Effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) Seeds

Transcription

Effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) Seeds
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Effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) Seeds
Supplementaion on Feed Intake, Some Metabolic Hormones
Profile and Milk Yield Of Nubian Goats
By:
Nuha Mohammed Elmustafa Jame
B.Sc. (Honours) Animal Sciance
University of Kordofan
2004
A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the Degree of M.Sc.in Nutritional Science
Supervisor:
Dr. Balgees Abu Elgasim Atta Elmnan
Department of Animal Nutrition
Faculty of Animal Production
University of Khartoum
ϡ
2012
I
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Dedication
This work
Dedicated
To soul of my Father
My dear Mother
Sisters & Brothers
I
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, thanks and Praises to Allah, the God Almighty, for his limitless
graces over me.
I extend my deep thanks and appreciation for supervisor Dr. Balgees Abu
Elgasim for supervision, advice and patience during this study.
Thank and appreciation also extends to U of K for financing this research.
Special thanks and gratitude's to Dr. Rasha Mohammed Elmustafa Dalanj
University for encouragement and valuable advice throughout the course
of my study.
I also express my gratitude to Ustaz Adil Abdelmoneim for his help.
Thanks to anyone who helped me in this work.
Finally, I lovingly acknowledge of my husband and my kid, who sacrificed
a lot to keep me in high spirits during this period.
II
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Abstract
Effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) Seeds Supplementaion
on Feed Intake, Some Metabolic Hormones Profile and Milk Yield of
Nubian Goats
M.Sc.in Nutritional Science
Nuha Mohammed Elmustafa Jame
The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of fenugreek seeds
supplementation on feed intake, some metabolic hormones, milk yield and
composition of lactating Nubian goats. Twelve mature Nubian does were
randomly distributed into 4 treatment groups according to the level of
fenugreek seed levels, viz. FS0%, FS5% and FS10%, FS15% fed
immediately postpartum for 2 consecutive months. Data pertaing to feed
intake and milk yield were recorded daily. Milk and blood samples, for
determination of the chemical composition and serum concentration of
insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), were taken every two weeks.
The results indicated that both daily feed intake and milk yield increased
significantly with the increased levels of fenugreek seed supplement, with
concomitant decrease in milk fat content, while the other milk components
(protein, lactose and SNF) showed inconsistent patterns. On the other
hand, fenugreek seed supplementation at 10% and 15% levels increase
significantly the concentration of insulin, and T4 and a decreased in T3
concentration. The results highlighted that fenugreek seed supplementation
boosted feed intake, milk yield, insulin and T4.
III
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List of contents
Page No
Dedication
I
Acknowledgement
II
Abstract
III
Arabic abstract
List of contents
IV
V
List of tables
VII
CHAPTER ONE
1
Introduction
CHAPTER TWO
1
3
Literature review
3
2.1 Feed additives
3
2.2 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.)
4
2.3 Chemical Composition of Fenugreek Seeds
5
2.3.1 Moisture Content
5
2.3.2 Protein Content
5
2.3.3 Oil Content
5
2.3.4 Crud Fiber
6
2.3.5 Mucilage Content
6
2.3.6 Ash Content
6
2.3.7 Carbohydrate Content
6
2.3.8 Sapogenin
7
2.4 Uses of Fenugreek Seeds
7
2.5.1 Effect of Fenugreek on Feed Intake
8
2.5.2 Effect of Fenugreek on Milk Production
9
V
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2.5.3 Effect of Fenugreek on Insulin
10
2.5.4 Effect of Fenugreek onT3andT4
11
2.6 Safety and Adverse Effect of Fenugreek Seeds
13
CHAPTER THREE
14
Materials and Methods
14
3.1 Experimental Site
14
3.2 Experimental Animals
14
3.3.1 Management of Experimental Flock
14
3.3.2 Feed and Feeding
14
3.4 Milk Sampling and Analysis
15
3.5 Blood Sampling and Analysis
15
3.6 Statistical Analysis
16
CHAPTE FOUR RESULT
21
4.1 Effect of Fenugreek Seeds on Feed Intake and Milk yield
21
4.2 Effect of Fenugreek seeds on Milk Composition
21
. 4.3 Effect of Fenugreek Seeds on T3, T4 and Insulin
21
CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION
26
COCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
29
REFRENCE
30
VI
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LIET OF TABLES
Table (3:1) Calculated Chemical Analysis of Experimental Diet
17
Table (3:2) Chemical Composition (%DM) of Fenugreek Seeds
18
Table (3:3) Ingredient Composition (%) of the Experimental Diet
19
Table(3.4) Determined Chemical Composition (%) of Experimental
20
Diet
Table(4.1) Effect of Fenugreek Seed on Feed Intake and Milk Yield
23
Table (4.2) Effect of Fenugreek Seed on Milk Composition
24
Table (4.3) Effect of Fenugreek Seed on T3, T4 and Insulin
25
VII
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Livestock play a significant role in providing food security as well
as income resource for less poor people in Sudan. Therefore, it is important
to adopt different strategies to increase productive efficiency of livestock.
In high yielding dairy animals, the onset of lactation increases the
total energy requirements by approximately four folds, reflecting mostly
the oxidative and milk precursor needs of the mammary gland (Bauman
and Currie, 1980). Brian and Lance, (2003) found that after parturition
dairy animals, suffer from an intense energy deficit caused by the onset of
copious milk secretion and an inadequate increase in voluntary food intake.
In animal production since banning antibiotic, growth promoters in
animal feeds, there are a number of non- therapeutic alternatives to
antibiotic and growth promoters, including enzymes, organic acids,
probiotics, prebiotics, herbs, immune stimulants and specific management
practices. (Awadein et al., 2010).
The use of herbs in animal production may relate to their wide
spectrum of physiological and nutritional effects depending on the herb.
These effects may include but not limited to growth promoting effect,
antimicrobial and hormonal effects.
Feed additives may be used in animal feed to increase dietary energy
utilization, improve the performance efficiency and as source of protein
(El-Katch, 1990, Abdel El-Aal and Attia, 1993).
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementing
different levels of Fenugreek seeds on feed intake, some metabolic
hormones and milk yield and composition.
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CHAPTER TOW
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Feed Additives
Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used for many years in
human nutrition as a spices and medical additives. Feed additives are
important materials that can improve the efficiency of feed utilization
and
animal
performance . The
possibility of using
new
natural
alternative additives instead of antibiotics and hormone in animal
diets is being recently used. Some plants , containing various essential
oils, have been used as alternative remedies by some researchers
Ceylan et al., (2003).
Feed additives are defined as substances that are added to diets
or feed ingredients to either (a) preserve its nutritional characteristics
prior to feeding (antioxidants and mould inhibitors) (b) facilitate
ingredient dispersion or feed pelleting (emulsifiers , stabilizers , and
binders) , (c) facilitate growth (growth promoters , including antibiotics
and hormones ) , (d) facilitate feed ingestion and consumer acceptance
of the product (feeding stimulus and food colorants ) or (e) to supply
essential nutrients in purified form (vitamins, minerals , amino acids ,
cholesterol and chospholipids) (NRC, 1983) .
Plants and plant extracts are more safe than chemical products
whereas natural products is becoming more popular, since drugs of
synthetic origin may have a negative impact on the environment and
parasite resistance to poisonous chemicals which can develop after
repeated applications (Magi, 2003).
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2.2 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Fenugreek is an annual crop belonging to the legume family. This
crop is native to an area extending from Iran to northern India, but is now
widely cultivated in China, North and East Africa, Ukraine and Greece. In
this area, the young plants are used as potherbs and the seeds as a spice or
as herbal medicine (Petropoulos, 2002). According to Lust
fenugreek
is one of
(1986)
the oldest known medicinal plants in the
recorded history. Basch et al., (2003) stated that the leaves and seeds
have been used extensively to prepare extracts and powders for
medicinal uses. The leaves and seeds have anti - diabetic, anti-fertility,
anticancer, anti-microbial, and anti-parasitic and procholesterolaemic,
effects (Al-Habori and Raman, 2002). Also Fenugreek seeds
germinated was
powder or
exhibits anti-diabetic properties (Devi et al., 2003;
Hannan et al., 2003,Tahiliani and Kar, 2003), hypocholesterolaemic effect
( Thakaran et al., 2003 and Vats et al., 2003), anti-cancer effect ( Suboh et
al., 2004 and Thompson Coon
and
Ernst, 2003), and its effect on
thyroxine- induced hyperglycaemia (Devasena and Menon, 2003).
Schryve, (2002). reported that Fenugreek like other legumes, is
a good
source
of
dietary
protein
(approximately 20-30%) for
consumption by human and animals , the fatty acids from 5-10%
which are predominantly linoleic, linolenic, oleic and palmatic acids.
45 - 65% total carbohydrates with 15% of galactomannan (a soluble fiber).
It is a good source of minerals and vitamins (Michael and Kumawat,
2003).
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2.3 Chemical Composition of Fenugreek Seeds:2.3.1 Moisture Content:
Several authors reported varying contents of moisture in fenugreek
seeds: Nour & Maghboul (1986) reported a range of 3.4% - 5.7%,
Shankarachraya and Nalarjan (1972) found 5.7% and Suleiman (1995)
reported 7.7 ± 1% and 1.8% ± 0.8% for Sudanese and Ethiopian fenugreek
seeds respectively. The author attributed variation in moisture content
reported by various investigators to one or more of the following: 1Environmental conditions. 2- Time of harvesting. 3- Storage conditions.
2.3.2 Protein Content:
Suleiman (1995), Reported that the Ethiopian fenugreek seed contains
26.4±0.04% protein, and which was slightly higher than that of Sudanese
fenugreek 25.5± 0.07. Other investigators reported variable values for
protein content in Fenugreek seeds: Elmahdi (1985), reported value of 27%
while Conlson and Kolousek (1955), reported a value of 26.67% and
Shankaracharya and Nalarjan (1972) reported 24.7%. Suleiman (1995)
attributed this variation to different cultural practices, soil and
environmental conditions.
2.3.3 Oil Content:
Sauvaire et al., (1976), reported a value of 9.1% oil content in
fenugreek seed: which is similar to that obtained by Suleiman (1995),
Shankaracharya and Nalarjan (1972), Pudayasekhara and Shayma, (1987),
and Abdel hamide et al., (1984) all of whom reported values of 7.6%,
7.9% and 7.6% oil content in fenugreek seeds respectively.
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2.3.4 Crude Fiber:
The crude fiber content of the fenugreek seed obtained by
Suleiman, (1995) was 9.8± 0.14% for the Ethiopian seed type and which
was similar to the range (9.3- 11.9%) obtained by El-Hassan (1991). On
the other hand, the values of crude fiber content reported by Abdel
Hamide(1984) was 8.2% crude fiber in Egyptian fenugreek seeds.
Pudayasekhara and Shayma, (1987) reported a value of 4.8% crude fiber
content in Indian fenugreek seed.
2.3.5 Mucilage Content:
Abu Zeid (1986) reported a 20% mucilage content in fenugreek
seed which is lower than that obtained by Suleiman (1995) who found
23.5 ± 0.04% in Sudanese type and 22.6 ± 01% in the Ethiopian type ,
and lower than that obtained by Musa et al., (1987), who reported 28%
mucilage in fenugreek seeds.
2.3.6 Ash Content:
Ash percent of 4.4.± 1% and 4.6 + 0.07% were obtained by
Suleiman (1995)
for
Sudanese
and
Ethiopian
fenugreek seeds
respectively, these values were generally in close agreement to the range
of 3.15˰
˰4,8% ash content reported by Shankaracharya and Nalarjan
(1972).
2.3.7 Carbohydrate Content:
Suleiman (1995) reported a total value for soluble and insoluble
sugars of Sudanese type as 42.43± 0.2% and which was higher than
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that of Ethiopian fenugreek seed 40.8 ± 0.2%. El-Hassan (1991) reported
a value of 44 – 53.6.
2.3.8 Sapogenins:
Suleiman (1995) cited the presence of steroidal sapogenins in
fenugreek seeds, diosgenin is starting material of choice for conversion
into steroids. Sudanese
fenugreek seeds show much promise as
commercial source of sapogenins mostly diosgenin and yamogenin.
2.4 Uses of Fenugreek Seeds:
Fenugreek seeds contain high percentage of mucilage a natural gummy
substance present in the coating of many seeds, the gooey mass is not
absorbed by the body, but instead passes through the intestine and also
triggers intestinal muscle contraction. Both actions promote the emptying of
intestinal contents described by Anon and Butter, (1996).
Al-Habori and Raman (1998) found that Triogonella seeds delayed
gastric emptying and caused inhibition of glucose transporter as the seed
contain 50% pectin that forms a colloid suspension when hydrated and
decreases
the rate
of gastric
emptying
and
slows
carbohydrate
absorption. However Bordia et a.,l (1997) demonstrated that fenugreek
seeds contain chemicals that slow down the time that food takes to go
through the intestinal tract . As one result sugars are absorbed more slowly
and blood sugar levels may not rise as high or fluctuate as much as usual.
Also fenugreek seeds contain an amino acid called 4 hydroxy iso
leucine,which appears to increase the body's production of insulin when
blood sugar levels are high. Higher amounts of insulin production may
decrease the sugar that stays in the blood for individuals Borca et al.,
(2000). In some studies of animal and humans with diabetes and cholesterol
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levels, fenugreek seeds lower cholesterol levels as well as blood sugar
levels. However no blood-sugar lowering effect was seen in non diabetic
animals, similarly individuals with normal cholesterol levels showed no
significant reduction in cholesterol while taking fenugreek seeds described
by Sharma et al., (1990). Some evidence suggests that fenugreek seeds may
also have other medical uses; it may reduce the amount of calcium oxalate
in the kidneys (Ahsan et al., 1989). In animals' studies fenugreek seeds also
appeared to lessen the chance of developing colon cancer by blocking the
action certain of enzymes (Devansena and Menon, 2003).
2.5.1 Effect of Fenugreek Seeds on Feed Intake:
The seed of fenugreek is a common flavoring agent in livestock
feed and has history of therapeutic use as an appetite stimulant in
humans as reported by Blumenthal et al., (1998). Tomar et al.,(1996)
found that the fenugreek seeds stimulates feed intake in dairy cattle,
resulting in a significant increase in milk production . Mohammedain
(2000) demonstrated that increasing levels of fenugreek seeds had a
significant effect on feed intake , within treatment
there was a
significant increase in feed intake between the control and other
groups of treatment , containing five levels of dietary fenugreek seeds (
2, 4, 6, 8,and 10%) Also there was a significant increase between the
low (2 and 4) and high (6, 8. and 10%) levels of fenugreek treatments.
Fenugreek silage improves feed utilization in beef cattle (Okine et al.,
2001). The improved feed utilization may possibly by improving the
microbial environment in the rumen (Goel et al., 2008).
The seeds were reported to be used culturally to promote weight gain in
Moroccan women (Rguibi and Belahsen, 2006). Petit et al., (1993) found
that saponins isolated from plants like fenugreek have been shown to have
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hypoglycaemic effects. Male Wistar rats given 10 and 100 mg per 300 g
body weight of fenugreek extract mixed with food had chronically higher
plasma insulin levels, probably caused by stimulation of the pancreatic ßcells.more ever that extract of the seed (33 mg/kg body weight/ day)
significantly increased feed intake and eat motivation in rats. The appetite
stimulant effect of fenugreek is considered to
be at least partially
associated with its steroidal saponin content - particularly diosgenin
(Bruneton,1999).
2.5.2 Effect Fenugreek Seeds on Milk Production:
Fenugreek is a herbal plant that is often used in increasing milk
production. It has been used as such for centuries as a production of
galactogogue, also in women used to increase milk supply (Swafford and
Berens, 2000). Tiran (2003) found that the seeds of this herb have been
used to promote lactation in lactating women In addition it has been shown
to influence the lactation performance in ruminants. Fenugreek seed as
galactogogue was seen to enhance the flow of milk (Riordan and
Auerbach, 1998).
Fenugreek seeds support the production of milk because it is a rich
source of essential fatty acids as described by Mowrey, (1986). Shah and
Mir, (2004) demonstrated that supplementation of dairy ration, with
fenugreek seeds improve the composition of cow milk. El alamy et al.,
(2001), found that feeding of fenugreek seeds to buffaloes increase milk
yield, but without any effect on milk composition except for a tendency of
lower fat content. Hale (2002) reported that the transfer of fenugreek into
milk is unknown, but untoward effects have not been reported but has been
used to increase milk production since biblical times. Sayed et al., (2005)
mentioned that the fenugreek seed contains phytoestrogens, which are
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plant chemicals similar to the female sex hormone estrogen, a key
compound, diosgenin, has been shown experimentally to increase milk
flow.
2.5.2 Effect of Fenugreek Seeds on Insulin:
Fenugreek seeds are a dietary supplement that may hold promise in
this regard Insulin stimulates cellular glucose uptake in muscle and adipose
tissues by inducing the translocation of glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) from
an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane (Mohammad et al., 2006).
Puri et al., (2002) had isolated an active compound from fenugreek that
showed hypoglycemic properties in diabetic rabbits. The significant
attention of the glucose tolerance curve and improvement in the glucose
induced insulin response, hypoglycaemic effect may be mediated through
stimulating insulin producing beta-cells of the Islets of Langerhans
(Baquer et al., 2009).
Srinivasan (2006) reported that saponins are active compounds owing
to their hypoglycemic effects. However, Abajnoor and Tilmisany (1988)
excluded extract of the whole seed, stimulation of pancreatic insulin
secretion, but did not exclude other pathways. Yadav et al., (2008) also
suggested that fenugreek seeds, more precisely the water extract, act as an
insulin secretor but unfortunately, they did not monitor insulin levels. Devi et
al.,(2003) observed increase insulin secretion on feeding fenugreek seeds.
Further, Vijayakumar et al., (2005) also reported that hypoglycaemic effect
of fenugreek seeds, on the modulation of insulin secretion.
The effect of fenugreek on feed intake may be related to its well
documented ability to increase insulin sensitivity (Gad et al., 2006). Insulin
sensitivity and glucose metabolism are involved in the complex endocrine
regulation of feeding behavior (Hannan et al., 2007). However, Abajnoor
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and Tilmisany, (1988) excluded the involvement of gastrointestinal action of
fiber to explain the hypoglycemic effect. Vijayakumar et al., (2005)
mentioned that this mechanism could not explain the hypoglycemic effect
they observed in mice because they used the intraperitoneal route of
administration. Raju et al., (2001) and Devi et al.,( 2003) found that the
ability of fenugreek seeds to modulate key glucose metabolizing enzymes
such as hexokinase (glycolysis), glucose-6-phosphatase or fructose-1,6bisphosphatase (gluconeogenesis) was also considered as a possible
mechanism.
2.5.3 Effect of Fenugreek Seeds onT3 andT4:
Thyroid is an important endocrine organ (Mansourian, 2011, Salari and
Abollahi, 2011). The thyroid gland, in response to stimulation by TSH,
produces tetratiodo -thyronine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). The
synthesis of these hormones requires the amino acid tyrosine and the trace
mineral iodine ( Kohrle, 1996). T3 and T4 are absolutely required for
normal physiology in animals (Issi et al., 2011).They regulates metabolism
development, nervous system, cardio vascular system and skin physiology.
Although T4 and T3 are generated within the thyroid gland, T4 is
quantitatively the major secretory product. All T4 found in circulation is
generated in the thyroid unless exogenously administered. Production of T3
within the thyroid is related to very small quantities and is not considered
significant compared to peripheral production (Robbins1981 and Visser,
1996).
Several plants appear to be capable of influencing peripheral
conversion of thyroid hormones in a manner consistent with decreasing the
conversion of T4 to T3. Thahilian and kar (2000) reported fenugreek seed
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extract impaired peripheral conversion of thyroid hormones, resulted in a
significant decrease in serum T3, with a concomitant increase in T4 levels.
Administration of fenugreek seed extract to both mice and rats revealed its
effect on thyroid hormone that fenugreek inhibits the synthesis of
triiodothyronine
concentration
estimated
by
decrease
in
serum
triiodothyronine concentration and T3/T4 ratio and consequently increased
thyroxine levels which can be mediated through fenugreek- induced
hypoglycaemia (Panda et al., 1999).
The secretion of thyroid hormone is regulated by the hypothalamus in
animals and human, development nerve system releasing hormone.
Concentrate supplementation induced an increase of plasma T4 levels in
lactating ewes as described by Shetaewi and Ross, (1991). Decreased in
body weight has also been reported and attributed to decrease in T3 (Panda
et al., 1999). However Yadav et al., (2005) mentioned that Fenugreek seeds
also lower the lipid. This lowering might also be attributed to its oestrogenic
constituent, indirectly increasing the thyroid hormone T4. (Kong et al.,
2004). T3 directly stimulates feed intake at the hypothalamic level. While
on the other hand, the quantity and quality of food eaten is a major factor
determining plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones (TH) (Dauncey,
1990). Blood TH levels are considered to be good indicators of the
nutritional status of an animal and were correlated with feed intake in
ruminant species (Riis and Madsen, 1985). Mc Cann et al., (1992) reported
that the circulating thyroid hormones (TH) concentrations seem better
correlated with feed intake than adiposity status.
Appropriate thyroid gland function and activity of thyroid hormones
(TH) are considered crucial to sustain the productive performance in
domestic animals (growth, feed intake, reproduction, milk, hair fiber
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production) and circulating TH can be considered as indicators of the
metabolic and nutritional status of the animals (Riis and Madsen, 1985;
Todini et al., 2007).
In goats, maternal plasma T3 levels remained rather steady around
parturition, while T4 concentrations markedly decreased and remained low
until day 10 post partum. Blood TH levels were low at the beginning of
lactation, afterwards gradually does (Riis and Madsen, 1985 Emre and
Garmo, 1985) and in ewes (Mitin et al., 1986). Administration of TH is
known to stimulate lactation in many species (Tucker, 1994 and Tucker
2000) but an inverse relationship between blood hormone concentration
and milk yield has been observed in goats (Riis and Madsen,1985).
2.6 Safety and Adverse Effects of Fenugreek Seeds:
Basch et al., (2003) had reviewed the literature on the safety and
adverse effects of T. foenum-graecum. Although fenugreek has
traditionally been considered safe and well tolerated, some side effects
have been associated with its use. Caution in using fenugreek is warranted
in patients known to be allergic to it or chickpeas, because of possible
cross-reactivity (Patil et al., 1997). Sharma et al. (1996) Abdel-Barry et al.
(2000) reported that there are some effects include transient diarrhea and
flatulence.
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CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODES
3.1 Experimental Site:
This study was carried out during the period extending from April
to July 2011 at the Animal unit belonging to the Department of Animal
Nutrition: faculty of Animal Production U of K (Shambat).
3.2 Experimental Animals:
Twelve mature Sudanese Nubian goats were purchased from a
local livestock market (Abu Zaid) in western Omdurman, the criteria
adopted for selection of the goats were as follows matching body
weight, breed, age and late stage of gestation
to ensure homogenous
groups.
3.3.1 Management of Experimental Flock:
On arrival to the experimental site, ( 1-2 weeks pre partum) each
doe was identified by an ear-tag, treated against internal and external
parasites, divided into four group's three animals in each group using
complete randomize design, they were housed individually in pens
partially shaded and were allowed free drinking.
3.3.2 Feed and Feeding:
Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (Table 3.1) were offered
daily to meet the nutrient requirements of goat according to (NRC, 1981).
All animals fed a control diet before parturition which includes (sorghum,
groundnut cake, sesame cake, wheat bran, molasses, L.stone and NaCl).
After parturition all animals received diet as follow: Group (FS0) was fed
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the control diet. Groups (FS5), (FS10) and (FS15) fed the control diet
supplemented with 5, 10 and 15 % of crushed fenugreek seeds
respectively. Green roughages were offered three times weekly. Feeding
programme continued for 2 consecutive months, and feed intake was
recorded daily.
Percent of chemical composition of fenugreek seed, ingredients
composition and determined chemical composition of experimental diet
are shown in table (3:2) (3:3) and (3:4) respectively.
3.4 Milk Sampling and Analysis:
After colostrums day were ended the does were milked daily and
milk yield was recorded, the kids were daily fed milk manually and Milk
sample were taken. Chemical analysis of milk sample was determined by
using milk analyzer lactoscan 90 according to the manufacture, instruction
(Aple industries service la Roche sur foron, France) to determined fat,
protein, SNF and lactose of milk sample.
3.5 Blood Sampling and Analysis:
Blood samples were collected every two weeks at 10 Am
from jugular vein using a 5ml plastic disposal syringe, 10 ml of blood
were
obtained
from
each
animal
into
clean
dry
heparininzed
vacationers which were evaluated on the same day of collaction (
schalm,1956). Serum was separated by centrifugation at high speed of
4000 (rpm) at 30 o C for 5 minutes stored at -20o C.
Serum Insulin was analyzed by insulin commercial kit. Measured by
radioimmunoassay (RIA) using insulin iodination (iodine-125) and
standard supplied by (Midgley, (1969). Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and
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thyroxine (T4) were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) usingT4-T3
iodination (iodine-125) and standard
Supplied by Morgan and Lazarow
(1962).
3.6 Statistical Analysis:
The data obtained from feed intake, milk yield , milk composition
and serum for hormone were subjected to Statistical analysis of variance
(ANOVA) for completely randomized design, using computerized
program known as statistix8.0.A least significant difference (LSD) was
carried out to test significant difference between the treatment means.
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Table (3:1) Calculated Chemical Analysis of Experimental Diet
Level of fenugreek seeds
Ingredient
CP%
FS0
14.59
FS5
FS10
FS15
15.25
15.95
15.47
ME(Mj/kg)
11.21
11.11
10.92
10.95
Ca%
0.488
0.48
0.48
0.42
FS0 (0% Fenugreek seed), FS5 (5% Fenugreek seed),FS10(10%
Fenugreek seed), FS15 (15% Fenugreek seed).
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Table (3: 2) Chemical Composition (% DM) of Fenugreek Seeds.
Component
%
DM
94.11
CP
28.60
CF
14.04
EE
6.16
Ash
4.65
NFE
40.66
ME
2368.17 kcal/kg
ME: calculated according to the equation of Lodhi et al., (1976)
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Table (3:3) Ingredient Composition (%) of the Experimental Diets.
Level of fenugreek seeds
FS0
FS5
FS10
FS15
Sorghum
55
53
50
51
G .N.C
5
5
5
3
S .C
5
5
5
3
Wheat bran
14
11
9
7
Molasses
20
20
20
20
Fenugreek
0
5
10
15
L.stone
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
NaCl
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Total
100
100
100
100
Ingredients
FS0 (0% Fenugreek seed), FS5(5% Fenugreek seed) FS10, (10%
Fenugreek seed), FS15 (15% Fenugreek seed), G.N.C groundnut cake,
S.C sesame cake.
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Table (3.4) Determined Chemical Composition (%) of Experimental
Diet
Level of fenugreek seeds %
Component
0
5
10
15
Dry matter
89.86
86.08
88.27
86.74
Crud protein
17.56
17.20
18.77
19.52
Crud fiber
13.70
13.16
14.80
14.93
Fat
4.15
3.39
3.24
2.99
Ash
13.68
13.84
13.77
13
NFE
50.91
52.43
49.44
49.57
0(0% Fenugreek seed), 5 (5% Fenugreek seed), 10(10% Fenugreek seed),
15(15% Fenugreek seed).
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
4.1 Effect Fenugreek Seeds on Feed Intake and Milk yield
According to the effect of fenugreek seeds on feed intake and milk yield
which are shown in Table (4.1), the following important points can be
observed: there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in feed intake between
control and treated groups while there was no significant different among
treated groups. There was a significant (P<0.05) effect of fenugreek seeds on
total milk yield during the experimental period between control and treated
groups. There was a significant different (p<0.05) among treated groups in
milk yield which increased by increasing fenugreek seeds levels from FS10
to FS15compared with FS5 level.
4.2 Effect of Fenugreek seeds on Milk Composition
Table (4.2) showed the result of the effect of fenugreek seeds on milk
composition. The results clarify that fat content was significantly (P<0.05)
higher in FS0 and FS5 than the two other groups FS10 and FS15. However,
there was no significant (P<0.05) different among the groups in lactose
content. Milk solids not fat (SNF) content was higher in FS0 than the other
groups. Protein content was significantly higher (P<0.05) in FS0 followed by
FS15 and there was no significant different between groups FS5 and FS10.
4.3 Effect of Fenugreek Seeds on T3, T4 and Insulin
The results on the effect of supplementing fenugreek seeds on
concentration of T3 showed in table (4.3). There was a significant (P<0.05)
difference between control and treated groups. Among treated groups there
was no significant (P<0.05) different. However, the higher concentration of
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T3 recorded by FS0 (2.09 ml U/L) Followed by FS5 (1.37 ml U/L), FS10
(1.33 ml U/L) and FS15 (1.12 ml U/L).
The results in table (4.3) indicated that the effect of fenugreek seeds on T4
concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups FS10 and FS15
than FS0 anFS5.
The result of the Insulin concentration as affected by fenugreek seeds
supplementation shown in table (4.3). There was a significant (P<0.05)
different between control group and other groups, the higher concentration
obtained by FS15 follow by FS10, FS5 and FS0.
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Table (4.1): Effect of Supplementation of Different level of Fenugreek
Seeds on Feed Intake (g/day/animal) and Milk Yield (ml/day/animal):
Item
FS0
FS5
FS10
FS15
SEM
Feed intake
546.3b
1083.3a
1231.8a
1318.3a
88. 59
Milk yield
381.78c
1016.7b
1138.4a
1334.0a
188.42
FS0 (0% Fenugreek seed), FS5 (5% Fenugreek seed) FS10, (10%
Fenugreek seed), FS15 (15% Fenugreek seed), SEM: stander error of the
means. a-c: values with in row with no common superscript differ
significantly (p<0.05)
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Table (4.2): Effect of Effect of Supplementation of Different level of
Fenugreek Seeds on Milk Composition%:
Item
FS0
FS5
FS10
FS15
SEM
Fat
3.56a
3.38a
2.94b
2.72b
0.14
Protein
3.74a
3.50b
3.52b
3.59ab
0.06
Lactose
5.21
4.88
5.35
5.07
0.30
SNF
9.63a
9.01b
9.16ab
9.32ab
0.17
FS0 (0% Fenugreek seed), FS5 (5% Fenugreek seed) FS10, (10%
Fenugreek seed), FS15 (15% Fenugreek seed), SNF (Sold Non Fat) SME:
stander error of the means. a-c: values with in row with no common
superscript differ significantly (p<0.05)
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Table (4.3): Effect of Supplementation of Different level of Fenugreek
Seeds on T3, T4 and Insulin (ml U/L):
Item
FS0
FS5
FS10
FS15
SEM
T3
2.09a
1.37b
1.33b
1.12b
0.1
T4
71.67b
71.60b
86.00a
92.27a
2.72
Insulin
7.97c
10.36bc
11.32ab
13.66a
0.90
FS0 (0% Fenugreek seed), FS5 (5% Fenugreek seed) FS10, (10%
Fenugreek seed), FS15 (15% Fenugreek seed), SME: stander error of the
means. a-c: values with in row with no common superscript differ
significantly (p<0.05) T3 Triiodothyronine, T4 Thyroxine.
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CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
The present study showed clearly that the groups of goats fed the
fenugreek seeds supplementation diets secured higher feed intake. This
result is in agreement with the results obtained by several outher Petit et al.,
(1993), Tomar et al., (1996), Blumenthal et al., (1998), Borca (2000) and
Mohammedain (2000). The increase in feed intake might be partially due to
the presence of saponins in fenugreek seeds which increase food
consumption. Petit et al., (1995) concluded that saponins in fenugreek seeds
increase food intake.
Also Abo El-Nor et al., (2007) stated that the
increases in feed intake as result of feeding fenugreek may be attributed to
its effect on hypothalamus to stimulate hunger centers in the brain and
increase the desire for eating.
Fenugreek is a herbal plant that is often used to increase milk supply.
This study illustrated that feeding varying levels of fenugreek seeds led to
progressive increase in milk production. The increase in milk production may
be due to the presence of phytoestrogens, which are plant chemicals similar
to the female sex hormone estrogen which is a key compound to increase
milk flow. Similar results were obtained by many researchers (Swafford and
Berens, 2000, Tiran 2003, Sayed et al.,2005) who found that fenugreek seeds
contain a chemical compound (diosgenin) that has a similar role to the
female sex hormone estrogen, which has been experimentally proved to
increase milk flow, this hormone promote development of the ductal system
of milk glnds. Also the ability of fenugreek seeds to increase milk might be
due to the fact that this herb contains rich source of essential fatty acids.
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Mowrey, (1986) reported that herb with high essential fatty acids increased
milk production.
Milk fat content was significantly lower in groupFS15 and FS10 compared
with groups FS0 and FS5, there is an inverse relationship between yield and
fat percentage. The lower fat content of both FS10 and FS15 can be justified
by the higher milk yield secured by both group, compared to the FS0 and
FS5, this result agrees with El alamy et al., ( 2001), who found that feeding
fenugreek seeds to buffaloes increase milk yield , but without any effect on
milk composition except for a tendency of lower fat content. Milk lactose
was not affected by supplementing different level of fenugreek seed. This
result is similar to the results obtained by Kholif et al., (2001) who found that
there was insignificant different on lactose content between all treated and
control group.
The progressive increase of feeding of fenugreek seeds to the
experimental animals resulted in an increase in insulin hormone secretion;
this may be due to the presence of the amino acid 4, hydroxyisoleucine in
fenugreek seeds. This amino acid appeared to act on pancreatic beta cells to
enhance insulin production. This result agree with Broca et al., 2000,
Schryver, 2002 and Baquer et al. 2009 who reported that fenugreek seeds
contain amino acid called 4 hydroxy iso leuciine , which appears to increase
the body's production of insulin. Also Abajnoor and Tilmisany (1988), Devi
et al.,(2003) and Yadav et al., (2008) found that the extract of the whole seed
of fenugreek seeds, stimulate pancreatic insulin secretion. More over the
effect of fenugreek on feed intake related to its well-documented ability to
increase insulin sensitivity because
fenugreek interferes with intestinal
glucose absorption as a result of local effects at the gastro-intestinal level
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mainly due to dietary fibers contained in fenugreek seeds (Gad et al,. 2006).
Insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism are involved in the complex
endocrine regulation of feeding behavior (Hannan et al, 2007).
T3 and T4 hormones are absolutely required for normal physiology in
animals. Increasing levels of supplementation of fenugreek seeds on diets
resulted in decrease of serum T3, while increasing T4 level, this may be due
to meet the highly metabolic demand of milk synthesis, milk is very
metabolically expressive commodity it extract, 80% of the total circulation
nutrient to the milk glands to synthesis milk, this result agrees with result
obtained by (Issi et al., 2011). The increase of T4 level might be due to
concentrate ration used in experiment. Shetaewi and Ross, (1991) reported
that concentrate ration induced an increase of plasma T4 levels in lactating
ewes. Or may be attributed to estrogenic compound that presence in
fenugreek seeds which indirectly increased thyroid hormone T4 (Sauvaire et
al,. 1991). Also the increase of T4 and a decrease in T3 level may be due to
the fact that the fenugreek seed extract impaired peripheral conversion of
thyroid hormones resulted in a significant decrease in serum T3, with a
concomitant increase in T4 levels (Thahilian and Kar,2000). Panda et
al.,(1999) reported that .administration of fenugreek seed extract to both mice
and rats revealed its effect on thyroid hormone that fenugreek inhibits the
synthesis of triiodothyronine concentration estimated by decrease in serum
triiodothyronine concentration and T3/T4 ratio and consequently increased
thyroxine levels.
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
v The results of this study indicated that the inclusion of fenugreek seeds
in Nubian goat diet:improves feed intake and milk yield.
Progressive levels of fenugreek seeds significantly increase milk
production.
Had no significant effect on milk composition, except lowering in fat
content.
Increases the secretion of Insulin, T4 and decreases the secretion of T3.
v From the results obtained, it could be concluded that
supplementing
lactating goat's diets with medicinal plant is highly recommended as a
new step in the field of animal production in the Sudan for improving
productive performance of lactating goat, regarding milk yield and
composition.
v Further studies on fenugreek seeds is highly recommended in order to
associate the beneficially effects of the seed to their ingredient
component.
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