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Reproduction (CH 5) and Mutations (8.7)
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3 stages of
Interphase
Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S-phase), Gap 2
(G2)
3 types of asexual
reproduction
1. binary fission
2. budding
3. fragmentation
3.
4 stages of cell cycle
1. G1
2. Synthesis
3. G2
4. Mitosis
4.
4 stages of mitosis
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
advantages of
asexual
reproduction
- faster than sexual reproduction
- works well in a stable environment
- do not need a sexual partner
1.
2.
5.
6.
anaphase
11.
budding
a form of asexual reproduction in which a new
organism grows out of the body of a parent
12.
cancer
13.
cell cycle
uncontrolled cell division
pattern in which all cells grow in size, copy
their DNA, and reproduce into new cells
sister chromatids are pulled apart to
opposite ends of the cell
apoptosis
programmed cell death
asexual
reproduction
genetically identical offspring from one
parent
(bacteria, starfish, yeast, hydras)
9.
benign tumor
harmless tumor
10.
binary fission
the asexual reproduction that bacteria
use to split one cell into two clones
7.
8.
14.
centrioles
organelles that help during cell division; only
found in animal cells
15.
centromere
holds sister chromatids together
16.
chromatid
23.
fragmentation
a type of asexual reproduction where a
single parent breaks into parts that
regenerate into whole new individuals
24.
frameshift
mutation
one-half of a duplicated chromosome
17.
chromosomes
18.
crossing over
DNA wrapped tightly around proteins
- a mutation that changes the reading frame
- most codons after the mutation will code
for different amino acids
- most of the time the resulting protein is not
functional
homologous chromosomes exchange bits
of DNA during Meiosis I
19.
"cyto"
20.
cytokinesis
25.
G1 stage
first stage of growth
26.
G2 stage
second stage of growth
27.
gametes
sex cells made in the reproductive organs
28.
histones
the proteins that help hold chromosomes
together
cell
29.
homologous
chromosomes
(homologs)
chromosomes that have the same types of
genes, but they are not identical clones of
each other
splitting the cell into 2 by dividing the
cytoplasm
21.
22.
diploid
having 2 sets of every chromosome; we
have 46 total chromosomes when we are
diploid
disadvantages of
asexual
reproduction
- very bad in environments that change
- there is no genetic diversity (all
offspring are clones)
- susceptible to being wiped out
30.
Interphase
- portion of cell cycle in which cells grow
and replicate DNA
- cells spend a lot of time here in Interphase
31.
"kinesis"
split
malignant
tumor
cancerous tumor
32.
33.
Meiosis
42.
43.
44.
# of human
chromsomes
23 pairs (46 total)
point
mutation
mutation that affects a single nucleotide
prophase
cell division that makes 4 haploid
daughter cells from 1 diploid parent cell
34.
sister chromatids are visible; centrioles have
formed; nuclear membrane disappears
metaphase
45.
silent
mutation
a mutation that does not change the amino
acid.
46.
sister
chromatids
chromosomes line up along the "equator"
35.
metastisize
when cancer cells break away and travel
to different parts of the body thru the
bloodstream
36.
missense mutation
a point mutation in which the amino acid
is changed
37.
Mitosis
process that results in 2 daughter cells
that are identical to the parent cell
38.
mutation
a change in DNA
Mutations can be
good (rare) when
they increase
genetic
______________.
variation
39.
40.
2 identical chromatids
47.
somatic cells
48.
stem cells
nonsense mutation
a mutation that changes a codon to one of
the three stop codons, resulting in a
shorter and, usually, nonfunctional
protein
41.
body cells; they use mitosis to reproduce
nuclear membrane
membrane that surrounds the nucleus
and holds in the chromosomes
cells that have the ability to become almost
any type of cell
49.
Synthesis
stage
DNA is copied
50.
telomeres
caps on the ends of chromosomes that protect DNA; they get shorter over
time, which can lead to DNA damage
51.
telophase
nuclear membranes form at both ends of the cell
52.
Which base of a codon usually gives a "silent
mutation"? (1st, 2nd, or 3rd)
the 3rd base is usually harmless