
at improving ASM through ensuring access to grants for miners to help improve mining practice and
increase productivity. The project is also ensuring that miners are supported to have alternative livelihoods
alongside or outside mining as well as maximizing opportunities for synergies in improving ASM.
3.2 PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE MINING SECTOR.
Mining is historically a male- dominated industry. The under representation of women reflects social and
economic inequalities between men and women. Apart from these, cultural beliefs and traditions do not
allow women in mining pits as they are considered by male miners to be unclean. However in Tanzania
women seclusion was partly restricted to poor tools that require masculine power. Typically women were
engaged as labourers carrying and crushing ore, using hand harmers or pestle and mortars and sieving as
was observed at Sambaru gold mines and Chunya mines.
The percentage of women in small scale mining is highest in Africa (40 -150%) as compared to Asia(10).For
example about 137,1500 women are engaged in SSM as compared to 1500 in S. Africa.(ILO, 1999), Amutabi
et-al, 2002), Onu (2002). Dreschler,(2001) reports that 215% of Tanzania’s 1500,000 artsinal and small scale
miners are women and notes that Gemstone mining is the most important sectors for women although gold
and other minerals are also important. A study of gender issues in Small Scale mining in Mukibiri,
Kenya(Amutabi et-al (2001) indicated that women play a central part in Artisanal mining and that women
14
tend to spend their proceeds from mining on their families and that women pass down their expertise to
younger generations.
The process of mining underground produces fine dust that was reported to cause respiratory problems
including diseases such as chronic bronchitis, asthma and tuberculosis. Women were also reported to sieve
mud, old tailings and crushed rock that is often is contaminated with Mercury in search of left over gold and
trash gemstones. Women and children are rendered vulnerable by spending too much time and energy for
no or little returns while at the same time they are exposed to health hazards. Women were mostly
engaged in non-mining activities as providers of goods and services ranging from food vending, barmaids,
and domestic chores.
Participation of women in the mining sector in Tanzania is presented in Table 3 and table 4 presents the
numbers women with mineral rights.
Table 3:Participation of Women in Mining by Mineral Type
Commodity
Direct
Indirect
Total
Gold
8,400
41,810
150216
Diamond
1523
15015
1028
Gemstone
17866
150430
74296
Salt
9876
715815
17464
Aggregates
14
37
62
Dimension stones
9920
7699
17619
Total
461599
114066
1606815
Source: Dreschler,2001
Table :Number of Women with Mineral Rights in Mining areas of Tanzania
Area
Chunya
Songea
Sambaru
Singida
Mwanza
Nyarugusu
Mineral
Number of PML
Men
women
LSM
men
Women
Gemstones
-
-
-
-
Gold
Gold
Gemstones
Building
materials
Gold
177
115
2150
12
2
1
9
-
7
-
-
19
1 but reported many 1
women were reported to Shanta
have PML
Mwanza Women miners 1 GGM
Association(Mwawoma)
Gold
15
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE: The livelihood of some ethnic groups such as the Tindiga, Hadzabe, Sandawe and
Barbaig depend on forest foods such as roots, fruits, wild honey, herbal medicines and wildlife meat like
monkeys. These tribes are unique by culture and traditions, they normally lead a forest life and shy away
from other people which means by clearing the forest it means expelling them from the environment as
well. Aeromagnetic mapping of large areas using aircrafts/helicopters will generate noises above normal
causing impacts to wildlife, indigenous people, who are not used to seeing the planes at low altitudes in
their areas. All mining activities which can impact indigenous people need to be well managed, with
sensitivity and minimizing the negative impact on their traditional lifestyle and livelihoods.
3.3 LEGAL REGIME
Tanzania has a globally competitive and investor-friendly Mining Act, which was enacted in 2010. The Act
guarantees investors’ security of tenure, repatriation of capital and profits, and transparency in the
issuance and administration of mineral rights. It also addresses environmental and social concerns
adequately.
Principal legislations in the Mineral sector are the Mining Act, 2010, and the Explosives Act, 1963. The
following regulations are made under Mining Act: also apply:







The Mining (Mineral Rights) Regulations, 2010
The Mining (Environmental Protection for Small Scale Mining) Regulations, 2010
The Mining (Safety, Occupational, Health and Environmental protection) Regulations, 2010
The Mining (Mineral Beneficiation) Regulations, 2010
The Mining (Mineral Rights) Regulations, 2010
The Mining (Mineral Trading) Regulations, 2010
The Mining (Radioactive Minerals) Regulations, 2010
The Explosives Regulations, 1964
3.3.1 Mining Policy and Regulations for ASM
Government of Tanzania, has taken cognizance of its dynamic ASM sector and is one of few countries in subSaharan Africa which have proactively taken preliminary steps towards regulatory and policy change in the
mining sector.
(i)
The Mining Act, 2010 which is the primary mining law, has been amended to include
prospecting activities for small-scale miners and addresses licensing barriers by increasing
Primary Mining License (PML) tenure whereas the licenses can be processed at regional
zonal offices. The Act widens the playing field considerably for artisanal and small-scale
miners.
(ii)
Most owners of Primary Mining Licenses lease out the mineral access to pit holders who
are a common feature in the organization of Tanzania’s mining communities.
Such“informal” leasing and transferring of mining titles is a common practice in many of
Tanzania’s ASGM areas and formal contractual obligations are rare. Under the Mining Act,
16
gold brokers are authorized to trade minerals within Tanzania provided they have a broker
license issued by the Commissioner for Minerals, and licensed dealers are permitted to
export gold. However, no laws govern the distribution of profits amongst claim holders, pit
holders and mineworkers.
(iii)
The 1998 Mining Act and the 2010 Mining Act does not provide clarity in addressing
compensation issues for surface land holders or other constituents, and the 2008 Bomani
Commission report noted that the government needs to clarify compensation policies,
procedures, and amounts for artisanal miners in cases where resettlement is an issue.
(iv)
The current Act does not provide specific legal stipulations on how sub-division of larger
mining companies’ concessions could work in order to create legal possibilities for sharing
land areas with artisanal and small-scale miners. Clarification of this dimension
(formalizing of the subdivision of concessions) may be useful in the future, especially as
government policy papers have recognized that more land needs to be allocated and
available for legalizing artisanal miners.
(v)
Unlike large mining companies, owners of PMLs do not have to complete environmental
impact assessments (EIAs) requirements. To ensure that ASM do not haphazardly degrade
the environment, specific regulations were made under the Mining Act, 210 to protect
environment for small scale mining. The regulations provide guidance for environmental
management including management of mercury during gold processing undertakings.
However compliance with the requirements has been converse due to inability of ACM to
both access and comprehends the requirements.
3.3.2 Mining Cadastral Information Management System [MCIMS]
Tanzania decided to follow the modern worldwide trends to reform the Mining Act and set up a Mining
Cadastre. Experience showed that the coordination with the National Cadastre and the Registrar is
necessary to solve conflicts with possessors or holders of other rights.
The FlexiCadastre system uses a rules and workflow-centric approach to facilitate the efficient
administration of mineral title in multiple jurisdictions. Flexi Cadastre is a mining cadastre management
system that uses a web portal for data management and reporting, advanced task management,
configurable business logic, best of breed GIS technologies and innovative concepts.
There has been a significant challenge to provide the system to 26 Zonal and Resident Mines Offices
throughout Tanzania and in many of the offices visited during the study, the system was not working.
According to Zonal & Resident mines officers, the longest time one could access the system was two hours
and the best they could in the two hour period is to enter and search for one or two licenses.
Currently the server is slow and based in Dar es Salaam; there is lack of information, poor networking, and
collaboration, and limited information sharing. There therefore, need for fabrication skills for technology
17
which can be attained through engaging the services of UCC; and training of staff (field data) to make the
system perform to the capacity of its intended level.
3.4 FISCAL REGIME
Applicable legislations are the Financial Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1997 and The Value –
Added Act, 1997 and their subsequent amendments. Royalty is charged under the Mining Act, 2010. The
taxes in the mineral sector are shown in Table 5 below.
Table 4: Taxes and Fees Payable in the Mineral Sector
No
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
Types of taxes
Income tax and custom duty
 Income tax
 Withholding tax
 Import duty
 Excise duty
 Stamp duty ( for unregistered
companies for VAT)
 Fuel levy
 Natural resources tax
Employment taxes
 PAYE (pay as you earn)
 Benefit taxes (fringe benefit)
 Directors taxes
 NSSF ( National Social Security Fund)
 Skills and development levy (VETA levy)
Royalty
Social security contributions
 National
Social
Security
Fund
Contributions
Other fees
 license application fee
 license preparation fee
 Annual rental fee for mineral rights
 jeweller license fee
 Explosive storage license fee
Applied law
Income tax of 2004 and customs
tariff act number 12 of 1976 and
financial
laws
(miscellaneous
amendments)
act
no.27
of
1997.stamp duty act, road toll act
Authorized Ministry
Treasury through TRA
Income tax no. of 2004 and
financial
laws
(miscellaneous
amendments) act no.27 of 1997
Treasury through TRA and
ministry of work, youth
and sports development
Mining act no. 15 of 2010
National Social Security Act
MEM
Mining act no.15 of 2010
MEM
Jewellers Act;
Explosives act
18
Figure 3.1: Areas for SMMRP II Activities
19
Figure 3.2
Areas for High Resolution Airborne geophysical Survey (with blue boundary
20
Figure 3.3 Areas
for Geological mapping and geochemical survey (with blue boundary)
21
3.5 PROJECT PRINCIPLES AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
The principal SMMRP implementing agency in Tanzania is the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM)
through its Minerals Division. The project will also be implemented in close collaboration with Local
Government Authorities (LGRAs) from targeted mining zones/areas where the project will be
implemented.
3.5.1 MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE
A.
Project Management Team (PMT) will be responsible for day-to-day project implementation and
management, and coordination of various activities of targeted stakeholders. Decision-making on
implementation of activities, contracting, preparation of Terms of References, will also be handled
by PMT with clearance and approval from the Technical Committee as needed.
STEERING COMMITTEE







WORLD BANK
Permanent Secretary
Commissioner for Minerals
Director of Administration and Personnel
Chief Accountant
Director of Policy and Planning
Director of Environment (VPO)
Director of Local Government (PMO)
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM




Project Manager
Project Technical Officer
Project Accountant
Procurement Specialist












Commissioner for Minerals
Project Manager
Project Coordinator (GST)
Head-Environmental Management Unit
Head-Legal Services Unit
Head-Management Information Unit
Head-Procurement Management Unit
Head-Information, Education and Communication
unit
Head-Small-Scale Mining Development Section
Head-Mineral Economics and Trading Section
(Promotion and statistics)
Head-Licensing and Mineral Rights Section
Head-Mines Inspectorate Section
Figure 4.1: Diagrammatical representation of the SMMRP administration framework
B.
MEM’s Permanent Secretary will be responsible for providing overall policy guidance, and will
ensure that SMMRP activities are carried out in accordance with the Project Implementation
Manual/timeline; and
C.
SMMRP Technical Committee, consisting of sections heads from various relevant
implementing sections at MEM will provide project guidance and co-ordination.
22
3.5.1.1
Government of the United Republic of Tanzania
The Ministry of Energy and Minerals, as representative of the GOT will act as the primary ESMF review
agent. In doing this, MEM will work in close association with relevant district or local level – the Local
Government and Regional Authorities (LGRAs). The Government will have the following further key
responsibilities:
•
To act as the primary Government representative;
•
To act as chair of any of the consultative forums that are set up, should it so wish;
•
Issuing Licenses (prospecting, mining, etc.) including renewals;
•
Overseeing implementation of the Mining Policy;
•
Enforcement of laws and regulations for mining and protection of environment in the
SMMRP project areas;
•
Environmental monitoring and auditing of the various SMMRP project activities;
•
Mining projects EIS & EMP approvals (through a multi-sectoral committee under the VPO DOE);
•
Managing resettlements in Mining areas (through the Ministry of Lands and Housing
Settlements); and
•
Mining conflict resolutions.
3.5.1.2
Other Stakeholders of SMMRP
3.5.1.2.1 State Mining Corporation (STAMICO)
STAMICO was formed in 1972 by a Government Notice No. 163 under the Public Corporation Act of 1969
and came into operation on 1st January 1973. The main role of STAMICO is the provision of professional
mineral services, which include drilling (for mineral and water), land and mine surveying, mineral
exploration and investment promotion, promotion and modernization of the small-scale mining subsector, promotion of industrial minerals development and mineral consultancy.
The SMMRP will finance a strategic assessment of STAMICO, exploring existing institutional capacity and
options for self-financing, as a pre-condition for its future role with the private sector for both, largescale and small-scale mining opportunities. According the Director General, STAMICO is looking into the
possibility of expanding collaboration. That is, other than depending on support from International
Organizations and support from western companies to also incorporate the Eastern bloc countries such
as China, India, etc. He also recommended that there is need to add value to gemstones being mined in
various parts of the country than selling them raw. Adding value skills could be imparted on local ASM
through training.
3.5.1.2.2 ARUSHA GEMSTONE AND CARVING CENTRE
Arusha Carving & Gemstone Centre was established in Arusha in year 2001 with a purpose of training
gemstone cutters and stone carving technicians, who will become trainers of other artisans in gem
cutting and stone carving.
23
The centre which is not yet complete has some of the equipment procured by the Government through
the WB support in the period of 2002 – 2003, which also included rehabilitation of buildings and
structures of what used to be the Meerschaums Manufacturing Industry, which stopped functioning due
to liquidity problems. The rehabilitation included also the buildings for the Zonal Mines offices for the
Northern Zone. Consultant was contracted to purchase and commission the equipment and provide
training to few trainers. The training was incomplete but equipment for stone cutting, lapidary, stone
carving, moulding, and fine polishing were fitted and were made operational. However, the jewellery
sections with its equipment is yet to be procured and only the stone carving section was complete.
Major issues which were identified included:

Lack of commitment from the Government to support the centre, which has caused some
trained employees to seek alternative employment elsewhere;

Absence of close administration and management of the centre, which made even the Zonal
office bearers to refer to issues of the centre to the MEM Head office(Project office);

Difficulty of obtaining gemstones for training the gemstone cutters in a local market, thereby
making it difficult to conduct training in gemstone cutting;

Lack of clear goals of the centre among the employees and staff of the centre;

Absence of any form of award from the centre after completing the training program causes
the training program to be un-attractive;
It is therefore, important that the centre receive financial assistance that will be used to purchase
additional equipment and fund for the remaining part of the training program of the trainers, who had
completed the first phase of training from the consultant. It is also important that a curriculum is built
that will be in line with National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) requirements and that the
centre be managed by a training institution that will incorporate the curriculum into its programs.
The roles and responsibilities of the various stakeholders at national, institutional, and local levels for
SMMRP with regard to the Environmental and Social Management Framework is shown in Table 5
Table 5: Roles and Responsibilities with Regard to ESMF Implementation
Level
National
level
Sector Ministry/
Institution
Ministry
Energy
Minerals
of
and
Role and Responsibility
Remarks
 Government representative for SMMRP implementation
 Issuing Licenses (prospecting, mining, etc.);
 Oversee implementation of the Mining Policy;
 Enforcement of laws and regulations for mining and protection
of environment;
 Environmental monitoring and auditing of the various SMMRP
project activities;
 Mining projects EIS & EMP approvals (through a multi-sectoral
committee);
 Mining conflict resolutions.
24
Level
Sector Ministry/
Institution
Vice
President’s
Office (Division
of
Environment)
Ministry
Water
of
Tanzania
Bureau
standards
Ministry
of
Land, Housing
and
Human
settlement
Development
Ministry
of
Natural
Resources and
Tourism
(Forestry
Division)
Role and Responsibility
Remarks
 Overall responsible for planning and implementation on all
environmental matters, including approvals of SESA and EIA
certificates;
 Responsible for formulation and articulation of policy guidelines
necessary for promotion & protection of the environment;
 Issues general guidelines to sector Ministries & coordinate all
agencies public/private institutions related to environmental
management;
Environmental
Management Act,
2004
Director of Environment
 Facilitate civil society involvement;
 Advices the Government on legislative measures related to
management of the environment and on international
agreements in the field of environment;
 Monitors and assesses activities being carried out by relevant
agencies in order to ensure that the environment is not
degraded;
 Prepares and issues a report on the state of the environment;
 Coordinate issues relating to articulation and implementation of
environmental management aspects of other sector policies;
 Enforces laws and regulations for water quality and utilization;
 Issues and regulates water rights;
 Enforces water and effluent discharge laws (standards,
monitoring & regulation).
 Preparation of environmental guidelines and standards;
Water Resources
Management Act,
2009
TBS Act, 2009
 Issuing of Right of Occupancy;
 Land use planning;
 Valuation and compensation
Land Act 1999
and Village land
Act, 1999
 Implements the Forestry Policy;
 Enforce laws and regulations for forestry resources
management;
 Issues permits to conduct activities in the forest reserved areas;
 Implements the Beekeeping Policy;
 Enforces laws and regulations for beekeeping resources
management;
 Issues permits to conduct activities for harvesting of bee
products in collaboration with Forest Division;
Forest Act, 2002
25
Level
Sector Ministry/
Institution
National
Environment
Management
Council
(NEMC)
SSM/LSM
NGOs/CBO’s
Regional
Level
Regional
Secretariat
NGOs/CBOs
District
/local level
Land
Allocation
Committee
District/Ward
Functional
Departments –
Planning,
Water, Health,
Community
Development,
Natural
Resources, etc.
Role and Responsibility
Remarks
 Performs environmental surveys and advises the government on
all relevant matters;
 Enforces pollution control, ensures compliance of the national
environmental quality standards and performs the technical
arbitration role in the undertaking of EIAs;
 Identifies projects and programs or types of projects and
programs for which environmental audit or environmental
monitoring must be conducted under this Act;
 Initiates and evolves procedures and safeguards for the
prevention of accidents which may cause environmental
degradation and remedial measures where accidents occur;
 Publishes and disseminates manuals, codes or guidelines relating
to environmental management and prevention or abatement of
environmental degradation;
 Renders advice and technical support, where possible, to
entities engaged in natural resources and environmental
management so as to enable them to carry out their
responsibilities.
 Conducting an Environmental and Social Assessment
 Compensation of land & properties
 Project implementation
 Implementation of the Environmental and Social Management
Plan
 Project Monitoring, internal and external environmental auditing
and reporting
 National Environmental watchdogs.
 Initiating dialogue on national environmental concerns among
stakeholders
 Responsible for coordination of all advises on environmental
management in their respective regions;
 Responsible for advising the local authorities on matters relating
to implementation and enforcement of the Act.
 Link between the Region and Director of Environment in the
VPO as well as Director General for NEMC.
 Regional environmental watchdog.
 Education and awareness raising on environmental management
 Stakeholders’ platform for voice.
 Land allocation and approvals
Environmental
Management Act,
2004
 Extension Services
 Advice Committees, Departments on environmental matters
 Promote environmental awareness
 Gather and manage information on environment and utilization
of resources
 Prepare periodic reports on the state of the environment
 Monitor the preparation, review, and approval of Environmental
Impact Assessment of local investments
 Review By-laws on environmental management and on sector
specific activities related to the environment.
According
to
Environmental
Management Act,
2004
Environmental
Management Act,
2004
According to Civil
Society rights and
responsibilities
According
to
Environmental
Management
Act.2004
According to Civil
society rights and
responsibilities
Land Act, 1999
26
Level
Sector Ministry/
Institution
Environmental
Committees
(District, Ward
& Village)
Local
Stakeholders
Councils
(District, Ward
& Village)
NGOs/CBOs
Role and Responsibility
Remarks
 Coordinating and advising on environmental policies and
implementation obstacles.
 Promoting environmental awareness.
 Information generation, assembly and dissemination from any
person.
 Initiate inquiries and investigation on any environmental
disputes or violation of the Act
 Resolve conflict among individual persons, companies, agencies,
NGOs, Government Departments.
 Inspect any source of pollution in the area.
 Initiate proceedings of civil nature against any person, company,
and agency for failing or refusing action under the Act.
 Local environmental watchdog.
According
to
Environmental
Management Act.
2004
 To oversee performance of the Environmental Committees
(within their jurisdictions).
 Local environmental watchdog.
 Education and awareness raising on local environmental issues
 Local Stakeholders’ platform for voice.
According to Civil
society rights and
responsibilities
3.5.1.3 SMMR II Project Principles and Implementing Agents
Agents/consultants will be appointed by MEM to implement the various components of the Project.
Agents appointed will be suitably qualified, with credible record of experience to undertake the tasks
for which they have been appointed. These agents will be provided with the necessary financial
resources to implement the ESMF and will provide significant additional managerial and technical
expertise.
27
CHAPTER 4
4 RECOMMENDATIONS FROM SESA REPORT
There are six themes identified from the Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) report
prepared under phase I. Fundamental areas of recommendations are:i. Finance
ii. Institutional Structures
iii. Community Development
iv. Forward Planning
v. Awareness Raising and Skills Training
vi. Monitoring and Enforcement
Table 6 presents summary of recommendations of SESA in relation to the project components.
Table 6: Recommendations of SESA in Relation to Project Phase II
Theme
Finance
Institutional
Structures
Recommendation
Project
Remarks
Component Linked
with
the
Recommendation
Government should establish a Component A .3
ASM value addition activities at
committee on the sustainable
Tanzania Gemmological Centre,
development of mineral resources
training on ASM in mineral
to determine how the minerals
value addition
value chain can be strengthened to
Establishing
demonstration
ensure that more wealth is retained
centre for ASM in some of
within Tanzania;
active mining areas.
Component C.3
Promotion of businesses and
international joint ventures
across ASM sub-sector.
Clarify the role of centrally based Component C.2
agencies of MEM (TGS / STAMICO)
and other key ministries;
Support the transformation of
STAMICO into a self-sustaining
technical services provider for
the ASM sector.
28
Community
Development
Planning
A new programme should be Component A.5
developed by MEM, in conjunction
with other ministries and agencies,
which is aimed at stimulating new
economic activities in all mining
areas whether or not they are
formally
designated.
These
activities should include support to
small private sector enterprises that
are set up to provide mining tools
and health and safety equipment.
The consequences of haphazard
and uncontrolled artisanal mining
are not restricted to environmental
degradation and social and health
risks. There is strong anecdotal
evidence that illegal mining and the
sale of minerals through the black
economy costs the country more in
lost revenue than it makes from
large and small scale mining put
together.
A major focus should be placed Component A .3
firstly on identifying and regulating
mineral processors (since all
artisanal miners must trade through
middlemen) and, secondly, on
encouraging
investment
and
developing skills in value – added
activities like gem cutting, polishing
and setting.
An inter-ministerial committee Component A.3
should be established with the
remit of establishing a dialogue
across all sector ministries to look
at ways of accelerating community
development in mining areas.
Consider
a
requirement
to Component A.5
introducing a land use plan to be
produced, supported by a strategic
environmental assessment, for all
mining districts so that Mine Plans
are integrated into the formal
planning system.
Improving linkages between
mining and the local economy
through mainstreaming mining
into LGAs strategic planning
ASM value addition activities
at Tanzania Gemmological
Centre, training on ASM in
mineral value addition
Establishing
demonstration
centre for ASM in some of
active mining areas.
Reviewing impediments facing
local entrepreneurs to provide
goods and services in mines,
and preparing an action plan
on fiscal and customs regimes,
to promote local sourcing of
goods and services by mining
companies.
Improving linkages between
mining and the local economy
through mainstreaming mining
into LGAs strategic planning
29
Monitoring
and
Enforcement
MEM to prioritize its resources Component A .2
towards delivering higher standards
and more effective monitoring and
enforcement of existing legislation.
Strengthening
offices – ZMO.
zonal
mines
30
CHAPTER 5
5 DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
5.1 Potential Environmental Concerns and Impacts
Determination of potential environmental impacts is guided by the Environmental Impacts and Audit
Regulation of 2005. In line with the critical environmental problems facing the country stated in the
National Environment Policy (NEP), 1997, the mining sector has been experiencing problems which can
largely be grouped into:i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Land Degradation
Environmental pollution;
Loss of biodiversity and Habitats;
Deterioration of Aquatic Systems;
Tables 7 to 8present the root and immediate causes for common environmental concerns with their
associated impacts while table 9 provides Summary of SMMRP II Activities and Proposed Approach to
Mitigate Potential Environmental and Social Safeguard Issues.
Table 7:Land Degradation Impacts
Land degradation can occur during all project phases. The scale and form of degradation differ from project
type and level to another. The forms of degradation can be physical or chemical or biological or both.
Immediate Causes
Root Cause
Impacts
Severity
Cutting of trees for
strengthening of mine
pits, construction of
shelters and sources
of energy.
Inadequate financial resources to  Soil erosion and loss of soil HIGH
afford modern mining technology
fertility
;construction materials and energy  Loss of biodiversity
sources
 Carbon foot print
 Desertification
Spillage of chemicals Inadequate awareness on legal  Soil pollution
HIGH
and hydrocarbons on requirements and best practices  Surface and ground water
unprotected land
on
handling
of
hazardous
pollution
materials such as chemicals and
hydrocarbons
Abandonment of mine
sites
 Inadequate awareness on legal  Accidents to people and HIGH
requirements
and
best
animals
practices on environmental  Visual impacts
restorations
 Degraded aesthetic value of
 Non-compliance
the land


31
Table 8: Environmental Pollution Issues
Environmental pollution refers to destruction of environmental component such as water, air and soil. The
pollutants can be from natural land formation or induced by virtual of existence of a particular project.
Immediate Causes
Root Cause
Discharge of tailings
and
contaminated
effluents
to
the
environment.
Emission
pollutants
of
air
Improper handling of
mined materials (ore
and waste rocks)
Impacts
Severity
 Inadequate financial resources for Impaired surface and HIGH
ground water quality
mine wastes management;
 Inadequate
awareness
on
handling of effluents.
 Non-compliance
MEDIUM
 Inadequate financial resources for Air pollution
management and control of air
pollutants
 Non-compliance
 Inadequate awareness on air
pollution prevention and control.
 Poor mine design and planning
 Surface and ground HIGH
water pollution
 Insufficient baseline information
on geo-chemical nature of the  Acid rock drainage
materials to be mined.
(ARD)
 Impaired soil fertility
 Air pollution
Improper handling of
chemicals (transport,
storage and use)
 Non compliance
 Inadequate
awareness
chemicals handling and use
on
Improper handling of
Mercury
in
gold
processing
 Non compliance
 Inadequate
awareness
chemicals handling and use
on
Mining and mineral
processing
within/near
water
sources
 Non compliance
 Inadequate awareness on water
sources protection
 Surface and ground HIGH
water pollution
 Air pollution by fumes
 Soil degradation
HIGH
 Water pollution
 Air pollution by fumes
 Health impacts
 Surface and ground HIGH
water pollution
 Deterioration
of
aquatic system
Table 9:Potential Social Concerns and Impacts
Major common socio-economic problems in the mining sector include conflicts on land ownership,
compensation, resettlement and child labors.
Immediate Causes
Root Cause
Employment
Overpopulation at ASM opportunity
sites
Impacts
Severity
 Increased
pressure
on
natural HIGH
resources
 Limited access to social services
 Impaired customs/culture of locals
32
 Communicable
diseases
and
HIV/AIDS
 Insecurity
Health and safety concerns in the mining sector result from child labor, silicosis and TB control, unsafe
working environment and handling of chemicals.
Immediate Causes
Root Cause
Impacts
Severity
Child Labor
 Non-compliance
 Poverty
 Exposure to Accidents
 Injuries
 Increased rate of illiteracy
Chemicals accidents and injuries.
HIGH
Improper handling of  Inadequate
chemicals
awareness
on
chemicals
handling
 Non-compliance.
Poor ventilation at the  Lack of awareness
mine sites
among miners on
air borne diseases
 Inadequate health
services/outreach
at the mining
communities
Flying of planes at low Inadequate
level
during consultations
to
Aeromagnetic surveys people within the
survey area
Licensing of mineral Inadequate
lease
and
land consultation
to
ownership
other land users on
licensing and mining
plans
Population explosion
Improvement
on
mining technology
in line with SMMRP
implementation
Involvement
of  Non use of Proper
Women in Mining
PPE
 Inadequate
awareness
on
occupational
health and safety
practices
 Gender
Related
Issues
Indigenous peoples
 Close proximity to
mining
and
processing
activities
 Exposure to diseases
Silicosis)
 Loss of manpower
(TB
 Noise disturbance to people
 Social unrest
HIGH
and HIGH
HIGH
Conflicts and competition for land HIGH
ownership
Competition/pressure on available HIGH
natural resources
HIGH
 Increased HIV/AIDS epidemiology
 Blasting accidents
 Respiratory
illness,
silicosis,
tuberculosis
 Unstable
marriages
due
to
separation with spouses
 Women discrimination
MEDIUM
 Vibration impacts from blasting
 Pneumonic diseases caused by dust
and exhaust emissions
33
5.2 Positive Social Impacts from ASM
Communities surrounding the mine sites have been benefited through: improved social services,
employment opportunities, supply of local goods and services, which in turn has improved their
livelihood. The Government is also benefiting from ASM through collection of revenues.
34
Table 10: Summary of SMMRP II Activities and Proposed Approach to Mitigate Potential Environmental and Social Safeguard Issues
Sub-component
Description
Activities
and Scope of Sub-component
 Strengthening of provision of extension
services to ASM by the Minerals Division, in
collaboration with REMAS and Large Scale
Mining Companies.
A2. ExtensionExtension
Services
for
Artisanal and Small-scale
Mining
 Development of small-to-medium scale
mining operations to increase production
and tax revenue for the country, and improve
small-scale miner household livelihoods
A4. Provision
Grant Program
 Establishment of small-scale model mines
of
Small
Financial assistance for
Small-scale mining and
value addition activities
 supporting entrepreneurs in selected SmallScale Mining centers.
 expansion of the grants scheme from three
to seven mining areas, and increase the total
financial support
Impacts/ Risks
Small-scale mines, if poorly run can cause great
damage, particularly if they're located in
ecologically sensitive areas. The main potential
impacts of existing and planned mine
development include:
 land degradation, is a common phenomenon at
many uncontrolled, unmonitored small-scale
mining sites. Miners leave behind “moonlike”
landscapes consisting of unstable piles of
waste, abandoned excavations and vast
stretches of barren land. Excavated pits are
typically left unfilled and abandoned to become
receptacles for water. Such areas become
breeding grounds for mosquitoes and potential
dangers. (High, adverse and long term)
 Large tracts of agricultural lands are also
destroyed as a result of excessive vegetation
removal and disturbance of soil structure.
Growth supporting topsoil is usually removed
during mining, and the land is rendered
virtually incapable of supporting plant growth,
in addition to being left exposed to erosion.
(medium, adverse and short term)
 The drainage system in many small-scale
 mining areas is adversely affected by such
operations. Rivers and streams are polluted by
solid suspensions and mercury, which are
commonly discharged into resident water
bodies during the sluicing process and
amalgamation respectively. This in turn leads to
siltation and coloration of such waters (high,
adverse and long term).
 Improperly disposed tailings also find their way
Proposed Mitigation Measures
 Encourage use of steel instead of
tree logs in pit support.
 improved processing techniques
 Institute monitoring program for
water sources around mining sites
 Environmental monitoring
 Ensure that mine pits are backfilled
before establishment of the new pit
 Technical support in respect of
exploring for minerals will help SSM
adapt new technical methods in
place of their belief in traditional
methods
 Capacity building will be enhanced
on ways to mitigate impacts related
to implementation of small civil
works
 Promote and enhance use of Retort
for Mercury-gold mixture to reduce
air pollution and health impacts.
 Promote and enhance pavement of
sluicing areas and containment of
effluents from such areas.
 Promote and facilitate wet mining
technologies to reduce dust
emissions
 Encourage and facilitate conducting
of baseline studies to the proposed
rocks to be mined in order to know
its geo-chemical nature that will
lead to proper development of
35
Sub-component
Description
Activities
and Scope of Sub-component
Impacts/ Risks







into streams and rivers during rains, creating
sedimentation problems and rendering streams
unusable for both domestic and industrial
purposes (high, adverse and long term).
.
Removal of vegetation also causes soil erosion,
which in turn increases the turbidity of runoff
surface waters.
Drainage of lubricants and other oils into
streams causes problems such as deoxygenation of water, which threatens aquatic
life (medium, moderate and short term).
Emissions of gaseous pollutants (medium,
moderate and short term)
Small-scale mining operations generate some
dust that could be hazardous to human health
since the particles generated from such sources
fall within the respirable dust range and are
capable of causing dust-related diseases (high,
adverse and short term).
Burning of gold amalgam in the open air.
produces mercury fumes, which are released
into the atmosphere. In some instances,
burning of amalgam is conducted in poorly
ventilated rooms, exposing miners to the
dangers of mercury contamination (adverse,
high, short-term)
Waste Dumps – potential for generation of
acidic leachate with elevated metals
concentrations (Medium, adverse and shortterm).
potential for migration of saline and/or acidic
water from pit lakes; potential for seepage of
tailings liquors with elevated cyanide and other
process
chemicals;
potential
leachate
Proposed Mitigation Measures









waste rock dumping strategies to
minimize acid rock formation
impacts.
Ensure that thorough consultation
is made to stakeholders before
implementation of any project
related to SMMRP II
Ensure
that
guidelines
are
developed
for
guiding
environmental management plan
for small civil works.
Introduce gender and user friendly
technologies that are related to
existing technologies and tools.
Strengthen the existing traditional
security systems and where
necessary erect new police posts.
Raise awareness to restrict the
pollution of traditional norms;
Strengthen
the
traditional
structures and enforce the by-laws.
Conduct
valuations
and
compensate
all
affected
or
displaced communities;
Implement the resettlement in
accordance with the WB policies on
involuntary
resettlement
(OP4.12)RPF and obtain prior
approvals before proceeding with
project activities
Resettlements
to
consider
impeding loss of social networks
and capital
36
Sub-component
Description
Activities
and Scope of Sub-component
Impacts/ Risks
Proposed Mitigation Measures
generated from old mine workings and tailings
pile (Medium, adverse and short-term).
 ASM can pollute waterways through mercury
use, dam construction, a build-up of silt, poor
sanitation, and effluent dumped in rivers
(medium, adverse and short-term)
 With capacities ASM will have ability to
improve their mining technology and methods.
Such improvements will be associated with
implementation of small civil works which
further can lead to social, health and
environmental impacts
 Establishment of selected learning centers at
areas earmarked involve construction of small
structures hence involve civil woks
 Ground Vibrations caused by blasting works
which may lead to damaging nearby surface
structures including buildings ;
Social Issues:
 Poor selection criteria for provision of grants
(high, adverse short-term)
 ASM can lead to an influx of workers and create
conflict with existing miners, communities, and
indigenous populations ; substance abuse,
alcoholism and communicable diseases often
increase (medium, adverse and short-term)
 Sanitation and basic health care are often
lacking in ASM areas (high, moderate and long
term)
 Women and children are also frequently
involved in ASM activities creating specific
health, physical and psychological concerns
37
Sub-component
Description
Activities
and Scope of Sub-component
Impacts/ Risks
Proposed Mitigation Measures
(high, adverse and long-term)
 The lack of formality (legality) in the ASM
sector also affects worker safety (high, adverse
and long-term).
 Dangers in the workplace include lack of
training, poor ventilation, lack of safety
equipment, improper use of chemicals, and
obsolete equipment (high, adverse and longterm)
 Monitoring and enforcement of environmental
regulations is hampered by informality, the
remote location of mine operations, and a lack
of resources (medium, moderate and shortterm)
 More participation of women in mining
activities as a result of enhanced technical
assistance (High, favorable, long-term)
 Increased community and household insecurity
(High, Adverse, long-term, reversible)
 Change of behaviors and pollution of traditional
norms like drunkenness, drug abuse, etc
(High, adverse, long-term, reversible)
 Health Problems (STDs and reproductive health
problems
(High,
adverse,
long-term,
irreversible)
 Inadequate social services (health, education,
water, household food and land) due to
remoteness of small scale mining sites
(High, Adverse, Medium-term, irreversible)
 Displacement/ Replacement of community
inhabitants due to expansion of mining
activities (High, Adverse, Long-term
38
Sub-component
Description
Activities
and Scope of Sub-component
Impacts/ Risks
Proposed Mitigation Measures
Irreversible)
Disturbance in social structure, social capital
and networks resulting form resettlements
A5. LGRALinkages between Mining
and the local Economy
The sub-component aims at supporting pilot
mainstreaming of mining (LSM and ASM) into
development strategic planning in 4 districts and
in selected mining communities.
 Potential competition between mineral right
holders and other land users (High, Adverse,
Long-term)
 Conflict between Local governments with
Mineral Prospecting Companies in their areas.
(High, Adverse, long-term, reversible)
 Triggering economic and social development
associated problems (Medium, adverse, longterm, reversible)
 Displacement of indigenous ethnic groups
through destruction of their environment and
social development associated problems
(Medium, adverse, long-term, reversible)
 Unemployment to the local communities/
Inability to compete for existing jobs
((Medium, adverse, long-term, reversible)
 Increase benefits of mining to the
communities
 Creation of harmony between ASM,
LSM and theLocal Governments
 Effective and stringent selection
criteria for supporting pilot
mainstreaming of the districts
 Better consultation mechanism and
involvement of all stakeholders
 Improve systems for implementing
and enforcing legal and fiscal
reforms
 Enforcement of national Laws and
Policies related to Environmental
management, local governments,
land and mining;
 The mining company operating
within the local community should
adhere to the LGRAs By-laws;
 Community participation should
be improved in decision making to
ensure
there
is
smooth
cooperation between parties;
 Advocate a bottom – up
community
participation
approach;
 The outcome of the exploration
should be transparent with regard
to the minerals and mining
39
Sub-component
B1. LegalLegal and Fiscal Reform
B3. CadastreImproving and Upgrading
the
Mining
Cadastre
Information Management
System (MCIMS)
Description
Activities
and Scope of Sub-component
Support Tanzania Mineral Audit Agency (TMAA)
and Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA in
integrating ASM operations into the tax revenue
collection model.
The sub-component aims at supporting the
Ministry of Energy and Minerals to strengthen
and make sustainable the MCIMS, which
manages processing and administration of
mineral rights. Administration.
Impacts/ Risks
Proposed Mitigation Measures
 Potential for conflicts among stakeholders (
TRA, TMAA, miners and community) (Medium,
adverse, long-term, reversible)
 Ineffective legal and fiscal reforms
 If good governance is not adhered to, the
effectiveness of the reforms may be hampered.
Phase II will involve capacity building to officials
administering the integrated database; and for
integration E&S database into MCIMS.
information.
 Build the local capacity for job skills
through training and education
 Empower women and youths to vie
for the jobs
 Involve all relevant stakeholders in
selection of projects to be
implemented strengthen internal
communication
between
all
government actors in the mineral
sector.
 Improve systems for implementing
and enforcing legal and fiscal
reforms
 Conduct periodical training to
officials
under
minerals
department
for
proper
administration of MCIMS
 Improved transparency in the
sector
 Adhere to good governance when
implementing the project
 integration E&S database into
MCIMS.
B4. Environment
Environmental and Social
Management
The sub-component aims at supporting
Environment and Social Impact Assessment of
the Sector, and strengthening the capacity of
MEM in environmental and social compliance
monitoring
Review of EMSF, update of Minerals Sector EIA
 Environmental degradation
conflicts
and
social
 Improved capacity to manage and
monitor environmental and social
issues in the mineral sector
through training and capacity
building
 Adhere to SESA recommendations
and other ESMF.
40
Sub-component
Description
Activities
and Scope of Sub-component
Impacts/ Risks
Proposed Mitigation Measures
 Undertake independent evaluation
of ESMF implementation
guidelines, and SEA for uranium mining.
The Technical assistance will increase the
capacity of SSM through improved income to
contribute
towards
construction
and
improvement of Social infrastructure and Social
services in the villages and wards;
C1. GSTStrengthening
of
the
Geological Infrastructure
C2. STAMICOFuture role of State Mining
Corporation
The sub-component aims at supporting the
Geological Survey of Tanzania (GST) to acquire
and upgrade the geologic information for
enhancement of investment promotion.
Additional geological work aimed at identifying
and demarcating areas suitable for ASM
The sub-component aims at supporting the
strategic assessment of STAMICO in line with its
transformation into a self-sustaining technical
services provider for the ASM sector.
 Improved geologic infrastructure of the
country;
 Inadequate public consultation and awareness
may lead to delays in project implementation.
 Flying planes during Mapping Aeromagnetic
Survey may lead to disturbance to local
community
 Poor performance of STAMICO
 Conflict between STAMICO
Operators
and
Mining
Carry
out
adequate
consultations prior to
implementation
public
project
Ensure that all flying are done during
day time to minimize noice impacts
Carry out needs assessment of
STAMICO for capacity building and
develop capacity building plan
Improve
consultation
involvement with stakeholders
and
41
Sub-component
Description
Activities
and Scope of Sub-component
Impacts/ Risks
 Support limited business promotion services 
aimed at building the capacity of ASM  Potential for conflicts among stakeholders
operators to promote their businesses and  Improved inter-agency coordination
attract international joint ventures
collaboration
 Better public image of the mineral industry
C3.
Improved livelihood of practitioners in the
mining industry
Mineral Sector Investment
 The Technical assistance extended to
SSM will improve mineral production
Information and Promotion
and increase employment of skilled
miners improving their standard of
living providing them with higher cash
income.
Prevention of child labor
Provision for emergencies
Consultations
stakeholders
community
with
and
 Occurrence of minerals rushes may attracts
involvement of children
Proposed Mitigation Measures
and
 Increased chance of occupational health and
safety impacts
Poor mining technology may lead to unexpected  Poor mining technology may lead to unexpected
accidents including rock falls, human fall in pits
injuries and fatalities
and mishandling of explosives.
 Ineffective consultation may lead to hindered
implementation of sub-projects and social
unrest
Ineffective consultations related to:
 Inadequate selection of stakeholders
 Inadequate coverage of key issue for
consultations
 Wrongly timed consultations
 Adhere to conditions of SESA while
improving
inter-agency
coordination and collaboration
 Improve both human and
equipment support to MEM

 Conduct
awareness
creation
campaign among PML holders that
will be aimed at addressing
impacts of children involvement in
mining and processing activities
 Environmental protection plans
should
include
emergency
preparedness plans.
 procedures will be developed for
the
on-going
consultation
processes that involve NGOs,
landowners,
and
industry
representatives in the dialogue on
mining sector environmental and
social issues. The procedures will
be based on guidelines provided in
the
Environmental
Impacts
Assessment and Audit Regulations,
2005 on public participations. in
cases where issues will not be
42
Sub-component
Description
Activities
and Scope of Sub-component
Impacts/ Risks
Proposed Mitigation Measures
comprehensively
covered
by
existing legislations, the World
Bank Operational Policy (4.01)
43
CHAPTER 6
6 STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATIONS
Engagement with Civil Society and Communities. During SMMRP-II implementation, procedures will be
developed for the on-going consultation processes that involve NGOs, landowners, and industry
representatives in the dialogue on mining sector environmental and social issues. The procedures will be
based on guidelines provided in the Environmental Impacts Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 on
public participations. in cases where issues will not be comprehensively covered by existing legislations,
the World Bank Operational Policy (4.01)
6.1
6.2
Groups of Stakeholders Consulted and Issues Raised
Stakeholders Issues Response in ESMF
Please include a synopsis (2-3 paragraphs) here on Consultations undertaken – and include the details
(date, time, participants, minutes of consultations) as an Annex =(Note: Consultations to be conducted in
the second week of January, 2014)- To be included after the stakeholders meeting
6.3 Grievances Redress
In the event that people are physically or economically affected by the Project activities, appropriate
social studies, in accordance with WB safeguard policies (OP 4.01) will be done; and Consultation and
disclosure requirements will be adapted to meet the special needs of the proposed project.
At the time an individual or cooperatives have been supported with a grant and aspects of
dissatisfaction are expressed seeking redress then the grievance process will simply be administered as
far as possible at the local level. This stage will facilitate quick access and flexible mechanism of solving
the grievances raised.
All grievances concerning non-fulfilment of contract or seizure of assets will be addressed to the existing
local courts system of administration of justice in the Districts. All attempts will be made to settle
grievances. Those seeking redress and wishing to state grievances will do so by notifying their Village
Council and the District Commissioner (DC)/District Executive Director (DED). The DC/DED will consult
with the respective local governments, Ward/Village/Mtaa and other records to determine claims
validity. If valid, the Village Council and Technical Planning Teams will notify the Complainant and the
matter settled.
If the complainant’s claim is rejected, then the matter will be brought before the Land Tribunals and/or
the local courts for settlement. If the matter cannot be settled by the local court and/or the District
Land Tribunals, the matter will go the High Court for resolution. The High Court of Tanzania will be the
highest appellate “judge” in this system. The decision of the High Court is final.
If a complaint pattern emerges, which relates to process or procedures, the DC, DED and MEM will
discuss possible changes and/or remediation. The local leaders will be required to give advice
concerning the need for revisions to procedures. Once the local governments, Ward and Village leaders
agree on necessary and appropriate changes, then a written description of the changed process will be
44
made. The District Commissioner, DED, Ward and Village/Mtaa leaders will be responsible for
communicating any changes to the population.
45
CHAPTER 7
7 COORDINATION MECHANISM WITH OTHER MINISTRIES AND DEPARTMENTS ON ENVIRONMENT
7.1 Vice Presidents Office
With regards to the coordination of the bio-physical environment in Tanzania Mainland, the overall
responsibility is vested with the Division of Environment (DoE) in the Vice President’s Office (VPO),
headed by a State Minister.
DoE is responsible for policy, planning and implementation oversight on issues relating to the
environment. The VPO is therefore responsible for overall policy guidance and advice on the
development of the national strategic environmental vision, including formulation, analysis and
appraisal of broad environmental policy, as well as formulation and review of broad environmental goals
and programmes. The VPO provides a basis for a national political legitimacy for the administration of
strategic policy decisions on a continuous basis for coordinated environmental management.
The EMA 2004 is an umbrella legislation which among other things, provide for the implementation of
the national policy, legal and institutional framework for sustainable management of the environment. It
outlines the principles for management, impact and risk assessment, presentation and control of
pollution, public participation, environmental standards, compliance and enforcement.
7.2 The National Environment Management Council (NEMC)
The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is a semi-autonomous government
organization under the Vice President’s Office.
Among the specific functions of NEMC are;
• Review and recommend for approval of environment impact statements.
• Identify projects and programs for which environmental audit or environmental monitoring must
be conducted.
• Enforce and ensure compliance of the national environmental quality standards.
7.3 Sector Environmental Sections
Environmental sections of sector Ministries and Districts are the collaborating partners in the EIA
process and other aspects of environment management. The roles and responsibilities of these units
are:
a) To develop sectoral guidelines within the framework of the National EIA guidelines,
b) To provide relevant information on policies and other administrative requirements
46
7.4 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
MEM will continue to be the main institution with key responsibilities for environmental and social
management during the implementation stage of the phase II of SMMRP, through its Mineral
Department and the Environmental Management Unit. The Mineral Department in collaboration with
the Environmental Management Unit will ensure that both national and Bank safeguards are adhered to
by all stakeholders, i.e. small scale miners, local government authorities and other sector ministries such
as Lands, Water and Natural Resources.
Holders of mining Licenses (SSM/LSM) are responsible for conducting Environmental and Social Impacts
Assessment, resettlement of project affected people, Implementation of the Environmental and Social
Management Plan and Project Monitoring, internal and external auditing and reporting;
7.5 PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS
7.5.1 Principles of Implementing ESMF
The updated ESMF is prepared in consideration of the proposed planning, operation and monitoring of
the proposed SMMRP II. Key ESMF principles, in the context of responding to the mitigation
requirements, have therefore considered.
i.
ii.
To ensure effective implementation of environmental and social criteria, the ESMF provides
guidance on the approach to be taken during implementation for the selection and design of
SMMRP II activities and the planning of mitigation measures;
SMMRP II activities with potential for significant environment and/or social impacts will be
identified. Project activities with specific environmental and/or social assessment will be
prepared and will be the subject of review and approval by MEM.
7.5.1.1 Required Manpower for SMMRP – ESMF Implementation
Environmental and Social Assessments of the various SMMRP II project activities will remain the
responsibility of the developer/ASM. Hence, the implementation of the EMSF within the SMMRP should
be a focal point and adequate capacity is required to ensure that this can be achieved.
Table 11 lists minimum skills and experience required to implement the ESMF. As for the position of
Project coordinator and Environmental Advisors, the training needs would need to be adjusted to the
qualifications and experience of the incumbent(s).
47
Table 11:Minimum Skills Needed for Management of ESMF
Task
Leader
Needed Skills
Management and
supervision
of
ESMF
MEM
 Field-based knowledge of environmental sensitive areas and
key species of conservation concern in the Project area
 Knowledge of available environmental planning information
 Knowledge of environmental management monitoring and –
reporting
 Reporting skills
 Presentation skills
Environmental
Impact
Assessments
of
Project activities
Consultant(s)
 Field-based knowledge of environmental sensitive areas and
key species of conservation concern in the Project area
 Practical knowledge of environmental and biodiversity
conservation legislation and its implementation
 Knowledge of Tanzanian environmental impact assessment
process and practical implementation
 Environmental management monitoring and reporting
 Reporting skills
 Presentation skills
 Time management skills
Implementation of
guidelines
Implementer of
activity
(e.g., SSM, LSM,
LGRAs,
communities,
CBOs, NGOs)
 Field-based knowledge of environmental sensitive habitats
and key species of conservation concern in their specific
Project area
 Environmental management monitoring and reporting
 Environmental code of conduct in protected areas and
biodiversity priority areas (e.g. track and camp discipline,
waste management)
7.5.2 Potential Users of the ESMF
This framework has been prepared as a reference manual for use by key stakeholders to be involved in
the planning, implementation, management and operation of SMMRP II. As a reference material, the
framework would be useful to the following SMMRP key stakeholders:
i.
Funding agencies/donors for the proposed SMMRP;
ii.
MEM and other related MDAs;
iii.
Regional Administration and Local Governments (RALGs);
iv.
Sector Environmental Management Unit;
v.
Participating sectors in the implementation of the SMMRP;
vi.
Politicians and local traditional leaders;
vii.
NGO’s and the private sector involved in the selected project implementation districts;
viii.
Planners and engineers for preparation of plans and designs of the project activities; and
ix.
Engineers and contractors to be involved in implementation of the project activities.
48
7.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING OF SUB- PROJECTS
7.6.1 Introduction to the Screening Process
The sections below illustrate the steps involved in the environmental and social screening process
leading to the review and approval of projects under the SMMRP. The purpose of this screening process
is to

determine whether future projects are likely to have potential negative environmental and
social impacts;

determine appropriate mitigation measures for activities with adverse impacts;

incorporate mitigation measures into project design;

review and approve project proposals, and

monitor environmental parameters during project implementation.
The assignment of the appropriate environmental category will be based on the provisions of the World
Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01). The environmental and social screening of each proposed sub-project
will be classified into categories A, B, and C, depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the
project and the nature and the magnitude of its potential environmental and social impact. The
categories are:
A)
any project which is likely to have significant adverse environmental and social impacts that
are sensitive, diverse or unprecedented. The impacts under this category affect broader
area than the sites or facilities subjected to physical works.
B)
any project which is likely to have significant adverse on human populations or
environmentally important areas including wetlands, forests , grasslands and any other
natural habitat. Generally they are less adverse than those of category A projects, the
impacts are sites specific and few or any of them are irreversible and most of them are
mitigated rapidly than category A.
C)
Any project which is likely to have minimal or any adverse environmental and social impact.
Beyond screening no further environmental assessment action is required.
The extent of the environmental work that might be required for projects prior to implementation will
depend on the outcome of the screening process described below and shown on a flowchart presented
as Figure 4.2.
Step 1: Screening of Project Activities and Sites
The initial environmental and social screening will be carried out through the use of the Environmental
and Social Screening Form Annex 1. This form will be completed by MEM assisted by the Local
Government Officer responsible for environmental matters (LGO-EM) for the purposes of identifying the
potential environmental and social impacts, determining their significance, assigning the appropriate
environmental category, proposing appropriate environmental and social impact mitigation measures,
and carrying out Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), if necessary. The environmental screening
procedure will lead to identifying projects which will or will not require environmental assessment
49
Step 2: Assigning the Appropriate Environmental and Social impact Categories
The assignment of the appropriate environmental category will be based on the provisions of the World
Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01), on Environmental Assessment. Tanzania’s EIA procedures are
consistent with the environmental and social Impact screening categories contained in the safeguard
policy WB OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment mentioned above. With regard to the SMMRP, all
projects are categorized as “B” and “C”
Step 3: Carrying Out Environmental and Social Work
Environmental Checklist: A guideline for preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan
is given in Annex 2. It is an example checklist illustrating issues which should be covered and required
mitigations measures, in this case against negative environmental and social measures resulting from
Implementation and operational activities. This Environmental and Social Checklist would be
completed by a qualified consultant assisted by the Environmental Management Officer (EMO) at the
different LGRA as necessary. To fulfill the requirements of this checklist, TOR is prepared applicable to
any project within SMMRP as given in Annex 3.
The purpose of the Checklist is to ensure that the identified environmental and social impacts are
mitigated, controlled or eliminated through planned activities to be implemented throughout the project
life. It also provides opportunities for the enhancement of positive impacts, gives details of the
mitigation measures to be undertaken for the impacts, and identifies the responsible institutions to
implement the mitigation measures. Examples of mitigation measures that can be undertaken during
implementation of the project are given in Part - II Section 1.10.
It is to be appreciated however, that the implementation of the management plan will normally be
modified to suit changes or emergencies that may occur on site at the time of project implementation.
The plan therefore should be considered as the main framework that must be followed to ensure that
the key negative impacts are eliminated or adequately kept under control. In this regard, flexibility
should be allowed to optimize the implementation of the plan for the best results in environmental and
social management.
An appropriate environmental and social management and monitoring plan will depend on the scope of
the identified major impacts to be addressed in the implementation of the project. Presented in Annex
2 is a guideline for preparation of an environmental and social impact management and monitoring
plan, which would suit the implementation of the SMMRP but would be adapted, expanded and detailed
in accordance with the specific project and mitigation required. Each sub-project will have to hire a
private consultant who is registered by to conduct ESIA and ESMP in accordance to the Environmental
Management Act, 2004. This checklist provides guidance for decision making during granting of subprojects in implementation of SMMRP -II.
If there are already existing project/infrastructure designs, LGO-EM in coordination with the MEM [the
Team] will assess them for impacts on the chosen land site and modify the design to include appropriate
mitigation measures. For example, if the environmental and social screening process and checklist
identify potential contamination of groundwater due to waste spills during implementation as the main
negative impact from the project activity, the mitigation measure would be for the Team to provide for
measures to avoid waste spills during Implementation. Depending on the potential for success or
50
otherwise of the mitigation measure, a separate EIA might still have to be carried out. Throughout this
process the MEM would be assisted by the LGO-EM.
For situations where the environmental and social screening process identifies land acquisition needs
that would trigger Involuntary Resettlement, then the provisions of the Resettlement Policy Framework
(RPF) would apply. This would require that the project chooses an alternative land site that does not
trigger the policy framework or, maintains the site that triggers Involuntary Resettlement but prepares a
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) consistent with the RPF. The RAP would be a separate document and
would separately be approved by NEMC and the World Bank and any interested Development Partner or
Financing Agency before any action is taken on the ground
Step 4: Review and Approval of the Screening Activity
Under the guidance of the Environmental Management Officers (EMO) of the LGRAs, the Environmental
Management Committee (EMC) at the local government level will review the environmental and social
screening results as well as the environmental checklists that were completed in the course of project
preparation to ensure that all environmental and social impacts have been identified and successfully
addressed. That is, if the screening form has any “Yes” entries, or unjustified “No” entries, the
application would need to adequately explain and demonstrate that the issues raised have been
addressed appropriately. The Environmental Management Committee must also ensure that the project
designs include adequate monitoring and institutional measures are to be taken during implementation
and operation.
If the Environmental Management Committee/Environmental Management Officer finds that the
submitted design is not consistent with the requirements of the environmental screening form and the
environmental checklist, then the project implementer would be requested to re-design (e.g. make
additional modifications and/or choose other sites). The project would then be and re-screened and resubmitted for review. The EMC/EMO would then review again the revised application. If acceptable, it
would be recommended for consideration for approval. If it is not acceptable for the second time, it
would be referred back to the implementer for more work or be denied clearance altogether. Any
proposed projects that do not comply with the requirements of Tanzania and the Safeguards policies will
not be cleared for implementation. A summary of the safeguard policies is contained in Table 1.
If the EMO, MEM and EMC are satisfied that the designs/project proposals are environmentally and
socially compliant, they will be submitted to the LGRA at the Village/Sub-ward/street/hamlet levels for
disclosure. The project documentation must be accompanied by the completed environmental and
social screening forms, and where applicable, the RAP. One of key areas to be looked at will be
consultations with local community, miners, stakeholders etc
If the application is seen to satisfactorily address all environmental and social issues, the Environment
Management Committee will then clear the project and recommend its approval while informing the
MEM. Subsequently, the EMC/EMO will recommend the project to the MEM for approval.
7.7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST FOR REHABILITATION OF SMALL
CIVIL WORKS UNDER SUB-COMPONENT A2
Some of the activities outlined under SMMRP II will involve rehabilitation of small civil works especially
during implementation of activities under sub-component A2. Such activities may lead to negative
51
environmental and social impacts. It is envisage that a checklist is put in place to provide guidance on
dealing with site selection, adherence to pertinent legislations, consultation to key stakeholders and
institutional capacity building. Annex 5 provides safeguarding information on environmental/social
screening for rehabilitation of small civil works.
52
CHAPTER 8
8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Environmental monitoring needs to be carried out during the Implementation as well as operation,
maintenance and decommissioning phases of the projects in order to measure the success of the
mitigation measures implemented earlier. This shall include annual reviews. Under SMMRP, the
responsibilities for monitoring and evaluation of the mitigation measures adopted under the projects
would be assigned at different institutional levels as follows:
8.1 THE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
The National Environment Policy 1997 recognizes the need for a multi-focus approach in the
management of the environment. It therefore recognizes the existing institutional Mechanisms and
seeks to enhance coordination and cooperation of the institutionally distinct bodies with overlapping
mandates. In so doing, the policy recognizes the Ministry responsible for environment as “the
authoritative voice and catalyst for action on behalf of the entire Government”. As the policy guidance
institution, the Vice Present’s Office – Division of Environment is expected to be an overseer for the
implementation of the policies under the jurisdiction of the line ministries.
8.1.1 National level
Under this set up, sector Ministries are expected to represent constituencies of the ministry responsible
for environment with an informed voice and commitment to environmental outcomes. Therefore sector
ministries are expected to be provided with proper legislative tools for handling their work and with
well-delineated spheres of supervisory powers. The National Environment Management Council
(NEMC), keeps an advisory role, enforces pollution control, and plays a technical arbitration role in the
undertaking of EIA.
a.)
The National Environment Management Council (NEMC)
NEMC will perform an enforcement-monitoring role supported by the MEM, and the LGRAs based on
submissions and recommendations from the Environmental Management Officers at the different LGRA
levels. NEMC would primarily achieve this objective through periodic field visits, supporting the Training
Program and through technical assistance and backup services to the Local Governments.
b.)
Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM)
MEM will perform a monitoring oversight function for the entire SMMRP. The monitoring guidelines
developed by the Environment Management Coordinator of the Ministry to monitor performance and
progress will include parameters for compliance to proposed measures safeguarding against
environmental and social impacts. Monitoring activities by the implementers, Environmental
Management Committees, NEMC and MEM will be carried out through regular programme audits. In
53
addition, general guidelines for supervision of SMMRP activities presented as Annex 5will be enforced
to safeguard against environmental and social impacts.
8.1.2 Regional level
At the Regional level including Municipalities have a Policy Committee on the Environment composed by
District Commissioners and chaired by the Regional Commissioner. The Region committee is responsible
for matters affecting the environment in the region and provides guidance or proposes policy measures
and actions.
8.1.3 District Level
Environmental Management Officers and their respective Environmental Management Committees at
the District ,Ward and Village level, as appropriate will be responsible for the day to day monitoring and
reporting of feedback throughout the life of the project, specifically the monitoring of (i) the
environmental and social assessment work; (ii) the implementation of the Resettlement Action Plans;
(iii) monitoring of environmental issues and the supervision of the civil works contractors with respect to
environmental matters during the Implementation process (iv) monitoring of environmental issues
during operations and during maintenance of the infrastructure and facilities; (iv) submission of
monitoring reports to higher councils for eventual submission to central government — NEMC and
MEM.
The District Environmental Management Committee (DEMC) and the District Environmental
Management Officer (DEMO) will oversee compliance and effects monitoring to check whether
prescribed actions and monitoring have been carried out. In close collaboration with the project
implementers they/he will ensure that the monitoring plan as contained in the individual project
proposals is implemented. The DEMO in collaboration with the DEMC will consolidate the project
specific monitoring reports into one common report and submit the report to NEMC and MEM.
8.1.4 Community
The communities will use NGOs &CBOs in the monitoring activities and will be enabled to pass on their
observations and concerns through acceptable mechanisms to the local government/council and higher
authorities.
8.2 MONITORING PLAN
Objectives of monitoring are of two folds.
i.
To provide timely information about the effectiveness of the environmental and social
management process outlined in the ESMF in such a manner that change can be made as
required
in
order
ensuring
continuous
improvement
to
the
process.
54
ii.
iii.
iv.
To make a final evaluation in order to determine whether the mitigation measures have been successful
To ensure that pre- project environmental and social conditions have been improved
A number of indicators would be used in order to determine the status of affected people and environment. Environmental and Social Management
process of the project will set two major socio-economic goals by which its success will be evaluated:
i.
ii.
Maintenance of pre project environmental state on natural resources and biodiversity; and
The effectiveness of the ESMF.
In order to assess whether monitoring goals are met, PMT, in collaboration with the Environmental Management Unit at MEM and NEMC will indicate
parameters to be monitored, institute monitoring milestones and provide resources needed to implement monitoring activities.
The following are some pertinent parameters and verifiable indicators to be used to measure the ESMF process, mitigation plans and performance;
Table 12:Approval and Monitoring Plan
Project
components
Mitigation Measures
Approval Criteria During Supervisory
Activities Monitoring Criteria After
Preparation
During Implementation
Implementation
A2 and A4
 Encourage use of steel  Presence of well prepared  Timely inspection to subinstead of tree logs in pit
plans to mitigate social
project areas
support.
and
environmental  Requirement for periodic
impacts
 Institute
monitoring
reporting
program
for
water  Presence of valid mineral
sources around mining
rights (Primary Mining
sites
License or processing
license)
 Ensure that mine pits are
backfilled
before  Presence of mine plans
establishment of the new
and designs which take
pits
into account minimization
 Sustainable social and
environmental
management plans
 Compliance
with
mitigation measures on
environmental
and
social impacts
 Activities oriented to
address concerns raised
by stakeholders during
55
Project
components
Mitigation Measures
Approval Criteria During Supervisory
Activities Monitoring Criteria After
Preparation
During Implementation
Implementation
of use of trees
 Capacity building will be
enhanced on ways to  Presence of baseline data
mitigate impacts related to
on
geochemical
implementation of small
information of the parent
civil works
rocks
 Promote and enhance use  Evidence-based
of Retort for Mercury-gold
information
on
mixture to reduce air
stakeholders consultation
pollution
and
health
impacts.
 Promote and enhance
pavement of sluicing areas
and
containment
of
effluents from such areas.
 Promote and facilitate wet
mining technologies to
reduce dust emissions
 Encourage and facilitate
conducting of baseline
studies to the proposed
rocks to be mined in order
to know its geo-chemical
nature that will lead to
proper development of
waste
rock
dumping
strategies to minimize acid
rock formation impacts.
 Ensure that thorough
consultation is made to
stakeholders
before
consultations
 Compliance with water
quality standards
56
Project
components
A3
Mitigation Measures
Approval Criteria During Supervisory
Activities Monitoring Criteria After
Preparation
During Implementation
Implementation
implementation of any
project related to SMMRP
II
 Ensure that guidelines are
developed for guiding
environmental
management plan for
small civil works.
Enhance value addition Plan to involve woman in Continue supporting
activities and improved capacity building on value value addition centers
livelihood of the locals
addition activities
A5
Conduct
consultations Evidence-based
before development of sub- information
projects within LGRA
consultations
stakeholders
B1
Enhance
communications
and close collaborations
between TRA and TMAA
aimed at increasing revenue
from mineral sector through
mainstreaming of ASM
industry with the tax regime
Continual enhancement of
competent
officials
B3
of  Number
of
training
conducted
 % of women miners
receiving grants
Ensure well established  Compliance with land
on communication mechanism
ownership laws
among among ASM and other  Reduced conflicts on land
Land users.
ownership and use
Presence
of
needs
assessment and
well
communication
strategy
between TMAA and TRA
on mainstreaming ASM
activities in the revenue
collection schemes
 Presence
of
sound
training
needs
Enhancement of initiatives Revenue collected from
to
mainstream
ASM ASM industry annually
revenues
revenue
collection regime
Continued support
capacity building and
on 
Number
trained
of
Officials
57
Project
components
Mitigation Measures
Approval Criteria During Supervisory
Activities Monitoring Criteria After
Preparation
During Implementation
Implementation
administering E&S database
assessment.
 Availability of competent
trainers
58
8.3 ANNUAL REVIEWS
The Objectives of annual reviews of ESMF implementation are two-fold:
i.
to assess project performance in complying with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve
future performance; and to assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due
to project-funded and other development activities.
ii.
to be used by project management to improve procedures and capacity for integrating natural
resources and environmental/social management into Project operations. They will also be a
principal source of information to World Bank/Development Partners supervision Mission, and
MEM.
Annual reviews should be undertaken after the annual ESMF report has been prepared, at the closing of
each year of the Project. The principal output is an annual review report that documents the review
methodology, summarizes the results, and provides practical recommendations. Distinct sections should
address a) ESMF performance and b) cumulative impacts. Copies of the annual review reports should be
delivered to MEM for appraisal, approval and implementation of subprojects. An independent
assessment of the ESMF implementation will be commissioned by MEM and undertaken 6 months
before project closure.
59
Does the EMP
address issues
from
stakeholders
consultations
Yes
Figure 8.1: Flowchart of the Screening and Review process for Environmental & Social Impact Assessments
60
8.4 TIMELINE AND BUDGET FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMF
This EMF will be implemented over the period of proposed extension of SMMRP –II which is initially set
at three years. Expected budget is USD 30 million. The budgets proposed is based on activities planned
for implementation of activities provided in the ESMF, RPF and RAP.
61
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The technical assistance and strengthening of the sector through SMMRP will provide significant
impetus towards harnessing and coordinating the various stakeholders of the project to maximize their
roles in making the sector a priority sector for growth and poverty reduction as stated in the Tanzania’s
national Strategy for Growth and reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA)
The current status of the mining sector and its linkage with the central government and LGRAs calls for
an immediate intervention to make the sector provide significant contribution to the national economy.
Baseline studies conducted in the mining areas of gold, gemstones and industrial minerals, with the
exception of fossil fuels, identified many adverse significant impacts that are generated with the
existence of mines especially the SSM. These impacts range from biophysical impacts to socio-economic
impacts. The main issues were impact of the mining activities on humans, natural habitat including
vegetation, livestock, surface and underground water, soils and air. Other concerns included direct and
indirect benefits of the mine to the local community with regards to health, employment and income,
safety, location including direct and indirect effect on indigenous groups.
While many of the LSM have their ESMP implemented and enforced, the SSM is lacking in the overall
management of their environment and social settings. The SMMRP has been identified to address these
shortcomings through various interventions in terms of improving the ASM and associated social,
economic and environmental impacts.
Grassroots, division and political leaders were excited about possible infrastructure development
including, mining machinery, equipment and training facilities being provided through a technical
assistance by the Government to their sites. For example in most sites, miners and leaders were
demanding for improved technology and respective infusion of technical skills and knowledge let alone
creation of awareness and improving of mining and land policies, the former of which they believed
would curtail human and environment related conflicts. How artisanal and small scale mining activities
and how communities themselves would be mobilized to address environmental and social issues were
also among the main focus and concerns of the communities. Strategies and initiatives that would
enhance government support of the mineral sector were greatly supported.
Regarding the strengthening of good governance, transparency and operational capacity within the
mineral sector, it was also observed that the Zonal and resident Mine offices lack capacity, both in terms
of human resource and equipment and that they were overstretched to deal with all issues of permits
and inspections of quarries and mines of all kinds of minerals. Minerals such as sand and gravel pits,
gemstones, gold, base metals, industrial minerals, etc., all have different characteristics in terms of
technological demands.
Other SMMRP support in respect of strengthening the MCIMS and the Geological infrastructure, will
highly facilitate promotion of private investment in exploration and mining and also support adequate
62
planning of mine development, being however, cautious of the adverse environmental impacts that
could be generated during the project implementation phase. To mitigate these impacts, awareness and
training of the various stakeholders prior and during implementation, will be crucial.
To maximize benefits of mining at local and regional levels, the DEDs consulted had different line of
thoughts on managing the SSM in their Districts, some being in favour of managing the SSM anticipating
a new source of revenues to their Local Governments. These were from non-traditional mining districts
such as Singida Rural and Mbinga. However, there were those who felt it to be too much of a burden to
their District Councils, such as Geita, which has a worth of experience with SSM particularly the mobile
SSM, who proved to be difficult and slippery to manage. They all were positive with LSMs due to various
levies accrued from mines and their contractors. They also concurred that there is need to reform
management of these SSM to make them more responsive to the MKUKUTA and to also reduce the
environmental and social impacts they create to the district lands.
On a positive note therefore, it has been determined that once SMMRP activities have been
implemented subject to the various proposed mitigation measures, the Mineral sector will provide a
significant contribution the national economy.
63
REFERENCES
Amutabi, M., M. Lutta- Mukhebi(2001). Gender and mining in Kenya: The case of the
Mukibira mines in the Vihinga district. Jenda: a journal of Culture and Arican women
studis, vol.1 nos 2 23 p.
Dreschler, B. (2001), Small- Scale mining and sustainable development within SADC
region, country study. Commissioned by MMS 165p., http://www.iied.org/mmsd
Hinton et-al, (2003). Clean Artisanal Gold Mining. A Utopian approach. Journal of cleaner
Production, vol. 11, Issue 2 March 2003 pp.99-115.
ILO(1999). Socio and labor issues in small scale mines. Report for discussion at the
Tripartite meeting on social labor issues in small scale mines. ILO Geneva
Magayane, A. A. M. (1998), Controls on Lode-Gold Mineralisation at the Buhemba and
Kilamongo Deposits, Musoma Greenstone Belt, Tanzanian Craton (Unpub.): a Thesis
for MSc Degree in Ore Deposit Geology and Evaluation, Department of Geology and
Geophysics (Centre for Teaching and Research for Strategic Minerals) The University
of Western Australia.
Onu, B. (2002). Salt women of Keana from Newswatch(Lagos) http://allafrica
.com/stories/200211190755html
Paulsam Geo-Engineering Co. Ltd. (2006), “Environmental Impact Assessment for a Tanzanite
Mine for Kilimanjaro Mines Ltd, Simanjiro District, Manyara Region
Paulsam Geo-Engineering Co. Ltd. (2007), “Environmental Impact Assessment for Masuguru
Sapphire Mine, Worldgem Supplies Ltd, Mbinga District, Ruvuma Region
Paulsam Geo-Engineering Co. Ltd. (2008), “Environmental Impact Assessment for Safritan
Goldfields Ltd, Geita District, Mwanza region.
Peter W. U. Appel, Niels Ford () Golden Livelihoods – New ways of introducing Retorts among
small scale Gold miners in Central and Southern –Western Tanzania Ph.D study by
Jesper Bosse Jonsson, Dept. of Geography University of Copenhagen
Goergen R, Mohamed, E.M.Hunger, A. Mlay (2001) Sexual Health Exchange, (4):7-8.
UNIDO(2003). Artisal Mining “An island of prosperity in a sea of ppoverty.
URT (2005). Opportunities for Mineral Resource development Tanzania, Ministry of Energy and
Minerals. Fouth Edition 2005.
Weber-Fahar, Monika, J.E. Strongman, R. Kunanayagam, G. Mac Mahon, C. Sheldon ()
Mining . Macroeconomic and Sectoral approaches Vol. 2 Chapter 25.
Werema, I.J. (2006). Tanzanians to the promised Land. After forty years.
64
ANNEX 1
SCREENING CHECKLIST FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT OF SUB-PROJECT
A
Environmental and Social Impacts
Location
1
Are there environmentally sensitive areas (forests, rivers or wetlands) or threatened species
that could be adversely affected by the project?
Does the project area (or components of the project) occur within or adjacent to any protected
areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, world heritage site, etc.)?
If the project is outside of, but close to, any protected area, is it likely to adversely affect the
ecology within the protected area areas (e.g., interference with the migration routes of
mammals or birds)?
Will the project reduce people’s access (due to roads, location etc) to the pasture, water, public
services or other resources that they depend on?
Might the project alter any historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site or require
excavation near such a site?
2
3
4
15
Yes No
Physical and biological environment
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Will project require large volumes of rehabilitation materials (e.g. gravel, stones, water, timber,
firewood)?
Might the project lead to soil degradation or erosion in the area?
Might the project affect soil salinity?
Will the project create solid or liquid waste that could adversely affect local Soils, vegetation,
rivers, streams or groundwater?
Might river or stream ecology be adversely affected due to the installation of Structures such as
weirs and by-passes for micro-hydro projects?
Attention should be paid to water quality and quantity; the nature, Productivity and use of
aquatic habitats, and variations of these over time.
Will the project have adverse impacts on natural habitats (forests, agricultural land, streams,
rivers, water bodies)
Does the project have human health and safety risks, during operations, rehabilitation or Later?
Will project activities result in emission of chemicals into soil, water or air
Will there be wastewater generated from project activities which can pollute the nearby water
bodies
Will the project lead to changes in the distribution of people or livestock?
Might the project lead to migration into the area?
Would increase in population migration impact nearby forest and natural resources; Provide
details below
Does project include plan for rehabilitation after completion and closure of mining works
Alternatives
65
115
Is it possible to achieve the objectives above in a different way, with fewer environmental and
social impacts?
Circle one of the following screening conclusions for Part A:
A1. All answers to the checklist questions are “No”. There is no need for further action.
A2. For all issues indicated by “Yes” answers, adequate mitigation measures should be included in the project
design. No further planning action is required. Implementation of the mitigation measures will require
supervision by the applicant and the appropriate local authority (refer to Annex …..)
A3. For the following issues indicated by “Yes” answers (specify questions numbers):
the applicant has not provided adequate mitigation measures. The applicant must revise the proposed project
plan to provide adequate mitigation.
Specialist advice may be required in the following areas:
A4. For the following issues indicated by “Yes” answers (specify questions numbers):
the applicant has not provided adequate mitigation measures. The applicant must prepare an environmental
assessment of the proposed project, and revise the project plan according to the results of that assessment.
Specialist advice will be required in the following areas:
B
Resettlement and Land Acquisition
Is the land privately owned
Yes
No
Is the land owned by the Government
1
2
3
4
Will the project require the acquisition of land (public or private, temporarily or
permanently) for its development?
Will anyone be prevented from using economic resources (e.g. pasture, fishing
Locations, forests) to which they have had regular access?
Will the project result in the involuntary resettlement of individuals or families?
Will the project result in the temporary or permanent loss of crops, fruit trees and
Household infra-structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, etc)?
Will project result in temporary or permanent loss of livelihoods of individuals or families
Circle one of the following screening conclusions for Part B: B1. All answers to the checklist questions are
“No”. There is no need for further action.
B2. There is at least one “Yes” answer. Consult the Resettlement Policy Framework and
prepare a Resettlement Action Plan as appropriate which must be approved by World Bank or other financial
authority as required. RPF will be developed on the commencement of the project
C
1
Indigenous Peoples
Yes
Might the project adversely affect tribal communities or vulnerable people
No
66
living in the area?
2
Are there members of these groups in the area who could benefit from this
project?
Circle one of the following screening conclusions for Part C: C1. All answers to the checklist
questions are “No”. There is no need for further action.
C2. There is at least one “Yes” answer, an Indigenous Peoples Development Plan must be
prepared, in discussion and consultation with and approval of the World Bank.
TITLE OF SMMRP PROJECT: ………………………………………………………………..
LOCATION OF COMMUNITY: ………………………………………………………………
SIGNATURE: ………………………………DATE:……………………………………
67
ANNEX 2
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR A PROJECT
Guidelines for the preparation of ESMP
The preparation of an EMP should include the following key sections (see also www.worldbank.org):
1. Summary of Impacts: Anticipated adverse environmental impacts should be identified and
summarized as well as their relationship to social impacts and the appropriate mitigation measures2.
Description of Mitigation measures: The mitigation measures proposed for the various impacts
should be described in relation to the corresponding impacts while stating the conditions under
which they are required. Adequate description of the consultations should be done and justified.
3. Description of monitoring program: A detailed monitoring program should be described in the EMP,
listing environmental and social performance indicators and their link with impacts and mitigation
measures. The EMP should also describe the parameters to be measured, methods to be used,
sampling location and frequency of measurements, detection limits and a clear definition of
thresholds that indicate the need for corrective measures. Monitoring and supervision schedules
should be clearly stated and agreed with the Bank to ensure timely detection of needs for remedial
action and also provide information on the level of compliance with EMP in accordance with Bank
safeguards. These arrangements must be clearly stated in the project implementation/operations
manual to reinforce project supervision.
4. Legal requirements and bidding/contract documents: The EMP should be incorporated in all legal
documents to enforce compliance by all contractors participating in the project. The EMP should be
summarized and incorporated in the bidding and contract documents.
15. Institutional arrangements: The EMP should clearly state who is responsible for monitoring,
execution of remedial action and the reporting order and format to allow for a defined channel of
information flow. It should also recommend institutional strengthening for relevant agencies and the
funding authorities for the various activities.
6. Capacity Development and Training: To support timely and effective implementation of
Environmental and social project components and mitigation measures, the EMP draws on the EA’s
Assessment of the existence, role, and capability of environmental and social units on site or at the
agency and ministry level.3 If necessary, the EMP recommends the establishment or expansion of
such units, and the training of staff, to allow implementation of EA recommendations. Specifically,
the EMP provides a specific description of institutional arrangements i.e. who is responsible for
carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement,
monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training). To
strengthen environmental and social management capability in the agencies responsible for
implementation, most EMPs cover one or more of the following additional topics: (a) technical
assistance programs, (b) procurement of equipment and supplies, and (c) organizational changes.
68
7. Implementation Schedule: The frequency, timing and duration of mitigation measures and
monitoring should be stated in the implementation schedule. Links between
69
ANNEX 3
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
1.0
INTRODUCTION
During updating of this report, several key environmental and social issues of concern are identified
after holding consultations with stakeholder of the project and after reviewing various literatures related
to the project. Similarly, expert opinion is considered in various issue identified as requiring specialized
knowledge. In some cases, samples are taken for identification and evaluation of the magnitude of the
problem to address them in detailed EIA study.
The purpose of the Terms of Reference (TOR) therefore, is to ensure that the Consultant undertaking the
environmental and social studies carries out the necessary tasks to comply with standards, procedures
and that all salient issues are covered. They form the basis for subsequent review process.
In these Terms of Reference, strategies for addressing the issues identified during scooping have been
provided to make the detailed study and hence the EMP review more focused.
2.0
SCOPE OF WORK FOR A DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STUDY
Task 1: Description of the Proposed Project
Provide a detailed description of the relevant parts of the project and its activities. Review information
about the project and provide any missing information and data about the following: location, general
layout, size and capacity, production methods, pre-rehabilitation, scheduling of rehabilitation
development activities, life span of operations.
Task 2: Present baseline data relevant to environmental and Social characteristics of the area
With reference to the baseline data and information existing at the project site and that contained in the
scoping report, assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on relevant environmental and social
characteristics of the study areas such as biophysical and socio economics and cultural aspects.
Elaborate on the study areas and adjacent (marginal) areas should be considered, for example;
Physical environment:








Geology;
Topography;
Soils;
Climate and meteorology;
Ambient air quality;
Surface water resources;
Groundwater resources;
Existing sources of air emission;
70



Existing pollution discharges and receiving water quality;
The borrow pits and waste rock disposal areas;
Location of roadways and other support infrastructure.
Biological environment:



Present baseline data on both the terrestrial and aquatic communities of flora and fauna found
in the project area: General spatial arrangement of vegetative community types, vegetative
species abundance listings, record of rare or endangered species, sensitive habitats, significant
natural sites, species of commercial importance etc.;
Nature of aquatic habitats;
Conduct specific studies on the ecological/vegetation characteristics of all areas earmarked for
project activities and facilities e.g., areas borrow pit sites for the raw materials and waste rock
disposal, workshops and other infrastructure facilities.
Socio-economic environment:

Review baseline data and information on the socio-economic environment as provided in the
scoping report and present any additional data related to the project area.
Task 3: Legislative and Regulatory Considerations
Describe pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality and management, health,
safety, protection of sensitive areas, endangered species, and land use control at relevant local, regional,
national, and international levels.
Task 4: Determination of Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project
Identify and predict all possible impacts qualitatively and where possible quantitatively, of the project on
the biophysical, socio economic and cultural environment. Specify the methodology used on
predictions. In particular, the following issues will be addressed.
Biophysical issues:







Provide baseline data on dust, quality of surface and groundwater;
Examine and determine the requirements of water for rehabilitation operations and establish
the possible potential sources;
Identify current sources of pollution in main water sources such as rives and springs by taking
into considerations the surrounding activities, e.g. animal grazing, charcoal burning, etc.;
Examine the handling, storage and use of any chemical in the catchment around the source
mining operations i.e., factory discharges, mining, and mechanical farming activities.
Evaluate the loss and disturbance of biodiversity and threatened species resulting from the
vegetation clearance during rehabilitation and operation and recommend mitigation measures;
Examine evaluate the impacts that may result from generation of odors and noise from the
equipment and machinery operating in the area and impounded waters;
Evaluate health and nuisance problems resulting from dust, air and oil pollution from mobile
equipment and machinery. Identify other existing pollutants in the project environment and
recommend mitigation measures;
71


Determine rehabilitation programs after project closure, with regard to land reclamation, revegetation, infrastructure, etc.;
Guided by acceptable standards and regulations make recommendations on the design criteria to
be used for the project quarry sites, borrow pit waste, rock dumps and support infrastructure.
Socio-economic issues:







Conduct further consultations with those stakeholders who were not covered in the earlier study
and incorporate their views accordingly;
Examine possibilities and devise mechanisms for compensation of loss of income by people
whose activities will be affected by the mining operations;
Review Government procedures and compensation rates for people living in areas earmarked for
quarrying, involuntary displacement;
Review the current and planned project outreach programs in relation with addressing issues
associated with the influx of job seekers in the area versus pressure on resources and social
services in the District;
Conduct further consultations to ascertain the extent of both negative and positive social and
economic contributions of the project;
Identify people and groups (with gender considerations) that are most likely to benefit/be
affected;
Identify and evaluate the impacts resulting from influx of new people to the area, who may
influence and affect the attitudes and behavior of people in the area;
Task 15: Analysis and assessment of impacts
The description of impacts should indicate whether impacts are positive or negative, direct or indirect,
short or long term, reversible or irreversible. Furthermore, the study should consider cumulative impact
on a regional scale.
Guided by acceptable standards and regulations recommend the most feasible measures to
eliminate/reduce/mitigate the impacts.
Task 6: Analysis of Alternatives
Describe alternatives that were considered or examined in the course of developing the proposed
project. Also, identify other alternatives of achieving the same objectives in the case of sitting, design,
technology, rehabilitation techniques, phasing, etc and compare them in relation to suitability under
local conditions, potential environmental and social impacts and institutional training and monitoring
requirements. The zero alternative scenarios should also be considered.
Task 7: Develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan to Mitigate Negative Impacts
72
Propose feasible and cost effective measures to reduce the negative impacts. Prepare an environmental
and social management and monitoring plan in relation to operations in the project area to include the
proposed programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements to implement the
mitigation measures and impacts of the projects during the rehabilitation and the operational phase.
Task 8: Develop the Monitoring Plan
Prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures and
reduction of environmental and social impact of the project during rehabilitation and operation phases.
This plan should specify which parameters are to be monitored, at what interval and frequency, costing
and assign responsibility i.e., who will be doing what, when and how.
Task 9: Public involvement
Ensure adequate public consultation and involvement in the environmental and social study process by
consulting key stakeholders that were not covered during the scoping study. Review the consultation
process undertaken during the scoping exercise. Ensure concerned stakeholders are involved and their
concerns are taken to the board. The result of public consultations should be documented in the report.
3.0
Reporting
The final draft of the EIS document and EMP address issues associated with the project area should be
prepared and be concise by following the proposed report writing guidelines in the Environmental
management and Protection Act no. 20,(2004) Regulations 2004, for simplifying the review process. The
executive summary should be both in Swahili and English per EMA, 20 regulations.
4.0
References
The objective of this section is to identify and record the written materials used in the study. This is
extremely important because some of the material used as background information may be in
unpublished form, and yet it may be necessary that these are available during the review process. A list
of references will be included in the final report together with the list of people contacted and summary
of interviews
73
ANNEX 4
IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES
A summary of issues identified during the ESIA study, the description of impacts, classifications of impacts and proposed mitigations measures have been
summarized in the following sections. A total of 40 types of impacts were identified.
Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
1
The Aeromagnetic survey to be undertaken by High,
GST will provide additional database of favorable,
potential areas for mineralization allowing Long –term.
LSM and SSM to have more areas to explore
reducing conflicts over sites, extracting.
Reduced
conflict
between
SSM and
LSM
Cadastre System when improved will enable
miners who are in the country side to access
and apply license areas in time thereby
reducing conflicts between LSMs and SSMs
and among SSMs. It will smoothen and
quicken the licensing process.
Capacity building to the mines division in
MEM will improve Small scale mining
74
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
inspections and support to the SSM through
extension services, thereby reducing Conflict
between LSM and SSM and between SSM
themselves.
2
Improved
SSM
livelihoo
d
High,
favorable,
Long –term
3
Improved
knowledg
e
capacity
to
use
the
machiner
y
and
equipme
nt
and
general
SHE.
Training that will be undertaken as a High,
component of the technical assistance to the favorable,
SSM will increase their knowledge and skills in Long –term
mining and in SHE which will boost production
of minerals
Training will reduce the impact of SSM
becoming mobile by seeking employment in
mines which are mechanized thereby reducing
the impact on land and water resources
75
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
4
Improved The technical assistance through improved High,
Land
Geological data base and Technical assistance favorable,
value
in respect of mining equipment will reduce the Long –term
number of mobile SSMs who cause
Environmental degradation of land in mining
areas by accessing mineralized areas for
exploring and mining.
5
Improve
ment of
Social
services
High,
favorable,
Long –term
6
Increase
in
Governm
ent
Revenue
The technical assistance to the SSM will High,
increase production of the mineral product favorable,
which will increase royalty and other taxes to Long –term
the Government
Production of more Gemstones will boost the
Gemstone cutting industry as the value added
activity that will attract more revenue to the
Government.
Technical assistance through equipment
assistance will boost production of Industrial
76
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
minerals locally, which will reduce the cost of
production of many of the local industries,
which imports these raw materials making
them more profitable providing the
Government with more revenue through
taxes.
Production of new Geological Information
resulting from the aeromagnetic mapping will
boost Government Revenues through sales of
Geological maps, Aeromagnetic Maps etc.
Improvement of the cadastre system will
increase the number of license applicants,
who pays application fees and license fees,
which will increase government revenues;
7
Increase
in Local
Governm
ent
Revenues
The technical assistance will improve the High,
livelihoods of people in mining areas and in favorable,
villages due to increased mineral output and Long –term
this will translate into increased levies for local
governments.
8
Enhance The technical assistance through provision of High,
ment of technology which is user friendly and gender favorable,
77
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
women
sensitive will boost participation of women in Long –term
participat mining which ultimately will improve the
ion
in livelihood of communities where they live.
Mining
Activities
9
Abandoni
ng
tradition
al
methods
of
seeking
assistanc
e
of
tradition
al
doctors
(sorcery/
craft) for
search of
minerals
Technical support in respect of exploring for High,
minerals will help SSM adapt new technical favorable,
methods in place of their belief in traditional Long –term
methods
78
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
10
Disturban
ce
and
noise
levels
from
flying
aircraft.
Mapping Aeromagnetic Survey will require
planes flying at low level from the ground
surface causing disturbance to people and
animals in the areas to be mapped. High,
adverse, Short-term
Conflict
and
competiti
on
for
land
ownershi
p
Minerals may be on private and reserved land,
creating conflict over mineral resource
ownership and exploitation.
Conflict
between
Local
governm
ents with
Mineral
Exploration mining activities are not clearly
understood by the majority of LGRAs and few
LGRAs have laws that guide mining in their
libraries;
11
12
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
Adequate information to local leadership and
community in advance concerning timeframes and
activities and outcomes of exercise;
Initiate participatory strategies for land/PML/ allocation
involving local government and grassroots level groups;
Timely reports and availability on Aeromagnetic survey
results to stakeholders.
Enforcement of national Laws and Policies related to
Environmental and social management, land and mining
with respect to SMMRP;
There will also be competition for land
ownership
High, Adverse, Long-term
The Top – Down approach in exploration
activities procedures is causing concerns to
High,
Adverse,
long-term,
reversible
Enforcement of national Laws and Policies related to
Environmental management, local governments, land
and mining;
The mining company operating within the local
community should adhere to the LGRAs By-laws;
79
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
Prospecti the LGRAs, since they are not at all involved;
ng
Poor knowledge and information on the
Compani
available mineral deposits in their areas;
es
in
their
areas.
Community participation should be improved in
decision making to ensure there is smooth cooperation
between parties;
Advocate a bottom – up community participation
approach;
The outcome of the exploration should be transparent
with regard to the minerals and mining information.
13
14
Triggerin
g
economic
and
social
develop
ment
associate
d
problems
Increase in the supply/offer of efficient
technologies for mining and advancing from
alluvial to hard rock mining, capacity to mine
at deeper layers, etc., will increase income and
expenditures and also increase of investments
which will widen the gap between the poor
and the rich.
Medium,
adverse,
long-term,
reversible
Populatio Project support for mining equipment and High,
n
machinery will lead to a conducive adverse,
Advocate for entrepreneur skills including savings and
credits, proper investments etc.
Advocate alternative income generating activities such
as agriculture, SME etc.
Improve the infrastructure and social services in the
areas.
Develop opportunities for proper investment;
80
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
explosion environment for investment in the mining and long-term,
non- mining activities at local and irreversible
international levels. Tendency to flock into
mining
areas
for
job
opportunities
(employment) and business lead to sub-urban
environment.
Put in place the infrastructure for business and
employment opportunities;
Updating information on mining activities and prospects
through the media, associated press, magazines, and
brochures.
Competition/ pressure on available natural
resource as water, land, and Social services
health
11
5
Displace
ment of
indigeno
us ethnic
groups
through
destructi
on
of
their
environm
ent
The livelihood of some ethnic groups such as
the Tindiga, Hadzabe, Sandawe and Barbaig
depend on forest foods such as roots, fruits,
wild honey, herbal medicines and wildlife
meat like monkeys. Cutting trees and forest
fires lead to scarcity of these resources as
plants become extinct, animals and birds are
killed or flee from deforestation, noise, human
settlement and over hunting.
High,
adverse,
permanent,
Irreversible
No action or approval will be taken on projects which
have an impact on indigenous people without prior
consultation with the World Bank and its agreement
and approval of mitigatory measures
Also these tribes are unique by culture and
traditions, they normally lead a forest life and
shy away from other people which means by
81
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
clearing the forest it means expelling them
from the environment as well
16
17
Unemplo
yment to
the local
communi
ties/
Inability
to
compete
for
existing
jobs
Improvement of the technology will lead to
requirements for adequate skills and technical
competence, which will lay-off unskilled
workers leading to unemployment.
Loss
Trees
High,
Adverse,
SSM often cut trees when in search of
long-term,
minerals since the methods they are using are
reversible
trial and error. They thus cover large areas
since they are many and are not organized.
of
After discovering minerals, they cut more
trees to build shelters, support their mine
opening, use trees to burn their amalgam to
High,
adverse,
long-term,
reversible
Build the local capacity for job skills through training
and education
Empower women and youths to vie for the jobs
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Technical support of providing the SSM with geological
information on deposits may minimize impacts
associated with cutting trees.
Enforce national Laws and Policies related to
Environmental and social management and Forestry
with respect to SMMRP;
82
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
process gold, use firewood for their domestic
cooking, and some burn charcoal for sale.
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
Source alternative form of fuels for the SSM to use, e.g.
solar power;
Collaborate with the local communities on mitigating
impacts of cutting trees especially District Forest Officers
and District environmental officers (DEO) in all the
mining areas with emphasis of planting native tree
species;
Collaborate with village leaders on establishing
aforestation and re-forestation programs in consultation
with DEO, District/Ward forest officer and village
environmental committees;
All tree cutting activities should be conducted through
permission of forest officer and/or village environmental
committees;
Establishing aforestation programs;
83
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
18
Exploration of minerals and construction of
different facilities (e.g. shelters, haulage roads,
sites for minerals processing, tailings storage
sites etc.) to support improved small-scale
mining activities will cause more land to be
stripped of its vegetation thus rich ecosystems
to be destabilized.
Loss or
Disturban
ce
to
Biodiversi
ty
High,
Adverse,
Long-term,
Irreversible
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
of national Laws and Policies related to Environmental
and social management and Forestry with respect to
SMMRP
Establish a program of re-planting indigenous grasses
and trees in all disturbed areas;
Establish aforestation and re-forestation programs in
consultation with the District/ward forest officer and
village environmental committees;
Land/soil
s
Pollution
Accidental spillage of fuels/oils during fuelling, High,
refueling of machinery and equipments;
adverse,
long-term,
Different SMMRP activities such as
irreversible
exploration, mining, minerals processing and
procurement of goods will attract generation
of more solid waste in the form of plastics,
drums, tins, stationeries etc. Which will need
to be disposed of in an environmentally
friendly manner;
Improved
production
of
minerals (gold,
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Enforce of national Laws and Policies related to
Environmental and land management with respect to
SMMRP;
Collect all scrap metals and send them to recyclers;
Reuse as much waste (mill-balls, plastic and steel drums
etc) as possible;
Constructing diversion bunds to direct clean runoff
downstream from the maintenance facilities to tailing
84
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
gemstones & industrial minerals) will lead to
increased consumption of chemicals such as
Mercury and Cyanide which has potential to
pollute soils,
storage facility;
Enforce national laws and regulations related to
importation, transportation, storage and disposal of
hazardous chemicals
Construct containment bunds within the maintenance
facility to ensure that any hydrocarbon spillages drain to
sumps before being collected and stored in containers
or special tanks... then what next?; ( What about use of
oil/water separators?)
Provide containers for disposal of the solid waste
generated from the various activities and regularly
disposing them off to designated landfills constructed by
the village/ward/District governments;
Proper management of exhausted oils with possibility of
reusing or returning to suppliers once not in use or
expired;
19
Surface
and
Ground
water
Usage of mercury will increase to meet the High,
increased demand due to higher gold adverse,
production as a result of technical support in long-term,
respect to provision of financial and
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Enforce
national
Laws
and
Policies
related
to
85
No. Impact
pollution
from
Chemical
s used in
the
mining
activity
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
equipment to SSM;
reversible
Improved gold recovering process using
cyanide in SSM areas due to implementation
of SMMRP will have potential risks of
contaminating the surface and ground water
resources.
Environmental and social management and water
resources with respect to SMMRP ;
Construct storage facilities for Hazardous chemicals and
process reagents (e.g. Sodium cyanide)
Train employees on safety issues with regards to
handling of reagents and hazardous chemicals;
Construct tailings storage facility;
Construct diversion bunds to direct clean runoff
downstream from the mine facilities into TSF;
Construct containment bunds within the processing
plant area;
Manage tailing and/or return water spillages between
the processing plant and the tailing storage;
Erect fences around all sensitive infrastructures of the
mine (e.g. TSF, processing plant and chemical storage
areas);
Develop “Tailings Management Contingency Plan”
detailing the procedures to be undertaken in the event
86
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
of:
Develop proper methods and procedures for using
mercury;
20
21
Air
pollution
(dust,
noise,
noxious
gases)
from
moving
equipme
nt
machiner
y
Increased drilling and blasting activities in
underground mines will generate more dust to
workers as a result of technical assistance in
respect of provision of mining equipment;
Pollution
of water
resources
from
Mining of volumes of rocks, which could be
acidic rock, thereby, through its exposure to
water and oxygen will generate weak sulphuric
acid which will contaminate surface and
Mining and mineral processing activities such
as hauling of ore, crushing and screening rocks
will create more dust;
Medium,
adverse,
mediumterm,
reversible
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Enforce national Laws and Policies related to
Environmental and social management and air pollution
with respect to SMMRP;
Develop and implement dust management plan for dust
suppression in haulage roads & cleared areas;
Surface moving equipment in cleared areas
will generate dust and noxious gases from
diesel equipment generated through the
technical assistance;
High,
adverse,
long-term,
Irreversible
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Enforce national Laws and Policies related to
Environment and water resources management with
87
No. Impact
resulting
AMD
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
ground water resources;
respect to SMMRP ;
Develop and implement procedure for management of
waste dumps and tailings dams in the mining areas to
reduce the effect of AMD;
Formulate programs of progressively re-vegetation in all
disturbed areas.
Formulate programs for regular monitoring of surface
and groundwater quality;
22
Ground
Vibration
s caused
by
blasting
works;
Drilling and blasting of mine workings will
cause frequent ground vibrations in the areas
near the mines, thereby damaging nearby
surface structures such as the river bedrocks
hence disturbing or redirecting the water
channels;
High,
adverse,
long-term,
irreversible
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Implement safety codes to reduce ground vibrations by
strictly adhering to Explosives Act, 1963, the explosives
Regulations of 1964, Mining (Safe Working &
Occupational Health) Regulations of 1999 and
Occupational & Safety Act 2003.
Establish the demonstration mine in areas which are
have less populace
Continuous monitoring of vibrations and cracks on walls
of the shaft;
88
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
Formulation of safety codes for a mine which are
necessary to reduce accidents;
Involve the community to create awareness and delivery
of notices/warnings during blasting operations;
23
24
Increased
sediment
loads due
to
erosion
As a result of technical assistance in respect of
equipment support and machinery clearance
of some areas to construct shelters, access
roads, drainage channels, will increase the
sediment
load
to
the
surrounding
Environment through erosion of the loose
ground surface and embankments.
Low,
Adverse,
short-term,
reversible.
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Potential
for
accidents
to
workers
as they
Machinery and equipment donated a technical
assistance to the SSM could result into hazards
when the operators are not adequately
trained to handle them.
High,
adverse,
Long-term,
irreversible
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Construct sedimentation controls downstream of mines
and ensure constant maintenance over the year round.
Implement safety codes to avoid and minimize accidents
by strictly adhering to the Mining Act 2010, Mining (Safe
Working & Occupational Health) Regulations 1999 and
the Occupation Health and Safety Act, 2003;
89
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
operate
the
equipme
nt
and
machiner
y
Formulate adequate training programs for equipment
and machinery operators on safety, health &
environmental aspects of managing equipment and
machinery.
Formulate safety codes on each of the donated
equipment and machinery through the technical
assistance for all the operators to adhere.
Design several sign post for warning non workers/
operators to operate or handle the machinery and
equipment without any formal training to operate.
21
5
Pressure The technical assistance will improve the
on land productivity of the SSM thereby generating
resources more solid rock waste and tailings which will
occupy chunks of land which is used for
agriculture,
grazing
livestock,
forest
(beekeeping), settlements, etc.
High
,adverse,
long-term,
reversible
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Enforce national Laws and Policies related to
Environmental and social management and land
resources with respect to SMMRP;
In some mining areas SSMs are located within
the traditional migration routes for wildlife;
therefore taking up chunks of land will affect
the wildlife example Sambaru in Singida rural.
90
No. Impact
26
27
Description of the Activity
Pressure Improved production will demand more usage
on water of water for processing the ore to obtain
resources minerals (gold, gemstones & industrial
minerals). In view of the scarcity of water in
some areas, any increase in the usage of water
will compromise with other users, thereby
brewing conflicts.
Noise
pollution
Aeromagnetic mapping of large areas using
aircrafts/helicopters will generate noises
above normal causing impacts to wildlife,
indigenous people, who are not used to seeing
the planes at low altitudes in their areas;
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
High,
adverse,
long-term
and
reversible
If
indigenous
people have
been
identified,
the World
Technical support in respect of equipment,
Bank must
machinery, etc for mining will generate noises
be
which will impact miners underground and on
consulted
the surface.
with regard
to
mitigation
measure
before
action
is
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Enforce national Laws and Policies related to
Environmental and social management and water
resources with respect to SMMRP;
Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1
Enforce national Laws and Policies related to
Environmental and social management and noise
pollution with respect to SMMRP;
Conduct awareness in communities to be covered by
the aeromagnetic mapping;
Ensure aeromagnetic mapping is concentrated in
targeted areas only without exceed into other sensitive
areas, i.e., wildlife protected areas;
91
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
undertaken
on
the
ground
28
Unemplo
yment
Technical support in respect of modern
equipment and machinery will reduce the
workforce currently used to mine using
rudimentary tools and crushing ore manually.
The machines will demand few people,
causing the existing workers to be laid off.
Build the local capacity for job skills through training
and education
Empower women and youths to vie for the jobs
29
More
participat
ion
of
women
in mining
activities
Technical assistance through provision of High,
modern technology through improved mining favorable,
equipment and machinery will enable women long-term
to manage activities which earlier were not
possible such as operating equipment, etc.
Introduce gender and user friendly technologies that
are related to existing technologies and tools.
30
Increased
communi
ty
and
househol
d
insecurity
Technical support in mining equipment and
machinery will draw skilled manpower into
the areas and people with high paying jobs,
leading to broken marriages, school
pregnancies, sex trade, school dropouts, etc.,
all of which will cause insecurity to the local
Strengthen the existing traditional security systems and
where necessary erect new police posts.
High,
Adverse,
long-term,
reversible
92
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
households, social households capital.
31
32.
Lack of
technical
knowhow to
operate
the
machines
and
tools.
The local community and the SSM may not be Adverse
able to operate the new machines and tools
Reversible
given for lack of skills and technical knowhow.
Conduct needs assessment for technical skills within the
community and SSM;
Change
of
behaviors
and
pollution
of
tradition
al norms
like
drunkenn
ess, drug
abuse,
Improved mining technology will lead to
improved mineral extraction that will result to
increased cash income that is a catalyst to
population growth, urbanization and an influx
of non- indigenous groups.
Raise awareness to restrict the pollution of traditional
norms;
High,
adverse,
long-term,
reversible
Conduct training to the locals on how to operate
machines and tools;
Strengthen the traditional structures and enforce the
by-laws.
93
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
etc
33
34
31
5
Destructi Income disparities may lead to an increased
on of the broken marriages, abandoned spouses and
marriage children.
institutio
n
High,
adverse,
long-term.
irreversible
Conduct awareness on the cultural traditions in the
community and strengthen the structures responsible
for guarding the norms.
Health
Problems
(STDs
and
reproduc
tive
health
problems
)
Increased cash income may lead to a wide
economic gap between the local communities
and those involved in the mining activities,
hence attract prostitution, unsafe sex,
abortion and other reproductive health
related issues.
High,
adverse,
long-term,
irreversible
Strengthen community awareness programs and
advocacy on gender issues, reproductive health and
human rights.
Transmiss Most people who involve in mining are
ion
of unmarried or they leave behind their spouses.
HIV/ AIDS In cases of unsafe sex practices, there is a high
chance for transmission of HIV whereby it
(HIV) is carried in and out of the mine sites.
High,
adverse,
long-term,
irreversible
Support and strengthen TACAIDS strategies for WMAC
and VMAC.
Strengthen the traditional structures and enforce the
by-laws.
Develop strategies for poverty alleviation including
SMEs, work life styles, etc.
Implement the MDGs
94
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
No. Impact
Description of the Activity
36
This is contributed by carrying heavy loads, High,
working long hours, walking long distances Favorable,
and engaging in heavy duty works by men, Long-term
women and children including youths before
the technical assistance. Once the assistance
from the government is extended to the SSM,
these will be highly reduced providing them
with better health and long-life
Physical
fatigue
and
exhaustio
n
Introduce appropriate technologies that reduce work
load to workers.
Enforce labor laws
37
Inadequa Currently, in most of SSM areas, community High,
te social social services are inadequate to support Adverse,
services
existing populations
Medium(health,
term,
educatio
irreversible
n, water,
househol
d
food
and land)
Provide social services
38
Displace
ment/
Replace
ment of
communi
Conduct valuations and compensate all affected or
displaced communities;
Expansion of mining activities may require
bigger lands and encroach on community
lands. Also destruction of the environment
through mining may lend the land not suitable
for agriculture and livestock keeping and
High,
Adverse,
Long-term
Irreversible
Implement the resettlement in accordance with the RPF
and obtain prior approvals before proceeding with
95
No. Impact
39
40
Description of the Activity
Classificatio
n of the Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures
Impact
ty
inhabitan
ts
hence force traditional communities to
migrate in search for more fertile lands. This
also will cause interference with the livelihood
activities of the local communities
project activities
Change
in
tradition
al
livelihoo
ds.
Mining activities, population influx can lead Medium,
people to abandon their living styles and Adverse,
cultures and opt for the new ones
long-term,
Undertake full EIA to determine the existing livelihoods
so as to integrate them in the mining activities without
affecting them.
Disturban
ce
in
social
structure,
social
capital
and
networks
Resettlement may involve physical separation High
of families, kinships, relatives and friends
hence interfering with social networks and
capital
Irreversible
Resettlements to consider impeding loss of social
networks and capital
96
ANNEX 5
SUMMARY OF A STUDY ON SMALL SCALE MINING IN
TANZANIA
1.1
SMALL SCALE GOLD MINING PROJECTS
Small scale gold mining areas are located in many parts of Tanzania, some being in the well known
greenstone belts of the Lake Victoria zone north of Tanzania, Singida – Sekenke in the central part and
some in other parts of the country in Protorozoic system such as Mpanda goldfields in the western part
; Lupa goldfields in the South-western highlands. Some of the recent discoveries include Mbinga areas
in the southern part bordering Mozambique; Sambaru and Londoni areas in the central-part, and
Morogoro, Kilindi and Handeni in the eastern part of the Country.
Almost all of the newly discovered areas have been pioneered by small scale miners. With the favorable
price of gold worldwide, SSM have continued to exploit gold from the traditionally gold mining areas of
the Lake Victoria goldfields, Mpanda goldfields, Lupa goldfield, Sekenke goldfields, etc. Small Scale gold
mining is undertaken using rudimentary methods due to lack of capital to acquire new and modern
equipment to mine the minerals. Mining activities usually flourish in the initial periods as mining is
undertaken to recover easily accessible sub-surface deposits; benefitting most of the miners. However,
as gold reefs/veins get deeper, the water problem becomes serious requiring heavy pumps to drain mine
workings to allow mining to continue. However, as gold reefs/veins get deeper, mining becomes
difficult, expensive and slower, requiring significant capital which is beyond reach for the majority of
SSM to purchase powerful generators and submersible water pumps.
Issues noted as important for the small-scale gold miners, leading to improvement of their livelihood
through mining include the following:
1.1.1 Technical Assistance to SSM
a) Assistance to Determine the Mineral Reserves in their PMLs
SSM are very much aware that before mining, one needs to explore the deposits. But this important
stage of exploring for deposits is very much expensive and thus beyond their reach. Proposal for
partially solving this problem, include:
i. Getting information from Large scale explorers who relinquished the areas granted to them, or
ii. Government assistance in undertaking exploration through GST.
Other specific issues regarding assistance to explore minerals within PMLs are;

Lack of simple, cheap and modern equipment to explore for deposits;
97

SSM operate randomly to explore minerals in their areas. Due to uncertainty on quality and
quantities mineable and also how deep mineralization goes, it is hard to obtain loans for bank
financing.

Getting loans from banks for prospecting is too risky since one may spend it all and fail to get the
intended deposits to pay for loan;

The Mobile unlicensed SSM are good for the country, since they carry the risk of exploring minerals
at their own cost, letting PML and LSM access their areas with minimal risks;

Large Prospecting Licenses have no physical boundaries to make SSM know them brewing conflicts
of trespassing;

Large Prospectors (PL) holds large chunks of land for years without working on them, once mobile
miners discovers minerals in their licenses and rush to apply for PMLs, that is when PL owners come
taking police with them to evacuate the SSM. They view this as being unfair to them;

Discovery of minerals starts with mobile miners – PML holders – LSM;

The PML tenure of 15-years is too short for long term investment of SSM;
Currently, methods of searching for mineralized areas is very much random causing many of them to
leave behind uncovered holes when they fail to hit mineralized reefs, causing environmental impacts.
On the other hand, LSM rarely relinquishes areas in favor of SSM for fear of losing good grounds which
may later turn into large deposits to their disappointment. This denies SSM with further areas to
continue exploring.
b)
Acquisition of Modern Mining Equipment.
SSM expresses the need to have financial and technical assistance to mine and process the surface and
deep-seated deposits in their PMLs, which is now becoming difficult with their existing rudimentary
tools and methods.

Most SSM are able to recover only 20% of the gold from the ore, the rest is stockpiled as tailings for
future further work due to lack of proper processing methods and equipment;

Need for cheaper and effective mineral processing methods in place of existing poor and expensive
local manual crushing and ineffective grinding methods as shown in Figure 2.6(a).

Poor working conditions, no safety clothes, boots, helmets, etc., to miners working underground and
processing the ore as shown in Figure 2.6(b), (c) and (d);
c)
Training
Training of SSM on better mining and processing methods of gold has been undertaken several times
with great success. With additional training using mobile units to be provided by the Government,
positive impact will result from this since technology change with time. Most SSM consulted supported
the move and expects significant gains from the plan.
Issues which exist in regard to training however, include;
98
 Low awareness of laws governing prospecting and mining especially for unlicensed SSM, who are
constantly mobile;
 Absence of short-course training institutions for upgrading of miners on modern methods of
exploration, mining and mineral beneficiation works;
 Absence of technical support (engineers & geologists) to guide their works; one miner was forced to
send his technicians to South Africa for a short course on cyanide leaching to work in his mine;
d) Lack of Cooperation Among Miners.
Any assistance in terms of financial or equipment supply to the SSM, could be granted to either an
individual miner from whom others could find access to learn new technology and ways of operating
and managing equipment or to groups of miners who forms an association or cooperatives. Lack of
cooperation among SSM is a hindrance for them to obtain financial assistance. They preferred to
work as individuals rather than as an association or cooperative.
e) Provision of Social Services
None of the important social services are available at most of the SSM mine workings, i.e. good
toilets, schools especially kindergarten and primary levels, health services, safe living shelters, etc.;
Table 1.1: Comparison of impacts on assistance to an individual and cooperative society
ASSISTANCE TO INDIVIDUAL MINER
+ve Impacts
-ve Impacts
ASSISTANCE TO A GROUP (SACCOS)
+ve Impacts
-ve Impacts
 For serious miners, more  Most miners are
 Stiff competition among
 Will benefit more miners
effective
usage
of
envious of others
groups: Village councils
rather than a individual
equipment and proper
getting prosperous
insists to start with their
miner in a short time;
maintenance will result
groups
Easy to manage and
monitor since it is a Few outside miners
single
proprietary
will be willing to go
undertaking and usually
there to learn
not a large undertaking.

1.2
Cooperatives are made up Require
experienced
of
established
management to manage
constitutions
hence
assets as a group, which
checks and balances are
may be lacking
available; Stability is
ensured
Runs a risk of selling
equipment
and
disappearing

without paying off
any debt;
 Difficult to implement since
each PML holder feels
his/hers to be better than
the other ones.
LSM EXTENSION SERVICES TO SSM
On some occasions Large scale miners (LSM) have, extended assistance to SSM within the proximity of
their mining areas. As an example, SSM from Nyarugusu and Lwamgasa areas in the Geita district are
some of the miners who have benefited from the assistance granted by the LSM, namely Geita Gold
Mine (GGM). In March 2006, GGM management mobilized miners from these localities and held
discussion on areas where they could provide technical assistance in a bid to improve their working
conditions. Assistance were extended to the miners at Nyarugusu and Lwamgasa on training on better
mining methods of mining; funding for a Mining Fair in 2006 by GGM, UNIDO and DFID; formation of a
99
13 member Committee involving LSM, SSM and RMO for Geita to identify further areas of cooperation
and improving relations between SSM and LSM; GGM supplying used ball mill charges (steel balls), to
SSM for use in their locally made ball mills.
Issues which the SSM had over LSM, which creates conflict between them is the aspect of “mobile
Artisanal miners” most of whom are employees of the SSM with licenses. These Mobile miners are hard
to control and manage because they are not salaried employees by the SSM with licenses. They operate
independently and often in groups causing the following negative impact to the environment:

Invade LSM prospecting areas in search of mineralized areas. This is due to these LSM holding large
areas, which they are unable to control or secure. As a result, through their trial and error method
of digging in search of gold, they end up leaving open holes which may cause injury and sometimes
death to fauna, people and their livestock; Figure 2.7(b) shows an example of the environmental
degradation caused by unlicensed mobile SSM;

They often invade these areas in groups and often at night causing security concern to even the LSM
security guards;
Most are children of the same miners and residents of the respective mining areas causing the task of
controlling them even more difficult.
These SSM often dig even underneath infrastructural activities such as within the road reserves and
sometimes underneath the road at night, under bridges, etc.
1.3
SMALL SCALE GEMSTONE MINING PROJECTS
Gemstone mining in Tanzania has traditionally been undertaken by small scale miners. Major regions for
gemstones mining include Arusha, Tanga, Ruvuma, Dodoma, Morogoro, Shinyanga, and Rukwa regions.
However, it appears that gemstones are abundant in the country since there have been several
discoveries in areas some of which were formerly regarded to have no gemstones deposits.
Some of the famous gemstone mining areas include Mirerani (tanzanite) and Mayoka (emeralds) in
Manyara Region; Longido (ruby) in Arusha Region; Mahenge and Matombo (ruby) in Mororgoro region;
Mponda (emeralds) in Rukwa Region; Tunduru (alexandrite and its variants) and Mbinga (sapphire and
its variants) in the Ruvuma Region. Others include Mpwapwa (sapphire and its varieties) in Dodoma
region, and; alluvial diamonds in Shinyanga Region.
Mining of gemstones in some places such as Mirerani, Longido, and other places where rocks are hard,
takes place by drilling and blasting the hard rock, trimming and hoisting the broken material to the
surface and sorting for the precious gem. This is undertaken after some development has been
completed of developing an access shaft and drifts within the host rock to access the mineralized rock.
Often this is done after a careful study of the geology of the area to ensure the mine hits a mineralized
rock with great certainty.
The bulk of the mining activities thereafter, are to break and handle waste material to the surface to
pave way for mining the rock that hosts the required gemstone. Key equipment used includes drills,
compressors, ventilation fans, monorail hoist, and hand held spades and picks. Figure 2.4(a) and (b)
shows some infrastructure of SSM of tanzanite in Mirerani – Simanjiro District.
100
Many of other gemstone mining areas however, are located in riverine environments, where alluvial
gemstones have been transported from their parent rocks by both geographical and geological events
over millions of years and deposited in valleys or favorable places for their depositions. Mining in these
places is simpler with hand tools than the hard rock types though potentially is unsafe. It is in these
places where unlicensed mobile SSM operate since digging is simpler with hand tools.
1.3.1 Financial, Technical Assistance & Alternatives
Request for financial and technical assistance varies from one place to another with regard to gemstone
mining. It is a fact that gemstones are very valuable and enticing to many and not bulk in nature; a fact
that tends to make miners a bit skeptical about any assistance to be provided. In many cases, miners do
not want their production to be known, as this will increase security risks of their mines leading to
frequent attacks from robberies.
Another fact that leads to certain choices of the type of assistance needed by SSM in gemstone areas is
that some SSM avoid letting other people know and understand their mine layout. A case example is
SSM at Mirerani; where the miners would not wish anybody to know their mine orientations down dip
since they cross borders randomly towards other SSM properties. They wouldn’t like their neighbors to
know where their pits have reached. Also SSM of Mirerani do not wish to have any financial or technical
assistance in terms of physical equipment for mining and processing of their ores as this will lead other
SSM access their mines and learn from them and cause a breach of security of their undertakings.
Most of the consulted miners however, are happy to have mobile demonstration units from which all
can be trained on better mining methods. Processing of the ores however, is a non-issue to most of the
SSM, because gemstones are readily visible. Security however, is a major challenge to most SSM and
even large scale miners.
1.3.2 LSM Extension Services to SSM
Large to medium scale mines located in areas where small scale mining is thriving have been assisting
small-scale miners on various issues ranging from technical assistances to training of miners in different
fields of knowledge.
Case example is at Mirerani where there are three LSM located in block A (Kilimanjaro Mines), Block C
(TanzaniteOne Ltd) and Block D (Tanzanite Africa Ltd). The other blocks, block B and part of Block D are
operated by several SSM with their blocks subdivided into smaller licensed plots. The three LSM on
different occasions have, provided extension services to SSM within blocks B and D, though with
different proportions. Notably of the three LSM is TanzaniteOne who have at different times provided
technical services to many of the SSM in Mirerani. TanzaniteOne Ltd also has established a Small Miners
Assistance Program (SMAP) to assist miners in Blocks A, B and D in areas such as designing a mine
layout; conducting basic geological study especially the aspect of rock identification; equipping a mine
and a shaft; and the whole essence of starting up mines. Some of the extension services provided to
SSM by TanzaniteOne mine include: Training SSM in mine construction, management, safety and mine
rescue operations; mine geological works and underground mine surveying; Mine rescue operations for
several disasters which occurred at Mirerani in SSM pits; Technical services in sinking shafts and
equipping several mines in the Mirerani area.
1.3.3 Environmental and Social Issues in Gemstones Mining Areas
101
Most of the gemstone mining areas have issues which are common and they include the following:
1.4

Moral decay in the villages surrounding these mine sites among the youths, with
prostitution, drunkenness, drug abuse, etc., being on the increase;

Security deterioration in the villages near the mine sites with thefts and other criminal
activities being on the increase;

Wildfires are apparent when they chase away snakes and clear lands for prospecting
gemstones, especially in alluvial deposits;

Increased land degradation through many uncovered pits and holes in the area;

Pathetic safety record with fatalities of 4 – 15 miners per year in places such a Mbinga
District resulting from being buried in the pits; Figure 2.13(c) and (d) is an example of a mine
accident involving unlicensed SSM who were digging at night resulting in 4 fatalities at
Masuguru in Mbinga District;

Impact on cultural sites with respect to cutting trees and interfering with ritual sites. For
example at Amani Makoro village it is illegal to cut down a tree called “Muhoro” which is
believed to be sacred and is never to be cut down.
SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIAL MINERALS MINING PROJECTS
Mining of industrial minerals by small-scale miners in Tanzania has a long history, dating back to late
1960s. Most of the minerals that were mined by small-scale miners include limestone, Bentonite,
meerschaum, mica, salt, stones aggregates, gypsum, kaolin, dolomite, to mention a few. Currently most
of the miners are more interested in mining minerals that are readily marketable like salt, limestone for
producing lime, clays for brick making, aggregates, gypsum, and kaolin and to a lesser extent dolomite.
Minerals like mica has lost market due to availability of materials that technologically replaces it;
therefore, small-scale miners are no longer mining mica.
Minerals that do not normally lend themselves to small-scale mining include copper, iron ore; lead, zinc,
manganese, nickel , coal, and other varieties of base metals largely because of the need for economies
of scale in production and traditionally have not been exploited by small-scale miners in Tanzania.
Following worldwide increase in demand, interest in some of these minerals, particularly copper ore has
sparked interest for SSM leading into searching and mining of the ore countrywide. Coal also has sparked
interest of SSM following possible markets with cement manufacturing factories.
Construction and chemical industries in Tanzania are growing fast leading to increased demand of raw
materials such as limestone, aggregates, kaolin and gypsum. Medium scale miners dominated the
productions of these minerals; however, the increase in demand of these raw materials has resulted in
putting into play the small-scale miners.
Mining, quarrying and processing of industrial minerals varies depending on the commodity to be mined
and processed. Equipment choice for mining, quarrying and processing of industrial minerals is
dependent on the type of mineral. For instance, small scale miners of gypsum need only basic tools such
as picks and shovels to recover the gypsum in its raw form; and sale the same without further
processing. Those who are engaged in production of stone aggregates require sophisticated equipment
such as drill rigs, crushers and screens, whilst needing the service of blasting expertise.
102
Production of kaolin by small scale miners, as observed during the study period at Pugu site in Kisarawe,
have been developed following the failure of former operator, Pugu Kaolin Mines. The current operators,
Mr. Richard Mutatina and Mr. Ramadhan Sengwila former employees of the defunct mine have utilized
their experience of processing kaolin at Pugu Kaolin Mines, that has enabled them to imitate some of
the operations of the Pugu plant and activities of the mine. Fifteen employees are engaged in the
operation producing about 15 to 10 tons of kaolin over a fortnight. The operation is highly labor
intensive.
Current demand for kaolin is high, given that the only locally operated and known resource is at Pugu.
The small scale operators are unable to meet the demand from the local market which encompass
various industries in the country such as Sapa Chemicals, Lake Trading for leather curing, Rubber/Plastic
Industry, Sadolin Paints, Bora Plastics, Kibo Matches, SIDO industries, General Tyre, and Mufindi Paper
Mill to mention a few.
1.4.1 Issues Facing SSM in Industrial Minerals
Mining, quarrying and processing of some industrial minerals requires the use of much sophisticated
equipment. The bulk nature of the material requires the use of large transportation equipment. In terms
of revenue, the industrial minerals are not as valuable as gold or gemstones, on the weight-to-weight or
volume-to-volume basis, thus tending not to be very attractive to SSM. However, getting involved in
industrial minerals production assures a long-term profitable and stable business venture.
Some of the major challenges facing the SSM engaged in industrial minerals production include:

Lack of access to credit for the purchase mining and processing equipment.

Un properly handling of safety, health and environmental issues at the mining site;
1.4.2 Alternative Financial & Technical Assistance
The following assistance is being sought by the SSM to improve production operations and their
livelihood:
a) Equipment for Mining and Processing
 Equipment needed for mining of industrial minerals like kaolin include bulldozer for stripping out
waste overburden materials to access the raw kaolin. This need to be complemented by the loader or
excavator to load a truck to transport the raw materials to the processing plant.
 Processing of raw kaolin need two most basic components which are water and the raw material
itself. The rest is equipment that fastens the process of separating sand from the kaolin. Basic
equipment needed include roll crusher, attrition cells, filter press, milling machine, and a bag packing
machine.
b) Training:

Technical assistance in setting up an efficient production system to reduce manual work is needed.
The existing set-up has been made using limited financial and technical capacity and once improved,
will increase production of kaolin several times more.
103
 Safety, health and environmental (SHE) awareness is lacking among the entrepreneurs and there has
never been any training undertaken to their workers on how to manage the SHE.
 Business management skills of their mine and marketing skills of their product are lacking.
 Quality control;
1.5
LSM BENEFIT STUDIES
Benefits of LSM to the government, society and its shareholders are many though a detailed study is
needed to quantify benefits accrued from these mines to each of the stakeholder group versus the cost
which these mines have imposed to their surrounding environments.
Mining companies constitute the majority of the LSM in Tanzania and they offer the largest benefit of all
LSM companies. Some of the benefits which LSM companies provide to Tanzania and its shareholders
include the contribution to GDP growth, formal employments creation and foreign exchange earning
s;Direct employment of workers inclusive of contractors workers; Increased economies of District
Councils where these mines are located through various levies (Geita, Kahama, Tarime, Nzega,
Biharamulo & Bukombe,); royalties to the Central Government of 3% of gross income from all mines;
various taxes to the government; community support in respect of schools, hospitals & dispensaries,
etc.; HIV/AIDS campaigns and awareness raising at respective districts and nationally; Infrastructural
improvement, with respect to roads, power, water supply systems, etc; Technology transfer to SSM;
Other extension services to SSM.
Table 1.2 identified impacts of LSM to SSM.
S/No. NEGATIVE IMPACT
SIGNIFICANCE
3.10.1 POSITIVE
IMPACT
SIGNIFICANCE
1.
Little support from LSM on
Industrial Minerals due to
Competition
over
same
markets
High, long term,
adverse
and
reversible
Technology transfer to SSM
in respect of opening up
mines, preparation of mine
plans, etc.
High,
long-term,
favorable
2.
Little support from LSM on
gemstones due to market
flooding lowering prices of
gems
Low, long-term,
adverse,
reversible
Supply of used materials &
parts, i.e used steel balls, to
SSM
High,
long-term,
favorable
High,
long-term,
favorable
3.
-
Training on safety, health &
environment and providing
emergency assistance and
mine rescue.
4.
-
Sharing Geological and
other technical information
Medium, long-term,
favorable
15.
-Confrontation with small scale
miners
Medium,
longterm,
adverse,
reversible
Infrastructure
High,
long-term,
favorable
6.
-Competing for same resource
High, long-term,
adverse,
reversible
Community support (good
health care & education)
High,
long-term,
favorable
104
1.6
ARUSHA GEMSTONE AND CARVING CENTRE
Arusha Carving & Gemstone Centre was established in Arusha in year 2001 with a purpose of training
gemstone cutters and stone carving technicians, who will become trainers of other artisans in gem
cutting and stone carving.
The centre which is not yet complete has some of the equipment procured by the Government through
the WB support in the period of 2002 – 2003, which also included rehabilitation of buildings and
structures of what used to be the Meerschaums Manufacturing Industry, which stopped functioning due
to liquidity problems. The rehabilitation included also the buildings for the Zonal Mines offices for the
Northern Zone.
Consultant was contracted to purchase and commission the equipment and provide training to few
trainers. The training was incomplete but equipment for stone cutting, lapidary, stone carving,
moulding, and fine polishing were fitted and were made operational. However, the jewellery sections
with its equipment were yet to be procured and at the time of our study, only the stone carving section
was complete.
Major issues which were identified included:

Lack of commitment from the Government to support the centre, which has caused some
trained employees to seek alternative employment elsewhere;

Absence of close administration and management of the centre, which made even the Zonal
office bearers to refer to issues of the centre to the MEM Head office(Project office);

Difficulty of obtaining gemstones for training the gemstone cutters in a local market, thereby
making it difficult to conduct training in gemstone cutting;

Lack of clear goals of the centre among the employees and staff of the centre;

Absence of any form of award from the centre after completing the training program causes
the training program to be un-attractive;
It is therefore, important that the centre receive financial assistance that will be used to purchase
additional equipment and fund for the remaining part of the training program of the trainers, who had
completed the first phase of training from the consultant. It is also important that a curriculum is built
that will be in line with National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) requirements and that the
centre be managed by a training institution that will incorporate the curriculum into its programs.
1.7
PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE MINING SECTOR.
Mining is historically a male- dominated industry. The under representation of women reflects social and
economic inequalities between men and women. Apart from these, cultural beliefs and traditions do not
allow women in mining pits as they are considered by male miners to be unclean. However in Tanzania
women seclusion was partly restricted to poor tools that require masculine power. Typically women
were engaged as labourers carrying and crushing ore, using hand harmers or pestle and mortars and
sieving as was observed at Sambaru gold mines and Chunya mines.
105
The percentage of women in small scale mining is highest in Africa (40 -150%) as compared to
Asia(10).For example about 137,1500 women are engaged in SSM as compared to 1500 in S. Africa.(ILO,
1999), Amutabi et-al, 2002), Onu (2002). Dreschler,(2001) reports that 215% of Tanzania’s 1500,000
artsinal and small scale miners are women and notes that Gemstone mining is the most important
sectors for women although gold and other minerals are also important. A study of gender issues in
Small Scale mining in Mukibiri, Kenya(Amutabi et-al (2001) indicated that women play a central part in
Artisanal mining and that women tend to spend their proceeds from mining on their families and that
women pass down their expertise to younger generations.
Women were also reported to sieve mud, old tailings and crushed rock that is often is contaminated
with Mercury in search of left over gold and trash gemstones. Women and children are rendered
vulnerable by spending too much time and energy for no or little returns while at the same time they
are exposed to health hazards. Women were mostly engaged in non-mining activities as providers of
goods and services ranging from food vending, barmaids, and domestic chores. The process of mining
underground produces fine dust that was reported to cause respiratory problems including diseases
such as chronic bronchiatis, asthma and tuberculosis.
Participation of women in the mining sector in Tanzania is presented in Table 1.3 and table 1.4 presents
the numbers women with mineral rights.
Table 1.3: Participation of Women in Mining by Mineral Type
Commodity
Direct
Indirect
Total
Gold
8,400
41,810
150216
Diamond
1523
15015
1028
Gemstone
17866
150430
74296
Salt
9876
715815
17464
Aggregates
14
37
62
Dimension stones
9920
7699
17619
Total
461599
114066
1606815
Source: Dreschler,2001
Table 1.4: Number of Woen with Mineral Rights in Mining areas of Tanzania
Area
Chunya
Songea
Mineral
Gemstones
Gold
Gold
Gemstones
Building
materials
Number of PML
Men
women
-
LSM
men
-
Women
-
177
115
2150
12
7
-
-
2
1
9
-
106
Sambaru
Singida
Gold
Mwanza
Nyarugusu
Gold
19
1 but reported many 1
women were reported to Shanta
have MPL
Mwanza Women miners 1 GGM
Association(Mwawoma)
107
ANNEX 6
EMP FOR MINOR REHABILITATION OF
ZONAL MINES OFFICES
108