Community Adaptation Plan: Kok Klang Village

Transcription

USAID Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to
Climate Change (USAID Mekong ARCC)
Community Adaptation Plan
Kok Klang Village, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand
December 2014
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was
prepared for USAID Mekong ARCC by IUCN Thailand. The contents of this document are the sole
responsibility of IUCN Thailand and DAI, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Government.
USAID Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to
Climate Change (USAID Mekong ARCC)
Community Adaptation Plan
Kok Klang Village, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand
Program Title:
USAID Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change (USAID
Mekong ARCC)
Sponsoring USAID Office:
USAID/Asia Regional Environment Office
Prime Contract Number:
AID-486-C-11-00004
Contractor:
Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI)
Subcontractor:
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Thailand
Submission Date:
December 2014
This publication has been made possible by the support of the American People through the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this document are the sole
responsibility of IUCN Thailand and DAI and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the
United States Government.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
KEY VULNERABILITIES .............................................................................................................................................. 2
SELECTION PROCESS................................................................................................................................................ 2
SELECTED ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.0 WATER MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................ 8
BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................................... 8
ACTIVITY DETAILS.................................................................................................................................................... 8
WHO IS INVOLVED .................................................................................................................................................. 9
IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD ...................................................................................................................................... 9
EXPECTED OUTPUTS ............................................................................................................................................... 9
EXPECTED OUTCOMES............................................................................................................................................ 9
MILESTONES ........................................................................................................................................................... 10
LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY.............................................................................................................................. 10
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT............................................................................................................. 11
COST-BENEFIT RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................. 12
MONITORING DETAIL .......................................................................................................................................... 12
COST BREAKDOWN ............................................................................................................................................. 12
2.0 FOREST MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 13
BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
ACTIVITY DETAILS................................................................................................................................................. 15
WHO IS INVOLVED ............................................................................................................................................... 17
IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD ................................................................................................................................... 17
EXPECTED OUTPUTS ............................................................................................................................................ 17
EXPECTED OUTCOMES......................................................................................................................................... 17
MILESTONES ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
COST BREAKDOWN ............................................................................................................................................. 21
3.0 AGRICULTURE AND OCCUPATIONS ...................................................................... 22
BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
WHO IS INVOLVED ............................................................................................................................................... 23
MILESTONES ........................................................................................................................................................... 24
COST BREAKDOWN ............................................................................................................................................. 26
4.0 WASTE MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 27
BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
WHO IS INVOLVED ............................................................................................................................................... 28
MILESTONES ........................................................................................................................................................... 28
COST BREAKDOWN ............................................................................................................................................. 30
5.0 PROJECT BUDGET SUMMARY – KOK KLANG ........................................................ 31
ANNEX 1: KOK KLANG ADAPTION OPTIONS PREFERENCE MATRIX .................. 32
INTRODUCTION
This report presents a detailed assessment of adaptation activities identified through the Community
and Scientific Climate Stories and Shared Understanding process undertaken via a series of workshops
held in Kok Klang village between June–August 2014. Additional consultation was undertaken in
September 2014 with the village leader and village representatives. The activities identified here reflect
those chosen through this collaborative process for USAID Mekong ARCC and its partner, International
Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Thailand, to implement over the next 3-6 months.
Additional activities chosen for implementation in 2015, if any, will be included in a subsequent report.
The project budget summary for Kok Klang is included at the end of the report, outlining the costs for
each activity and indicating the remaining activity budget. The total project activities budget for Kok
Klang is US$12,000 or around THB 384,000.
Ecozone of Kok Klang:
•
Mid-elevation, dry, broadleaf forest at about 1,000-1,200 meters above sea level (masl) and
20.2°N latitude and 99.6°E longitude.
KOK KLANG COMMUNITY PROFILE
Food source
Rice
Chicken
Fish
Duck
Pigs
Chili, vegetables, mushrooms
Bamboo
Papaya
Wild animals
Income source
Fish
Cows
Buffalos
Pigs
Chicken
Duck
Para rubber
Cassava
Sugarcane
Chili
NTFPs: Pak wan, ants’ eggs, mushrooms,
bamboo shoots, etc.
Level of Importance to the Community
Slightly
Very
Important
Critical
important
important
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Community Adaptation Plan: Kok Klang Village, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand
X
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Key Vulnerabilities
The table below summarizes the main threats and vulnerabilities identified by Kok Klang villagers in the
community climate story and scientific climate story workshops.
Main climate
threats
Most
vulnerable
livelihoods
Community climate story
Scientific climate story
•
•
•
Lack of water in dry season
Drought
Forest fire
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Water availability
Rainfed rice
Crop diversity
NTFPs
Chicken and pig
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increased temperature
Increased rainfall leading to
waterlogging
Decreased rainfall in Jan/Feb
Flash floods and storms
Rubber
NTFPs
Fish and chicken
Rice
Cassava
Selection Process
In the outcome mapping exercise (see next page), villagers identified activities that would help address
the key vulnerabilities they identified, and ultimately achieve the vision they defined for their community.
In an initial priority-setting exercise, the Kok Klang villagers defined the following priorities:
Priorities from ‘shared understanding’ (in order of importance)
1. Water management.
2. Forest management, due to the importance of NTFPs.
3. Agriculture, including the following sub-themes:
o
o
Increasing the potential of practicing delicate1 rice cultivation in small scale.
Developing knowledge and systems for additional food cropping in sugarcane and
cassava cultivation areas, e.g. growing upland rice in sugarcane or cassava cultivation
areas.
4. Enhancing livelihood options.
Subsequently, IUCN analyzed various adaptation options according to different criteria, such as their
potential to address the identified climate and non-climate threats, and their social, environmental and
economic costs and benefits to the community. The results of this analysis are presented in Annex 1.
Due to the limited timeframe for implementing adaptation activities, including receiving the necessary
approvals from USAID, an initial set of adaptation activities to achieve short-term outcomes has been
selected by the project team with the village leader based on discussions with the villagers, as
demonstrated in Table 1 below.
1
Translated from the Thai word ‘praneet’, which means in a fine, delicate, improved way.
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Table 1: Identified Outcome Mapping Activities and Expected Outcomes
Kok Klang
Outcome Mapping
Activities
Goals/Expected Outcomes
Short Term
Intermediate Term
Long Term
Community Vision:
A harmonious community with clean and adequate water for consumption and agriculture, adequate rice and food
for domestic consumption, a variety of beautiful natural assets, reduced agricultural chemicals uses, and restored
ecosystems and biodiversity
Water Management
- Organize brainstorming
- A community water
- Water usage
- Adequate water for
about water management
management committee regulations are set up
consumption and use
is established
- Establish drinking water
- A mountainous water
- A committee for
- Community has the
distribution tower on the
system is improved
managing a water
capacity to manage
headwater (on the
management fund is
water resources in
mountain)
established
the community
sustainably
- A water meter system - A water filter system - Community
is set up
is set up
members have good
health
- Improve Mi Sung water
- Mi Sung pond is
- A water distribution
- All households have
supply system (for
tower from Mi Sung
equal access to clean
dredged up and
consumption)
pond is established
water (no conflicts)
improved
- Improve Kum Hmak Nat
water supply system (for
consumption)
- A coordination with
relevant sectors
regarding the action for
improving
- Kum Hmak Nat
- The Kum Hmak Nat
water supply system is
improved
- Investigate a feasibility to
develop Huai Pak Kha as a
water source for agriculture
(i.e. build a reservoir)
- Coordination with
relevant sectors is
undertaken
- Impacts from the
construction of the
reservoir are
investigated in detail
Forest Management
- Establish a community
forest committee
- Investigate the potential of
biodiversity (local flora and
fauna) in the community
forest
- Arrange community forest
reforestation
- A community forest
committee is established
- Local knowledge is
collected
- Community
cooperation is
established
- Community forest
regulations for
utilization and
conservation are
developed
- Potential of native
plants for commercial
cropping is improved
- Community
reforestation
ceremony is arranged
- Adequate water for
consumption
- Work of the
community
development sectors
in the village is
monitored
- The most
appropriate
alternative for water
management (for
agriculture) is
selected
- Community forest
regulations for
utilization and
conservation are
developed
- Phu Nang Lao and
Phu Sao Ae are
registered as
community forests
- Fertile community
forest with
appropriate use
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Kok Klang
Outcome Mapping
Activities
Short Term
Intermediate Term
Long Term
Community Vision:
annually
- Undertake co-learning
- Children learn about
- Ecosystem
- Ecosystem
between adults and children their own community
(community forest)
(community forest)
regarding community forest
based learning for
based tourism group
diversity
community
is formed
development is
established
- Arrange forest ordination
- Cooperation between
- Relationship
- The community is
ceremony
community and local
between humans and
strengthened
organizations for
forests including
reforestation
history of the
community is
restored
Agriculture and Occupation
- Form a livestock group
- A cattle group (to sell - A livestock group is
- Community has
manure) is formed
formed to support
manure to be
livelihood diversification
used/sold in the
village
and climate resilience
- A black chicken group
- Community
is formed
produces more food
- A fish group is formed
- A variety of
seasonal food
- Form a local vegetable
- Vegetables are grown - A pioneer local
- Adequate food
group for self-subsistence
in the backyard
vegetable group (for
crop for household
- Implement pilot plots to
consumption and
consumption
change from mono-cropping - Melientha suavis Pierre commerce) is formed
- Cultivated land is
to multi-cropping
- A cooperative work
is grown in the
properly used and
with Pu Phan Royal
backyard garden or
reduce the use of
Development Study Center chemicals
rattan orchard or
- Knowledge and
- Safe food is
rubber plantation (to
technique with Huai Yang provided
supplement the
seedling group is shared
- Community
production from the
- Local agriculture groups economics is
forest)
are expanded
- Limes are grown
developed based on
local vegetables
- System for
managing the groups
is sustained
- Form dedicated rice
- Knowledge regarding - Rice strains that are
- Adequate good
producer group
a diversity of native
suitable for changing
quality rice for
rice in Kok Klang
climate are restored and household
village is collected
is grown along with
consumption and
cassava or sugarcane
reduce monocropping land using
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Kok Klang
Outcome Mapping
Activities
Short Term
Intermediate Term
Long Term
Community Vision:
high amount of
chemicals
- Training programme
regarding native rice
genetics production
and conservation is
arranged
- A native rice group is
formed
- Knowledge and
technique regarding
native rice genetics
production and
conservation is gained
- Native rice strains for
selling is developed
- High yield rice and
reduced chemical
use is produced
- Income can be
increased by resizing
the cultivated land
and no use of
chemicals
Waste Management to Mitigate Pollution/Global Warming
- Separate organic waste
- Houses and
community are clean
- Separate recyclable waste
- Relevant activities are
discussed
- Separate hazardous waste
- Hazardous waste is
separated and delivered
to TAO for removal
- Liquid fermentation is
produced from organic
waste (for community’s
use)
- Organic waste is used
to feed earthworms
- Community waste
separation centre is
established (TAO will
buy separated waste on
1st and 16th every
month)
- Waste banks are
established in the schools
- Organic fertilizer
from household
waste is produced
- Some extra
earning can be
gained from waste
management
- A cooperation
with local
organization in
waste management
is established
- Eco-community
management
activities are
encouraged for
children and they
can also gain some
extra earning
- Community agrees
on reducing
household garbage
- Community
members have
discipline on waste
separation and
dumping
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Selected Adaptation Activities
The community-selected activities that USAID Mekong ARCC will support are listed as follows:
1. Establish a water management committee and install household water meters to support water
management efforts;
2. Improve forest management for climate change adaptation;
3. Conduct an exchange visit to identify crop diversification opportunities; and
4. Conduct an exchange visit to identify climate-smart waste management opportunities.
These activities will enable the community to address some of the key threats and vulnerabilities they
identified during the community climate story and scientific climate story workshops. The details for
each activity will be discussed in further detail below. A sustainability and monitoring plan will be defined
for each activity with inputs from the villagers to ensure the long-term sustainability of the adaptation
measures beyond the lifetime of this project.
Below the Table 2 in a threat-solutions matrix which indicates how the proposed solution addresses the
climate threat and what additional actions could be taken to increase the community’s resilience.
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Table 2: Threats-Solutions Matrix
Threat
Solution
How does the solution
address the threat
Additional actions
that will increase
resilience
Increased
temperature,
drought (leading to
reduced crop yields,
increased incidence of
diseases, water
scarcity, forest fire,
loss of biodiversity,
and threats to NTFPs)
• Crop (and
livestock)
diversification
• Improved water
management
• Improved forest
management
• Longer-term actionlearning process and
exchange among
villagers
• Water supply system
in the village needs to
be improved with the
support from local
administration
• Forest enrichment
and reforestation
activities will further
increase the value and
resilience of the
forest
Overuse of
chemicals (leading to
soil degradation and
water pollution)
• Improved waste
management
• Crop (and
livestock)
diversification,
climate-smart
agricultural
practices
Overreliance on
monocultures (risk
of crop failure)
• Crop (and
livestock)
diversification
• Exchange visit and
training enables the
villagers to identify
suitable crops (and
livestock) that are
more tolerant to heat
and/or irregular
rainfall, and to
diversify risk (reduce
vulnerability to crop
failure)
• Rules and regulations
on water usage help
reduce pressure on
water resources in the
dry season
• Rules and regulations
and forest protection
help protect habitat
and NTFPs
• Organic fertilizer
produced from
organic waste enables
the villagers to reduce
the use of chemical
fertilizers. This will
increase the resilience
of the agro-ecological
farming system,
and health. The use of
organic fertilizer will
also enable the
villagers to increase
production, e.g. of
vegetables.
• See above
• See above
• See above
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1.0 WATER MANAGEMENT
Priority ranking: 1
Establish water management committee and install water meters to support water
management efforts
Community-selected activity
USAID Mekong ARCC-supported activity
YES
YES
Background
Kok Klang villagers are vulnerable to water scarcity in the dry season because their water supply
network relies heavily on springs which are dependent on reliable rainfall. The Vulnerability and Capacity
Assessment (VCA) report (2014) indicated that increased overall annual rainfall is predicted for the
village; however, decreased rainfall is predicted for the dry season. Thus, erratic rainfall and drought are
possible threats under future climate change scenarios resulting in the community identifying water
security as their primary concern for the future.
A detailed assessment of the supply and demand ratio was undertaken by IUCN on 17-19 September
2014 (see separate report). Actions to reduce the vulnerability of the water system have been suggested
in this report, including the establishment of a water management committee and the installation of
water meters to monitor the usage of water by households. The village leaders (heads of village sections,
who are also responsible for water management in their section) mentioned that water wastage is
common in some households, which puts increased pressure on water resources. Installation of meters
is one method to quantitatively measure household usage, which in combination with a water committee
and set of usage regulations, helps stimulate greater efficiencies in the system.
Activity Details
The project will facilitate the establishment of a water management committee in Kok Klang. The
villagers will agree on the modalities of the committee in a village meeting in November 2014. The
project will suggest that the committee consist of nine people (three representatives from each of the
three water sections in the village) elected in the village meeting, whose terms are limited to three years
but with the possibility of re-election, with one position from each section up for election every year on
a rotating basis. The villagers will decide the exact terms of the committee members.
The project will also suggest the establishment of a set of regulations regarding water use, based on
regulations for similar community systems elsewhere, if available. The regulations would include a limit
above which each household has to pay a certain amount per liter of water. Each month, a volunteer per
khum (25 village sections) would collect the data on the water meters and report to the committee, and
collect the fees. The information will be stored and analyzed by the committee (possibly working with
the local school and with assistance from IUCN’s field coordinator). In addition, the meters will be
regularly inspected for tampering or disconnection by the volunteers.
The fees would go to a community fund aimed at further improving water management in Kok Klang,
and possibly covering the expenses of the committee members. IUCN will analyze the possibility of
opening a separate bank account to handle the water fees in order to prevent misuse. The water
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management committee would be responsible for oversight, data collection and analysis and
communication to the villagers in the village meetings. The committee would also be responsible for
solving any issues or water shortages that may arise, and for managing the water fees account.
The project will contribute some funds toward the purchase of water meters for each of the 454
households and for the output pipes of the three water supply sources. The village leader indicated that
the household meters cost 300 THB each, including installation. It is expected that the households and
the Tambon Administration Office (TAO, or sub-district administration) will contribute 50% of the cost,
and the USAID Mekong ARCC project will contribute the remaining 50%.
Who Is Involved
Involved parties in this water management activity include elected water committee members as well as
all the village households affected by the water use regulations and the installation of water meters. In
addition, the activity will require a community member (volunteer) in each village section to be
responsible for coordinating with each household at the time of meter installation for the purpose of
access, and for data collection after installation of the water meters.
Participation of women: Women and men will be equally involved in the activity as members of the
household. Women should be adequately represented in the committee and among the volunteers.
Beneficiaries: The benefits of this activity will be seen through greater water conservation and water use
efficiencies that will be instituted by monitoring the meters in combination with compliance with a water
committee and usage regulations. Thus, the whole village of Kok Klang -1,143 people - will benefit from
this project.
Implementation Period
The water meters will be installed late 2014; the collection of monthly water meter readings will be
initiated immediately after all the meters have been installed; and the collection of water use fees will
start at the end of the first full month following the installation of the meters.
Expected Outputs
•
Water management committee is established and the water management regulations and fee
schedules are agreed upon, posted and distributed to all households. This is a prerequisite to
purchasing and installing the water meters. The regulations will include restrictions or limitations
on water use during the dry season, if and when necessary.
•
Water meters installed at all 454 households in Kok Klang, and on the discharge pipes at the
water sources.
•
A computerized water meter data recording, analysis and reporting system is established, and
also a water fee data recording and reporting system.
Expected Outcomes
In combination with a set of water use regulations, greater water efficiency through reduction of
wastage is expected to occur. This will result in increased water security for the whole village during the
driest period of the year, i.e. February-May. The meters on the water sources will also provide data that
can be used to calculate water losses from the systems, and therefore provide important information on
when system inspections and repairs are necessary.
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Milestones
•
Village meeting to agree on the modalities of the water management committee, the regulations
on water use, and the water fee schedule based on volume used (expected Dec 2014);
•
Seek additional contribution from TAO (expected Dec 2014);
•
Install water meters at households and on the supply sources (early 2015);
•
Regular data collection, analysis and reporting by the water management committee, and fee
collections (2015 onwards).
Long-Term Sustainability
Given the limited village water resources, supply and consumption management is important for
community sustainability, and improved water management can provide positive benefits at a low initial
cost. Water meters will be installed and households will be charged a monthly fee based on their water
consumption to achieve greater efficiencies in water use. The system will require little maintenance, and
monitoring of the usage data will be done by volunteers and then reported at the monthly village
meetings. The household water meters cost THB 300-330 each and their expected life is at least 15
years. Provided the water meters are not faulty, long term use of the meters is possible with minimal
maintenance. Monitoring the water volumes delivered from the sources and used by the households will
provide information on system losses (leakage) and alert the committee when system inspections and
maintenance are needed.
Sustainability will be supported through the establishment of the village water management committee in
late 2014.
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Environmental Impact Assessment
The activity fulfills all criteria of the USAID Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP)
checklist. If managed according to the Sustainability and Monitoring Plan, the activity does not have any
negative impacts on the environment and society.
Types of project activities
Fisheries and aquaculture
Agriculture
Agro-forestry
Livestock and animal husbandry
Other
Quality checklists
Environmental aspects
Will the project activities likely affect the habitat or sensitive ecosystem?
Will the project activities possibly degrade the quality of water?
Will the project activities enhance any pollution in communities?
Will the project activities possibly cause deforestation?
Will the project activities increase soil erosion and deplete soil fertility?
Will the project activities engender any adverse impact on native species?
Will the project activities affect human health and cause the disease outbreaks or transmission?
Do the project activities use appropriate local technologies?
Does the project consider using local species or previous cultivated species in the region?
Does the project involve any procurement of chemical materials?
Social, economic and Political aspects
Does the project involve all cross-sections of groups in the process of project development?
Have the needs and concerns of the most vulnerable groups been considered and resolved?
Will the project benefit to women and other disadvantaged groups?
Is the project design based on a real understanding and analysis of community problems and needs?
Does the project have a monitoring and evaluation mechanism to track the progress?
Does community plan clearly define a timeframe and responsible persons?
Are roles and responsibilities determined and agreed upon for all project members?
Does the community define any rules and regulations for project accountability?
Does the community contribute local resources to the project implementation?
Are there any project activities likely against local power?
Are rules and regulations defined by the project agreed on for all community members?
Are response plans developed for situations of uncertainty (e.g. natural disaster, price fluctuations)?
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Cost-Benefit Rationale
Purchasing the water meters is one of the activities related to water management requiring a cash
outlay. Forming the water management committee and drafting regulations are likely to require very
little cost, aside from time spent by the IUCN field coordinator in liaising with committee members.
Additionally, the TAO is arranging to relocate a tank stand and new water tank for the Mi-Sung pond as
part of the water management activities. Contributing to this part of the water management strategy
therefore seems prudent. The water meters will require minimal maintenance, and volunteers will read
the meters and record monthly household water usage.
Health impacts on the population from water scarcity can result in significant costs to the local
economy, health system and household finances from medical treatment costs and the resulting loss in
income. The project has leveraged additional funding from the Mekong Water Dialogues (MWD) project
to conduct a study on the impacts of chemical use on water quality in Kok Klang, which will involve
water quality testing on each of the sources of water to see if there are any biological or chemical
problems that need to be addressed.
Monitoring Detail
IUCN can participate in selection of the water meters, and the IUCN field coordinator can ensure the
meters are installed correctly and the water management committee is functioning. Monitoring of the
water meters will be undertaken by the water management committee, after its establishment in
November 2014.
Cost Breakdown
Water meters
Installation cost (estimate)
Computer and printer
Costs for printing regulations, meeting costs
Estimated total activity cost
50% x THB 300 x 454 households = THB 68,100
(Households and TAO to contribute THB 68,100)
THB 12,000
THB 35,000
THB 10,000
THB 125,100
Additional funding sources: The village leader indicated that the TAO and households may contribute 50%
of the cost for the water meters. This needs to be confirmed with the village headman and discussed in
the village meeting.
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2.0 FOREST MANAGEMENT
Priority ranking: 2
Improved forest management for climate change adaptation
YES
YES
Background
Rationale for Climate Change Adaptation
The USAID Mekong ARCC Theme Report on Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and Crop Wild
Relatives (CWRs) mentions habitat protection as an important adaptation mechanism for NTFPs and
CWRs (USAID, 2013). “Habitat protection is the most fundamental conservation measure for all these
NTFPs and CWRs. If the forest or wetland area where they live is damaged through deforestation, illegal
logging, drainage, and land use change for monoculture plantations and agriculture, the species will be
under threat. If the species is already stressed because of habitat damage or loss, climate change will add
to that stress and potentially push the species to local extinction.”
According to Mansourian et al. (2013) 2, “the relationship between forests and climate change is intricate.
On the one hand, forests can mitigate climate change by absorbing carbon, while on the other they can
contribute to climate change if they are degraded or destroyed…Forest protected areas help conserve
ecosystems that provide habitat, shelter, food, raw materials, genetic materials, a barrier against
disasters, a stable source of resources and many other ecosystem goods and services—and thus can
have an important role in helping species, people and countries adapt to climate change.”
Harvesting of NTFPs was noted as a very important livelihood resource in Kok Klang, which was
reported as having a high vulnerability status, particularly to non-climate threats (overharvesting). The
VCA report (2014) reported that productivity and fertility of NTFPs may be affected by increased
temperatures, with dry season spikes impacting flowering, fruiting, and seed dispersal. The VCA report
also noted an expected loss of biodiversity with impacts on NTFPs, along with decreased water
availability. Thus, protecting forests is key to successful climate change adaptation in Kok Klang, and has
been confirmed as a priority by the village in the outcome mapping exercise.
Community forest in Kok Klang
Kok Klang village is adjacent to Phu Pha Yon National Park and has two community forests under the
National Forest Reserve Act. The two community forests are Phu Sauw Aey, the spirit forest to the
north of the village; and Phu Nang Laos, the larger forest situated to the southwest of the village as
shown in the map below. The brown line indicates the boundary of the national park. The total area of
the community forest is about 1,400 hectares. An official request for it to be declared as community
forest has yet to be submitted to the Royal Forest Department.
Community forests provide a valuable resource for NTFPs, building materials and forested catchment
area for the streams in Kok Klang. Enhancing forest health means increasing the resilience of the
ecosystem to withstand threats such as climate change, as forests are the source of water and other
materials for community livelihoods.
2 http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0670e/i0670e13.htm
13 | P a g e
Figure 1: Community Map of Kok Klang Village, Tao Ngoi District, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand
Figure 2: Community Forest Map in Kok Klang Village
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The community forest provides valuable resources for the community including NTFPs and acts as a
catchment water source filter for streams feeding into the Mi-Sung, which will act as a household water
source in the near future. However, the community forest in Kok Klang has suffered from
encroachment recently, whereby forest was removed and cassava was planted on the northern and
western sides of the community forest. Therefore, formation of a community forest committee is
important to formalize community guardianship of the forest and ensure sustainable and equitable use of
the forest through a set of official regulations.
Biodiversity
Important knowledge relating to the use of local species that could be used as commercial crops may
have been lost over time. The community forests harbor many species of plants and animals, which have
uses as food sources, medicines, building materials, or have spiritual significance or commercial value.
The popular replanting of pak wan (Melientha suavis, a native vegetable species growing in the forest) in
Kok Klang household gardens is an example of an NTFP grown as a commercial crop of high value.
Understanding species diversity and habitat is important for protecting any vulnerable species from
climate threats (increased temperature, fires), especially if these species have intrinsic value. Habitats
may change with climate change, so gaining knowledge of habitat and vulnerable species can increase the
resilience of the forest as well as the community.
Activity Details
This activity will include several components which combined, will contribute to enhanced protection
and resilience of the community forest in Kok Klang:
1. Establishment of a Forest Management Committee
2. Survey Community Forest and Register with Forest Department
3. Forest Inventory of the Community Forests
Establishment of a Forest Management Committee
USAID Mekong ARCC, through its partner IUCN Thailand, will facilitate the establishment of a Kok
Klang forest management committee in collaboration with the District Forestry Office. The forest
management committee would be responsible for oversight of the forest management activities, data
collection and analysis and communication to the villagers. The information will be stored and analyzed
by the committee (possibly working with the local school and with assistance from IUCN’s field
coordinator). The computer made available to the water management committee can be used for this
purpose. The committee would also be responsible for planning any potential restoration or enrichment
plantings, and for solving any issues or conflicts that may arise. Expenses of the committee members
could be covered by the community fund. The villagers will agree on the modalities of the committee
during the monthly village meeting in November 2014.
The project suggests that the committee consist of nine representatives elected in the village meeting,
whose terms are limited to three years but with the possibility of re-election, with one position from
each section up for election each year on a rotating basis. The exact terms will be decided by the
villagers.
The project also suggests the establishment of a set of regulations governing forest use and ensuring
equal access for all. Forest management regulations may include, but are not limited to, the following:
15 | P a g e
•
•
•
Harvesting of NTFPs, particularly bamboo shoots;
Timber use (for housing); and
Harvesting quantities per person or per family.
The USAID Mekong ARCC project can support this initiative, which will involve very little project
funding. Ensuring that representatives on the committee do not have vested interests for their own
personal purposes is an issue to be monitored. Monitoring or verification on the committee’s progress
at quarterly intervals by the IUCN field coordinator would help to achieve this.
Survey Community Forest and Register with Forest Department
Formally recognizing the community forest within the Forest Department’s legal framework will further
contribute to forest protection. The village leaders noted that a survey of the forest boundaries by the
Forest Department as a third party entity will define the forest habitat area and reduce the potential for
conflict over the extent of the forest.
The committee will liaise with the District Forestry Office to survey the areal extent of the forests.
Approximately 30 people including the Forest Department staff will help complete the survey and place
the boundary markers. The markers will be aligned with the boundary line according to GPS
coordinates. A formal application will then be made to the Forest Department to register the
community forests.
Initially, the community will survey only Phu Sauw Aey, the spirit forest (about 100 hectares). For Phu
Nang Laos, the larger community forest, negotiations with the villagers who have plantations in the
surrounding area will be required, as land tenure is unclear.
Inventory of the Community Forests
In order to gain important knowledge about the status of the forests and local species that may be
grown commercially in the village (such as pak wan, bamboo, rattan and kenaf), the project will hire an
ecologist from the Sakhon Nakhon Rajabhat University, with sound knowledge of local flora and fauna,
to undertake a survey (inventory) of both community forests, in collaboration with knowledgeable
community members. The survey would take place in the dry season (Apr/May) and wet season
(July/Aug) to account for different species across these two time intervals. The ecologist would provide
a report on the biological diversity observed during the survey. The survey would take approximately
two days each visit. The travel cost and provision of food would be included. Villagers would accompany
the ecologist to act as guides.
In addition, the project will seek the involvement of university students to prepare a more detailed
report on the NTFPs found by the ecologist, their abundances, and the means to manage them
sustainably. The local school will also participate in the survey as an opportunity for the students and
teachers to learn more about their community forests.
It is expected that the forest inventory will also provide information for potential forest restoration or
enrichment plantings in the community forest area. In addition, the community plans to organize an
annual forest ceremony event, which will continue to foster the community’s connection with the
forests.
16 | P a g e
Who Is Involved
The committee members will be decided during the village meeting between the khum members (Kok
Klang is divided into 25 khums or village sections), which IUCN can help facilitate. Around 30
community members including Forest Department staff will be involved in the community forest survey
and registration. The local school, which showed particular interest in the forest inventory as a learning
opportunity between adults and children, will be involved in the forest inventory along with a researcher
from Rajabhat University.
Participation of women: Women should be adequately represented in the committee.
Beneficiaries: The whole population of the village will benefit from this activity as the community forest
provides a range of services to the village as a whole and will help to reduce encroachment.
November 2014 – August 2015.
Expected Outputs
1. Forest management committee is established and forest management regulations are established
and agreed upon.
2. Demarcation of both community forests, providing a physical boundary and survey data, and
application submitted to the Forest Department to register them as community forests.
3. A report detailing the biological diversity of both community forests, specifically identifying
NTFPs for food or income, medicines, spiritual or intrinsic species of value and species with
potential for commercial harvesting, and, if available, recommendations for sustainable and
equitable management.
Expected Outcomes
1. Better forest management through a dedicated governing body and set of regulations will lead to
a healthier forest ecosystem which improves ecosystem services and forest productivity.
2. Classification and formal registration with the Forestry Department for both forests as
‘Community Forests’ will enable greater scope for management and restoration to promote
ecosystem services, forest productivity and a reduction in encroachment.
3. Knowledge on the variety of species present within the community forests, which can enable
greater protection and restoration of the forests through greater forest custodianship. Income
diversity and food security is provided through collection and sale of a greater diversity of
products.
Milestones
•
•
•
Establish forest management committee (Nov 2014);
Draft forest management regulations (Dec 2014);
Survey areal extent of Phu Sauw Aey community forest and mark boundary (Dec 2014);
17 | P a g e
•
•
•
•
Submit application for registration of Phu Sauw Aey community forest to Forest Department
(early 2015);
Survey areal extent of Phu Nang Laos community forest and mark boundary (expected
Apr 2015);
Submit application for registration of Phu Nang Laos community forest to Forest Department
(expected mid-2015);
Undertake forest inventory of both community forests (Apr/May and July/Aug 2015).
Through these activities, a sense of greater forest custodianship can be achieved, through which the
learning and connection with the forest as a resource can be built within the community. Healthy forest
ecosystems provide flow-on benefits including higher productivity of NTFPs. Understanding and
observing the benefits of managing the health of community forests is the foremost method to ensure
community members retain the knowledge of biodiversity and use the forests according to the
regulations.
Once registered with the Forest Department, it is understood that removal of the ‘Community Forest’
status is very difficult and is highly unlikely to occur. In combination with regulations regarding usage,
contravening the governance arrangements is unlikely. The forest management committee will oversee
the enforcement of the regulations.
18 | P a g e
Agriculture
Agro-forestry
Other
Quality checklists
Will the project benefit women and other disadvantaged groups?
Does the community plan clearly define a timeframe and responsible persons?
Are roles and responsibilities determined and agreed upon for all project members?
19 | P a g e
The formation of the forest management committee and drafting of regulations is a relatively low cost
activity, although it requires considerable effort from the community and the project. The activity is
expected to provide a multitude of benefits for the community including food security, income, building
materials and an array of ecosystem services.
The provision of boundary markers and food for a single day of surveying is a very low cost activity,
which will contribute to formally recognizing the community forests within a legal framework. This
recognition supports the preservation of the forests by reducing the risk of encroachment and
increasing the services that the forests provide, including sustenance and income.
The cost of conducting a forest inventory is considered to be low in comparison to the anticipated
incomes resulting from the identification of new NTFP crops or commercial crops (although a more
detailed research may require more time and effort). For example, pak wan is currently sold for 200300THB per kilo, which is an effective source of income not previously available to the community. This
crop is also climate-smart. Commercial-sized pak wan cropping areas are now being planted in the
vicinity of Kok Klang (such as in the Impaeng community group). Additional crops could also follow the
same path.
Monitoring Detail
A combined monitoring plan for the forest management activities will be defined with the villagers
according to the sample M&E matrix, below.
Figure 3: Example of Community M&E Matrix
20 | P a g e
Cost Breakdown
Establishment of community forest committee:
o Printing regulations
Survey and registration of community forest:
o Boundary markers
o Food for surveying day
Subtotal
Forest inventory:
o Research team honorarium
o Research team travel fee
o Research team fuel fee
o Research team accommodation
o Materials and equipment
o Food
Subtotal
THB 20,000
THB 20,000
30 people and 30 school children x THB 250 = 15,000
THB 35,000
THB 15,000
THB 5,000
THB 3,000
THB 3,000
THB 6,000
3 people x THB 500 x 2 days x 2 surveys = 6,000
THB 38,000
THB 93,000
21 | P a g e
3.0 AGRICULTURE AND
OCCUPATIONS
Priority ranking: 3
Exchange visit to identify crop diversification opportunities
USAID Mekong ARCC supported activity
YES
YES
Background
The Kok Klang community identified agricultural diversification as a strategy for climate change
adaptation. In particular, the villagers are interested in learning about integrated agricultural techniques
that would contribute to building resilience, food security, reduce soil degradation, diversify and increase
incomes, and reduce reliance on monocultures.
In order to identify crop and livestock diversification opportunities, the project will organize an
exchange visit for interested villagers to the Royal Development Study Centre in Phu Phan, Sakhon
Nakhon and the Sustainable Agriculture Network Study Centre in neighboring Kalasin Province.
Phu Phan is one of the six Royal Development Study Centers in Thailand, Sakon Nakhon being the hub
for Northeastern Thailand. The study centers demonstrate sustainable agricultural practices applicable
to the local climatic and geographical context. The Kalasin Sustainable Agriculture Network particularly
provides training on native rice varieties. These exchange visits present a sustainable and long-lasting
opportunity to learn and network.
This activity will form the core of the ecosystem-based agricultural adaptation approach to increasing
the resilience of the agro-ecological farming system in Kok Klang village. Reducing the vulnerability of
rice, cassava and rubber plantations to climate threats, increasing agro-biodiversity, and diversifying
village incomes are the key drivers for this activity.
The activity addresses some of the key threats identified in the community climate story and scientific
climate story (see table below). In particular, the diversification of agricultural crops and crop varieties
will enable the villagers to be more resilient in the face of more irregular rainfall and increasing
temperatures.
Main climate
threats
Most vulnerable
livelihoods
Community climate story
• Lack of water in dry season
• Drought
• Forest fire
•
•
•
•
•
Water availability
Rainfed rice
Crop diversity
NTFPs
Chicken and pig
Scientific climate story
• Increased temperature
• Increased rainfall leading to waterlogging
• Decreased rainfall in Jan/Feb
• Flash floods and storms
• Rubber
• NTFPs
• Fish and chicken
• Rice
• Cassava
22 | P a g e
Activity Details
The activity comprises arranging exchange visits to the two study centers in Phu Phan and Kalasin, for
one-day training at each site. Both study centers are located around 80 km or 1 hour drive from Kok
Klang, so accommodation for participants is not necessary. The participants would learn about the
following range of activities:
•
•
•
•
•
Growing vegetables, fruits and commercial crops according to the principles of sufficiency
economy and environmental sustainability;
Native rice cultivation;
Intercropping;
Livestock raising; pigs, frogs, fish, chicken;
Composting.
The activity will also include 1) participants reporting back to other villagers after the visit, 2) facilitating
the selection of follow-up activities, and 3) bringing a resource person from the center to the village at a
later stage to provide training, as appropriate.
The USAID Mekong ARCC project can support this initiative through the separate study tour budget
line (THB 72,000). Depending on the types of activities that the community wishes to proceed with,
arrangements will be made for implementing these activities later in 2014 and early in 2015, such as
purchasing seedlings or seeds, or establishing a nursery to grow the seedlings in time for the planting
season in mid-2015. Following the exchange visit, planning for and selection of follow-up adaptive
activities will take place, including an assessment of the climate suitability of the suggested activities.
Who Is Involved
As determined through discussions held by the village leader and IUCN’s field coordinator with the
villagers, 30-40 villagers would like to partake in the exchange visits. Their knowledge would be
disseminated to the remaining members of the village through village meetings for anyone interested.
Subsequent activities supported by the project to implement this knowledge would then involve a larger
group of villagers.
Participation of women: At least 50% of the participants in the visits will be women in order to ensure
women’s participation in the subsequent activities.
Beneficiaries: The 30-40 participants would initially benefit from the visit, dissemination to others in the
village will provide added benefits by supporting greater awareness about crop diversification practices.
The village leader indicated that the villagers prefer to undertake the visit between October to
December 2014. The exact date will be set by the IUCN field coordinator in coordination with the
village.
Expected Outputs
•
•
30-40 villagers trained on integrated agricultural techniques and livelihood diversification
according to the principles of sufficiency economy.
Up to 3 different types of integrated agriculture activity trials in farmer fields during 2015.
23 | P a g e
Expected Outcomes
•
•
Participants will be inspired and be able to apply knowledge gained from the visit to practice on
their own farms, to help increase their resilience to the identified climate threats and
vulnerabilities, and to initiate a learning process that increases their adaptive capacity.
Participants will have increased access to the support network of the study center.
Milestones
•
•
•
•
Undertake exchange visit (expected Oct-Dec 2014);
Report to the villagers after the visit (Nov/Dec 2014);
Facilitate selection of follow-up activities (Nov/Dec 2014);
Provide training on and facilitate implementation of selected activities (2015).
The long-term sustainability of this activity is considered to be high. In addition to the knowledge
villagers will gain through the exchange visits, higher incomes are expected from crop diversification,
which will provide ongoing incentives to maintain the activity. Initial loss of income may occur as the
transition to new crops commences, but it should be outweighed by the higher income from the
diversification in the longer-term. Once planted, crops such as fruit trees and agroforestry species
provide long-term economic life spans. Increased crop diversification also reduces the risk of major or
total crop losses.
Reduced risk is very important and should be explained to the villagers. Monitoring the implementation
of crop diversification will be outlined after the exchange visit when the community decides on the
activities they wish to implement.
24 | P a g e
Agriculture
Agro-forestry
Other
Quality checklists
Are roles and responsibilities determined and agreed upon by all project members?
25 | P a g e
The cost of training 30-40 people in integrated agriculture techniques is a small cost when compared to
the anticipated benefit of disseminating this knowledge to others throughout the village. The increased
knowledge and skills in different forms of agriculture within the village builds their capacity and social
capital, and can provide significant benefits to all in the community including all household members.
Increased income from higher value crops, reduced fertilizer and pesticide usage, increased agrobiodiversity and improved soil conservation, and reduced risk of major crop losses are additional
benefits. This activity can be combined with implementing practices, which may be low-cost, such as
establishing a nursery for seedlings to be shared amongst the community.
Monitoring Detail
The IUCN field coordinator will be present to observe the exchange visit. The same participants in the
exchange visit should be subsequently involved in the follow-up activities implemented in late 2014 and
early 2015. Monitoring details for the implementation of integrated agriculture techniques to be
undertaken by the community will be decided in early 2015.
Cost Breakdown
Training fee
Honorarium for resource persons
Bus Hire
Fuel
Food/water
Follow-up training, assistance and/or
material for the actual field activities
(estimate)
2 days x THB 10,000 = THB 20,000
4 people x THB 1,000 = THB 4,000
2 days x 6,000 = THB 12,000
THB 4,000
32 x 2 days x THB 500 = THB 32,000
THB 84,800
THB 156,800
Additional funding sources: Additional funding is not required for this activity.
26 | P a g e
4.0 WASTE MANAGEMENT
Priority ranking: 5
Exchange visit to identify climate-smart waste management opportunities
YES
YES
Background
The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in monocultures has been identified as a major
(non-climate) vulnerability in Kok Klang. The VCA report (2014) indicated that non-climate threats such
as watershed degradation and soil degradation are a major threat to ecosystems in Kok Klang and that
the use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides is affecting water use and the quality of soil. Thus, in
addition to learning about alternative forms of agriculture, the community is interested in learning about
waste management techniques that would enable them to reduce the use of chemicals in the
community.
According to the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), organic
agriculture (including composting) contributes to climate change adaptation by building soil structure and
soil fertility, rehabilitating poor soils and bringing degraded soils back into productivity, lessening financial
risk as farmers are less dependent on external inputs, and increasing biodiversity which builds resilience
to storms, heat and increased pest and disease pressure (IFOAM, 2009).
Useful by-products of waste decomposition include compost, worm castings and liquid fertilizer and
biogas. Combined with the introduction of more diverse crops in Kok Klang, these by-products could
be used to reduce the villagers’ reliance on chemical fertilizers and aid in increasing the fertility of soils, a
key part of increasing the resilience of the agro-ecological farming system in the village. Moreover, the
reduction of waste will help reduce the emissions produced by landfill waste and hence reduce the
causes of climate change.
The Study Center in Akat Amnuai District to the north of Sakhon Nakhon was suggested by the
villagers as an appropriate place to undertake an exchange visit due to their reputation for excellent
knowledge and practice. This exchange visit presents an opportunity to learn about sustainable, climatesmart waste management practices and network.
Activity Details
The activity comprises arranging an exchange visit to the Study Center in Akat Amnuai district for oneday training. The Study Center is located around 110 km or a two-hour drive from Kok Klang. The
participants will learn about the following range of activities:
•
•
•
•
Good waste management practices;
Vermicomposting;
Biogas production; and
Various methods of composting.
27 | P a g e
The activity will also include 1) participants reporting back to other villagers after the visit, 2) facilitating
the selection of follow-up activities, and 3) bringing a resource person from the Study Center to the
village at a later stage to provide training, as appropriate.
Following the exchange visit, villagers will undertake planning and select potential adaptation activities to
pursue, such as constructing worm farms. Following a detailed assessment of potential adaptation
activities, arrangements will be made for implementing these activities in late 2014 and early 2015.
Who Is Involved
According to discussions held by the village leader and IUCN’s field coordinator with the villagers, 15
villagers would like to partake in the visit. Their knowledge would be disseminated to the remaining
members of the village. Subsequent activities supported by the project to apply this knowledge would
then involve a larger group of villagers.
Participation of women: Both women and men will participate in this activity.
Beneficiaries: The 15 participants will initially benefit from the visit, and in turn, will disseminate
knowledge to other villagers as the practices are implemented.
The villagers would like to undertake the visit in October 2014. The exact date will be set following
coordination by the IUCN field coordinator.
Expected Outputs
•
•
•
Exchange visit for 15 villagers to be trained on improved waste management practices,
Knowledge about climate-smart waste management practices from exchange visit disseminated
to a larger group of villagers;
Villagers apply climate-smart waste management practices.
Expected Outcomes
•
Participants will be inspired and able to apply knowledge gained from the visit to practice in
their own households and farms through the implementation of follow-up activities and field
trials after the exchange visit, in order to decrease emissions and generate useful waste byproducts.
Milestones
•
•
•
•
Undertake exchange visit (Dec 2014);
Report to the villagers after the visit (Dec 2014);
Facilitate selection of follow-up activities (early 2015);
Provide training and facilitate implementation of selected activities (2015).
The long-term sustainability of this activity is considered to be high. Incentives to maintain the activities
will come from the perceived benefits of converting waste to useful by-products. Monitoring the
28 | P a g e
implementation of the climate-smart waste management techniques will be outlined after the exchange
visit when the community decides on the activities they wish to implement.
Agriculture
Agro-forestry
Other
Quality checklists
Are roles and responsibilities determined and agreed upon by all project members?
29 | P a g e
The cost of training 15 people in good waste management practices is a minimal cost compared with the
anticipated benefit of the dissemination of this knowledge to others within the village. The increased
knowledge and skills in converting some types of waste into useful by-products and teaching others in
the village builds capacity and social capital. Reduction in expenditure on chemical fertilizers is expected
as waste by-products are substituted and the productivity of vegetable gardens will improve food
productivity and security.
Construction of worm farms and waste receptacles are likely to be inexpensive and can often be made
from recycled or locally available materials. Other options include (but are not limited to) developing
village systems to recycle plastic wastes and aluminum cans, and establishing a village biogas digester that
could provide clean fuel and fertilizer (although animal manure and organic waste may not be enough to
justify the high cost of investment—this will be analyzed with the villagers).
Monitoring Detail
The IUCN field coordinator will be present to observe the exchange visit. The same participants should
be subsequently involved in the activities that would be implemented in late 2014/early 2015. Monitoring
details for the implementation of improved waste management techniques by the community will be
decided in early 2015.
Cost Breakdown
Study Centre fee (15 participants + 2 facilitators)
Bus Hire
Fuel
Food/water
Follow-up training, assistance and/or material for the
actual field activities (estimate)
THB 6,000
THB 6,000
THB 4,000
17 x 1 day x THB 300 = THB 5,100
THB 50,000
THB 71,100
Additional funding sources: Additional funding is not required for this activity.
30 | P a g e
5.0 PROJECT BUDGET SUMMARY –
KOK KLANG
Activity
1. Water management
2. Forest management
3. Agriculture exchange visit
4. Waste mgmt. exchange visit
Total budget (study tour): B 72,000
Total budget (USAID Mekong ARCC activity
budget): B 384,000
Budget source
USAID Mekong ARCC activity budget
Study tour budget
Remaining Budget (study tour)
Remaining Budget (USAID Mekong ARCC
activity budget)
Cost (Baht)
125,100
93,000
72,000
84,800
71,100
0
10,000
Summary (Baht)
Study tour budget
72,000
Used in Phase I
72,000
Remaining study tour budget
0
384,000
Used in Phase I
374,000
Remaining USAID Mekong ARCC budget
10,000
31 | P a g e
ANNEX 1: KOK KLANG
ADAPTION OPTIONS PREFERENCE
MATRIX
32 | P a g e
-Drought
- Lack of water
in dry season
-Very low
cost/free if
use recycled
materials
-Health benefits
overall, reduced
illness costs
1
MediumHigh,
depends
on drought
-Time spent
discussing and
constructing and
installing filters,
for women also
if they are
involved
-Water
security
-Livelihoods
secure
-Hygienic
water for
women
MediumHigh,
drought
security?
-Time spent
dredging
-Water filtration
needed? (health
impacts)
-Water
security and
equality for all
including
women
-Food security
(aquaculture)
-Dredge spoil
disposal?
-Short term (12 days)
sedimentation/
turbidity issues
-Fish/bird
habitat
-Low cost for
excavator
MediumHigh,
drought
security?
-Time spent
improving
system
-Water suitable
for
consumption?
(health impacts)
-Water
security and
equality for all
including
women
-Dredge spoil
disposal?
-Short term
sedimentation/
turbidity issues
-Fish/bird
habitat
-Low cost,
excavator,
piping
-Less reliance
on current
sources, less
water
distribution
costs
-Income from
fish harvest
-Less reliance
on water
tower, less
water
distribution
costs
-Income from
fish harvest
33 | P a g e
USAID Mekong
ARCC supported
YES
Community Ranking
Cost-Benefit Ranking
Long-Term
Sustainability
1
-Trails to
collection
points could
become
degraded
(ensure no
rubbish
disposed and
plants
trampled)
20 years
-Better hygiene
translates to
better health
Indirectly through
consultation
-Less
pressure on
other sources
-Advertising
events and
venue cost
(word of
mouth, use
available
facilities –
free)
Medium (committee meetings
may lapse
N/A
Benefit
1
Indirectly through
consultation
-Improve Kum
Hmak Nat2 water
supply system (for
consumption)
-Drought
-Lack of water
in dry season
-Better water
management
-Less
pressure on
natural water
supply
through
better
regulation
Cost
1
Indirectly through
consultation
- Improve Mi
Sung1 water
supply system
including new
water tower (for
consumption)
-Drought
-Lack of water
in dry season
High
Benefit
High (very low
maintenance, springs run
all year)
- Establish
drinking water
distribution
tower on the
headwater (fed
by springs on the
mountain)
- Drought
- Lack of water
in dry season
Cost
High (use
vegetation for
filtration)
- Organize
detailed
brainstorming
about water
management and
establish water
management
committee
-Time spent
organizing
committee and
attending
meetings, for
women also if
they are
involved
-Women should
be adequately
represented in
meetings
Benefit
High (use
vegetation for
filtration)
Water Management
Cost
5 years
Adaptive
Capacity
Implementation
1-2 years
Vulnerability/
Threat
Economic
Next planting
season
Activity
Environmental
Now
Social
MediumHigh,
drought
security
-N/A
-Crop
irrigation=extra
income
-Income from
fish harvest
-Less
pressure on
natural water
supplies
-Tank
refurbishmen
t costs
(external
funding?)
-Health benefits
overall, reduced
illness costs
Medium (many issues to investigate –
need feasibility study and ESIA)
-Time checking
tank integrity
-Time
establishing
connections to
gutters
-Readily
available water
source
-Clean water
security for
household
-Hygienic
water for
women
-Fish/bird
habitat
34 | P a g e
1
NO
-Lack of water
in dry season
Medium
(depends
on drought
or
overuse)
-Capital
works - very
expensive
(300million
THB)
-Maintenance
costs
-Loss of NP
land
-Loss of land
used for
other income
-
Potential
-Consolidating
existing rainwater
harvesting system
(water tanks)
-Drought
- Lack of water
in dry season
- Greater
water security
than other
options
-Crop
irrigation and
diversification
-Diversified
incomes
High (very little
maintenance needed)
- Build dam on
Huai Pak Kha for
drinking and
irrigation
-Time spent
discussing plan,
impact
assessments
-Negotiations
with land owner
-External
workforce
-Potential
conflict
-SIA
recommended
-Loss of land
-Vegetation
loss
-Disturbance
to dam area,
noise, dust
-Environmental
flows
downstream
affected
-Hydrogeological cycle
disturbed
-EIA
recommended
-Social capital
-Custodianship
-Knowledge
gain
-Inclusiveness
for women
-N/A
-Improved
biodiversity
-Greater
forest
resilience
-Advertising
events (word
of mouth –
free)
-Income from
commercial
cropping of
identified
NTFPs
-N/A
-Carbon
sequestration
-Improved
ecosystem
health,
resilience and
biodiversity
-Improved
water quality
-Arrange free
seedlings
through govt.
dept
-Advertising
events (word
of mouth –
free)
-Income from
NTFP harvest
2
YES
-Income from
diversity of
NTFPs
High (may need monitoring)
-Advertising
events (word
of mouth –
free)
2
YES
High
-Time spent
organizing event
and selecting
species
-Women should
be adequately
represented
-Local
Information
gain
-Traditional
knowledge resurfaces
-N/A
-Improved
forest
resilience
-Improved
biodiversity
2
Potential
High
-Time spent
collecting
information on
species and
arranging people
to do it, if
women are
involved in this
task also
-Social capital
and cohesion
-Custodianship
-Improved
forest
livelihoods
(NTFPs)
-Women’s
leadership
High
High
-Time spent
organizing
meetings and
agreeing on
regulations
-Women should
be adequately
represented
High (needs internal willingness to be
sustained)
Forest Management
Increased
temperatures
and non-climate
- Establish a
threats leading
community
to:
forest
-Pressure on
committee and
forest
set of
(overharvesting/d
regulations
eforestation/encr
oachment)
-Conservation
needs
-Investigate the
potential of
biodiversity
Increased
(local flora and
temperatures
fauna) in the
and non-climate
community
threats leading
forest and
to:
selecting
-Biodiversity loss
species for
commercial use
Increased
temperatures
and non-climate
threats leading
to:
-Arrange
community
- Pressure on
forest
forest
reforestation
(overharvesting/d
and annual
eforestation/encr
forest
oachment)
ceremony
-Conservation
needs
-Threats to
ecosystem health
and water quality
35 | P a g e
-Long term
care for
forest health
-Cost of
event (food,
drink)
-Improved
livelihoods and
food security
-Increased
food quantity
-Increased
seasonal foods
-Resources
used setting up
new
coops/pens for
shelter
-Additional
CO2 from
cattle
-Recycled
manure used
for soil
fertility
-Costs to
change to
black chicken
and construct
shelters
(US$50-100)
-Manure bags
(free- used
recycled grain
bags)
-Damage costs
prevented from
disease/weather
-Income from
selling manure
-Income
diversification
-Secured
income from
change to black
chicken
- N/A
-Decrease
pressure on
forests if
productivity
increased
-Reduce
erosion
-Increase soil
fertility
-Land
properly
managed
-Costs in
sourcing
vegetables if
not available,
training by
study center
-Local economy
diversified and
based on locally
produced food
-Increased
income
-Time spent to
attend meetings
and sell manure,
if this involves
women also
-Time to
construct animal
shelters
-Effort to
maintain fish
ponds
-Time spent
setting up
group,
nominating
pioneer leader
-Initial effort
spent learning
and setting up
intercropping
-Extra time
spent for
women if they
are involved in
these activities
-Improved
nutrition safety
-Increased
food security
-Increased
time available
as maintenance
time decreases
2
Potential
-Location of
ceremony not
disturbing
forest
-Use recycled
firewood
High (tourism groups
depends on initial success)
-Time spent
organizing event
-Social capital
-Custodianship
-Cultural and
historical
connection to
the forest is
preserved
-Income from
NTFP harvest
-Income from
tourism groups
(potentially
significant)
2
Indirectly as an
‘enabling activity’
High
-Long term
ecosystem
health as
children grow
to adults
3-4
Potential after
exchange visit
-Form a local
vegetable group
for selfsubsistence
-Climate
threats to
monocultures
-Food security
-Threats to
nutrition
-Erosion
-Market
fluctuations
-Cattle
manure
(medium)
-Black
chicken
(high)
-Fish (high)
-Ensure
tourism
activity/groups
are educated
about
interacting
softly with env.
3-4
Potential after exchange visit
-Form a livestock
group
-Climate
threats to
current stock
(temperature,
rainfall,
drought)
High
-Social Capital
-Children’s
custodianship
of forest
-Knowledge
gain
-Parental
leadership
High
Increased
temperatures
and non-climate
threats leading
-Arrange forest
to:
ordination
-Biodiversity loss
ceremony
-Loss of
connection with
forest
-Encroachment
Agriculture and Occupation
High
-Time spent
establishing link
and events and
tourism group
-Parents should
be equally
involved as
parents
Medium-High (groups may
need monitoring)
Increased
temperatures
and non-climate
threats leading
to:
-Biodiversity loss
High (can be sustained if knowledge
is transferred and link with study
center established)
- Undertake
co-learning
between adults
and children
regarding
community
forest diversity
-Advertising
events for colearning
(word of
mouth – free)
-Costs for
setup tourism
group/activiti
es (US$100200, signs,
advertising)
36 | P a g e
High
-Time spent for
knowledge gain,
obtaining
seeds/plants and
setting up
plantations
-Time to
harvest (5-7 yrs)
-Increased
long-term food
security &
nutrition
-Improved &
diversified
livelihoods
-Knowledge
increase
-Improved
livelihoods
-Income
security
-N/A
-Nil if planted
on degraded
land
-Costs in
finding
varieties,
training and
implementing
($250,
cheaper if
seeds can be
sourced from
study center)
-Seedlings
expensive,
unless
sourced from
study
center/plantat
ion company
-Damage costs
prevented from
weather/pests/di
seases
-Diversified
incomes and
long-term
income security
-Increased
income from
resizing plots
and reduce
chemical inputs
-Greater
income
-Income
diversity and
intensification
3-4
-
37 | P a g e
Potential after
exchange visit
3-4
YES
-Greater
income
-Income
diversity and
intensification
Potential after exchange visit
- Increased
temperature
-Monocultures
-Lack of
income
diversity
-Soil fertility
-Erosion
-Effort in finding
and selecting
new varieties
and
understanding
different
growing
regimes, if
women are
involved also
-Efforts
partaking in
training/knowled
ge intensive
-N/A (local
plant)
-Free if
seedlings
gathered
from study
center
3-4
Potential
-Agroforestry –
Kenaf, eucalyptus
on rice paddy
edges
-Increased
temperature
-Market
fluctuations
-High,
heattolerant
rice
varieties;
local
varieties
-Improved
livelihoods
-Income
security
High, some practices are
traditional
-Form dedicated
rice producer
group
High
-Time spent for
cultivating plants
and setting up
plantations
-N/A
-Income
diversity
-Income during
dry season
-Reduced
damage costs
from
erosion/crop
loss
High, in longer terms
-Monocultures
-Lack of
income
diversity
-Food security
-Greater time
available due
to system
efficiencies
-Very low
cost or free,
only a change
in practice
-Hold a
workshop
with resource
person from
study center
High (can be sustained if knowledge is
transferred and link with study center
established.)
-Grow Pak wan
in home gardens,
rubber plantation,
orchard to
supplement
existing supply
High
-Time spent for
knowledge gain
and setting up
practices
-N-fixing
(legumes)
-Soil fertility
-Nutrient
recycling
-Polyculture
landscape less
susceptible to
storms/shock
s
-Soil
improvement
-Polyculture
landscape less
susceptible to
storms/shock
s
-Carbon
sequestration
-Reduced
need for
chemical
inputs
-Fertile soils
-Reduced
erosion
-Resilient to
shocks
-Reduce
monocultures
-Increased
agroecological
diversity
-Acacia is Nfixing
-Soil
improvement
-Erosion
control
-Polyculture
landscape less
susceptible to
storms/shock
s
-Carbon
sequestration
High, in longer terms
-Implement pilot
plots to transition
from monocropping to
multi-cropping
-Heat stress,
waterlogging
-Declining soil
fertility
-Monocultures
-Vulnerable to
shocks
-Lack of
diversity
Waste Management to Mitigate Pollution/Global Warming
-Separate organic
waste and make
compost pile and
worm farm
-Separate
recyclable waste
and setup a waste
bank
-Soil
degradation
due to
intensive land
use and use of
chemicals
-Declining soil
fertility
-Waste/
rubbish
management
-Emissions
reduction
High
-Effort in setting
up compost
system/worm
bin
-Extra work for
women
depending on
roles in
household
-Cleaner
houses
-Interest in
waste
reduction
-N/A
High
-Effort in setting
up the waste
banks in schools
-Time to
separate waste
streams
-Extra work for
women
depending on
roles in
household
-Cleaner
houses
-Links with
waste
management
organization
established
-CO2
emissions from
waste
collection
(truck
emissions)
-Reduced
waste to
landfill &
burning
-Reduced
CO2,
methane
-Increase soil
fertility
-Increase
vegetable
productivity
-Reduced
waste to
landfill/
burning
-Reduced
CO2/methan
e
-Free if using
recycled or
local
materials for
receptacle
-Income from
increased
productivity of
vegetables
-Free
-Extra income
from selling
waste
-Extra earning
for children
through ecocommunity
management
Potential after
exchange visit
High, some practices are
traditional
-
-
-
38 | P a g e
Potential
-N/A
-Reduced
damage costs
from erosion
-Income from
alley crop
harvest
YES
-Improved
livelihoods
-Excavator
cost (US$50)
or hand dig
for free
-
Indirectly through exchange
visit
High
-Effort spent
digging swales
and planting
alley crops
-N/A
-Very low
cost or free,
only a change
in practice
High, little maintenance
required
-Erosion
-Lack of water
infiltration
-Monocultures
-Food security
-Greater time
available due
to system
efficiencies
High (can be sustained as the
benefits are seen)
-Dig
swales/contours
into slopes and
plant with veteva
or fruit trees
High
-Time spent for
knowledge gain
and setting up
practices
-Income
diversity
-Income during
dry season
-Reduced
damage costs
from
erosion/crop
loss
High (can be sustained as
the benefits are seen)
-Sustainable agroecology practices
– green manures,
reducing burning
crop residues,
composting
-Declining soil
fertility
-Erosion
-Monocultures
-Vulnerable to
shocks
-Lack of
diversity
-N-fixing
(green
manures)
-Soil fertility
-Nutrient
recycling
-Polyculture
landscape less
susceptible to
storms/shock
s
-Increase
infiltration to
groundwater
-Increase
stream flow
in summer
-Reduce
erosion
-Polyculture
diversity
-Cleaner
houses/lifestyle
s
-Less vermin
-Ethical
consumer
purchasing
-CO2
emissions from
waste
collection
(truck
emissions)
-Reduced
waste to
landfill/
burning
-Reduced
CO2/methan
e
-Cost of
TAO
purchase, if
any
-Income from
selling waste?
Mi Sung is a pond under the church’s responsibility. However, the church allows it to be used for the community.
Kum Hmak Nat is a small pond where the Department of Water Resources once established a water tower nearby; however, there was no raw water source for the tower so the tower
was not used. The community and TAO are now working on improving the pond to be a water supply for the community.
1
2
Note: The points highlighted in red in the table above are additional adaptation options added by IUCN after analysis and consultation with partners, as
some activities identified by the villagers were quite broad. Although this project will not be able to implement all activities, the Kok Klang community can
use this adaptation matrix as a blueprint for the future.
39 | P a g e
-
Indirectly through exchange
visit
Medium
(depends
on future
consumer
demandslikely to
increase)
High (can be sustained as
the benefits are seen)
-Separate
hazardous waste
-Waste/
rubbish
management
-Emissions
reduction
-Effort in setting
up the waste
banks in schools
-Time to
separate waste
streams
-Extra work for
women
depending on
roles in
household

Community Adaptation Plan: Kok Klang Village

Transcription

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