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COPY FOR DIRECTOR
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA.^
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
BUREAU OF MINERAL RESOURCES
GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS.
RECORDS.
196 0/6 0
0 1C400
REPORT ON INVESTIGATIONS FOR PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
FIJI ISLANDS, 1959.
by
0.N. Warin.
The information contained in this report has been obtained by the
Department of National Development, as part of the policy of the Commonwealth Government, to assist in the exploration and development of mineral
resources. It may not be published in any form or used in a company
prospectus without the permission in writing of the Director, Bureau of
Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics.
Le::
REPORT ON INVESTIGATIONS FOR PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
FIJI ISLANDS, 1959.
by
O.N. Warin
RECORDS 1960/60
CCINTENTS
Page
SUMMARY
1
INTRODUCTION
2
THE LAU GROUP
2
Geology of the Lau
2
PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS IN FIJI
4
ISLANDS WITH PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
4
VANUA VATU
4
OGEA DRIKI
6
TUVUCA
8
VATOA
9
VATU VARU
10
MARABO
11
ISLANDS WITHOUT PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
/1
Vulaga
12
Aamuka
12
Kabara
12
Vuagava
13
Yagasa Levu
13
Oneata
13
Nyau
13
Cicia
13
Mago
14
Cikobia-i-lau
14
Katafaga
14
Yacata
14
Naitaba
14
Cikobia
15
Qele Levu
15
f"able 1.
Stratigraphy of the Lau^3
Table 2,
Analyses of samples from Lau.^16
PLATES
No.l.^The Fiji Islands
o.9 Kabara
No.2^Vanua Vatu
0.10 Oneata
No.3^Ogea Driki
0.11 'Gioia
No.4^Tuvuca
0.12 Maga
No.5^Vatoa
0.13 Cikobia-i-lau
No.6^Vatu Vara
0.14 Yacata
No.7^Vulaga
0.15 Cikobia
No.8^Namuka
0.16 Qele Levu
The information contained in this report haqteen obtained
bythe Department of National Development, as part of the policy
of the Commonwealth Government, to assist in the exploration
and development of mineral resources. It may not be published
in any form or used in a company prospectus without the permission in writing of the Director, Bureau of Mineral Resources,
Geology and Geophysics.
REPORT ON INVESTIGATIONS FOR PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
FIJI ISLANDS,
1959
by
O.N. Warin
RECORDS 1960/60
SUMMARY
During the 1959 field season an investigation
of phosphate prospects in Fiji was made.^Most of the islands
visited are in the Lau group, e-s+p—n Fiji, and the general
geology of this group is described.
Four islands, Vanua Vatu, Vatoa, Ogea Driki and
Tuvuca were known to have some phosphatic material on them.
Two more islands, Vatu Vara and Marabo were found to have
small deposits.
The geology of the islands with phosphate. deposits
is described in detail and estimates of the tonnage and grade
of the deposits are given.
•
The largest deposit, that of Vanua Vatu, has
• 200,000 tons of medium to good grade oolitic phosphate which
might prove a useful source of cheap phosphate fertilizer
within Fiji but is not likely to be exported. ^Ogea Driki
has 77,000 tons of mediuM grade oolitic phosphate and
phosphatic clay. ^Tuvuca has one to two millions of tons
of clay, which is in part phosphatic.
Points of geological interest on the other islands
visited are described briefly.
FIJIAN SPELLING.
Two systems of spelling Fijian names and words are in use
in Fiji, the 'Fijian'System and the 'phonetic' System. Here I have
used the 'Fijian'System.• This system uses five letters to represent
sounds that are different from the sounds they represent in English:
'B' is pronounced 'MB' as in'number' e.g. KOROBASAGA = KORO MBASANGA.
spronuced'TH
. •'Cias
in 'that' e.g., CICIA = THITHIA.
'D' is pronounced 'ND' as in'end'e.g., DALICONI = NDALITHONI.
'G' is . pronounced 'NG' as in 'sing'a.g., MAGO = MANGO.
'Q' is pronounced 'MG' as in'finger e.g.,QELE LEVU^FGGELE LEVU.
2
INTRODUCTION
In 1958 the Australian and New Zealand Governments
jointly undertook to survey all possible islands in the southwest Pacific in the search for new sources of phosphate suitable
for the manufacture of superphosphate fertilizers, to supplement
the material at present obtained from Ocean and Nauru islands
in the Pacific Ocean and from Christmas island, Indian Ocean. ^.
The work here recorded, the survey of islands in the Fiji group,
was part of the 1959 field season of the phosphate survey. •
A 100 ton auxiliary ketch, the 'Maroro', was
chartered for the survey.^Most of the larger islands in the
Lau group and two islands, Cikobia and Qele Levu, north of
Vanua Levu were visited during the two months from June 18th
to August 19th.^A further brief visit was made to two islands
in the Lau group from October 21st to 25th.
I would like to thank all the Departments of the
Administration of Fiji for the help that I received in setting
up the survey; my thanks are especially due to Dr. Guest, the
Senior Geol,gist, and his staff at the Geological Survey
Department.^S. Ratuyawa, L. Koto and J. Romanu, of the
Geological Survey Department were my able assistants during
the survey..
In the Lau group the work would have been impossible
without the help of Mr. William Wainigolo, the Roko Tui Lau,,
and the Bulls and Turagas of the villages throughout the Lau.
I would also like to thank Commander Brown, the
Master of the A.K.'Maroro' and his officers and crew.
THE LAU GROUP
Tile Lau group comprises about 100 small islands
that make up the eastern part of Fiji (Plate 1), ^The largest
of the Lau islands, Vanua Balavu, is about 24 sq. ml. in area;
the smallest islets are less than i sq.ml. in area. . 20
islands were visited; 5 of these were uninhabited.
The visits to all the islands were brief. ^3 or
4 days were spent on those islands which were known to have
phosphate deposits; but some islands were only visited for a
few hours or for one day.
Geology of the Lau.
The geology of the Lau has been investigated
by Ladd and Hoffmeister, (1945).^Previously the islands
had been visited by Dana (1849,1890), Gardiner, (1898,1931),
Agassiz (1898), Andrews (1916), Davis (1928) and Foye (1917)
all of whom were principally interested in the coral reef
problem.
Ladd and Hoffmeister named six fdrmations which
are shown on the accompanying table.
3
TABLE 1. Formations in the Lau, (From: Ladd and Hoffmeister 2
1945)
SYSTEM
Quaternary
East Indian Stage
FORMATION
MAGO ODIITE
VULAGA L:MESTONE
DALICONI LIMESTONE
Tertiary
KORO BASLGA VOLCANICS
FUTUNA LIMESTONE
LAU VOLCANICS
The rocks of the oldest formation, the Lau
Volcanics, are andesitic flows and agglomerates and tuffs
which are exposed as the cores of many of the islands and are
believed to form the cores of those islands on which only
limestone is exposed. ^Above the Lau. Voloanics is the Futuna
Limestone, tuffacebus limestone, coral limestone, and algal
calcilutite. ^It is at least 600feet thick and is dated as
Tertiary 'f' stage (lower Miocene). ^The Korc Basaga Volcanics
which occur above the Futuna Limestone in a few places consist
of flows, agglomerates and tuffs, mostly of a basaltic
composition.^Flows are more numerous than in the Lau
Volcanics.^The most common . rock type is an olivine basalt.
In a very few places Ladd and Hoffmeister found a coral limestone
which they named the Daliconi Limestone, above the Koro Basaga
Volcanics and containing a fauna of fossil foraminifera,
molluscs, corals and crabs which indicates a late Miocene —
Pliocene age.
The younger formations, the Vulaga Limestone and
the Mago Odinite, are not exposed in such a way that their
relationship to each other and to the other formations can
be established by superposition.
. 90% of the rocks of the Lau are of the two oldest
formations, the Lau volcanics an the Futuna Limestone, and on
the majority of the islands only these two forrllations have been
recognized.
Ladd and Hoffmeister in their classification of the
islands recognized the importance of the size of the island
compared to the size of the platform from which it rises.
The islands of the Lau can be usfully divided into two groups
on this basis; some islands, such as the Exploring islands,.
Oneata and the Yagasa cluster, are circled by a wide lagoon
indicating a platform many times the width of the enclosed
islands; others, such as Kabara, Cicia, Mago etc., have only
a narrow fringing reef.
A good example of the first group, the Yagasa
cluster, has three small islands with a total surface area of
less than one square mile enclosed by a reef that. indicates -a
foundation of more than 25 square miles in area. ^Also
included in this first group are extensive reefs, for example
the Bukatatanoa reefs, which have no islands with the lagoon.
Plotting these two groups on a map of the Lau
the first are found to lie on a broad arc begining at the
north end of Vanua Levu and narrowing towards Vatoa and
Ono-i-lau in the south; while the second group all lie
inside this outer arc apparently along north-east and northwest fractures. (E.g., the Lomaiviti fissure islands, Moala,
Totoya, Gau l Batiki etc., referred to by Ibbotson (1959) and
the line of islands akelpa l Nyau, Cicia, Vatu Vara, further
north.)
PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS IN FIJI
(1950)
Hutchinson/makes no mention of phosphate deposits
in the Fiji islands, except to record that two rocks inside
the Reid reef are reported to have some guano on them.
However, a small deposit of phosphatic clay and oolitic phosphata
on Ogea Driki in the south Lau was investigated in 1941 by
F.T.M. White, who was then the inspector of mines for Fiji,
(White, 1942).^This deposit was investigated further in
October, 1942; by Mr. Bridges, a representative of the British
Phosphate Commissioners, with a view to its immediate
utilization to replace supplies normally obtained from Ocean
and Nauru islands (Bridges, 1942).^In the last few years
there has been a stimulated interest in the search for phosphates
in this part of the Pacific. ^The Fiji Geological Survey found
phosphate deposits on two other islands in the Lau group (Vatoa
and Vanua Vatu) during 1957, and an aluminous phosphatic clay
was reported on Tuvuca by Dr. J.A. Staargaard, of Aluminium
Laboratories Limited, duping 'a reconnaissance of the Lau islands
made in 1958.
The present survey covered nearly all the islands of
the Lau and led to the discovery of two new deposits, both very
small.^In addition the known deposits were assessed as regards
tonnage by hand auger drilling and mapping and field estimates
were made of the grade.
While none of the deposits in Fiji are large enough
to be exploited comercially outside Fiji, the deposit on Vanua
Vatu island should be investigated further by the Administration
of Fiji as.a possible source of cheap phosphate fertilizer within
the Colony.
ISLANDS WITH PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
Vanua Vatu
Position and Size. ^Vanua Vatu (Plate 2) is an almost
circular island, with an area of a little more than one square
mile, surrounded by a fringing reef.^It is in the western part
of the Lau, about 155 miles from Suva.^There is a poor
anchorage in a bight in the reef 3pposite Taira village, the
only village on the island.
5
Previous Investigations. ^The island is mentioned by Ladd and
Hoffmeister, though only a sketchy account is given as the
visit, by only one of the authors, was very brief.
In 1957 renewed interest in phosphate throughout
the south-west Pacific led Dr. Guest, of the Geological Survey
Department, to make a brief reconnaissance of the raised
limestone islands of the 4au. • He visited Vanua Vatu and
discovered thP nhosphate deposit. Later in the same year the
boundary of th :l phosphate. occurr6nc:: w,7,s zal ) ped and tiio deposit,
extensively 7itted,b7 R tuy^of thc Fiji Survc .
Physiography and Geoloy. ^The island has only a narrow
fringing reef and is entirely of limestone, presumably of the
Futuna Limestone. ^It lies well within the outer arc of the
Lau but is not clearly aligned along any of the north-west
or north-east features of the inner Lau. ^The island has a
well defined rim on the north, west and south sides, reaching
a maximum height of 330 feet above sea level. ^At the northwest corner there is a gap in the rim and a fairly gentle
slope leads up from Taira village to the Maumi basin, where
most of the phosphate is located;
-
,
. -
-
-
The island's shape suggests a raised coral atoll
but Ladd and Hoffmeister found foraminiferal rather than coral
limestone along the rim. ^Possibly the island is an original
atoll which has been sufficiently eroded to remove the coral
limestone of the upper part of the rim while still preserving
the basin shape.
The Phosphate Deposits. ^The phosphate occurs a„; oolitic grains
and 'pebbles and phosphatic clay between pinnacles of limestone.
In the Maumi basin, (See Plate 2) the tops of the limestone
pinnacles protrude about a foot above the surface of the phosphate-.
The oolites are up to 1/3 inch in diameter.
Fresh surfaces of broken grains are white, gray, light brown
or streaked with black, show signs of concentric structure
particularly near their edges and have the typical vitreous
lustre and conchoidal fracture of Collophane. ^The ollites
are generally bonded by a small amount of clay but in some
places the clay is almost entirely absent and the oolitic
phosphate runs like a coarse sand and is not retained by a
hand auger.
The majority of the pebbles occur with the oolitic
phosphate on the western slope (Area 'B'). ^Most of these
pebbles are formed of oolitic grains cemented together, though
a few, which may be phosphatized coral fragments, appear
structureless on broken surfaces. ^All the pebbles have the
typical colloform exterior and do not appear to have been
abraded.
The oolitic material grades over a short distance
into phosphatic clay on the north, east and south sides of the
deposit.^There are scattered occurrences of the clay
elsewhere on the island, notably at Bukidalivou.
Tonnage and Grade.^An estimated 100,000 tons of medium to
good grade phosphate is contained in the Maumi basin, (Area'Al)
from which it could be easily recovered. ^A further 100,000 tons
of similar material from the sloping ground leading down to the
north-west coast, (Area 'B') would be less easy to recover
because it lies in shallow pockets between upstanding pinnacles.
There is no overburden in either area.
Twelve determinations on this material are given in
Table 2.^The average phosphate content is 25.8% P o e, with.
21.6% Al 0 .^The phosphatic clay which surrounds th4 oolitic
deposit is 3 of lower and very variable grade; the average of
three determinations is 15.3% P 0 0, while the content of Alumina
is much higher, 38,4%.^Also iftc/uded in Table 3 are determinatj- and full analyses from earlier work by Guest..
Exploitation. ^The exploitation of this deposit by the villagers
as a source of phosphate for use within the Colony would perhaps
be a practical possibility and should not be overlooked. ^The
land of Area 'A is at the present planted with coconuts but
with little else as the villagers find the oolitic phosphate
is unsuitable for the planting of root vegetables. ^Most of the
gardens seem to be in the Sapuga and Bukidalivou areas and
on the phosphatic clay of Area 'C'. ^My impression was that
the exploitation of the Maumi deposit and of Area 'B' would not
seriously reduce the area of land under cultivation.
Recent work by Cassidy, (1959) suggests that this type
of phosphate may have real value as a fertilizer for direct
application to paddy rice.^If this is so a study of the cost
of local exploitation of this deposit should be made to see if
it would be landed at Suva at a compeditive price. ^It could
prove a valuable source of cheaper phosphate fertilizer for
rice growers.
The deposit on this island is of a higher grade and
tonnage than any other in the Lau.
OGEA DRIKI
Position and Size.^Ogea Driki (Plate 3) is one of a group of
three islands, known collectively as Ogea, which are encircled
by a single extensive reef. ^Ogea is in the south Lau and is
220 miles from Suva. ^There is good anchorage within the reef
at many points between Ogea Driki and Ogea Levu. ^The entrance
to the lagoon is from the west.
There is one village on Ogea Levu, but Ogea Driki
and Yanuia are uninhabited. It appears that most of the land
of Ogea Driki is owned by men from Vulaga, rather than Ogea
Levu.
Previous Investi.crations. The phosphate deposits of Ogea Driki
were first investigated in 1941 when they were visited by
Mr. F.T.M. White, who waa then the Inspector of Mines for the
Colony, (White, 1942).^A comprehensive survey was made in
October, 1942, by Mr. Bridges of the British Phosphate Commissionr he assessed the tonnage and grade and reported fully on the
possibility of exploiting the deposits (Bridges, 1942). ^The
islands were investigated geologically by Ladd and Hoffmeister,
but they made no note of the phosphate.
Since then the island has been visited from time to
time by geolop7iRts of the Fiji Geological Survey Department and
an assistant of the Lands Department spent some time there
remapping the boundaries of the phosphate deposits and prospecting
over Ogea Levu for similar deposits.
Physiography and Geology. North-south faults form the cliff faces
along the west side of Ogea Driki, and the elongation of the Ogea
group as a whole is in this direction.^Ladd and Hoffmeister also
suggest a north trending fracture as the reason for the line of reef
that run up from the north-east tip of Ogea Levu - Nuku Sogea etc.
The three islands together evidently form a raised coral
atoll, the rim of which has gaps along the east and west sides,
allowing part of the old lagoon floor to be re-flooded. ^It is
possible that the north trending faults along the west edge of
Ogea Driki may have caused the breach in the rim on this side.
did not see the east side.^Much of the old lagoon floor is
preserved on Ogea Levu.^The present lagoon is very shallow at
this northern end, drying extensively at low tide, and is dotted
with undercut 'mushroom' islands of limestone.
Ladd art Hoffmeister found many corals in a position of
growth at localites round the rim.
The old lagoon floor of Ogea Levu has a fairly extensive
red clay soil.^Similar soils were seen in many parts of the
Lau, (Vatoa etc.).
The Phosphate Deposits. The phosphate deposits occur ohly on the
north-west tip of Ogea Driki (See Plate 3). ^The phosphatic
material consists of clay and oolitic phosphate, similar to that
described for Vanua Vatu, but with a higher proportion of clay.
An unusual feature of the deposits is that they occur
on the tops and slopes of rises rather than in basins. ^The three
main deposits, Maumi, Navakatoga and Denipusi are all on gentle
rounded rises.^The yellow-brown phosphatic clay merges rather
abruptly into the red clay soil which occurs on other parts of the
old lagoon floor.^Because of this I think these deposits
originated from a bird colony which nested in a restricted area
on those rises.^Phosphatization took place only where the birds
nested. There is no trace of phosphate elsewhere on Ogea Driki
or Ogea Levu and is seems unlikely that the present deposits are
all that remains of more extensive deposits which have been eroded.
Tonnage and Grade. ^Bridges estimated the tonnages of the three
deposits as follows : DENIPUSI^39,000
Maumi^28,000
NAVAKATOGA 10,000
Total^77, 000 tons
Analyses made at the same time gave the average P 2 0 5
content as 25'/o with an average of 12% Al 2 0 3 and Fe 2 0 3 .
A few auger holes were drilled during the present survey;
these seemed to confirm Bridges estimate of the tonnage available.
White's estimates were larger but were based on a very
short reconnaissance only.
-8
TUVUCA.
Position and Size. Tuvuca (Plate 4(a), 4(b)) is in the centre
of the rau, 177 Elles from Suva. It is 4 miles long and 2 miles
wide, elongated in a direction north-north-west.
-
-
The only village, situated towards the south end of the
west coast, is small and has no radio station. ^Suprisingly
large areas in the central parts of the island have been cleareF
for gardens and the whole island is well served with tracks
internally, though the first part of the track from the village
has a steep climb over the limestone rim.
There is no sheltered anchorage but ships commonly hang
on opposite the village.
Previous Ilasstigations.^The island was traversed extensively
by Ladd'and Hoffmeister.^In 1958 the island was visited by
Dr. Staargaard in the course of his “ -7c c + irfatons for bauxite .
on behalf of Aluminium Laboratories Limited, ^He reported
finding a phosphatic bauxite on the island and his company has
retained a Prospecting Licence for bauxite over the island.
-
,
,
-
Geoloay_andaraph,y .^Tuvuca is of raised limestone with
a series of discontinuous narrow limestone terraces with well
marked rims reaching a maximum elevation of 750 feet,
surrounding an irregular central basin.
.
The limestone of the island belongs, in the main to the
Futuna Limestone, though Ladd and Hoffmeister found two small
areas of Daliconi Limestone on the north coast.
The vo2canic rocks which crop out as a long ridge at the
south end of the central basin, along the south coast and along
the north-east coast, belong to the Lau volcanics and consist cyf
flows and some agglomerates,^The long ridge of volcanics in
the central basin appears to continue under a limestone cover
and to crop out again along the south coast, • The air-photograr'
suggest that there is a second ridge, parallel to the first
and about i mile to the west of it, which is only exposed at its
southern end, close to the village. (See Plate 4(a)).
A remarkable feature of the island are the large clay
floored circular depressions in the limestone which are known
in Fijian as 'Qilos'.^These Qilos are commonly two or three
hundred yards in diameter and have steep, almost vertical,
limestone walls rising on every side to a height of fifty to one
hundred feet above the level of the floor. ^Hand auger drilling
on the floor of these Qilos showed that the clay filling is in
places more than 30 feet thick and that below the clay is not
limestone but a steady transition to a weathering volcanic rock.
Similar, though sipaller, features were 'later seen on
Cikobia-i-lau island.
The Phosphatic Clal.^Hand auger dri1lir -as aarried out over
much Of the floor of the central basin and the Qilos. ^The
main areas of clay thus delineated are shown stippled on
• Plate 4(a).^The hand auger drilling proved 700,000 tons of
clay in the central basin and in.the four Qilos numbered on
Plate 4(b). ^There are more Qilos on Tuvuca that were not
visited and drilled during the survey. ^In all there are
probably between one and two million tons of clay in the central
basin and the larger Qilos.
8 samples of the clay of Tuvuca, taken by the Aluminium
Laboratories prospecting team, ranged from 9.8 to 21.3% P 9 O R .
5 samples taken during this survey were analysed and the Nults
are shown on Table 2.^They range from 4.7 to 21.45 P o O R .
Further samples have been sent for analysis and these ethxlts
will be added to Table 2 when they are available.
The clay appears to be only discontinuously phosphatic
and the high content of Al 2 0 and Fe 0 0 (See Table 2) rule out
its use in the manufacture of superphodphate. ^However, the cln.
may be useful within Fiji for direct appliaation.
•
7ATOA.
Position and Size. Vatoa island (Plate 5) is somewhat less
than 2 sq.mi. in arc P and is in the far south of the Lau 250
miles from Suva,^It is actually slightly closer to
Nuku'alofa, Tonga, than to Suva.
:here is good anchorage within the reef at a number of
places along the northern part of the west coast. ^The passage
through the reef is at the north-west corner and is narrow.
It is advisable to wait for a pilot from the village.
There is one village on Vatoa; it is close to the south
ehd of the west coast on low lying land near the sea shore.
Previous. Investigations. ^The island was not visited by Ladd
and Hdrfmeister.^The phosphate was discovered by Dr. Guest
during his 1957 phosphate reconnaissance in the Lau. • Later in
the same year Ratuyawa, of the Fiji Survey, investigated the
deposit by pitting along the main tracks.
Geology and Physiophy. The exposed part of the island is
entirely of limestone; presumable of the Futuna Limestone but no fossils were found to confirm this.
The island has a rather complex form. ^The highest part
is a limestone rim running round the north-east and north-west
sides of the Lomanivanua basin. ^This rim reaches 200 ft
above sea level,^T'era is a terrace at 60 to 80 ft above sea
level on the north and east sides of this rim; inside the rim
the basin floor EOopes gently to the south-west and is about 80
fee above sea level, ^There are two prominent limestone hills
close together at the south end of the island (Muanivatu) rising
40 to 50 feet from a gently shelving terrace at about 60 feet
above sea level.
Much of the island is uneven and difficult to traverse.
Phosphate Deposits^The phosphate of Vatoa, consists of a
clay of very varia'cle phosphate content, which occurs in pockets
scattered over mlfeh oi the island. ^A very small amount of
oolitic phosphate occurs beneath the clay at the foot of the
rise from the village to the school (Busabusa).
The clay was examined by hand auger drilling. ^It was
.found that no sizeable clay filled basins occur - the
Lomanivanua basin having only scattered shallow pockets on its
surface.
The-clay is friable and brown to yellow brown in colour;
lighter coloured clay being of higher grade. ^The very small
amount of oolitic phosphate that occurs consists of oolites
about 1/8th in. in diameter..
No estimates of tonnage are given as.the deposits are too
scattered to be assessed with any accuracy and are obviously too
small to be worth exploiting. (N.B., if the island were covered
to a depth of 6 in, all over its surface with clay, it would be
less than million tons.)
A fragment of weathering pumice was found in one auger
hole, in the Lomanivanua area, at a depth of 5 feet.
VATU VARA.
.
Position and Size.^Vatu Vara (Plate 6) one of the smallest
islands in the Lau, is not more than one and a half miles
across in any direction. ^It.has_a very. irregular coastline - in
particular a large bay at the south end of the west coast. ^It
is in the northern Lau, 145 miles from Suva.
The island is not inhabited but it is leased as a copra
plantation.^Occasionally men from Yacata live for a few days
on the island cutting copra for the owner.^There are two huts
and a water catchment.
There is no anchorage and the boat passage through the
reef along the north-west coast can only be used at high tide.
At other times it is possible to land on the edge of the reef
and wade ashore.
Previous Investigations. ^There is no record of previous
investigation of the island for phosphate deposits, nor was the
island visited by Ladd and Hoffmeister.
Geologyand plash.^Vatu Vara is nick-named 'Top hat'
island, and the nick-name aptly describes its silhouette. ^The
only rock exposed on the island is limestone; the central mass
rises to 1050 feet, making the island the highest in the Lau.
The central mass is surrounded by a broad terrace the surface
of which is about 250 feet above sea level.
.
The central mass is elongated north-east in plan and has
a saucer shaped cross section. ^It has been cut across at the
south-west end by a north-west trending fault with the downthrow
on the south-west side.^The outside slopes of the central mass
are very steep and made up of jumbled blocks of limestone, .
commonly very large, stabilized by rain forest growth. ^On the
south side signs of a recent slip were seen. ^The top 100 feet
or so form a vertical cliff, free of vegetation.
The 250 foot terrace is not continuous round the island
and has been affected by the same faulting which has cut the
south-woc,t end of the central mass. ^The terrace, from a
distance, appears to slope slightly seaward; the surface of the
terrace is actually very uneven and pitted by solution - the pits
are commonly ten to twenty feet across and as much as twenty feet
deep.
The highest point on the island is at the north-east
end of the central block and there are some signs, on the south
face, of bedding dipping to the west.^The . appearence of the
.
central mass suggests that it was tilted during the uplift
which preceeded the formation of the lower terrace.
There are no volcanic rocks exposed on the island but
I do not.think a full 1000 feet of limestone can be claimed.
A large part of the slope of the cent 2a1 mass is of scree material
which may cover exposures of the volc:-rnic core,
-
The Phosphate Deposits. Small deposits of phosphatic clay
and oolitic phosphate were found on the north and south sides of
the central mass at the foot of the sree 'lope. ^Close to the
screeslope the otherwise empty hcflow:3 in he surface of the
limestone of the 250 foot limestone terrace are filled or partly
filled with this phosphatic material.
Traces of phosphate were found in cracks in the limestone
most of the way up the side Of the central mass, suggesting that
the phosphate may have formed there by leaching of guano from
birds nesting in the cliffs and then be.on washed down and trapped
in its present position.
The deposits are very smal an the total tornage of
phosphate available is estimated at 15,000 tons (See Plate 6).
MARABO
Position and Size. Marabo is a small island in the southern
lau off Kabara,^sq.ml. in area and 190 miles from Suva. It
is uninhabited but often visited iy men from Kabara for fishing
and copra cutting.
Geology, Physiography and Phos hate Deposits. ^The island'
entirely limestone, the highes, p6 17a being 160 feet above
level.^It has no easily described physiographic form but
general the highest limestone is in the centre and towards
north-east coast.^The rest of the island is formed of
discontinuous terraces and limestone ridges.
-
is
sea
in
the
A narrow terrve along thesoutli-Nest side contains a
few hundred tons of phosphatic clay between lirpestone pinnaclPs.
No analyses of this material have been made, but qualitative
testing in the field show the clay is'ow grade.
ISLANDS WITHOUT PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
Islands on which no phosphate deposit was found will
not be described in any detail.^A bTief note Nill be given
of any points of geological interest. ^The position of the islands
is shown on Plate 1.^Maps of themore irmortant islands are
included and these maps show the exteEtof the prospecting carried
out on each island.
- 12 -
yulma. (Plate 7).^The island is sub-quadrate in outline,
has a clearly marked rim of raised limestone which reaches a
maximum height of 260 feet above sea level, and has a centra:
lagoon which is open to the sea through a passage on the east
side.^Ladd and Hoffmeister from the evidenCe of the
physiography and because of finding many corals in a position
of growth in the raised limestone of the rim, concluded that
the island was a raised coral atoll.^It appears that the
island may have been tilted during the uplift as the rim is
higher and broader on the south-west side and becomes a
number of lower, narrow islands along the north-east side.
There are many 'mushroom' islands of limestone in the central
lagoon, particularly at the south end which is very shallow
and dries at low tide.
.
in places
The soils of the island are purple-red in colour,
to 8 feet deep.
UD
,e
(Plate 8).^.^
_Namuka.
,
a reef away from the
• -^
shore enclosing a broad lagoon.^The island is entirely of
raised limestone, and is elongated in an east/west direction,
It has a ridge of higher limestone all along its northern
coast and a lower and less continuous ridge along the south
coast, broken in the centre by a broad shallow bay across the
front of which the southern ridge forms a chain of islands.
Faulting seems to have been important in the formation of
Namuka; two faults, one north and one north-east are visible
on air photog:oaphs.^The straightness of the north coast is
very suggestive of an easterly fault although the cliffs alcng
this north coast appeared, from the sea, to be fractured in
some direction nearly normal to their trend.
The soils of the island are 'quite deep, particular:3
in the central area round the bay; depths of more than 8 feet
being common.^The soils are again a purple-red in colour,
purple colour being more marked than on Vulaga. The people
Namuka are known in this part of the Lau for the purple stain
on their hands and clothes from this soil.
-
Kabara. (Plate 9). Kabara belongs to the younger group of the
Lau islands, having a narrow fringing reef. ^It may be connected
with a north-east trending feature as the north-west part of the
original island has been faulted off by a north-east trending
fault. The elongation of the island is, however, to the .north.
The island has the form of a reised coral atoll, the rim being
rather even at a height of between 200 and 250 feet above sea
level. The chief interest lies in the volcanic rocks which form
a steep, double peaked hill, 440 feet high, north of the centre
of the west coast. Ladd and Hoffmeister considered these
volcanics were part of the Mago Odinite and of a younger age
than the limestone.
.
The old lagoon floor is remarkable for its lack of
soil.^Much of the interior is simply of jumbled boulders of
cavernous limostene overgrown with rain forest. What soil
there is is derived from the volcanics and is purple-red in
colour.^Some Manganese occurs in a swampy area at the
north end of he old lagoon floor.^It appears to form
by redeposition under swamp conditions after being
leached from the volcanic soils.
-13 -
VuaRava. Vuagava is a close neighbour to Kabara and is ver y
similar in form.^It clearly has the form of a raised atol:
the rim being about 300 feet above sea level; it also has
been truncated along the north-west coast by a nor Th-east
trending fault.^It has, however, no outcropping volcanic
rocks and much of the old lagoon floor is occupied by a
brackish lake.
-
The soils are similar to those of Kabara,
Yazasa Levu. A small, narrow, north-east trending strip of
raised limestone in the Yagasa lagoon. ^It has no 31early
defined topographic form. ^The highest part of the limesto300 feet, is along the north-west coast; ^the rest of the
island appears to be terraced when seen from a disance.
The rugged nature of the limestone makes these terraces less
obvious when they are traversed.^There is very little soi
between the pinnacles of the limestone.
(Pkr.'e 10), Only a few hours were spent on. Oneata.
It is 2:.sci,1:_a/.e'^•FJ in .area^; and is particriarly
interesting as 'it Las outcrops of three formations, the Lau
voicanics, the Futuna Limestone and the Koro BasagE
Volcanics,^A 60 foot thick bed of foraminiferal :imestone
occurs at the base of the Futuna Limestone and clearly
establishes the age of that part of the formation as
Mioene ('f' Stage). The soils of Oneata are mostly of a
red or black colour and suggest that the volcanic rocks
have a wider distribution than shown on the map prepar ed
by Ladd and Hoffmeister. (See Plate 10).
Only a few hours were spent on Nyau. ^Ti-e island
was not examined in detail by Ladd and Hoffmeister and its
geology is not well known. A rim of limestone abott 550 re.,
high encloses an oval basin, elongated in a north-vest
direction.^The flat floor of the central basin is estimat('
to lie about 250 feet above sea level. ^It is covered with
red•brown to purple soil, supporting a growth of reeds and
short palms, suggesting that it may be underlain 1:) volcanic
rocks. The limestone rim is broken, on the north-east coas
by volcanic rocks which reach to about 500 feet above sea
A deposit of manganese is being worked on the slope below V'';e
volcanic s.
-
-
Ci,c.t 71,a,. (Plate 11). Cicia is^roughly circular, 4 miles in
diameter.^Geologically : _pears simple in construction.
The centre is made of andesitic volcanics and the island has
the appearance of a single eroded volcanic cone. ^The cent:
reaches 540 feet above sea level and is surrounded by a
discontinuous terrace of raised limestone reaching to about
400 feet.^The soils of the central area are commenly very
thin, but valleys leading down to the coast have a thick fi t '
of clay.
.
Mau.
(Plate 12). Mago island was examined in detail by
Ladd and Hoffmeister. Their map ^,-u,,1;ced
here (Plate 12). ^The island is interesting in having two
ages of volcanics exposed, one older and one younger than the
Futuna Limestone.
Cikobia-i7lau. (Plate 13). The island is within the large
lagoon which also encloses Vanua Balavu and Munia. ^It has
two ages of volcanic rocks exposed; andesitic agglomerates
and flows of the Lau Volcanics are exposed beneath the Futuna
Limestone along the south-west coast and in various places in
the centre of the island; ^whereas a large ridge of
agglomerate which makes up the east coast of the island is
placed by Hoffmeister in the. Kort, Basaga Volcanics (a conclusion
with which Ladd did not agree). ^The fact that no limestone
occurs at any point resting on this agglomerate and that one
valley has limestone on one flank and the agglomerate on the
other seems to be very strong evidence for the younger age for
the agglomerate; clearly the agglomerate could not have been
there during the time that the limestone was being deposited
or it would have received a cover of limestone.
An interesting feature of the island are the 'Qilos'
that occur there.. They are similar in every respect to the
'Qilos' on Tuvuca, though they are umaller.
A fault running along the centre of the island in a
north-east direction is an important tectonic feature. It is
shown by scarps inland whose continuity can be seen on air
photographs.
Katafaa. Katafaga is a small island in the central Lau. The
south and centre of the island are of volcanics, andesitic
flows and agglomerates of the Lau Volcanics; while the north
end of the island is of Futuna Limestone. A small amount of
manganese occurs in cracks in this limestone. In those places
where manganese is now exposed it appears that the limestone
previously was covered by eluvium from the weathering volcanics
in the higher central part of the island. ^Manganese dissolved
out of the volcanic eluvium was re-deposited at the limestone
contact.^Subsequent erosion of the eluvium has exposed the
manganese in cracks and hollows in the limestone surface.
Yacata. (Plate 14). Yacata is a large island in the north Lau,
although for administration it is considered part of Cakudrove
Provence (Vanua Levu) rather than part of the Lau.^It is
composed of limestone and volcanics.
Naitaba. Not enough time was spent on Naitaba Island to get
any clear picture of the geology. ^It has a basin shaped
interior and may be a raised atoll.
-1
5-
Cikobia. (Plate 15). Cikobia is an island of about 6 sq.
north of Vanua Levu, 200 miles, in a straight linefl from SuYa.
It is elongated slightly south of east, and may be structurE:lly
.part of the outcr Lau arc. This easterly elongation is
continued under sea for some distance at the east end of th.
island.
The island is composed of raised limestone and
volcanics. The limestone, which is terraced, makes up the
west and central parts of the island. ^It is underlain by
volcanics, chiefly an andesitic agglomerate, which crop out
at the east end of the island.^The highest point of the
island, Nauluvatu„ is a residual of limestone resting on thc
agglomerate.
A very cursory examination of the island suggests
that the limestone has been a thin but complete cover over E
steep sided narrow ridge of volcanic material which was
extruded along an east trending fissure. The island has
subsequently been raised above sea level and terraced and
part of the limestone cover removed.
Some manganese occurs on the island in a similar
geological setting to the other occurrences in the Lau.
1e Levu. (Plate 16). Qele Levu is a very small island
at the east end of a large lagoon. The island consists of
deeply pitted limestone raised about 20 feet above sea love?.
There is practically no soil on the island but the
inhabitants are able to grow bananas and other crops in 2nil
scraped together in pockets in the limestone.
TABLE 2.
Anallof sam les from the Lau.
Analues b Bureau ef Mineral Resources Canberra;
% Al ) 3
Type of Auz, er P 2 0 5 % Fe2 03^,
Island^Material
Poi^
Hole
IIMIZLICOMPAMMINNICSI■^11121.101VarnOte.1111150
.411•1
1. Vanua Vatu
It
2.
3.
if
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12,
13,
14.
15.
16,
If
17.
18. Tuvuca
19.
20,^If
It
21.
22.
Oolitic^V.R.1^29.6^7.47^17:9
phosphate.
Oolitic^V.R.8^28.2 12.1^17.9
phosphate
and clay.
Oolitic^U.1^25.0^8.91^23 "
phosphate.
tt^V.R.11^25.1^4:47^16
If
^V.R.9^20.8^8.80^22-:;
V.R.13 27.7^7.19^18,5
U.S^22.2 12.4^29.5
V.R.5^27.5^8.1^19,L
If
^V.R.3^21.8^8.4^27,6
T.1.^24.9 11.9^25,9
If
^U.3^27.2^709^21.
V.R.4^. 24.5^9.1^19
Phosphatic^V.5.11^7.4 20.2^39.
clay
T.3^16.2 14.1^36 2
it
^T.5^22.4 14.9 ^40
Phosphate^V.R.12 38.6^0.6^No
detec - A.
pebble
2.1^16,5
Phosphate^U.3^31.1
pebble^
Clay^18.7
14.0^35 2
-2
M 8^8.3 15.0^33
M 7^4.7 19.2^30
m 8b^9.4 16.7^39,D
IVI^
21.4 16.9^23.0
1
Anal see made for Fiji GeoltaLlaisurys_E_Luarraent
laz Overseas Geolo ical Surve_s Lnndon.
No,^Island
P 20 5%
Fe 2 0 3 %^Al203%^CaC
Ja•-awell
1,--11171■710.3.1=7•1•111r•^ .0.111•17.•-"
JG167 Vatoa
JG170
JG175^■7
JG178/M2
3G181/M5
JG190^IP
JG228
JG250^If
JG252^If
JG255^If
JG258.
JG262,
JG2‘.3
JG266^It
JG272^tt
JG277
JG280.^If
14.0
17.4
8.3
5.4
0.6
26.2 .
2.4
20.9
23.2
21.2
12.2
21.2
20.3
22.0
4.4
13.8
20.4
12.1
7.90
21.2
26.5^14,
- 17 -
Table 2. cont'd.
P20 5%
Island
. No.
Fe203%
Al 2 0 3 %
CaO%
mlac-rarasommal-nesw.
17.6
13.5
17.8
13.9
2.7
6.5
22.1
33.1
17.6
24.6
30.6
24.6
25.4
24.7
22.2 25.6
28.4
21.2
23.1^.
23.5.
22.6
23.2
19.2
22.3
0.5
17.7
JG286
Vatoa
JG296
JG303
42
JG311
71
JG320
12
JG323
JG235
Vanua Vatu
JG236
27
JG346
I/
JG350
It
JG351
JG353
72
S1
1?
S7
12
314
I;
S26
42
S35
S39
S48
S55
22
S63
It
S70
S75
22
VV9(a)
ti
VV10
42
VV13
Analyses of Additional
.^) •
v•argb
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
AP-g.Pr
Hole.
M1
M1
M1
M1
.1
M1 a
M2
M 2a
ST 2
ST_
ST
4
ST
5
ST 6
ST
7
m 8c
M 8f
M8
M 8d
PAP:t.4.
8'to 20'
2'
20'to 24'
24'to 28'
28'^to32'
0'^to20'
0'^to12'
8'^to20'
6"
4'
4'
4'
4'
4'
0'to 16'
0'^to 9'
0'^to20'
0'^to^18'
5.20
11,6
38.5
7.6 1
13.4
33.8
9.34
16..2
15.5
Samples of Clay
fre0M Tuvuca Island.
P 20 5'q
No.
15.9
19.9
15.5
14.1
2.1
14.3
20.6
22.9
3.9
9.7
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Auer
Hole
M 8d
M 8d
12.24
9.5
3.4
2.3
10.5
0.6
10.9
10.3
m 8d
m 8d
M 8e
M
7
m 7b
m 7c
M6
M6
m6
M5
m6
m 6b
N2
N
3
N
Death
O t te, 4'
Li-'to^8'
8'^to16'
16'^t..18'
0'^to 12'
0'^to^16'
0'^to 16'
0'^to 4'
0'^to 4
to 8'
8'^to12 1
12'^tni6'
16'^to19'
0'^to 3'
S urface
P0%
5.9
7.6
7.8
7.9
8.7
6.9
4.9
5.5
8.0
7.8
8.2
8.3
8.3
5.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
REFERENCES
AGASSIZ, A., 1898,
The Tertiary Elevated Limestone Reefs
of Fiji.^Amer. • J„ Sci.4 Ser. Vol.6
pp. 165 - 177
ANDREWS, E C., 1922.
A Contribution to the Hypothesis of
Coral Reef Formation, Roy, Soc,
N.S.W. Jour. & Proc. Vol.PP, 19 37,
BRIDGES, G., 1942,
Phosphate Deposits of Ogea Driki.
Report to British Phosphate Commissioners! Dept. of Lands, Mines &
Survey, Suva, Fiji, file No. 701/11A.
2.E11 11)I, N.G., 1952.
.
.
DANA, J.D., 1 849.
18 9 0.
Lau Phosphate - Fiji Agricultural
Journal March 1952.
Report of U.S. Exploring Expedition
(Wilkes) Geology Vol. 10.
Corals & Coral Islands, ^3rd Ed.
N. York.
DAVIS, M., 1927,
A Migrating Anticline in Fiji.
Amer. J^Sci, 5th Ser. Vol. 14,
PP. 333 - 351.
FOYE, W.G., 1917,
The Geology of the Lau Islands,
Amer. J.^Sci, 4th Ser, Vol. 43,
PP. 743 - 357
GARDINPR J S^1898,
The Coral Reefs of Funafuti, Rotuma,
Fiji.. Phil, Soc. Camb, Proc. Vol.9
pp. 4 1 7 77-5-0-37 ----
'
I
1 931,^Coral Reefs & Atolls.
London 1931,
HUTCHINSON, G.E., 1950, The Biogeochemistry of Vertebrate
Excretion. Bull. Amer. Mus, Nat.
Hist. Vol. 97, No, 3,
IBBOTSON, P., 1959.^Structures & Lineations observed in
the south eastern part of the Fiji
Group,^Geol, SurveL Dept. Suva,
L111.^Report No. 57.
LA DD H.S. & HOFFNEISTER, J.E., 1945. ^Geology of the
Lau, Fiji. B.P .Bishoo Mus. Bull,
181 PP. 3990
STAARGAARD J0 A
Exploration Results on abandoned
Areas of Prospecting Licences Nos.,
845 & 865, Lau Group, Fiji.
Report to Aluminium Laboratories Ltd.,
Montreal, Canada.
.
WAR IN & JENSEN, 1959.
Report of Investigation of Islands
in the Territory of Papua & New Guinea,
Phosphate Survey 1958. Bur. Min
Resour: - Aust. Rec. 1959257;
.^_ - TaTpubl,)
WHITE, F.T.M., 1942.^Report of Inspector of Mines on Ogea
Driki phosphate deposits', Dept. of
Lands, Mines & Survey, Suva: 9 777T.
FT.TU 1777. /0771-TA.
-
/
178'
Plate No.
/BC• -
Yr
—
I
/6'
Yadua
- 17'
..! • •
• -•
..• ....• • •
Kanaceit: i
rgcata^
. • ..... •
•••••••••••
VAlti..) A^ALAv
Zdla
Koro
• •"• • .
...Makodrate
0 MUrna
Vafu
- Vara
•
....11:),Vafra fags
.^•
W.V. kaya
Tu v,./ 09
Ala) olo'.
„2(yeALAzi
0
.
to
:
-
•.•.
No rdi
VITI LEVI/
Nyd LI
C,d
0
•
- Id ,
.^.
••••
.......^• • F .^.8ukafratanoa
\Reef s
Vanua Varu
A ny.? ..... ••'
o
Oneeie; ..**
•....• ••
0
,^,
Vora
7, y•:!^MOCe.^...
Reef'
.^muica
Vuagava
' I))
Scale
lac 0^
00^30^40^50.0.42,
/s/andr with phosphate deposits nole, hoed
2C . :
d'IYagasz
Totoya
Habarc•t" '16Marab °
— - l9'
1-lare Nog
Tha PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
Area
A
Sym bo l
Estimated Deduction^Est meee<1
7'o/time for kw-stone tonnage.
AINUA/4e.
[lift
Oobe,e ano/peWe pkaphate
,n MA UM/ 1.441/7.
3-ft .
fr.)
5,200,000^
,Oolitic and pabble phospiete
betoeen MAUMI and rAIRA.
6k
8,164000^ roo,000
Aea b 71 ty
frz^/00,000
Recoverable
Nettekeeke Pt.
Dou bt fully
recoPeribble
(30,000)
Phosphatic clay uwth
pharket
des
TOTAL^230000
DEPTH
r.
r'
T3
72
^with
^.••,
(_f
TS
FT I7
/ •/ .1,
dari.^11//p!^ts.
U
171
'
1_13
L14-
,
bap p
pp
r/
c with
_ Fop
fuld
coarse
•
2;r 'aina
P
"PP
'o
op with
Fbe op
Pp'
y.6.c
IL%
ph pebble
sukteretl
P P•
IA1^-5'
'V 'IVY
9 6.c
o
Path
Jrath2,-.,/
oolfhts
o.p. end
PP.
. 544 .^. • $57• • • •
.^.^.^•^.^•
•
U5
•
VR2
VI? 1
b.c.
VR3
VR6
VR5
_.
with op
r
lonS
9.6.c.
.P."d PN -
- fr,th
?J
VR7
pp
op.**
PP
o peJ
T.
coarse op
with pp.
n c;
I^
dark brown
Clay end op
and pp.
(ustrettc)
L•••,,orrn fropsod
/1
V. R
VR.I0
VRI1
V. R 13^kR
V RIZ
reliow trown,phosphatic,
-
0 Icy (y.12 c)
C./,h0 phosphate (op)
0
kcrj Phosphate pebbles (p.p.)
,
vse
hmestorie
&so•^.vs8
v s9
AUGER HOLES
-
OINUA VATIJ /6/9,7c1
iØJ/Y2J FA
L A U Group,
c
So0 rue
rii.
Moo^
Boundary of phospki,te deposit.
Oolitic
and pebble^phospiutte.
Oolitic and pebble phosphate In rackets
betideen hmestooe. outcrops.
I^I
.••••••
.•••••
•T6
Mostly phosplut,c cla y
Tracks
Po5it10p, and
/1•11,16ef OF
auger holes, pr e3e n t su rvey.
Ifo0 fect
\
../
..."
/
/^
/
/^
, ../ ..-
....•
.- -
0••■
...■
\
\
•
,...
t..../
/
\
N
\
. .,
\
/
/
\
\
\
\
/
/
\
\
)
/
\
\
\
\
..-- --- —
-- ...
-‘,
i
/
/
./^Tete, ka
\
1
/
/
/
1
1^/
/
1
1
1
/
/
1
/
•
I
k,
',=■0
I
I
/
/
/
/^/
/^/
0
a
1^/
1^/
1^/
II
/^ a
0•
°
OGEA
`.
1
1
A, th
stone
pockets
reek^sod
1
1
\
YAML11/4
\
OsSea V, IFe
\
COntours
tra,CkS
Oolitic phosphate and ph. clay
1^i
I^I
1
between limestone pinnacles
rest pets (previous surveys)
opth depth in feet
auter holes sod, ref.
I^1
Net nil
a-17C1 depth in
I
I
1
1
1
i
1
/
/
/
Area of
hyreie scale roap
\
\
OGEA DRIK1
___
/
ZAU, FIJI.
Scale
'12
/
\
2 toles
Traverse, phosphate survey
t"' —
\^Afprox,flore, pos,hoo oi . reef
feet.
•
•••••••
No .4-(a)
I
—
J
••••N
N.
1
//1127 ^
ULUIYATAVU
r.
I \
• •/./
•••.
••■
.1 1 \
•‘•
'\
.o‘
_
\
•r
'
Mn
7—
/
/
/
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I^
I
I .s
I
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...
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- ••• - - I^•^.
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. ,./. _ ........Y _,...:Ar^„,^
.
1
,-, v^V , v^V 1
C
^V^V\ V^1
( V
\^V^y^\\V^V I
RAN O
- 1/(1
1
lakes
\\
V^v \V^1
\
\ No^N /^v\ V I
\V^
DRANO
LAILAI
V^V^V\
^\4I
NN
^V^V^‘' \
\V^V^V \i i \
^
\ v^y
V 1‘ V\
I \^'
\v V I V \ V \
•
N
\
\ V V\ V \ \
\ v^v‘s v ‘•
/
..N.^ ..../ 1
/
i
/
,.........:,,,,^\^1
I
.^•
\^-41 • \N.A.'
..• --
y Old Village
sifre
•
I
I•\
%^". N
•
••^
.
\
N\^
\,.^
•
\N
''..).' (.1^V‘^•
^TUVLICA ^`,■v \^N
,1 ) v \^Village^
/ v v \^X.
V V^V i
V^v i
V^'dl
\
. \
I
I
7Tal7 71111^D.
LAU, FIJI
SCALE I / 2,S00
yard. 0
wro^700^dm^4ar^50,
1500
/000
Vs^
W0
Yz
Pace and compass traverse
island outline, dashed where Indefinite
.
Traverse, phoephate. surrey
Limestone dig - .
Crest 01 limestone ridge.
V v
•
Lau Volcanic s
g
^prosrec,,
anese
og^„man
Mn
position approximate.
••.2^Pos4,6/e co,•cealed volcanic ridges
N Possible fault
1000 yards
.
.
Pare Nol-(b)
/
-A
1^\
I'
1 -----
•
•••
1
NS.^. s •.,
,\
•
•• ••••^r
F
••••..
\^.‘^/111A A
ST2 7
• ST.."..
•
.^ \
8'^• .
...^•
I
....^•^
-.• i^A
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•-•^A^k.^\
.-.
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..
\
_
r^‘^‘ A ..
..,..:
\^A : •
2.
I.^\^■ :".
.....
••^57-,4-----• '-:^1 \^ST3'.:\^s• ;.....
••'.. .^t^!..:
c.. ^'se^,.-.•
1 .. • •^87.;- .s.
^43'
(maAnce,c)
Rough esh.nare
of
C. /0 y
TonnaAses
2i/0 (2)
Ca.())^oao
C1/0(2)^>50,00C
harrs
Q,/o(3)
Q,/(1)^20,000
I 'll IA ,\.•
Fans
Area A'^lo0,aa9
■
•■
.1.^•
NI\
.11^-•
• •
• •
'^0 / 4- )
0/ LO (/)
•
ea.
•
12'1• ^
o^
/I\
eklElf
I
,A1‘^
12:^
•
934'
--- .
....13
L.^
iiost/5, l imes/ore
°^
20' A .
./^•^1 •
• 1 ,1, I
...
•••
Area
A'
° '41 6b^• M TC
3'
• /46c1
81/4:
A
.
41 n,
16'
••••
„•
"'se
• .‘
M820
•
• hija.
2>^
••••+:.^
5
5
•
•
••
\
>,^•A1
88.
//
/L ^ \
.‘
■^
/ //,
\
\
•LsrM 8 b^/ ' /
.._
0 41 8C
PART
16'
of
‘2,10 (3)
/
773gYagOA
•••
L.AU,^/I/.
SCALE hnch to 11-00 feet
yards
0^50^sso^ -too^Jo°^
rnesl-one Chief
^
Track.
°412a^
Hand auger
Perth
Raln
,
hole.
rP reef' .
are-as^ctay
^
4f°
11
41
12
1
1
1
•Al8
. '
2 ' °-
^/
Plate N.
VaraAa
A35.•%
•\
.74‘,1711.1171...
\se A
\ 331 it^A kt^A3;
•
0
1
-----Bs s,
A32 „)
8, 4 \
‘'Ih‘ s
,
(Pagama
• A .3 ., / .. AS 4.)
srnkirds
e.
A•40/1
r■s..p
/
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/
'es^
•.9)^St'
h
I
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•
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■ , /,/4./^
e
/^
4,
Nr: '^
/
I
I 1
, I
^25/•/
///
//^
A ^A2+
•r•
-,23
7---t... 4^:
6'bc^_
955
warernale
A7,5
• A, 3 /„A i3 •••
•A,,,
• A■,/,
,,,
A^i
1,12,^
• A,,,,^ 1
N.s----'.1.---- --
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4 y..^
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ryp,
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• A^.^
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, !...."
1^19, h
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i
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2
l'iJ .. .i.^ ...- AC
'.^.
A5p
• A213
I.
30,^• .A313^
• A2ia 2V1,
r.^
• ill f,^
i
Ah'.
-
IL
•
LAU. FIJI.'
..ksp,
Scale finch to 800 Feel-
/Th.)
form hnes - Interval
20 lee/ ,1
Tra.k,s-
Hens/ auger iro/e.
A R/24^,^,
°eft, In rte,^575 y0/100' brown clay I^le 5
rs^tops•r/
To which noclepen 45 , ren
are in timeshone,ImeStone
welt shallow (<1) sad, or
NOM
areas. of coral sand^phoSphahc Clay.
Ouhline,fracGS arc1 /Oren LneS from^by Fiji Deft 0/ Lancia, Mines and Surveys
recc ):
.„
44
,j
/111.47/71/104//
00
nob' Shown
non-
PI are N06
to
vii€5
mile"6"
Ill
r•-.1 r•-:•• ^Cr'
0 I-1
E5
-r
171 .779
• • ...
TWZPOSZ7F
-----^,^.^.^
e^
.
•imiesto rle
. "
....
•
of^
rro-
UneVert
9(2 7, 0) \
Scale 1 imh te 400 feet
ry-d,10^0
1-Yd-
Au*er hole with depth of
phosphate. m feet
(^/
5°^I^I/7- 10.50
-
fl`')
-,
\\\^
ee
\‘^-. )‘‘ nv"
rs.
\\v
dtorle
•• 1
2^
3^
•
er3
Average^EStorkited^•ID e d u c t f oer^Estimated^Averaile
depth
Yolume(cu ft)^'Cr hmestate^tO ntral.e^
i'l-aJe
Sit^ 649,000^ %^
8,508
soa^
Oolitic phoithate^
2/3^400
•9^
2k fr
0000^
S
•
I
\\\^
•
\
S1 1
•
N^
. • ,^
•
•
•
‘;;-%&.1.1Zu&^
00.14,e phosphate between
limestone phmeeles
DEPOSIT^
-•
I^
t
I .t^
200
100
I
01.)"
rsa1.11.• -- - 11 - - .1,./.44
ft^146, 000^:a^3,300
\\\^•
,\\ \
•
Al^Oolitic phosp‘ate.^3ft^336000^34^3,300
TOTAL 15,500 toils
Lagoon.
.01/4 G=r)0077
-
Seale
I-
heck
MAYO VA,
L. 40oft
0
^
0
ISLAND
LAU GROUP
5
Oolitic pliesp
ate
bet. lonestone 120maxles
‘tl.J
o EA^Autt.er bole eithdepth
4^of phosphate in feet.
r I7 ,z
- ,-' mangroves
^
...-_^;^
..-,
\^
-....^•^,..-,
...' • .^,..-..•^i■
,
Z;')
,-/
Scale 4
Inches to I r.
le
41".k
\*.;
.1' 1 ' 1^:,-...- --- ----- ...-„
..^
-......,,
• f.
,I'
^-
,r)
::••1-.T4
0^
500
'fIrre ----j
TrAver5e5 , phosflia.ee
s s:.,•,^.---'
• .^....,
•-...•_,'
_
C l iff
frr
Sand
----
p
0oboc phos hate
.^•
.••
4.1(J-D
Reef, pos , tron afrre./mate.
1000 yards
Hake
N.. 7
..........• *:::. .................2::::-.....-....--
•
Ar"
il.illinil&
111.4111:
WNW
MA AigIMIMIIMIall■
.Mal=11=11111MMIIIIAITaith..
MMIIIMIIIIMMINICMIblgab."MalMaINI`IP' -"MIMI11.
41 A‘wir
■11•11111MI,^-11 07
'4
4al .11/1
•.
, ^• .
MINIIIMMIIII
AIM
/MEM -Narinclamu
4•7
MEM
Al•I 1=1 END •
MO
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I=
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11•1■
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1
1
1^1/
1^1^/
14
I= NM Qua
la
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• 11= IMM
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sm. MI•=1 NM •
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mi.,
•Ire:A■
a. Naoer.e
,
arum=
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•
4
MIIIMINt_fa
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MINIM^11=11.1111111•=11■ ^
Yartuyanu
Kalou^
01/TEJ 2A] a,
•%..,... •••••••
LAU, Fl./I
Lagoon contains very many small Iv/aeds
,,,,
1.111=1....311MENEMINIMINI
••
craft
M MI
Taluma
VIIMINIALIMIIMUNWMINMENIINie■la
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1111M11111111•IMME^MNIMMINIIM
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•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
mr--2
2.olas
Traverse- pfrosphai-e survey
Reef
•
Kildee
1
al- /ow flie
EMIT
71 Manila^
Aar,
INFIM.
II^MIME&
MII^MEM^/Me
OM =MOM^4111V
IIMI=1^MIL^_.--atalL"7
MIIIMI^MM.-. .MI !ACV
',NMI=^111111110MIGINT4r
IIIMINIIMMIIMINV
1
Scale
limestone
&rune hinesfrone
Cora/
sand
Outline of is/and and reef and cfseologsocal
informerion Iron, Weo/oey of the Lau' Ladd and Hoffmeister. f91.5:
•
c•P)-'
").>.
•
....... •
• '
erl
Mal-aclolo
,
.^
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/
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‘^
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t
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. •••..... . •MIIP . ,WM..
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,
^
\
/
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0 0
.^..... . ...... •^
• .^..
,^. ."'..... •
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tc?^
co
0^)s
e.•
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/
•••■■.,
1
1
/^
..•-•
Nasararnmaima
\
/VAMUKA /K/
Burolu
os.•2
•••,,
shallow^/ago.",
o
...
,.
•
• • • . .....
•Q)
Q
c==.
c-t_f
4:a
1/4:4
a'
LAU FIJI
s‘al. 6250
.00 y ards
v4^
9t nw
Island out/me
N^'..?I
C.7 3^Reef,
posamo approximate
Reef, submerged.
.,:.c,,^
7
-
77-averse,phosph.ate survey
J2
Crest of hmestone ridge
Ouiligt of 15/8//ds.r&e..1.c a,c/ t000graph,c Seta,/ from ao - phorog5rapl1s
Traver:es
by
pace arid cornpa..5. S.
Plate N. 9
NA 1KELEYAGA
lloga
9
TOKALAU
Village
MINIIIIIMMM11•1•11MMLI
MIMUMMINMENINOMfi
1•10•11•MMINEMMOISMMINIIM•01
■•••••1111111=WM
MININI=MMIIIIIMEM1•7
OALIOALI
(deserted
vsllaCe)
IM•••11MMINIMEMI•MMEIIIMMIMMIII=1
smog
MIMEINIIMI•1•1111=INIMM-1•11•1•401••1111-11•11
.ckfrMIMMIIMMIIIIIMINNIMI•MMINIIMBIGIONI•IIIMMII
=I S.WIMMIIMIIMIII■■■1•111MIMIIIIIMMIIMINI1
MM MMIIMMIIMMXIIIMIIIIIMM■•1111•Mi
=MINIM r. oIMI•=11•111•11111=011•1=9011•111MMIIIIIIIM1111•111=1;
•
NIMMONS IN111•111=11=1=11MMIIMEN1111•0•1•1•1111=111
OMAJ1 Vg
1=11
MMIINIMIIEM•11•1•111311FM•1•11111P=M••1•1•1=111MIIIMMI
INEM
MEMIMMII=IMINN•511•11^111111•11WIMIIIIIMMINIIIIIMIMIII*
MINIMINIMMINI••■=13=11M^IMMM•11•••IMMUM11•1111
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MIMMININIM MINIIMIMIMMEM^M=111•EINIMMENI•111M11••■■
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MIIMPEN•M=IMMINNIN■MMIIM111••111=1MIIMI ^NIMMIIIMINIIIMMINEINNOMMIEMINI•1 =h.
/
LIIU, FIJI
SCALE
2inc4es 10 bode
Traverse - plieephahe surrey
1Yr^Cliff
I^I
I^I
I
1^I
I^I
I^I
Swamp
Limesfrone
-
Ic 441
I^I
MMEN■rfff
II^III
F^I^I^fl
ETT^I^III^II
I^I^T^I
liii^11^Li,111111
-
Ye/conics
(Oral sand
WIINIMMMMMMM
MINIM ■IM11•11MMIM
111=11••—•11HINIIMI111•--■—■IMMIGNIMP
1111•111•IIMIINIMINNI•11111111, ridges
IIMIIM=1•1•0111111•11MIMMIMMI=1•MaiMr
1•11111•GIIII•11M1111•••111•1
MIIIMIIMMMMIMINI•IM•1111•11MUI
Imme.■■=nim■■=0
■•■■=0•INIIMIIMIIMM•I•MI■MIIMIMOMIIMIrr
101=11MG■MMEN■=1111•IN
-------------w
MMININI•11101•11••MM!.MI'
IIMMINIMMEIN•11•1•1•111M1111M1=
MMIMINM111=11•11111•IMMIMIAMIr
MIMIIMMII•1111•111MMI•1111M•IN of red MI=MMIMIIIMWA•r
111•MIIMAINIIIII••1111111=•111=1•M
___________,i_'
',1111=11•3•111•11•111•0M=11•MI IIM
1
1=11=1111M•1•11MIMIIIMMIMIII•113/
11111111111111
Boundaries approximate
II
-
1
111=1•M1111••• . a
UD1J
'
Inferred fault
Outline enforced from Admiralty Chart No 441.
Traverses by pace and compass.
^■I
Plai-e N. 10
Vo Pu Vo tu Pt.
/mi
I
fr
I
/1IIIIII
/1
11111[111
[111111111
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IIIIIIIII
MIMI
.
1
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La wakt levu^I1IIIIIIIII
1
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kin
Manganese prospect.
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Li Limestone.
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o
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1^
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17 9120W
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Outline en/alecl from Acintoralty Chart
Ate +le
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r de1Q
depth
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100 4,
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N.. 16